282:, of New York, submitted a proposition 'that taxation shall be in proportion to representation.' It is further recorded in this day's proceedings, that Mr. Morris having so varied his motion by inserting the word 'direct,' it passed nem. con., as follows: 'Provided always that direct taxes ought to be proportioned to representation.' 2 Madison Papers, by Gilpin, pp. 1079-1081. On the 24th of the same month, Mr. Morris said that 'he hoped the committee would strike out the whole clause.... He had only meant it as a bridge to assist us over a gulf; having passed the gulf, the bridge may be removed. He thought the principle laid down with so much strictness liable to strong objections.' Id. 1197. The gulf was the share of representation claimed by the Southern States on account of their slave population. But the bridge remained. The builder could not remove it, much as he desired to do so. All parties seem thereafter to have avoided the subject. With one or two immaterial exceptions, not necessary to be noted, it does not appear that it was again adverted to in any way. It was silently incorporated into the draft of the Constitution as that instrument was finally adopted.
31:
294:, the Court quoted Hamilton as asserting that direct taxes should be held to be only "capitation or poll taxes, and taxes on lands and buildings, and general assessments, whether on the whole property of individuals or on their whole real or personal estate. All else must, of necessity, be considered as indirect taxes." Comparing Hamilton's understanding of the clause to the facts of the case, the Court stated:
666:
259:, the Supreme Court agreed with Springer that the recital of the Act of Congress in the deed was incorrect and that the Act of Congress dated "July 1, 1862" had not been amended on March 30, 1864. The Court stated that the statute in question was actually the Act of June 30, 1864, as amended by the Act of March 3, 1865. The Court rejected Springer's argument that the
219:
without physically seizing the properties or ejecting
Springer from the properties. The properties were deeded by the tax collector to the federal government. One of the deeds recited the statutory authority for the sale as being an Act of Congress of "July 1, 1862" as amended by an Act of "March 30, 1864."
303:
The Court concluded that "whenever the government has imposed a tax which it recognized as a direct tax, it has never been applied to any objects but real estate and slaves." It ultimately held "that direct taxes, within the meaning of the
Constitution, are only capitation taxes, as expressed in that
246:
Springer made various other arguments, one of which was that although there was an Act of
Congress bearing the date "July 1, 1862" although no such Act had been amended on "March 30, 1864," the amendment date cited in one of the deeds. Springer indicated that the statute in question may have been the
218:
After
Springer's failure to pay the tax, the federal tax collector advertised Springer's properties for sale to satisfy the tax liability. In 1867 and 1874, the tax collector sold two pieces of real estate owned by Springer in Springfield, Illinois, one of which was Springer's residence, apparently
298:
The tax here in question falls within neither of these categories. It is not a tax on the "whole... personal estate" of the individual, but only on his income, gains, and profits during a year, which may have been but a small part of his personal estate, and in most cases would have been so. This
234:
Springer's challenge was based on the contention that the income tax imposed by the statute was a direct tax that was not apportioned among the states according to the population of each state, as is required under
Article I of the Constitution. To support his contention that the tax was direct,
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on which the Court ruled that a tax on income from property in the form of interest, dividends, or rent should be treated as a tax on the property itself and therefore as a direct tax required to be apportioned. The
3531:
210:
had filed a federal income tax return for the tax year 1865 showing $ 50,798 in income and $ 4,799 in income tax, but he refused to pay the tax. His income was from two sources: income in his profession as an
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The Court then upheld the unapportioned income tax imposed under the 1864 Act and rejected
Springer's argument that the income tax was a direct tax within the meaning of Article I of the Constitution.
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Act dated June 30, 1864, as amended by an Act dated March 3, 1865, and argued that if it was the case, the 1864 Act did not authorize the sale of the real estate by the federal tax collector.
5168:
374: (1881). Some prints of the case show the date as 1880, the year of the session, rather than 1881, the year of the decision. The Court's decision was rendered on January 24, 1881. See
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against
Springer with respect to the previously-sold properties. In his ejectment action, Springer challenged the constitutionality of the 1864 Act.
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instrument, and taxes on real estate; and that the tax of which the plaintiff in error complains is within the category of an excise or duty."
