406:
to a specific taxonomic group and therefore can be consumed by a variety of organisms besides mammals including birds, reptiles, etc which allows this genus to potentially travel long distances. This generalist lifestyle has allowed these fungi to persist for thousands of years as part of the nutrient cycling system and has become of interest to scientists to indicate the presence and abundance of herbivores over time. Currently, there are calls for studies of potential obligate associations between
1568:
427:
527:
being taken in the middle of lakes is due to these areas often providing the best opportunities for pollen collection and stratification of sediment over the years with lower chances of sediment mixing as compared to the shoreline. Another issue that is often brought up is the lack of understanding how spores preserve in different substrates and if different processes affect the spore abundance and thus data collected.
33:
285:; a stroma is generally defined as a dense mass of hyphae that acts a precursor to reproductive fungal structures. In 1972, Ahmed & Cain published a paper that refuted the presence of a stroma (although the dung surface was blackened) and triggered an investigation in the validity of the genus' establishment. During this investigation, the paper mentions the brief split of the genus
348:
526:
due to their similar morphologies. There are also issues with spore concentrations nearest to the shore where herbivorous activity occurred and the center of lakes leaving an uneven distribution of spores throughout a basin and potentially impacting data collection. The reason for lake sediment cores
449:
allowing the ascus to develop eight total spores. Upon maturation, the spores will be expelled from the ascus, away from the dung and stick on vegetation such as a blade of grass. The spore will stick to the vegetation until it succumbs to desiccation or is consumed by a herbivorous animal, where it
405:
is a genus of coprophilous fungi that can be found worldwide, including the Arctic. As many of the species within this genus utilize dung as a substrate and are present within herbivorous intestinal tracts, it can potentially be carried long distances. It is important to note they are not restricted
530:
It is also important to note that these coprophilous fungi are often generalists of herbivorous dung and have been found on smaller mammal dung and are being used as proxies for non-mammalian groups in some studies like one conducted in New
Zealand that used this genus to trace the extinct
478:
are counted in lake core samples and converted into dung abundance and potential herbivore biomass. These data points are then compared to the fossil record, pollen record, and other proxies to search for potential correlations and patterns. Spores enter the lake sediment records via
473:
While this genus may seem inconspicuous, it has become a popular proxy used by paleoecologists worldwide in the pursuit of gathering data on ancient herbivores, with a major focus on megafauna in North
America during the Quaternary period. In this area of study, the spores of
228:. This genus is characterized by their dark, olive-brown, 4-celled spores with a defined germ slit that are contained within a gelatinous sheath that they are forcibly ejected from and stick to nearby vegetation where they will hopefully be eaten and repeat their lifecycle.
498:
remains one of the most utilized mycological proxies in the field. A larger herbivorous biomass present in an area could be associated with a bigger production of excrement, allowing the proliferation of this genus to potentially represent general distribution patterns.
185:
can be found worldwide, including the Arctic. It grows primarily on dung but also can be found in soil and plant debris. The exact number of species is debated and can range from 60 to 80 in total depending on the source. A majority of these species are
556:
to narrow data results, for instance, identifying if the spores often found with mammoths are specialists to this genus. Even specialization down to the taxonomic group of megafaunal herbivores would cut down on
247:
as spores can be present in high abundances within areas with large assemblages of large grazing animals are present. It is hypothesized that these groups of large animals will produce more dung and thus, more
535:
birds. This versatility can be advantageous in some studies (as previously mentioned) but also can create "noise" in studies that are attempting to track abundances of specific groups, such as mammoths.
260:; although the potential biases of using this proxy, such as spore abundances being higher at shorelines closer to grazing activity, are being discovered and discussed the more this proxy is used.
434:
This depicts a perithecia and not a psuedothecia as seen in
Sporormiella. It also does not include the herbivorous digestion stage which is thought to trigger germination of ascospores.
458:
where it will produce its fruitbody in the form of a pseudothesia. In this pseudothecia, asci will develop and the process of meiosis and mitosis will occur again to produce spores.
486:
The most well known application of this proxy is to track the decline and eventual extinction events of megafauna in North
America with mammoths being of key interest.
