Knowledge (XXG)

Split normal distribution

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2126: 1742: 2121:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma ^{2}&=\sigma _{1}^{2}(1+\gamma )=\sigma _{2}^{2}(1-\gamma )\\\gamma &={\frac {\sigma _{2}^{2}-\sigma _{1}^{2}}{\sigma _{2}^{2}+\sigma _{1}^{2}}}\\\xi &={\sqrt {2/\pi }}(\sigma _{2}-\sigma _{1})\\\gamma &=\operatorname {sgn} (\xi ){\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {{\sqrt {1+2\beta }}-1}{\beta }}\right)^{2}}},\quad {\text{where}}\quad \beta ={\frac {\pi \xi ^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}} 4489: 1732:. In this formulation the parameter μ is the mode and is identical as in John's and Britton, Fisher and Whitley's formulation. The parameter σ informs about the dispersion (scale) and is the same as in the Britton, Fisher and Whitley's formulation. The parameter ξ equals the difference between the distribution's mean and mode and can be viewed as unnormed measure of skewness. 4499: 1146: 1287: 1612:
The formulation discussed above originates from John. The literature offers two mathematically equivalent alternative parameterizations . Britton, Fisher and Whitley offer a parameterization if terms of mode, dispersion and normed skewness, denoted with
408: 501: 1669:. The parameter μ is the mode and has equivalent to the mode in John's formulation. The parameter σ >0 informs about the dispersion (scale) and should not be confused with variance. The third parameter, γ ∈ (-1,1), is the normalized skew. 44:. It is claimed by Johnson et al. that this distribution was introduced by Gibbons and Mylroie and by John. But these are two of several independent rediscoveries of the Zweiseitige Gauss'sche Gesetz introduced in the posthumously published 1735:
The three parameterizations are mathematically equivalent, meaning that there is a strict relationship between the parameters and that it is possible to go from one parameterization to another. The following relationships hold:
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The split normal distribution results from merging two halves of normal distributions. In a general case the 'parent' normal distributions can have different variances which implies that the joined PDF would not be
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Gibbons, J.F.; Mylroie, S. (1973). "Estimation of impurity profiles in ion-implanted amorphous targets using joined half-Gaussian distributions".
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The split normal distribution has been used mainly in econometrics and time series. A remarkable area of application is the construction of the
2592: 2430: 4215: 3979: 3653: 2819: 1298: 3974: 3918: 3578: 3216: 3724: 1141:{\displaystyle f(x;\mu ,\sigma _{1},\sigma _{2})=A\exp \left(-{\frac {(x-\mu )^{2}}{2\sigma _{1}^{2}}}\right)\quad {\text{if }}x<\mu } 4260: 3994: 3847: 3522: 3266: 4502: 3719: 4492: 4164: 4140: 3133: 1282:{\displaystyle f(x;\mu ,\sigma _{1},\sigma _{2})=A\exp \left(-{\frac {(x-\mu )^{2}}{2\sigma _{2}^{2}}}\right)\quad {\text{otherwise}}} 4361: 3989: 1525: 1406: 66: 4523: 4238: 4199: 4171: 4145: 4063: 3412: 3160: 598: 2136:
The multivariate generalization of the split normal distribution was proposed by Villani and Larsson. They assume that each of the
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Villani, Mattias; Rolf Larsson (2006). "The Multivariate Split Normal Distribution and Asymmetric Principal Components Analysis".
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Wallis, K.F. (2014). The two-piece normal, binormal, or double Gaussian distribution: its origin and rediscoveries.
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method. He shows that the likelihood function can be expressed in an intensive form, in which the scale parameters σ
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Britton, E.; P. Fisher; Whitley, J. (1998). "The inflation report projections: understanding the fan chart".
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de Roon, F. and Karehnke, P. (2016). A simple skewed distribution with asset pricing applications.
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communication and is written in terms of mode, dispersion and unnormed skewness and is denoted with
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John, S. (1982). "The three-parameter two-piece normal family of distributions and its fitting".
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Other properties of the split normal density were discussed by Johnson et al. and Julio.
