384:, the idea of maintaining a "balanced vine" is to have just enough leaf cover for the plant to produce the energy needed to ripen the grape without having too much photosynthetic activity to where the vines has a surplus of energy and continues growing more shoots. Additionally, leaves provide shade to the grape clusters which be beneficial in protecting the clusters from the harshness of heat stress ("sunburn") but excessive shade can also decrease the development of
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the shoot is the small (0.4 in/1 cm) part of the shoot furthermost from the vine. Viticulturalist use the growth of this tip as an indication of vine vigor because the tip competes with the grape clusters for resources from the vine. Ideally, shoot growth should come to a stop around the time of veraison; a vine that continues growing the shoots will stand the chance of less fully developed grape clusters.
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as a guideline in determining a vine's ability to fully ripen grapes. Quite different from the consideration of yields, the balance of leaf cover (needed for photosynthesis) and proportion of fruit (judged by weight rather than number of clusters) could have the most substantial effect on the quality
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The shoot is ripening at this point and becomes known as a "cane." In wintertime, the canes of the grapevine are usually completely cut off with the amount and weight of the cane being used to gauge the amount of pruning and canopy management that will be needed for the upcoming year. The "tip" of
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are sometimes used interchangeably but viticulturalists generally make some differentiation. The stem of the grapevine item, extending from cordon, is considered the shoot and this part is most often pruned in the process of "shoot thinning" to control grape yields. The stalk extending out to hold
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The cordon, or "arms", of the grapevine extend from the trunk and are the part where additional arms and eventually leaves and grape cluster cordons are usually found along wires as part of a trellis system. This training usually fixes the cordon into a permanent position, such as horizontal
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in the leaf gives it a natural greenish color. Prior to the winter dormancy, the vine will stop being photosynthetically active which will contribute to a natural break down of chlorophyll and changing of color. However, deficiency in
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energy in the wood part of the trunk and roots. The downward passage of phloem sap to the roots and this storing process can be interrupted by the viticultural practice of "girdling" or
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noted for having small leaves. The typical size is normally comparable to that of a human hand. In addition to size, there are many of other unique characteristics to the leaves that
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by forcing the vine to direct most of its energy towards developing the grape clusters. The xylem is the woody tissue on the inside of the trunk that moves sap, enriched with
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takes places which creates the carbohydrates that the vine needs to grow and process grape clusters. The size of the leaves vary due to grape varieties with varieties like
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and other important compounds in the grape. Many vineyards employ the practice of leaf removal throughout the growing season to try to maintain optimal leaf coverage.
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104:. Various viticulture problems, such as uneven grape ripening, sunburn, and frost damage, can be addressed by skillful canopy management. In addition to
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A grapevine's leaves are the most visible part of the canopy and also one of the most important. It is through the leaves that the vital
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and the type of trellis system being used and can range from 4 inches (10 cm) to 30 feet (10 m). During winter
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and must be supported by stakes as part of a vine training system. The height of the trunk varies depending on
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leaf based on the size and shape of its five lobes and the naked veins around its sinus.(highlighted in box)
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Weiss, S.B., D.C. Luth, and B. Guerra. 2003. Potential solar radiation in a VSP trellis at 38°N latitude.
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in the ground up to the cordons, or arms, of the vine. When the grape is young the trunk is very
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The trunk of a grape vine trained along wires with one cordon extending horizontally to the left.
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During veraison, when the grapes change color, the shoots of the vine start to harden and brown.
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systems to guide its growth and assist in access for ongoing management and harvest.
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The color of the leaf can be an indication of the health and nutrition of the vine.