1643:
522:
This proxy contains some limitations and biases that are being rectified today. Spores can be easily confused with other coprophilous fungi but especially the genus
454:, or not. After excretion from the animal, the fungi will grow on the digested plant matter substrate via septated hyphae and eventually enter its sexual stage as a
1478:
1517:
1387:
563:
Calibrate modern analogs of relative spore abundance near the shores versus lake centers to compare to ancient samples and account for red herrings in data.
1609:
494:; however, a specific species has not been identified from these findings yet so scientists are unsure how specified this interaction is. Regardless,
1452:
332:
414:, if a species was discovered to be a specialist with mammoths, it could provide a stronger proxy in studies and procure a better understanding of
1304:
701:
339:
Project based in the Royal
Botanic Gardens Kew. Meanwhile, Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi lists 80 species in the genus.
387:
that are ejected from the asci and pseudothecium upon maturity and the spore will stick to nearby vegetation to be eaten and digested.
462:
455:
769:
Leyte-Lugo, Martha; Figueroa, Mario; González, María del Carmen; Glenn, Anthony E.; González-Andrade, Martín; Mata, Rachel (2013).
450:
will travel through the digestive tract; it is debated if this genus requires this stage for germination, similarly to the phylum
363:, the sexual stage (easiest to observe) consists of small, dark brown, and glabrous (smooth and without ornamentation) to hairy
1638:
1633:
1602:
243:
period. Research has primarily focused on the use of this proxy to track the decline of megafauna in North
America in the Late
1046:
1504:
371:
asci. Pseudothesium are a double-walled fungal structure that are the sites of spore production but lack well-organized
441:
generally follows the lifecycle of a coprophilous fungus in a majority of the species within this genus. In the ascus,
1648:
1374:
1595:
1522:
987:
Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Williams, John W.; Jackson, Stephen T.; Lininger, Katherine B.; Robinson, Guy S. (2009-11-20).
548:
as a proxy, there are a few suggestions on future studies that could be conducted to mitigate potential biases.
480:
331:
for 66 described species which include detailed illustrations of all except five non-coprophilous species. The
671:
430:
General depiction of ascospore production and lifecycle of fungus with fruitbodies in the form of perithecia.
560:
Study and identify how spores react and preserve in different substrates and if this affects spore abundance.
379:. Asci are translucent, cylindrical to clavate, and are gelatinous. They contain eight, dark to olive-brown
1327:
199:
869:"Dung fungi as a proxy for megaherbivores: opportunities and limitations for archaeological applications"
514:
remains the most popular as it is often the most abundant in samples and is relatively easy to identify.
1628:
451:
220:
although this is still under review. After being consumed and passed through the digestive tract, their
1145:"On the Use of Spores of Coprophilous Fungi Preserved in Sediments to Indicate Past Herbivore Presence"
989:"Pleistocene Megafaunal Collapse, Novel Plant Communities, and Enhanced Fire Regimes in North America"
1532:
1413:
1200:
1058:
1000:
950:
880:
782:
1567:
1284:
1444:
291:
1188:
938:
771:"Metabolites from the entophytic fungus Sporormiella minimoides isolated from Hintonia latiflora"
770:
692:
Kirk, P. M.; Cannon, P. F.; Minter, D. W.; Stalpers, J. A. (2008). Ainsworth, Geoffrey C. (ed.).
282:
221:
187:
92:
45:
603:"Taxonomic notes on coprophilous fungi of the Arctic: Churchill, Resolute Bay, and Devon Island"
1365:
1540:
1483:
1400:
1300:
1265:
1247:
1166:
1074:
1047:"A test of Sporormiella representation as a predictor of megaherbivore presence and abundance"
1024:
1016:
896:
844:
798:
751:
697:
622:
825:"Sporormiella longicolla sp. nov. and new Sporormiella records on herbivore dung from Brazil"
1545:
1292:
1255:
1239:
1208:
1156:
1066:
1008:
958:
888:
836:
790:
743:
614:
336:
328:
327:
genus is debated and varies between different databases. Ahmed & Cain's paper created a
80:
824:
1204:
1062:
1004:
954:
937:
Feranec, Robert S.; Miller, Norton G.; Lothrop, Jonathan C.; Graham, Russell W. (2011).