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are a function of the location parameter μ. The likelihood in its intensive form is:
580:{\displaystyle {\text{where}}\quad A={\sqrt {2/\pi }}(\sigma _{1}+\sigma _{2})^{-1}} 3125: 964:{\displaystyle \gamma _{3}={\sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }}}(\sigma _{2}-\sigma _{1})\left} 2976: 2963: 2768:
and provide some analytical results for either univariate and multivariate case.
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has univariate split normal distribution with a different set of parameters μ, σ
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and has to be maximized numerically with respect to a single parameter μ only.
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The split normal distribution arises from merging two opposite halves of two
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Fan Chart: Methodology and its Application to Inflation Forecasting in India
2781: 2743:{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{2}^{2}={\frac {-L(\mu )}{N}}\left^{2/3},} 2581:{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{1}^{2}={\frac {-L(\mu )}{N}}\left^{2/3},} 1390: 801: 694: 41: 1593:
The sign of its third central moment is determined by the difference (σ
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is different from the constant of normal distribution. However, when
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results from joining at the mode the corresponding halves of two
3129: 1583:{\displaystyle \sigma _{1}^{2}=\sigma _{2}^{2}=\sigma _{*}^{2}} 1464:{\displaystyle \sigma _{1}^{2}=\sigma _{2}^{2}=\sigma _{*}^{2}} 119:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {SN}}(\mu ,\,\sigma _{1},\sigma _{2})} 2965:
The Fan Chart: The Technical Details Of The New Implementation
655:{\displaystyle \mu +{\sqrt {2/\pi }}(\sigma _{2}-\sigma _{1})} 1688: 1685: 1625: 1622: 75: 72: 1662:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {SN}}(\mu ,\,\sigma ^{2},\gamma )} 1725:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {SN}}(\mu ,\,\sigma ^{2},\xi )} 1672:
The second alternative parameterization is used in the
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Johnson, N.L., Kotz, S. and Balakrishnan, N. (1994).
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The PDF of the split normal distribution is given by
811: 704: 676: 601: 510: 416: 314: 279: 225: 179: 140: 69: 2934:, vol. 29, no. 1, pp.106-112. doi:10.1214/13-STS417. 4417: 4375: 4276: 4112: 4090: 4081: 3965: 3800: 3476: 3373: 3364: 3257: 3177: 3168: 800: 693: 665: 590: 302: 268: 129: 60: 2742: 2580: 2416: 2381: 2120: 1724: 1661: 1582: 1499: 1463: 1368: 1281: 1140: 963: 789: 682: 654: 579: 495: 402: 291: 244: 198: 152: 118: 3057:Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 2893:Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 2382:{\displaystyle L(\mu )=-\left^{1/3}-\left^{1/3}} 2156:John proposes to estimate the parameters using 3141: 3041:. Reserve Bank of India Working Paper Series. 