385:
females prepare the nest by clearing an area on rocky substrate. After spawning, the females take care of all embryo tending while males stay about 2 to 3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) away and remain mostly inactive except for an occasional feeding or chasing away of predators. When the offspring become two to three days old they rise off the nest and form a school. This causes a dramatic change in parental role as the male becomes active and the female begins to spend more time away from the young, guarding ahead of the school by chasing away predators. Parental care continues until the fish are about 2.5 to 3 cm (1.0–1.2 in). This biparental behaviour could help explain why black tilapia are able to live in many different habitats and become dominant over other fish populations in the same area.
450:
throughout
Australia by the industry of fish fanciers. Then, some spotted tilapia escaped or were released and self-sustaining populations arose. The expansion of the spotted tilapia species in Australia has potential adverse effects on the native fish faunas that currently exist in Australia. Since they tend to become the dominant fish where they live, their expansion into Australia could be harmful to the other existing fish populations. Another way in which spotted tilapia have become a pest in Australia is that they have been found living in the cooling pondage of the
80:
433:. One main problem with spotted tilapia in their introduced range is that they tend to become the dominant fish in many lakes, rivers and canals. They have even been found to at times comprise over half of the total fish biomass and therefore, they cause other previously dominant fish populations to decrease. Spotted tilapia are strong, aggressive and very territorial and have the ability to disturb the habitat of other fish populations.
442:
55:
377:
373:, the spotted tilapia is notable for its adaptability and prolific breeding. spotted tilapia breed when they are about 15 cm (6 in) long and generally breed year long with peaks in November, March–April and July–September. They lay up to 1800 eggs usually on submerged logs, rocks or plants and the eggs hatch after approximately three days.
31:
327:
Spotted tilapia have a short rounded snout and three anal spines. They are dark olive green to light yellowish in colour and have eight or nine dark bars on their sides which are more evident in young spotted tilapia than adults. They also have two to six dark spots between the bars on the middle of
412:
parasites which causes death. Also, they sometimes get swept away from their streams by flooding caused by rain into small residual pools over the banks of the stream where they become stranded. Then, when the rain stops the pools dry out they die. Spotted tilapia are important ecologically as well
384:
Spotted tilapia are monogamous fish who engage in biparental care, and research has found that the size of the eggs tend to increase with the amount of parental care. The males and females both have very specific roles in parenting and work together to ensure the well being of their offspring. The
449:
It is believed that spotted tilapia got to
Australia through a series of events. First it is thought that all tilapia populations derived from the importation of small numbers of individuals for the freshwater aquarium industry from Singapore or Indonesia. Captive individuals were then dispersed
393:
Spotted tilapia feed mainly on plant matter and males and females never feed at the same time. Instead, one will feed while the other stays close by and then they will switch. There are a number of factors that contribute to the natural mortality of spotted tilapia. Their predators include the
311:, simple food requirements and extensive tolerance of environmental variables such as water temperature, salinity, and pollution. These characteristics allow spotted cichlids to rapidly populate many areas that have an appropriate habitat. Typically spotted tilapia tend to be an aggressive and
458:, Australia as well as in the creek just below the pondage. The water temperature in Victoria is far too low for them to survive outside this habitat they have created, however it is a nuisance for the power station that they live here.
360:
and
Australia. Spotted tilapia live in a variety of habitats. They have been found in both still and flowing waters, in shallow and deep water, in places where there is both little or no coverage and in rocky and debris-strewn areas.
617:
Cadwallader, P. L.; Backhouse, G. N.; Fallu, R. (1980). "Occurrence of exotic tropical fish in the cooling pondage of a power station in temperate south-eastern
Australia".
1011:
474:
11,000 apply for being in possession or caught buying or selling this species. The NSW fisheries have the right to seize the fish and destroy them if necessary.
735:
King, R. P.; Etim, L. (2004). "Reproduction, growth, mortality and yield of
Tilapia mariae Boulenger 1899 (Cichlidae) in a Nigerian rainforest wetland stream".
1163:
771:
Annett, C. A.; Pierotti, R.; Baylis, J. R. (1999). "Male and female parental roles in the monogamous cichlid, Tilapia mariae, introduced in
Florida".
644:
Schwanck, E. (1980). "The effect of size and hormonal state on the establishment of dominance in young males of
Tilapia mariae (Pisces: Cichlidae)".
552:
Dunz, A.R. & Schliewen, U.K. (2013): Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as
972:
1037:
699:
466:
Since spotted tilapia are considered to be a class 3 noxious fish in
Australia it is illegal to possess, sell or buy this species in
1122:
985:
805:
Mather, P. B.; Arthington, A. H. (1991). "An assessment of genetic differentiation among feral
Australian tilapia populations".
1173:
470:, Australia without a permit. NSW fisheries are closely monitoring the populations of spotted tilapia and heavy fines of up to
580:
1042:
1073:
79:
1024:
946:
837:
1140:
491:
483:
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Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution, Available online 29 March 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015
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which prey on the adults. Spotted tilapia are also prone to heavy intestinal infection caused by
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297:
200:
74:
356:. They have also established large feral populations outside of their native ranges, such as in
1052:
1016:
1086:
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of 32.3 cm (1.1 ft). Spotted tilapia have a rapid growth rate and maturation time.