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It appears that on the 11th of July, in that year, there was a debate of some warmth involving the topic of slavery. On the day following,
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The Court set forth a lengthy examination of the history leading to the inclusion of the apportionment requirement in the
Constitution:
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Springer's employment and the source of his income were not mentioned by the Court in its opinion in the
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128:
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1975:
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1021:
646:
613:
376:
Dates of
Supreme Court Decisions and Arguments; United States Reports Volumes 2 - 107 (1791-1882)
291:
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432:
279:
140:
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2018:
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1138:
1078:
915:
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638:
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236:
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1848:
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1231:
947:
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120:
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and has made it clear that there is no requirement for apportionment of income taxes. In
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371:
256:
112:
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2854:
2475:
2342:
2175:
2077:
809:
541:
287:
4221:
3010:
67:
1985:
97:
The federal income tax imposed under the
Revenue Act of 1864 was constitutional.
544:(1987). "Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government".
2913:
1608:
665:
240:
192:
83:
3692:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
2955:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
223:
144:
2931:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1478:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
299:
classification lends no support to the argument of the plaintiff in error.
940:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1510:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
650:
617:
3532:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3128:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
79:
1833:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
737:
642:
626:
609:
3484:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2234:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
5142:
4936:
4625:
4589:
4489:
4447:
4240:
4122:
4042:
3968:
3700:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
2016:
1959:
1229:
1112:
1064:
1019:
966:
897:
844:
791:
749:
394:
case, but they were mentioned by the Court in the 1895 case of
30:
2995:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2865:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
3492:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
3844:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
3812:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
493:
491:
454:
452:
1649:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
558:
case "was in effect reversed by the sixteenth amendment").
3500:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
3096:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
286:
After further examining the contemporaneous writings of
4861:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
4792:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
4537:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1929:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1278:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1211:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2963:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2164:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
316:
was modified in part by the Court in the 1895 case of
3216:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
3056:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2132:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1382:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
596:
Dunbar, Charles F. (1889). "The Direct Tax of 1861".
5209:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
3796:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3382:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
2923:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2218:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
1857:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1542:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
5115:
5088:
5069:
5050:
5023:
4996:
4945:
4907:
4879:
4810:
4759:
4732:
4634:
4280:
4257:
3918:
3708:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3572:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
3416:
3250:
3037:
2912:
2883:
2853:
2720:
2635:
2582:
2377:
2252:
2174:
2112:
2067:
2030:
1973:
1560:
1243:
169:
164:
101:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
3428:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3278:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1438:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
235:Springer cited the definitions of direct taxes by
4088:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
3732:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
3668:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3468:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
2971:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
1753:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
263:did not authorize the sale by the tax collector.
4104:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
3946:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
3900:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
2979:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2524:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1526:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1430:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
1086:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
5194:United States Constitution Article One case law
4401:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
3868:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3644:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3200:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1673:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
296:
276:
187:, 102 U.S. 586 (1881), was a case in which the
4417:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
3876:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3580:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3366:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3286:International News Service v. Associated Press
2811:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
2803:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
2670:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2532:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
4601:
3930:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
3772:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3294:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3136:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
1801:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
761:
8:
2894:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
2739:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
2609:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
215:and interest income on United States bonds.
4361:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3398:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3208:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
3080:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
3048:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
2843:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1721:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1486:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
222:In 1874, the government filed a lawsuit of
5139:
4933:
4622:
4608:
4594:
4586:
4486:
4444:
4254:
4237:
4119:
4039:
3965:
3716:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
2027:
2013:
1970:
1956:
1665:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1518:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
1240:
1226:
1109:
1061:
1016:
963:
894:
841:
788:
768:
754:
746:
20:
3476:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3374:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
2654:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2617:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
2601:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
2593:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2500:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
4962:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
4837:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
3788:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3508:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3262:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3184:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2492:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
1705:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1414:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1155:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
523:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
397:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
319:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
5097:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
4978:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
4393:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
3804:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3120:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
2835:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
2795:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2420:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1550:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1470:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1294:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1163:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
353:
3756:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
3652:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3406:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
3072:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
1713:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
4561:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4321:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
3892:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
3860:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
3660:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3444:United States v. General Electric Co.
3224:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3192:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
3027:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
2947:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
1737:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
1633:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1262:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
847:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
637:(16). Blackwell Publishing: 639–667.