884:
786:
1579:
1439:
1296:
1260:
1227:
253:
1092:
988:
731:
602:
426:
231:
This association with herbivorous animals has allowed this fungus to be utilized in a
1622:
1392:
868:
483:
of excrement from the surrounding landscape carrying spores into the lake ecosystem.
355:
sexual morph a) single ascospore cell b) single four celled ascospore c) pseudothecia
116:
1212:
794:
1575:
672:"Coprophilous microfungi of the genus Sporormiella Ellis & Everh. from Ukraine"
579:
269:
232:
142:
104:
32:
1405:
1379:
962:
939:"The Sporormiella proxy and end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction: A perspective"
1509:
1465:
1359:
1070:
823:
Melo, Roger Fagner
Ribeiro; Miller, Andrew N.; Maia, Leonor Costa (2017-07-12).
257:
244:
217:
1350:
410:
species and certain herbivores; for instance, they are heavily associated with
1243:
1187:
Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Cooper, Alan (2011).
892:
240:
178:
68:
1251:
1170:
1116:
1078:
1020:
900:
848:
755:
626:
1426:
1012:
573:
491:
384:
277:
236:
209:
206:
191:
1269:
1189:"Sporormiella as a proxy for non-mammalian herbivores in island ecosystems"
1028:
802:
347:
268:
The genus was originally described by Ellis & Everh. in 1892 with the
1491:
1344:
376:
372:
364:
1226:
Zhang, Ying; Crous, Pedro W.; Schoch, Conrad L.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2012).
1161:
1144:
1457:
643:
446:
442:
411:
182:
1470:
1117:"Sporormiella minima (SRMLMI)[Overview] - Fungi - EPPO Q-Bank"
175:
171:
1321:
840:
747:
618:
335:
only lists 61 species in their database that utilizes data from the
1496:
1431:
391:
380:
368:
225:
213:
167:
56:
1143:
Lee, Claire M.; van Geel, Bas; Gosling, William D. (2022-06-29).
1325:
1418:
532:
490:
spores have been found within the gut contents and on mammoth
544:
While there are many papers that are scrutinizing the use of
1289:
Reference Module in Earth
Systems and Environmental Sciences
502:
There are two other genera that are also used as a proxy,
394:
and exists primarily within herbivorous digestion tracts.
296:
as proposed in 1944, but this decision was nullified when
445:
occurs and produces four ascospores which is followed by
224:
utilize herbivorous dung as a substrate to reproduce via
1583:
275:
It was originally described separately from the genus
304:. This brief split resulted in conflicting names for
281:
based on the morphological feature of a dark fungal
1334:
732:"Revision of the genera Sporormia and Sporormiella"
867:Perrotti, Angelina G.; van Asperen, Eline (2019).
367:that are unilocular (single cavity) and contain
212:, via wild or domestic herbivores, in order for
694:Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi
418:'s impacts within ecosystems through the ages.
312:. Due to this brief naming issue, the species,
730:Ahmed, S. Iftikhar; Cain, R. F. (1972-03-01).
390:The asexual stage is characterized by septate
1603:
8:
308:(current name) which was the type species,
1610:
1596:
1322:
383:that segmented into four cells and have a
31:
20:
1259:
1160:
318:: Preussia, Sporormia, & Sporormiella
425:
346:
333:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
1644:Taxa named by Benjamin Matlack Everhart
644:"Sporormiella Ellis & Everh., 1892"
590:
40:Sporormiella vexans asci exiting fungi
1182:
1180:
1138:
1136:
465:has been reported for this genus yet.
205:Their lifecycle is thought to require
1040:
1038:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
932:
930:
676:Science and Education a New Dimension
300:was determined to be synonymous with
7:
1564:
1562:
1533:ba7679a8-ff58-4a1c-ba78-b3b9a884d67d
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
873:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
862:
860:
858:
818:
816:
814:
812:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
687:
685:
665:
663:
638:
636:
596:
594:
375:(spore-bearing surfaces) as seen in
256:where they can be later detected in
190:, however, there are a few that are
323:The exact number of species in the
316:, is still known under three genera
239:presence and abundance in the late
1297:10.1016/b978-0-323-99931-1.00112-4
696:(10 ed.). CABI. p. 658.