2812:Continuous Univariate Distributions, Volume 1 2805: 2803: 2801: 8: 2834:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 55: 2957: 2955: 2760:Villani and Larsson propose to use either 4087: 3370: 3174: 3148: 3134: 3126: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 54: 3068: 3050: 3048: 3017: 3015: 2727: 2723: 2712: 2696: 2675: 2662: 2657: 2623: 2614: 2609: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2534: 2513: 2500: 2495: 2461: 2452: 2447: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2369: 2365: 2354: 2338: 2317: 2304: 2299: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2245: 2224: 2211: 2206: 2176: 2102: 2087: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2021: 2018: 2005: 1967: 1954: 1937: 1932: 1909: 1904: 1891: 1886: 1874: 1869: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1809: 1804: 1776: 1771: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1707: 1702: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1644: 1639: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1574: 1569: 1556: 1551: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1491: 1486: 1480: 1471:the split normal distribution reduces to 1455: 1450: 1437: 1432: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1354: 1344: 1331: 1314: 1309: 1300: 1274: 1259: 1254: 1239: 1220: 1191: 1178: 1154: 1124: 1109: 1104: 1089: 1070: 1041: 1028: 1004: 950: 940: 927: 917: 904: 876: 857: 844: 825: 816: 810: 781: 771: 758: 748: 735: 717: 703: 675: 643: 630: 613: 608: 600: 568: 558: 545: 528: 523: 511: 509: 488: 473: 468: 453: 434: 415: 386: 371: 366: 351: 332: 313: 278: 230: 224: 184: 178: 139: 107: 94: 89: 71: 70: 68: 2917:Fechner, G.T. (ed. Lipps, G.F.) (1897). 2797: 2395:Given the maximum likelihood estimator 2993: 2992: 2981: 2827: 2814:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 173. 7: 4498: 1389:. To ensure that the resulting PDF 2784:forecast distribution reported by 2424:the other parameters take values: 286: 147: 14: 4497: 4488: 4487: 2788:central banks around the globe. 245:{\displaystyle \sigma _{2}>0} 199:{\displaystyle \sigma _{1}>0} 2757:is the number of observations. 2070: 2064: 1500:{\displaystyle \sigma _{*}^{2}} 1302: 1273: 1123: 516: 487: 385: 2709: 2689: 2638: 2632: 2603: 2547: 2527: 2476: 2470: 2441: 2408: 2351: 2331: 2258: 2238: 2187: 2181: 2002: 1996: 1973: 1947: 1827: 1815: 1794: 1782: 1719: 1693: 1656: 1630: 1351: 1324: 1236: 1223: 1197: 1159: 1086: 1073: 1047: 1009: 924: 897: 863: 837: 755: 728: 725: 705: 649: 623: 565: 538: 450: 437: 348: 335: 113: 80: 1: 3037:Banerjee, N.; A. Das (2011). 2417:{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}} 983:probability density functions 30:two-piece normal distribution 153:{\displaystyle \mu \in \Re } 4545: 4321:Wrapped asymmetric Laplace 3292:Extended negative binomial 2962:Juan Manuel Julio (2007). 2780:, a representation of the 4483: 3980:Generalized extreme value 3760:Relativistic Breit–Wigner 3157:Probability distributions 3079:10.1080/03610920600672252 2905:10.1080/03610928208828279 1590:the constants are equal. 805: 698: 670: 595: 307: 292:{\displaystyle x\in \Re } 273: 134: 63: 26:split normal distribution 4524:Continuous distributions 2152:Estimation of parameters 1608:Alternative formulations 3975:Generalized chi-squared 3919:Normal-inverse Gaussian 3026:. February 1998: 30–37. 3004:CS1 maint: postscript ( 2968:. Banco de la República 2851:Applied Physics Letters 2132:Multivariate Extensions 1403:In a special case when 4287:Univariate (circular) 3848:Generalized hyperbolic 3277:Conway–Maxwell–Poisson 3267:Beta negative binomial 2744: 2582: 2418: 2383: 2122: 1726: 1663: 1584: 1501: 1465: 1370: 1283: 1142: 965: 791: 684: 656: 581: 497: 404: 293: 246: 200: 154: 120: 50:Gustav Theodor Fechner 4332:Bivariate (spherical) 3830:Kaniadakis κ-Gaussian 2921:. Engelmann, Leipzig. 