18:1881 United States Supreme Court case
7:
4616:United States constitutional tax law
4385:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3326:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3240:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
2939:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
2873:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
2662:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2516:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2508:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
1881:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
1593:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1422:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1374:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
54:William M. Springer v. United States
5199:Taxing and Spending Clause case law
3938:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
3884:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3160:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
2987:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
2694:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
2637:International Copyright Act of 1891
1398:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
5105:Burnet v. Sanford & Brooks Co.
5059:Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.
3748:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3112:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
3003:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
1841:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
1825:National League of Cities v. Usery
1390:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1342:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
932:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
871:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
818:Department of Commerce v. New York
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5204:United States Supreme Court cases
5159:Amendment affecting apportionment
4706:Decline of sovereign tax immunity
3764:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
3724:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
3596:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3436:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
2787:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
2771:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
2625:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
1729:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1617:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1494:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
688:586 (1881) is available from:
5154:Apportionment of representatives
4569:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
3676:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3452:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3302:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1366:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1350:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1326:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1286:Swift & Co. v. United States
664:
29:
5164:Origination of bills of revenue
4689:Pollock v. Farmers' L. & T.
4182:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3310:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3168:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2540:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
1769:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1318:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
420:Principles of Political Economy
5219:1881 in United States case law
4776:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
2359:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1302:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1171:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
625:Seligman, Edwin R. A. (1894).
598:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1:
5124:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
5013:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
4369:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4297:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2885:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2678:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2584:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2156:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
2057:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1534:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1454:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
1046:United States v. Munoz-Flores
604:(4). The MIT Press: 436–461.
569:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
433:Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
337:, the Supreme Court reviewed
334:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
4986:Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.
4853:Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.
4733:Uniformity of indirect taxes
4471:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3144:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2148:Schillinger v. United States
1785:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1334:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
5024:Taxable corporate dividends
3971:Necessary and Proper Clause
3740:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
3064:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2548:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1689:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1462:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
1094:Clinton v. City of New York
189:United States Supreme Court
5235:
5051:Taxable corporate earnings
4918:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
4895:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
4881:State import-export duties
4749:Brushaber v. Union Pacific
4650:Brushaber v. Union Pacific
4377:City of El Paso v. Simmons
4024:United States v. Kebodeaux
3516:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
1777:Henderson v. United States
1358:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1270:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1115:Taxing and Spending Clause
414:Mill, John Stuart (1848).
5149:
5138:
5089:Deductions and exemptions
4954:Springer v. United States
4932:
4829:Springer v. United States
4784:United States v. Kahriger
4621:
4513:Virginia v. West Virginia
4499:
4485:
4457:
4443:
4253:
4236:
4136:
4125:No Bills of Attainder or
4118:
4058:
4038:
4016:United States v. Comstock
3978:
3964:
3358:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
2763:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2710:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2026:
2012:
1969:
1955:
1913:United States v. Morrison
1865:New York v. United States
1761:North American Co. v. SEC
1697:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1239:
1225:
1147:Springer v. United States
1125:
1108:
1074:
1060:
1032:
1015:
979:
962:
910:
893:
857:
840:
804:
787:
678:Springer v. United States
671:Springer v. United States
627:"The American Income Tax"
400:, 157 U.S. 429, 579-580,
361:Springer v. United States
255:In an opinion written by
184:Springer v. United States
106:
96:
28:
24:Springer v. United States
5040:United States v. Phellis
4970:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
4845:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
4305:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4198:Barr v. City of Columbia
4150:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3908:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3540:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3334:KVOS v. Associated Press
3104:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2902:Dowling v. United States
2686:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2646:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2564:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
1038:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
993:United States v. Johnson
45:Decided January 24, 1881
4821:Hylton v. United States
4720:South Carolina v. Baker
4409:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3612:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3390:Goldstein v. California
3318:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2731:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2702:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1937:Taylor v. United States
1245:Dormant Commerce Clause
1179:United States v. Butler
1131:Hylton v. United States
1001:Gravel v. United States
969:Speech or Debate Clause
4659:Sovereign tax immunity
4545:New Jersey v. New York
4000:Sabri v. United States
3828:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3628:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3548:United States v. Adams
2827:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2747:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2572:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2412:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2194:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1905:Jones v. United States
1897:United States v. Locke
1873:United States v. Lopez
1203:Sabri v. United States
404:, 158 U.S. 601 (1895).