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and eventually grape clusters. Shoots first begin to appear in spring, following
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Viticuluture: An
Introduction to Commercial Grape Growing for Wine Production
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and other molecules, from the leaves to the rest of the vine. During the
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is an important aspect of viticulture due to its effect on grape
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Sunlight Into Wine; A Handbook for Wine Grape Canopy
Arrangement
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use for plant identification. The size and shape of the leaf's
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The vine is the main part of the grapevine, extending from the
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stage and usually slowly by the time that the vine begins
76:. The canopy plays a key role in light energy capture via
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Third
Edition, pp. 396-397. Oxford University Press 2006
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could cause the vine to turn prematurely (such as before
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of the vine contains the phloem tissues which transports
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includes the parts of the vine visible aboveground - the
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Third
Edition pp. 134-135 Oxford University Press 2006
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Third
Edition pp. 627-628 Oxford University Press 2006
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Third
Edition, p. 199. Cambridge University Press 2006
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located on the cordon and grow to include the leaves,
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and other compounds, up from the roots to the leaves.
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Third
Edition, p. 663. Oxford University Press 2006
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Third
Edition, p. 714. Oxford University Press 2006
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or projecting parts and the angle and length of the
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while the stem of the individual grape berry is the
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208:extending from the trunk in opposite directions.
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151:The trunk is composed of sleeves of conductive
281:Ampelographers would be able to identify this
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340:can all assist in identifying the grapevine.
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1087:Effects of climate change on wine production
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240:The shoot of the vine develops from new
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364:) or contamination through the use of
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177:annual growth cycle of the grapevine
187:the vine. This process can improve
108:and leaf trim, the canopy is often
691:International Grape Genome Program
424:Smart, R., and M. Robinson. 1991.
229:the grape cluster is known as the
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671:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
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27:Grapevine structure above ground
380:. Pioneered by viticulturalist
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534:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
513:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
489:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
34:Grape vines and their canopies
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1118:Glossary of viticulture terms
750:Diurnal temperature variation
476:Practical Winery and Vineyard
324:(the opening space where the
312:having very large leaves and
1128:Glossary of winemaking terms
80:, water use as regulated by
371:Viticulturalist will use a
224:The terms stem, stalks and
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897:Integrated pest management
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1092:Environmental stewardship
1020:Great French Wine Blight
428:. WineTitles, Adelaide.
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883:Frost damage prevention
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88:of ripening grapes.
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376:of the grape for
326:blade of the leaf
90:Canopy management
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18:Spur (vine)
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1148:Winemaking
1070:and issues
1068:Approaches
1030:Phylloxera
1000:Bot canker
902:Irrigation
878:Fertilizer
851:management
780:Topography
770:Soil types
412:References
392:and other
378:winemaking
366:herbicides
296:new leaves
283:Chardonnay
185:cincturing
1059:Vine moth
1025:Nematodes
990:Black rot
974:Pests and
950:Noble rot
945:Festivals
790:elevation
738:variation
708:Rootstock
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394:phenolics
254:flowering
250:bud break
231:bunchstem
189:fruit set
50:grapevine
1164:Category
1133:Oenology
1111:See also
1005:Dead arm
977:diseases
955:Ripeness
907:Klopotec
849:Vineyard
808:planting
806:Vineyard
755:Drainage
713:Vineyard
701:Veraison
696:Ripening
400:See also
350:nitrogen
294:Angelica
258:veraison
246:tendrils
197:minerals
146:dormancy
965:Weather
960:Vintage
932:Harvest
917:Pruning
868:Coulure
775:Terroir
358:harvest
330:petiole
235:pedicel
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110:trained
106:pruning
70:flowers
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354:sulfur
310:Merlot
273:Leaves
226:shoots
203:Cordon
173:sugars
157:phloem
153:tissue
94:yields
84:, and
72:, and
66:leaves
58:cordon
45:canopy
42:, the
985:Birds
840:Yield
795:slope
719:Vitis
338:veins
334:lobes
322:sinus
193:water
161:xylem
98:vigor
74:fruit
62:stems
54:trunk
48:of a
1143:Wine
940:Brix
863:Clos
606:ISBN
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559:ISBN
538:ISBN
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264:Cane
242:buds
212:Stem
165:bark
159:and
120:Vine
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169:sap
112:on
38:In
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