2745: 2583: 2419: 2384: 2123: 1727: 1664: 1585: 1502: 1466: 1371: 1284: 1143: 966: 792: 685: 657: 582: 498: 405: 294: 247: 201: 155: 121: 4397:Dirac delta function 4344:Bivariate (toroidal) 4301:Univariate von Mises 4172:Multivariate Laplace 4064:Shifted log-logistic 3413:Continuous Bernoulli 2593: 2431: 2399: 2175: 2138:principal components 1743: 1680: 1617: 1526: 1479: 1407: 1395:normalizing constant 1299: 1153: 1003: 987:normal distributions 809: 702: 683:{\displaystyle \mu } 674: 599: 508: 414: 312: 277: 223: 177: 138: 67: 34:normal distributions 4529:Normal distribution 4445:Natural exponential 4350:Bivariate von Mises 4316:Wrapped exponential 4182:Multivariate stable 4177:Multivariate normal 3498:Benktander 2nd kind 3493:Benktander 1st kind 3282:Discrete phase-type 2932:Statistical Science 2863:1973ApPhL..22..568G 2786:inflation targeting 2766:bayesian estimation 2619: 2457: 1914: 1896: 1879: 1861: 1814: 1781: 1579: 1561: 1543: 1496: 1473:normal distribution 1460: 1442: 1424: 1264: 1114: 478: 376: 57: 4100:Rectified Gaussian 3985:Generalized Pareto 3843:Generalized normal 3715:Matrix-exponential 3115:2010-08-13 at the 3024:Quarterly Bulletin 2919:Kollectivmasslehre 2762:maximum likelihood 2740: 2688: 2596: 2578: 2526: 2434: 2414: 2379: 2330: 2237: 2158:maximum likelihood 2118: 2116: 1900: 1882: 1865: 1847: 1800: 1767: 1722: 1659: 1580: 1565: 1547: 1529: 1497: 1482: 1461: 1446: 1428: 1410: 1366: 1279: 1250: 1138: 1100: 961: 787: 680: 652: 577: 493: 464: 400: 362: 289: 254:standard deviation 252:— right-hand-side 242: 208:standard deviation 196: 150: 116: 46:Kollektivmasslehre 28:also known as the 18:probability theory 4511: 4510: 4108: 4107: 4077: 4076: 3968:whose type varies 3914:Normal (Gaussian) 3868:Hyperbolic secant 3817:Exponential power 3720:Maxwell–Boltzmann 3468:Wigner semicircle 3360: 3359: 3332:Parabolic fractal 3322:Negative binomial 3107:Bank of England, 2994:|postscript= 2991:External link in 2946:Review of Finance 2871:10.1063/1.1654511 2821:978-0-471-58495-7 2653: 2645: 2606: 2491: 2483: 2444: 2411: 2295: 2202: 2109: 2068: 2059: 2047: 2035: 1945: 1916: 1674:Bank of England's 1322: 1277: 1266: 1127: 1116: 974: 973: 884: 835: 834: 621: 536: 514: 491: 480: 389: 378: 206:— left-hand-side 4536: 4501: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4430:Compound Poisson 4405: 4393: 4362:von Mises–Fisher 4358: 4346: 4334: 4296:Circular uniform 4292: 4212: 4156: 4127: 4088: 3990:Marchenko–Pastur 3853:Geometric stable 3770:Truncated normal 3663:Inverse Gaussian 3569:Hyperexponential 3408:Beta rectangular 3376:bounded interval 3371: 3239:Discrete uniform 3224:Poisson binomial 3175: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3120: 3110:Inflation Report 3105: 3099: 3098: 3072: 3063:(6): 1123–1140. 3052: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2807: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 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188: 159: 157: 156: 151: 125: 123: 122: 117: 112: 111: 99: 98: 79: 78: 58: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4479: 4455:Maximum entropy 4413: 4401: 4389: 4379: 4371: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4285: 4272: 4209:Matrix-valued: 4206: 4152: 4123: 4115: 4104: 4092: 4083: 4073: 3967: 3961: 3878: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3725:Maxwell–Jüttner 3574:Hypoexponential 3480: 3478: 3477:supported on a 3472: 3433:Noncentral beta 3393:Balding–Nichols 3375: 3374:supported on a 3366: 3356: 3259: 3253: 3249:Zipf–Mandelbrot 3179: 3170: 3164: 3154: 3124: 3123: 3117:Wayback Machine 3106: 3102: 3070:10.1.1.533.4095 3054: 3053: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3003: 2990: 2984:cite conference 2980: 2971: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2890: 2889: 2878: 2857:(11): 568–569. 