301:
284:
43:Argued April 8–9, 1880
5214:Springfield, Illinois
5169:Federal voting rights
5078:Crane v. Commissioner
4665:McCulloch v. Maryland
4521:Virginia v. Tennessee
3984:McCulloch v. Maryland
3039:Copyright Act of 1976
2779:Douglas v. Cunningham
2722:Copyright Act of 1909
2428:Thornton v. Schreiber
2379:Copyright Act of 1870
2254:Copyright Act of 1831
2032:Copyright Act of 1790
1994:Juilliard v. Greenman
1809:Katzenbach v. McClung
1641:Hoke v. United States
1406:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1310:Edwards v. California
530:, 158 U.S. 601 (1895)
528:affirmed on rehearing
402:affirmed on rehearing
4909:State tonnage duties
4712:Flint v. Stone Tracy
4673:Veazie Bank v. Fenno
4553:Virginia v. Maryland
4450:Import-Export Clause
4337:Stone v. Mississippi
3992:Lambert v. Yellowley
3852:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3588:Gottschalk v. Benson
3564:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3524:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2484:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2351:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1195:South Dakota v. Dole
985:Kilbourn v. Thompson
4946:History and purpose
4869:California v. Texas
4800:California v. Texas
4760:Regulatory taxation
4270:Hepburn v. Griswold
4214:Kansas v. Hendricks
4190:De Veau v. Braisted
3460:Altvater v. Freeman
2468:Belford v. Scribner
2452:Thompson v. Hubbard
2436:Banks v. Manchester
2287:Stevens v. Gladding
2186:Pennock v. Dialogue
2114:Patent infringement
1793:Boynton v. Virginia
1657:Hammer v. Dagenhart
863:Powell v. McCormack
729:Library of Congress
325:Sixteenth Amendment
261:Revenue Act of 1864
208:William M. Springer
197:Revenue Act of 1864
191:upheld the federal
5144:Related provisions
5116:Diminution of loss
5032:Eisner v. Macomber
5005:Eisner v. Macomber
4644:Scope of authority
4505:Florida v. Georgia
4260:Legal Tender Cases
4174:Samuels v. McCurdy
4166:Hawker v. New York
4096:Boumediene v. Bush
3684:Dickinson v. Zurko
3152:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2755:Manners v. Morosco
2556:Scribner v. Straus
2460:Higgins v. Keuffel
2444:Callaghan v. Myers
2327:Higgins v. Keuffel
2319:Callaghan v. Myers
2226:Egbert v. Lippmann
2210:Cochrane v. Deener
2069:Patent Act of 1793
1976:Legal Tender Cases
1745:Wickard v. Filburn
1187:Helvering v. Davis
1067:Presentment Clause
1022:Origination Clause
794:Enumeration Clause
777:U.S. Supreme Court
512:, 102 U.S. at 602.
500:, 102 U.S. at 599.
485:, 102 U.S. at 598.
473:, 102 U.S. at 596.
461:, 102 U.S. at 593.
446:, 102 U.S. at 591.
292:Alexander Hamilton
195:imposed under the
173:Swayne, joined by
117:Associate Justices
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5134:
5133:
4928:
4927:
4697:Davis v. Michigan
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4481:
4480:
4463:Brown v. Maryland
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4329:Bronson v. Kinzie
4313:Ogden v. Saunders
4232:
4231:
4114:
4113:
4072:Ex parte Merryman
4048:Suspension Clause
4034:
4033:
4008:Gonzales v. Raich
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3556:Brenner v. Manson
3350:Buck v. Gallagher
3270:Ferris v. Frohman
3019:Iancu v. Brunetti
2388:Perris v. Hexamer
2367:Mifflin v. Dutton
2263:Wheaton v. Peters
2202:O'Reilly v. Morse
2140:Rowell v. Lindsay
2041:Wheaton v. Peters
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1921:Gonzales v. Raich
1817:Maryland v. Wirtz
1681:Gold Clause Cases
1502:Granholm v. Heald
1254:Brown v. Maryland
1221:
1220:
1104:
1103:
1056:
1055:
1011:
1010:
958:
957:
889:
888:
836:
835:
826:Trump v. New York
669:Works related to
542:Bittker, Boris I.