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990:
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151:
131:
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Spotted tilapia caught at the heated outflow of a powerplant in southern Australia
689:
319:
factors can overrule the effect of size on dominance encounters in this species.
1078:
1060:
998:
289:
784:
316:
281:
914:
1029:
308:
91:
860:"Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y)"
665:
938:
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409:
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101:
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Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (25 September 2018).
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https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.170160
612:
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604:
602:
600:
688:
Gerald R. Allen; Stephen Hamar Midgley; Mark Allen (2002).
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as commercially and as a result are commonly exploited and
315:
species, and research has found that internal reproductive
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764:
762:
760:
758:
514:
Lalèyè, P.; Moelants, T. & Olaosebikan, B.D. (2018) .
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A juvenile spotted tilapia approx 5 cm (2 in)
800:
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571:
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425:In the regions where the spotted tilapia has been
691:Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia
864:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
832:
830:
828:
539:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182470A134894701.en
400:which preys on the eggs of spotted tilapia, and
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494:(1862-1900), who had gained possession of the
340:Spotted tilapia are native to Africa from the
8:
866:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
886:
53:
29:
20:
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375:
300:to other regions where it is considered
506:
38:Spotted tilapia (adult) in an aquarium
7:
1141:111743DF-9809-43D3-869A-EA93F19782C3
1105:1E948762-BDCE-E406-EA78-0C1BBB3863C4
328:their side and they reach a maximum
1164:IUCN Red List least concern species
525:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
749:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00545.x
78:
773:Environmental Biology of Fishes
807:Marine and Freshwater Research
737:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
619:Marine and Freshwater Research
1:
694:. Western Australian Museum.
658:10.1016/0376-6357(80)90048-0
1190:
840:. State of New South Wales
365:Breeding and parental care
307:Spotted tilapia have high
280:family. It is native to
206:
199:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
579:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
266:spotted mangrove cichlid
785:10.1023/A:1007567028017
593:. October 2006 version.
532:: e.T182470A134894701.
492:Mary Henrietta Kingsley
452:Hazelwood Power Station
397:Malapterurus electricus
1174:Fish described in 1899
446:
421:As an invasive species
381:
270:black mangrove cichlid
646:Behavioural Processes
462:Reaction in Australia
444:
379:
264:), also known as the
218:Tilapia mariae mariae
490:writer and explorer
234:Tilapia mariae dubia
518:Pelmatolapia mariae
369:Like several other
261:Pelmatolapia mariae
184:Pelmatolapia mariae
45:Conservation status
498:of this cichlid .
447:
382:
371:tilapiine cichlids
272:, is a species of
1151:
1150:
1087:Open Tree of Life
892:Taxon identifiers
819:10.1071/MF9910721
701:978-0-7307-5486-2
631:10.1071/MF9800541
429:it is considered
406:obscure snakehead
394:electric catfish
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1079:NHMSYS0021203069
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24:Spotted tilapia
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468:New South Wales
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338:
330:standard length
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296:, but has been
256:spotted tilapia
245:Pellegrin, 1911
221:Boulenger, 1899
213:Boulenger, 1899
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58:
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16:Species of fish
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900:Tilapia mariae
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824:
813:(6): 721–728.
790:
779:(3): 283–293.
754:
743:(6): 502–510.
714:
700:
671:
636:
625:(4): 541–546.
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583:Tilapia mariae
577:Froese, Rainer
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484:specific name
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342:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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242:Tilapia meeki
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175:Binomial name
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60:Least Concern
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868:. Retrieved
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842:. Retrieved
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705:. Retrieved
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486:honours the
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437:In Australia
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402:African pike
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153:Pelmatolapia
152:
132:Cichliformes
18:
1061:NatureServe
999:iNaturalist
313:territorial
1158:Categories
870:9 February
844:2012-02-05
707:4 February
502:References
427:introduced
323:Appearance
317:androgenic
298:introduced
1169:Cichlidae
838:"Tilapia"
652:: 45–53.
554:“Tilapia”
478:Etymology
309:fecundity
288:water in
192:Boulenger
160:Species:
142:Cichlidae
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1066:2.102520
1017:10154288
936:BioLib:
909:Wikidata
666:24925157
590:FishBase
456:Victoria
431:invasive
415:cultured
410:nematode
354:Cameroon
302:invasive
286:brackish
201:Synonyms
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1136:ZooBank
978:2370632
915:Q136165
488:English
389:Ecology
358:Florida
336:Habitat
278:cichlid
276:of the
194:, 1899)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1128:282978
1115:182164
1112:uBio:
1092:910905
1043:169811
1030:109161
1004:114166
952:296752
939:145251
698:
664:
348:, and
1123:WoRMS
1100:Plazi
1050:NAS:
1012:IRMNG
965:56WFF
350:Benin
346:Ghana
282:fresh
1038:ITIS
991:1430
986:GISD
973:GBIF
947:BOLD
872:2019
709:2012
696:ISBN
662:PMID
530:2018
496:type
482:The
472:AU$
404:and
292:and
290:West
284:and
274:fish
254:The
1074:NBN
1053:482
1025:ISC
960:CoL
924:ADW
815:doi
781:doi
745:doi
654:doi
627:doi
556:.
534:doi
454:in
352:to
344:to
268:or
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190:(
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