14:
1093:"Stroma | in fungus | Britannica"
1045:Raper, Diana; Bush, Mark (2009).
1566:
1213:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.007
795:10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.006
252:will be present and wash into
1:
1582:. You can help Knowledge by
963:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.004
552:Identify specialists within
1283:Kuoppamaa, Mari S. (2023),
1071:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.01.010
273:Sporormiella nigropurpurea.
1665:
1561:
1193:Quaternary Science Reviews
736:Canadian Journal of Botany
607:Canadian Journal of Botany
469:Paleontological importance
150:Sporormiella nigropurpurea
1285:"Non-pollen palynomorphs"
1244:10.1007/s13225-011-0117-x
893:10.1007/s00334-018-0686-7
601:Booth, Tom (1982-07-01).
148:
141:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
943:Quaternary International
1013:10.1126/science.1179504
235:context as a proxy for
1639:Dothideomycetes genera
1634:Coprophagous organisms
1578:-related article is a
670:Kоrolyova, O. (2015).
435:
356:
452:Neocallimastigomycota
429:
351:Microscopic image of
350:
310:Sporormiopsis minima
1205:2011QSRv...30..915W
1162:10.3390/quat5030030
1063:2009QuRes..71..490R
1051:Quaternary Research
1005:2009Sci...326.1100G
999:(5956): 1100–1103.
955:2011QuInt.245..333F
885:2019VegHA..28...93P
787:2013PChem..96..273L
306:Sporormiella minima
258:lake sediment cores
1649:Pleosporales stubs
1097:www.britannica.com
436:
357:
154:Ellis & Everh.
136:Ellis & Everh.
93:Pleosporomycetidae
1591:
1590:
1556:
1555:
1541:Open Tree of Life
1328:Taxon identifiers
1306:978-0-12-409548-9
703:978-0-85199-826-8
337:Species Fungorium
289:into two genera:
159:
158:
1656:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1570:
1563:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1510:NHMSYS0001498756
1500:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1232:Fungal Diversity
1223:
1217:
1216:
1199:(7–8): 915–920.
1184:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1042:
1033:
1032:
984:
967:
966:
934:
905:
904:
864:
853:
852:
820:
807:
806:
766:
760:
759:
727:
708:
707:
689:
680:
679:
667:
658:
657:
655:
654:
640:
631:
630:
613:(7): 1115–1125.
598:
35:
21:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1044:
1043:
1036:
986:
985:
970:
936:
935:
908:
866:
865:
856:
841:10.5248/132.459
822:
821:
810:
768:
767:
763:
748:10.1139/b72-061
729:
728:
711:
704:
691:
690:
683:
669:
668:
661:
652:
650:
642:
641:
634:
619:10.1139/b82-141
600:
599:
592:
587:
570:
568:Further reading
542:
520:
471:
424:
400:
345:
329:dichotomous key
294:& Sporormia
266:
233:paleontological
155:
152:
137:
134:
133:
119:
107:
95:
83:
81:Dothideomycetes
71:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1571:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1356:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1275:
1228:"Pleosporales"
1218:
1176:
1132:
1121:qbank.eppo.int
1108:
1084:
1057:(3): 490–496.
1034:
968:
949:(2): 333–338.
906:
854:
835:(2): 459–470.
808:
775:Phytochemistry
761:
742:(3): 419–477.
709:
702:
681:
678:. III(8) (73).
659:
632:
589:
588:
586:
583:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
558:
541:
540:Future studies
538:
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67:
65:
61:
60:
55:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
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1613:
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1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
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1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
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1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1357:
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1346:
1342:
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1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1294:
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1279:
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1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
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1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:(1): 93–104.