416:"Of Direct Taxes"
280:Gouverneur Morris
180:
179:
141:Joseph P. Bradley
5226:
5140:
4934:
4768:Head Money Cases
4741:Head Money Cases
4681:Collector v. Day
4636:Authority to tax
4623:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4587:
4487:
4445:
4289:Fletcher v. Peck
4255:
4238:
4158:Ex parte Garland
4120:
4064:Ex parte Bollman
4040:
3966:
3780:Bilski v. Kappos
3636:Diamond v. Diehr
3604:Dann v. Johnston
3088:Stewart v. Abend
2396:Trade-Mark Cases
2279:Stephens v. Cady
2102:Evans v. Hettich
2028:
2019:Copyright Clause
2014:
1971:
1957:
1625:Champion v. Ames
1585:Paul v. Virginia
1569:Gibbons v. Ogden
1241:
1227:
1139:Collector v. Day
1110:
1079:Pocket Veto Case
1062:
1017:
964:
916:Ex parte Siebold
900:Elections Clause
895:
842:
789:
770:
763:
756:
747:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
700:
697:
691:
668:
654:
631:Economic Journal
621:
584:
565:
559:
553:
537:
531:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
447:
441:
435:
430:
424:
423:
411:
405:
388:
382:
358:
237:John Stuart Mill
157:William B. Woods
133:Stephen J. Field
129:Samuel F. Miller
102:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5173:
5145:
5130:
5111:
5084:
5065:
5046:
5019:
4992:
4941:
4924:
4903:
4889:Privilege taxes
4875:
4806:
4755:
4728:
4630:
4617:
4614:
4584:
4575:
4529:Wharton v. Wise
4495:
4477:
4453:
4431:
4276:
4249:
4243:Contract Clause
4228:
4132:
4110:
4054:
4030:
3974:
3973:of Section VIII
3952:
3921:trademark cases
3914:
3820:Kappos v. Hyatt
3620:Parker v. Flook
3412:
3253:copyright cases
3246:
3232:Allen v. Cooper
3176:Golan v. Holder
3033:
2908:
2879:
2849:
2716:
2631:
2578:
2404:Merrell v. Tice
2373:
2335:Holmes v. Hurst
2311:Baker v. Selden
2271:Backus v. Gould
2248:
2170:
2124:Evans v. Jordan
2108:
2063:
2022:
2021:of Section VIII
2000:
1965:
1964:of Section VIII
1943:
1849:EEOC v. Wyoming
1601:Kidd v. Pearson
1577:Passenger Cases
1556:
1446:Maine v. Taylor
1235:
1234:of Section VIII
1232:Commerce Clause
1217:
1121:
1100:
1070:
1052:
1028:
1007:
975:
954:
948:Moore v. Harper
906:
885:
879:Cook v. Gralike
853:
832:
800:
783:
774:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
661:
643:10.2307/2955902
624:
610:10.2307/1879642
595:
592:
590:Further reading
587:
566:
562:
540:
538:
534:
526:,157 U.S. 429,
520:
516:
508:
504:
496:
489:
481:
477:
469:
465:
457:
450:
442:
438:
431:
427:
413:
412:
408:
389:
385:
359:
355:
351:
312:The holding in
310:
272:
253:
232:
213:attorney at law
205:
155:
143:
131:
121:Nathan Clifford
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5232:
5230:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5101:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:Compact Clause
4490:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4467:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:Sveen v. Melin
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4353:Block v. Hirsh
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4206:Teague v. Lane
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4142:Calder v. Bull
4137:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3836:Gunn v. Minton
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2819:Mazer v. Stein
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2303:Paige v. Banks
2299:
2295:Little v. Hall
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:Voss v. Fisher
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2094:Evans v. Eaton
2090:
2086:Evans v. Eaton
2082:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2049:Paige v. Banks
2045:
2036:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1962:Coinage Clause
1960:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1889:Reno v. Condon
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:of Section VII
1065:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
989:
980:
977:
976:
967:
960:
959:
956:
955:
953:
952:
944:
936:
928:
924:Smiley v. Holm
920:
911:
908:
907:
898:
891:
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
875:
867:
858:
855:
854:
845:
838:
837:
834:
833:
831:
830:
822:
814:
805:
802:
801:
792:
785:
784:
775:
773:
772:
765:
758:
750:
744:
743:
711:Google Scholar
674:
660:
659:External links
657:
656:
655:
622:
591:
588:
586:
585:
560:
546:The Tax Lawyer
539:See generally
532:
514:
502:
487:
475:
463:
448:
436:
425:
422:. Vol. 5.