2848: 2847: 2843: 2826: 2822: 2809: 2808: 2799: 2794: 2774: 2708: 2692: 2671: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2625: 2591: 2590: 2546: 2530: 2509: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2463: 2429: 2428: 2397: 2396: 2350: 2334: 2313: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2257: 2241: 2220: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2115: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2083: 2079: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1963: 1950: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1881: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1760: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1703: 1678: 1677: 1640: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1596: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1477: 1476: 1405: 1404: 1382: 1350: 1340: 1327: 1297: 1296: 1246: 1235: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1187: 1174: 1151: 1150: 1096: 1085: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1037: 1024: 1001: 1000: 979: 946: 936: 923: 913: 900: 875: 871: 870: 866: 853: 840: 812: 807: 806: 777: 767: 754: 744: 731: 700: 699: 672: 671: 639: 626: 597: 596: 564: 554: 541: 506: 505: 504: 460: 449: 436: 430: 426: 412: 411: 410: 358: 347: 334: 328: 324: 310: 309: 275: 274: 226: 221: 220: 219: 180: 175: 174: 173: 136: 135: 103: 90: 65: 64: 12: 11: 5: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Location–scale 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4386: 4384: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4311:Wrapped Cauchy 4308: 4306:Wrapped normal 4303: 4298: 4293: 4282: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4261:Normal-inverse 4258: 4253: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4133: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3952:Variance-gamma 3949: 3944: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3832: 3827: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3806: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3792:Wilks's lambda 3789: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730:Mittag-Leffler 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3629: 3627:gamma/Gompertz 3624: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3525: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3479:semi-infinite 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3258:with infinite 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3212:Hypergeometric 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3100: 3044: 3029: 3011: 2951: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2899:(8): 879–885. 2876: 2841: 2820: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2773: 2770: 2751: 2750: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2602: 2588: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2410: 2407: 2390: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1609: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1515: 1511: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1475:with variance 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1290: 1289: 1271: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1148: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1121: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 978: 975: 972: 971: 959: 953: 949: 943: 939: 935: 930: 926: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 888: 883: 880: 874: 869: 865: 860: 856: 852: 847: 843: 839: 833: 830: 824: 819: 815: 804: 798: 797: 784: 780: 774: 770: 766: 761: 757: 751: 747: 743: 738: 734: 730: 727: 724: 720: 716: 713: 