878:
874:
870:
863:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
817:
815:
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809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
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757:
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745:
741:
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733:
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724:
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714:
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705:
699:
695:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
666:
664:
660:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
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298:Sporormiopsis
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292:Sporormiopsis
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196:S. minimoides
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117:Sporormiaceae
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34:
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26:
22:
19:
1629:Pleosporales
1584:expanding it
1576:Pleosporales
1573:
1558:
1366:Sporormiella
1336:Sporormiella
1335:
1310:, retrieved
1291:, Elsevier,
1288:
1278:
1238:(1): 1–221.
1235:
1231:
1221:
1196:
1192:
1152:
1148:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
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651:. Retrieved
648:www.gbif.org
647:
610:
606:
580:Paleoecology
578:
572:
571:
554:Sporormiella
553:
546:Sporormiella
545:
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512:Sporormiella
511:
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496:Sporormiella
495:
488:Sporormiella
487:
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476:Sporormiella
475:
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439:Sporormiella
438:
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422:Life history
416:Sporormiella
415:
408:Sporormiella
407:
403:Sporormiella
402:
401:
389:
365:pseudothesia
361:Sporormiella
360:
358:
353:Sporormiella
352:
325:Sporormiella
324:
322:
317:
313:
309:
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302:Sporormiella
301:
297:
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286:
276:
272:
270:type species
267:
254:water basins
250:Sporormiella
249:
230:
216:to properly
204:
195:
188:coprophilous
163:Sporormiella
162:
161:
160:
149:
143:Type species
130:Sporormiella
129:
128:
105:Pleosporales
25:Sporormiella
24:
18:
1466:iNaturalist
1360:Wikispecies
781:: 273–278.
518:Limitations
510:, although
245:Pleistocene
222:fruitbodies
207:herbivorous
1623:Categories
1312:2024-04-22
1149:Quaternary
1126:2024-04-22
1102:2024-04-22
653:2024-04-22
585:References
492:coprolites
381:ascospores
377:perithesia
369:bitunicate
343:Morphology
241:Quaternary
192:endophytes
179:Ascomycota
88:Subclass:
69:Ascomycota
64:Division:
1252:1560-2745
1171:2571-550X
1155:(3): 30.
1079:0033-5894
1021:0036-8075
901:0939-6314
849:0093-4666
829:Mycotaxon
756:0008-4026
627:0008-4026
574:Sporormia
504:Podospora
481:slopewash
456:telomorph
385:germ slit
287:Sporormia
278:Sporormia
237:megafauna
218:germinate
210:digestion
52:Kingdom:
1492:MycoBank
1440:Fungorum
1393:60014047
1388:AusFungi
1351:Q7579280
1345:Wikidata
1270:23097638
1029:19965426
803:24084473
524:Pruessia
508:Sordaria
463:anamorph
412:mammoths
373:hymenium
264:Taxonomy
200:saprobic
112:Family:
1484:1019388
1458:2615873
1261:3477819
1201:Bibcode
1059:Bibcode
1001:Bibcode
993:Science
951:Bibcode
881:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
557:biases.
447:mitosis
443:meiosis
398:Ecology
183:species
174:in the
124:Genus:
100:Order:
76:Class:
1546:769926
1530:NZOR:
1523:718228
1471:375205
1432:1SRMLG
1380:175666
1303:
1268:
1258:
1250:
1169:
1077:
1027:
1019:
899:
847:
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754:
700:
625:
392:hyphae
314:minima
283:stroma
214:spores
198:) and
181:whose
176:phylum
1574:This
1479:IRMNG
1419:21386
432:NOTE:
172:fungi
168:genus
166:is a
57:Fungi
1580:stub
1518:NCBI
1497:5170
1453:GBIF
1445:5170
1427:EPPO
1406:7LMR
1375:APNI
1301:ISBN
1266:PMID
1248:ISSN
1167:ISSN
1075:ISSN
1025:PMID
1017:ISSN
897:ISSN
845:ISSN
799:PMID
752:ISSN
698:ISBN
623:ISSN
506:and
226:asci
1505:NBN
1414:EoL
1401:CoL
1293:doi
1256:PMC
1240:doi
1209:doi
1157:doi
1067:doi
1009:doi
997:326
959:doi
947:245
889:doi
837:doi
833:132
791:doi
744:doi
615:doi
533:Moa
461:No
359:In
170:of
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