406:
383:
352:
350:
347:
327:overruled the
309:
306:
271:
268:
257:Justice Swayne
252:
249:
243:, and others.
231:
228:
204:
201:
178:
177:
171:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
153:John M. Harlan
118:
115:
113:Morrison Waite
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5231:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:Taxable gains
5068:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4939:Amendment XVI
4935:
4931:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:Smyth v. Ames
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4131:of Section IX
4130:
4128:
4127:Ex post facto
4121:
4117:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:Ex parte Endo
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:Habeas corpus
4041:
4037:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:Gibbs v. Buck
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:Patent misuse
2852:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:Brady v. Daly
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:Brady v. Daly
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:Patentability
2173:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:Tyler v. Tuel
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
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1128:
1127:
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1120:
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1111:
1107:
1096:
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1080:
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934:
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868:
865:
864:
860:
859:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
828:
827:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
811:
810:Utah v. Evans
807:
806:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
778:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
752:
751:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
693:CourtListener
687:
683:
679:
675:
673:at Wikisource
672:
667:
663:
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628:
623:
619:
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582:
579:
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455:
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437:
434:
429:
426:
421:
417:
410:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
387:
384:
380:
378:, p. 153, at
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
321:
320:
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295:
293:
289:
288:James Madison
283:
281:
275:
269:
267:
264:
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258:
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248:
244:
242:
238:
230:Issues raised
229:
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134:
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122:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:Chief Justice
108:
107:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
5122:
5103:
5095:
5076:
5057:
5038:
5030:
5011:
5003:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4916:
4893:
4888:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4819:
4812:Direct taxes
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4747:
4739:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4494:of Section X
4469:
4461:
4452:of Section X
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4268:
4258:
4222:Smith v. Doe
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4126:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4045:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3419:patent cases
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
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3284:
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3268:
3260:
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3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
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3182:
3174:
3166:
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3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3025:
3017:
3011:Matal v. Tam
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2900:
2892:
2871:
2863:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2055:
2047:
2039:
1992:
1984:
1974:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1119:Section VIII
1092:
1084:
1044:
1036:
999:
991:
983:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
877:
869:
861:
824:
816:
808:
677:
634:
630:
601:
597:
583: (1926).
567:
563:
555:
549:
545:
535:
527:
521:
517:
509:
505:
497:
482:
478:
470:
466:
458:
443:
439:
428:
419:
409:
401:
395:
391:
386:
375:
360:
356:
342:
338:
332:
328:
317:
313:
311:
302:
297:
285:
277:
273:
265:
254:
245:
233:
221:
217:
206:
183:
182:
181:
174:
165:Case opinion
148:
136:
124:
71:
53:
15:
4129:Laws Clause
1986:Knox v. Lee
1026:Section VII
5188:Categories
4052:Section IX
2914:Lanham Act
1609:In re Debs
973:Section VI
904:Section IV
798:Section II
738:OpenJurist
349:References
241:Adam Smith
203:Background
193:income tax
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:253; 1880
4628:Article I
4247:Section X
780:Article I
308:Aftermath
270:Rationale
224:ejectment
175:unanimous
145:Ward Hunt
60:Citations
2857:case law
2178:case law
2116:case law
782:case law
676:Text of
510:Springer
498:Springer
483:Springer
471:Springer
459:Springer
444:Springer
392:Springer
343:Springer
314:Springer
251:Decision
170:Majority
702:Findlaw
651:2955902
618:1879642
556:Pollock
552:(1): 3.