710: 707: 697: 691: 690: 679: 669: 663: 662: 651: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 625: 620: 616: 612: 607: 604: 594: 588: 587: 574: 571: 567: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 540: 535: 531: 527: 522: 519: 485: 476: 471: 467: 463: 456: 452: 448: 445: 442: 439: 433: 429: 425: 422: 419: 399: 396: 393: 383: 374: 369: 365: 361: 354: 350: 346: 343: 340: 337: 331: 327: 323: 320: 317: 306: 300: 299: 288: 285: 282: 272: 266: 265: 241: 238: 233: 229: 195: 192: 187: 183: 149: 146: 143: 133: 127: 126: 115: 110: 106: 102: 97: 93: 88: 85: 82: 77: 74: 62: 40:but different 36:with the same 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4541: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4221:Matrix normal 4219: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4187:Multivariate 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4114:Multivariate 4111: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3966:with support 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3803:on the whole 3799: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:type-2 Gumbel 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3644:Half-logistic 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3600:Folded normal 3598: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443:Raised cosine 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317:Mixed Poisson 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197:Beta-binomial 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2985: 2978: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2949:, 2016, 1-29. 2948: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2600: 2589: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2405: 2393: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2159: 2151: 2149: 2139: 2131: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2015: 2010: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1755: 1751: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1675: 1670: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1591: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1518:the constant 1508: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1119: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1006: 999: 998: 997: 994: 992: 988: 984: 976: 957: 951: 947: 941: 937: 933: 928: 918: 914: 910: 905: 901: 893: 889: 886: 881: 878: 872: 867: 858: 854: 850: 845: 841: 831: 828: 822: 817: 813: 803: 799: 782: 778: 772: 768: 764: 759: 749: 745: 741: 736: 732: 722: 718: 714: 711: 708: 696: 692: 677: 668: 664: 644: 640: 636: 631: 627: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 593: 589: 572: 569: 559: 555: 551: 546: 542: 533: 529: 525: 520: 517: 503: 483: 474: 469: 465: 461: 454: 446: 443: 440: 431: 427: 423: 420: 417: 397: 394: 391: 381: 372: 367: 363: 359: 352: 344: 341: 338: 329: 325: 321: 318: 315: 305: 301: 283: 280: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 239: 236: 231: 227: 217: 213: 209: 193: 190: 185: 181: 171: 167: 163: 144: 141: 132: 128: 108: 104: 100: 95: 91: 86: 83: 59: 53: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4402: 4390: 4356:Multivariate 4355: 4343: 4331: 4326:Wrapped Lévy 4286: 4234:Matrix gamma 4227: 4207: 4195:Normal-gamma 4188: 4154:Continuous: 4153: 4124: 4069:Tukey lambda 4056: 4048: 4043:-exponential 4040: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3999:-exponential 3996: 3940: 3907: 3874: 3836: 3823: 3750:Poly-Weibull 3695:Log-logistic 3655: 3654:Hotelling's 3586: 3428:Logit-normal 3302:Gauss–Kuzmin 3297:Flory–Schulz 3178:with