339:Pollock
329:Pollock
92:Holding
5127:(1926)
5108:(1931)
5100:(1915)
5081:(1947)
5062:(1955)
5043:(1921)
5035:(1920)
5016:(1926)
5008:(1920)
4997:Income
4989:(1916)
4981:(1915)
4973:(1911)
4965:(1895)
4957:(1881)
4921:(1851)
4898:(1851)
4872:(2020)
4864:(2012)
4856:(1916)
4848:(1911)
4840:(1895)
4832:(1881)
4824:(1796)
4803:(2020)
4795:(2012)
4787:(1953)
4779:(1922)
4771:(1884)
4752:(1915)
4744:(1884)
4723:(1988)
4715:(1911)
4700:(1989)
4692:(1895)
4684:(1871)
4676:(1869)
4668:(1819)
4653:(1915)
4572:(2018)
4564:(2009)
4556:(2003)
4548:(1998)
4540:(1985)
4532:(1894)
4524:(1893)
4516:(1871)
4508:(1855)
4474:(1951)
4466:(1827)
4428:(2018)
4420:(1987)
4412:(1983)
4404:(1983)
4396:(1978)
4388:(1977)
4380:(1965)
4372:(1935)
4364:(1934)
4356:(1921)
4348:(1898)
4340:(1880)
4332:(1843)
4324:(1837)
4316:(1827)
4308:(1819)
4300:(1819)
4292:(1810)
4281:Others
4273:(1870)
4225:(2003)
4217:(1997)
4209:(1989)
4201:(1964)
4193:(1960)
4185:(1951)
4177:(1925)
4169:(1898)
4161:(1866)
4153:(1819)
4145:(1798)
4107:(2020)
4099:(2008)
4091:(2001)
4083:(1944)
4075:(1861)
4067:(1807)
4027:(2013)
4019:(2010)
4011:(2005)
4003:(2004)
3995:(1926)
3987:(1819)
3949:(2020)
3941:(1938)
3933:(1915)
3919:Other
3911:(2019)
3903:(2017)
3895:(2016)
3887:(2015)
3879:(2015)
3871:(2014)
3863:(2014)
3855:(2013)
3847:(2013)
3839:(2013)
3831:(2013)
3823:(2012)
3815:(2012)
3807:(2011)
3799:(2011)
3791:(2011)
3783:(2010)
3775:(2008)
3767:(2007)
3759:(2007)
3751:(2007)
3743:(2006)
3735:(2006)
3727:(2006)
3719:(2005)
3711:(2002)
3703:(2001)
3695:(1999)
3687:(1999)
3679:(1998)
3671:(1997)
3663:(1996)
3655:(1990)
3647:(1989)
3639:(1981)
3631:(1980)
3623:(1978)
3615:(1976)
3607:(1976)
3599:(1973)
3591:(1972)
3583:(1971)
3575:(1969)
3567:(1969)
3559:(1966)
3551:(1966)
3543:(1966)
3535:(1965)
3527:(1964)
3519:(1964)
3511:(1964)
3503:(1961)
3495:(1950)
3487:(1950)
3479:(1948)
3471:(1945)
3463:(1943)
3455:(1942)
3447:(1926)
3439:(1916)
3431:(1908)
3417:Other
3409:(1975)
3401:(1974)
3393:(1973)
3385:(1968)
3377:(1962)
3369:(1960)
3361:(1949)
3353:(1939)
3345:(1939)
3337:(1936)
3329:(1934)
3321:(1932)
3313:(1931)
3305:(1923)
3297:(1919)
3289:(1918)
3281:(1914)
3273:(1912)
3265:(1911)
3251:Other
3243:(2020)
3235:(2020)
3227:(2019)
3219:(2019)
3211:(2017)
3203:(2014)
3195:(2014)
3187:(2013)
3179:(2012)
3171:(2010)
3163:(2005)
3155:(2003)
3147:(2001)
3139:(1998)
3131:(1998)
3123:(1996)
3115:(1994)
3107:(1994)
3099:(1991)
3091:(1990)
3083:(1989)
3075:(1985)
3067:(1985)
3059:(1984)
3051:(1977)
3030:(2020)
3022:(2019)
3014:(2017)
3006:(2014)
2998:(2014)
2990:(2003)
2982:(2003)
2974:(2001)
2966:(2001)
2958:(1999)
2950:(1995)
2942:(1992)
2934:(1987)
2926:(1982)
2905:(1985)
2897:(1941)
2876:(1942)
2868:(1917)
2846:(1973)
2838:(1964)
2830:(1956)
2822:(1954)
2814:(1952)
2806:(1943)
2798:(1940)
2790:(1939)
2782:(1935)
2774:(1931)
2766:(1923)
2758:(1920)
2750:(1917)
2742:(1914)
2734:(1911)
2713:(1911)
2705:(1911)
2697:(1909)