finite 3108: 3103: 3060: 3056: 3038: 3032: 3023: 2970:. Retrieved 2964: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2896: 2892: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2811: 2775: 2772:Applications 2759: 2754: 2752: 2394: 2391: 2155: 2135: 1734: 1671: 1611: 1603: 1592: 1519: 1509: 1402: 1397: 1383: 1291: 995: 980: 308: 56:Split-normal 45: 29: 25: 15: 4440:Exponential 4289:directional 4278:Directional 4165:Generalized 4136:Multinomial 4091:continuous- 4031:Kaniadakis 4022:Kaniadakis 4013:Kaniadakis 4004:Kaniadakis 3995:Kaniadakis 3947:Tracy–Widom 3924:Skew normal 3906:Noncentral 3690:Log-Laplace 3668:Generalized 3649:Half-normal 3615:Generalized 3579:Logarithmic 3564:Exponential 3518:Chi-squared 3458:U-quadratic 3423:Kumaraswamy 3365:Continuous 3312:Logarithmic 3207:Categorical 2977:direct link 4518:Categories 4435:Elliptical 4391:Degenerate 4377:Degenerate 4125:Discrete: 4084:univariate 3939:Student's 3894:Asymmetric 3873:Johnson's 3801:supported 3745:Phase-type 3700:Log-normal 3685:Log-Cauchy 3675:Kolmogorov 3593:Noncentral 3523:Noncentral 3503:Beta prime 3453:Triangular 3448:Reciprocal 3418:Irwin–Hall 3367:univariate 3347:Yule–Simon 3229:Rademacher 3171:univariate 2972:2010-09-11 2792:References 2764:method or 1393:to 1, the 1391:integrates 1387:continuous 1380:Discussion 985:(PDFs) of 977:Definition 490:otherwise, 131:Parameters 48:(1897) of 22:statistics 4160:Dirichlet 4141:Dirichlet 4051:-Gaussian 4026:-Logistic 3863:Holtsmark 3835:Gaussian 3822:Fisher's 3805:real line 3307:Geometric 3287:Delaporte 3192:Bernoulli 3169:Discrete 3095:124959166 3087:0361-0926 3065:CiteSeerX 2830:cite book 2782:inflation 2778:fan chart 2706:μ 2703:− 2685:μ 2655:∑ 2636:μ 2627:− 2604:^ 2601:σ 2544:μ 2541:− 2523:μ 2493:∑ 2474:μ 2465:− 2442:^ 2439:σ 2409:^ 2406:μ 2348:μ 2345:− 2327:μ 2297:∑ 2287:− 2255:μ 2252:− 2234:μ 2204:∑ 2194:− 2185:μ 2100:σ 2085:ξ 2081:π 2072:β 2045:β 2038:− 2033:β 2011:− 2000:ξ 1994:⁡ 1981:γ 1965:σ 1961:− 1952:σ 1943:π 1923:ξ 1902:σ 1884:σ 1867:σ 1863:− 1849:σ 1835:γ 1825:γ 1822:− 1802:σ 1792:γ 1769:σ 1752:σ 1717:ξ 1705:σ 1697:μ 1654:γ 1642:σ 1634:μ 1571:∗ 1567:σ 1549:σ 1531:σ 1488:∗ 1484:σ 1452:∗ 1448:σ 1430:σ 1412:σ 1400:is used. 1356:− 1342:σ 1329:σ 1320:π 1276:otherwise 1252:σ 1233:μ 1230:− 1218:− 1210:⁡ 1189:σ 1176:σ 1169:μ 1136:μ 1102:σ 1083:μ 1080:− 1068:− 1060:⁡ 1039:σ 1026:σ 1019:μ 948:σ 938:σ 915:σ 911:− 902:σ 887:− 882:π 855:σ 851:− 842:σ 832:π 814:γ 779:σ 769:σ 746:σ 742:− 733:σ 723:π 712:− 678:μ 641:σ 637:− 628:σ 619:π 603:μ 570:− 556:σ 543:σ 534:π 466:σ 447:μ 444:− 432:− 424:⁡ 398:μ 364:σ 345:μ 342:− 330:− 322:⁡ 287:ℜ 284:∈ 228:σ 182:σ 148:ℜ 145:∈ 142:μ 105:σ 92:σ 84:μ 42:variances 4493:Category 4425:Circular 4418:Families 4403:Singular 4382:singular 4146:Negative 4093:discrete 4059:-Weibull 4017:-Weibull 3901:Logistic 3785:Discrete 3755:Rayleigh 3735:Nakagami 3658:-squared 3632:Gompertz 3481:interval 3217:Negative 3202:Binomial 3113:Archived 1126:if  802:Skewness 695:Variance 388:if  166:location 61:Notation 4503:Commons 4475:Wrapped 4470:Tweedie 4465:Pearson 4460:Mixture 4367:Bingham 4266:Complex 4256:Inverse 4246:Wishart 4239:Inverse 4226:Matrix 4200:Inverse 4116:(joint) 4035:-Erlang 3889:Laplace 3780:Weibull 3637:Shifted 3620:Inverse 3605:Fréchet 3528:Inverse 3463:Uniform 3383:Arcsine 3342:Skellam 3337:Poisson 3260:support 3234:Soliton 3187:Benford 3180:support 2859:Bibcode 270:Support 4409:Cantor 4251:Normal 4082:Mixed 4008:-Gamma 3934:Stable 3884:Landau 3858:Gumbel 3812:Cauchy 3740:Pareto 3552:Erlang 3533:Scaled 3488:Benini 3327:Panjer 3093:  3085:  3067:  2818:  2753:where 1510:When σ 1292:where 24:, the 4131:Ewens 3957:Voigt 3929:Slash 3710:Lomax 3705:Log-t 3610:Gamma 3557:Hyper 3547:Davis 3542:Dagum 3398:Bates 3388:ARGUS 3272:Borel 3091:S2CID 2164:and σ 2144:and σ 2067:where 513:where 258:scale 212:scale 4380:and 4338:Kent 3765:Rice 3680:Lévy 3508:Burr 3438:PERT 3403:Beta 3352:Zeta 3244:Zipf 3161:list 3083:ISSN 3006:link 2999:help 2836:link 2816:ISBN 2682:> 2520:< 2324:> 2231:< 1133:< 991:mode 667:Mode 592:Mean 395:< 262:real 237:> 216:real 191:> 170:real 162:mode 38:mode 20:and 4216:LKJ 3513:Chi 3075:doi 2901:doi 2867:doi 1991:sgn 1207:exp 1057:exp 421:exp 319:exp 304:PDF 16:In 4520:: 3089:. 3081:. 3073:. 3061:35 3059:. 3047:^ 3014:^ 2988:: 2986:}} 2982:{{ 2975:, 2954:^ 2897:11 2895:. 2879:^ 2865:. 2855:22 2853:. 2832:}} 2828:{{ 2800:^ 2148:. 1597:-σ 1514:≠σ 1507:. 993:. 260:, 214:, 168:, 160:— 4228:t 4189:t 4057:q 4049:q 4041:q 4033:κ 4024:κ 4015:κ 4006:κ 3997:κ 3941:t 3908:t 3877:U 3875:S 3837:q 3824:z 3656:T 3587:F 3163:) 3159:( 3149:e 3142:t 3135:v 3097:. 3077:: 3008:) 3001:) 2997:( 2907:. 2903:: 2873:. 2869:: 2861:: 2838:) 2824:. 2755:N 2738:, 2733:3 2729:/ 2725:2 2720:] 2714:2 2710:) 2698:i 2694:x 2690:( 2677:i 2673:x 2669:: 2664:i 2660:x 2650:[ 2643:N 2639:) 2633:( 2630:L 2621:= 2616:2 2611:2 2576:, 2571:3 2567:/ 2563:2 2558:] 2552:2 2548:) 2536:i 2532:x 2528:( 2515:i 2511:x 2507:: 2502:i 2498:x 2488:[ 2481:N 2477:) 2471:( 2468:L 2459:= 2454:2 2449:1 2375:3 2371:/ 2367:1 2362:] 2356:2 2352:) 2340:i 2336:x 2332:( 2319:i 2315:x 2311:: 2306:i 2302:x 2292:[ 2282:3 2278:/ 2274:1 2269:] 2263:2 2259:) 2247:i 2243:x 2239:( 2226:i 2222:x 2218:: 2213:i 2209:x 2199:[ 2191:= 2188:) 2182:( 2179:L 2166:2 2162:1 2146:1 2142:2 2112:. 2104:2 2096:2 2089:2 2075:= 2062:, 2055:2 2050:) 2041:1 2030:2 2027:+ 2024:1 2016:( 2008:1 2003:) 1997:( 1988:= 1974:) 1969:1 1956:2 1948:( 1939:/ 1935:2 1930:= 1911:2 1906:1 1898:+ 1893:2 1888:2 1876:2 1871:1 1858:2 1853:2 1842:= 1828:) 1819:1 1816:( 1811:2 1806:2 1798:= 1795:) 1789:+ 1786:1 1783:( 1778:2 1773:1 1765:= 1756:2 1720:) 1714:, 1709:2 1700:, 1694:( 1689:N 1686:S 1657:) 1651:, 1646:2 1637:, 1631:( 1626:N 1623:S 1599:1 1595:2 1576:2 1563:= 1558:2 1553:2 1545:= 1540:2 1535:1 1520:A 1516:1 1512:2 1493:2 1457:2 1444:= 1439:2 1434:2 1426:= 1421:2 1416:1 1398:A 1364:. 1359:1 1352:) 1346:2 1338:+ 1333:1 1325:( 1316:/ 1312:2 1307:= 1304:A 1270:) 1261:2 1256:2 1248:2 1241:2 1237:) 1227:x 1224:( 1214:( 1204:A 1201:= 1198:) 1193:2 1185:, 1180:1 1172:, 1166:; 1163:x 1160:( 1157:f 1130:x 1120:) 1111:2 1106:1 1098:2 1091:2 1087:) 1077:x 1074:( 1064:( 1054:A 1051:= 1048:) 1043:2 1035:, 1030:1 1022:, 1016:; 1013:x 1010:( 1007:f 958:] 952:2 942:1 934:+ 929:2 925:) 919:1 906:2 898:( 894:) 890:1 879:4 873:( 868:[ 864:) 859:1 846:2 838:( 829:2 823:= 818:3 783:2 773:1 765:+ 760:2 756:) 750:1 737:2 729:( 726:) 719:/ 715:2 709:1 706:( 650:) 645:1 632:2 624:( 615:/ 611:2 606:+ 573:1 566:) 560:2 552:+ 547:1 539:( 530:/ 526:2 521:= 518:A 484:) 475:2 470:2 462:2 455:2 451:) 441:x 438:( 428:( 418:A 392:x 382:) 373:2 368:1 360:2 353:2 349:) 339:x 336:( 326:( 316:A 281:x 264:) 256:( 240:0 232:2 218:) 210:( 194:0 186:1 172:) 164:( 114:) 109:2 101:, 96:1 87:, 81:( 76:N 73:S

Index

probability theory
statistics
normal distributions
mode
variances
Gustav Theodor Fechner
Parameters
mode
location
real
standard deviation
scale
real
standard deviation
scale
real
Support
PDF
Mean
Mode
Variance
Skewness
probability density functions
normal distributions
mode
continuous
integrates
normalizing constant
normal distribution
Bank of England's

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