2689:(1909)
2681:(1908)
2673:(1908)
2665:(1907)
2657:(1903)
2649:(1896)
2628:(1979)
2620:(1948)
2612:(1941)
2604:(1939)
2596:(1913)
2575:(1912)
2567:(1909)
2559:(1908)
2551:(1908)
2543:(1908)
2535:(1908)
2527:(1907)
2519:(1907)
2511:(1907)
2503:(1903)
2495:(1903)
2487:(1899)
2479:(1899)
2471:(1892)
2463:(1891)
2455:(1889)
2447:(1888)
2439:(1888)
2431:(1888)
2423:(1884)
2415:(1884)
2407:(1881)
2399:(1879)
2391:(1879)
2370:(1903)
2362:(1903)
2354:(1899)
2346:(1899)
2338:(1899)
2330:(1891)
2322:(1888)
2314:(1879)
2306:(1872)
2298:(1856)
2290:(1854)
2282:(1853)
2274:(1849)
2266:(1834)
2245:(1885)
2237:(1885)
2229:(1881)
2221:(1878)
2213:(1876)
2205:(1853)
2197:(1851)
2189:(1829)
2167:(1938)
2159:(1913)
2151:(1894)
2143:(1885)
2135:(1885)
2127:(1815)
2105:(1822)
2097:(1822)
2089:(1818)
2081:(1810)
2060:(1908)
2052:(1872)
2044:(1834)
1997:(1884)
1989:(1871)
1940:(2016)
1932:(2012)
1924:(2005)
1916:(2000)
1908:(2000)
1900:(2000)
1892:(2000)
1884:(1996)
1876:(1995)
1868:(1992)
1860:(1985)
1852:(1983)
1844:(1981)
1836:(1981)
1828:(1976)
1820:(1968)
1812:(1964)
1804:(1964)
1796:(1960)
1788:(1951)
1780:(1950)
1772:(1949)
1764:(1946)
1756:(1944)
1748:(1942)
1740:(1942)
1732:(1941)
1724:(1940)
1716:(1938)
1708:(1937)
1700:(1936)
1692:(1935)
1684:(1935)
1676:(1935)
1668:(1923)
1660:(1918)
1652:(1914)
1644:(1913)
1636:(1911)
1628:(1903)
1620:(1895)
1612:(1895)
1604:(1888)
1596:(1885)
1588:(1869)
1580:(1849)
1572:(1824)
1561:Others
1553:(2023)
1545:(2019)
1537:(2018)
1529:(2015)
1521:(2008)
1513:(2007)
1505:(2005)
1497:(1994)
1489:(1994)
1481:(1994)
1473:(1992)
1465:(1992)
1457:(1989)
1449:(1986)
1441:(1984)
1433:(1983)
1425:(1982)
1417:(1981)
1409:(1980)
1401:(1978)
1393:(1978)
1385:(1977)
1377:(1977)
1369:(1976)
1361:(1970)
1353:(1967)
1345:(1959)
1337:(1954)
1329:(1951)
1321:(1945)
1313:(1941)
1305:(1935)
1297:(1925)
1289:(1905)
1281:(1886)
1273:(1852)
1265:(1829)
1257:(1827)
1214:(2012)
1206:(2004)
1198:(1987)
1190:(1937)
1182:(1936)
1174:(1922)
1166:(1916)
1158:(1895)
1150:(1881)
1142:(1871)
1134:(1796)
1097:(1998)
1089:(1983)
1081:(1929)
1049:(1990)
1041:(1911)
1004:(1972)
996:(1966)
988:(1881)
951:(2023)
943:(2015)
935:(1995)
927:(1932)
919:(1879)
882:(2001)
874:(1995)
866:(1969)
829:(2020)
821:(2019)
813:(2002)
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
720:Justia
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
649:
616:
572:,
363:,
151:
149:·
147:
139:
137:·
135:
127:
125:·
123:
80:L. Ed.
684:
647:JSTOR
614:JSTOR
576:
367:
849:and
686:U.S.
578:U.S.
369:U.S.
290:and
86:2066
73:more
65:U.S.
63:102
4245:of
4050:of
1117:of
1024:of
971:of
902:of
851:III
796:of
682:102
639:doi
606:doi
581:170
574:271
372:586
365:102
78:26
68:586
5190::
680:,
645:.
633:.
629:.
612:.
600:.
550:41
548:.
490:^
451:^
418:.
345:.
239:,
199:.
4609:e
4602:t
4595:v
769:e
762:t
755:v
653:.
641::
635:4
620:.
608::
602:3
554:(
381:.
76:)
70:(
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