Sputnik 1 - Knowledge

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emphasized pride in the achievement of Soviet technology, arguing that it demonstrated the Soviets' superiority over the West. People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky. While Sputnik itself had been highly polished, its small size made it barely visible to the naked eye. What most watchers actually saw was the much more visible 26-metre core stage of the R-7. Shortly after the launch of PS-1, Khrushchev pressed Korolev to launch another satellite to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the

1263:, the Moscow Electronics Research Institute, that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Signals on the first frequency were transmitted in 0.3 s pulses (near f = 3 Hz) (under normal temperature and pressure conditions on board), with pauses of the same duration filled by pulses on the second frequency. Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps. A temperature regulation system contained a 1891: 1685:

by Democratic politicians and professional cold warriors, who portrayed the United States as woefully behind. One of the many books that suddenly appeared for the lay-audience noted seven points of "impact" upon the nation: Western leadership, Western strategy and tactics, missile production, applied research, basic research, education, and democratic culture. As public and the government became interested in space and related science and technology, the phenomenon was sometimes dubbed the "Sputnik craze".

130: 1580:. The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race, resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research, and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems. The federal government began investing in science, engineering, and mathematics at all levels of education. An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes. These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S. 2056: 1689: 1594: 1256:, developed at the All-Union Research Institute of Power Sources (VNIIT) under the leadership of Nikolai S. Lidorenko. Two of these batteries powered the radio transmitter and one powered the temperature regulation system. The batteries had an expected lifetime of two weeks, and operated for 22 days. The power supply was turned on automatically at the moment of the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket. 901: 1271:, and a control thermal switch. If the temperature inside the satellite exceeded 36 °C (97 °F), the fan was turned on; when it fell below 20 °C (68 °F), the fan was turned off by the dual thermal switch. If the temperature exceeded 50 °C (122 °F) or fell below 0 °C (32 °F), another control thermal switch was activated, changing the duration of the radio signal pulses. Sputnik 889: 1308: 779: 5880: 1538: 1139: 636:). The satellite traveled at a peak speed of about 8 km/s (18,000 mph), taking 96.20 minutes to complete each orbit. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz, which were monitored by radio operators throughout the world. The signals continued for 22 days until the transmitter batteries depleted on 26 October 1957. On 4 January 1958, after three months in orbit, Sputnik 1 burned up while 855:. These data would be valuable in the creation of future artificial satellites; a system of ground stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellite's orbit, and transmit commands to the satellite. Because of the limited time frame, observations were planned for only 7 to 10 days and orbit calculations were not expected to be extremely accurate. 1810: 2042: 914: 46: 2494: 2433: 2391: 2263: 1413:, teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the satellite at dawn and during the evening twilight as it passed overhead. The USSR requested amateur and professional radio operators to tape record the signal being transmitted from the satellite. 800:, was planned to be completed in 1957–58; it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg (2,200 to 3,100 lb) and would carry 200 to 300 kg (440 to 660 lb) of scientific instruments. The first test launch of "Object D" was scheduled for 1957. Work on the satellite was to be divided among institutions as follows: 974:, the 5th Tyuratam range, usually referred to as "NIIP-5", or "GIK-5" in the post-Soviet time. The selection was approved on 12 February 1955 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, but the site would not be completed until 1958. Actual work on the construction of the site began on 20 July by military building units. 1736:

of Sputnik, a poll conducted and published by the University of Michigan showed that 26% of Americans surveyed thought that Russian sciences and engineering were superior to that of the United States. (A year later, however, that figure had dropped to 10% as the U.S. began launching its own satellites into space.)

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Sputnik also contributed directly to a new emphasis on science and technology in American schools. With a sense of urgency, Congress enacted the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which provided low-interest loans for college tuition to students majoring in mathematics and science. After the launch

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object following behind the satellite and visible at night. Deployable reflective panels were placed on the booster in order to increase its visibility for tracking. A small highly polished sphere, the satellite was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus harder to follow optically. The batteries

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7,780 m/s (25,500 ft/s), and a velocity vector inclination to the local horizon of 0 degrees 24 minutes. This resulted in an initial elliptical orbit of 223 km (139 mi) by 950 km (590 mi), with an apogee approximately 500 km (310 mi) lower than intended, and an

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Several modifications were made to the R-7 rocket to adapt it to 'Object D', including upgrades to the main engines, the removal of a 300-kg radio package on the booster, and a new payload fairing that made the booster almost four meters shorter than its ICBM version. Object D would later be launched

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as its own "civilian" satellite entry for the International Geophysical Year. Eisenhower greatly underestimated the reaction of the American public, who were shocked by the launch of Sputnik and by the televised failure of the Vanguard Test Vehicle 3 launch attempt. The sense of anxiety was inflamed

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Fearing the U.S. would launch a satellite before the USSR, OKB-1 suggested the creation and launch of a satellite in April–May 1957, before the IGY began in July 1957. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific

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consumption for most of the powered flight and the engine thrust being 4% above nominal. Core stage cutoff was intended for T+296 seconds, but the premature propellant depletion caused thrust termination to occur one second earlier when a sensor detected overspeed of the empty RP-1 turbopump. There

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The designers, engineers, and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range. After the launch they drove to the mobile radio station to listen for signals from the satellite. They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was

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at NIIP-5. Telemetry indicated that the strap-ons separated 116 seconds into the flight and the core stage engine shut down 295.4 seconds into the flight. At shutdown, the 7.5-tonne core stage (with PS-1 attached) had attained an altitude of 223 km (139 mi) above sea level, a velocity of

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mounted on the R-7 rocket's core stage. The data were useful even after the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket; Sputnik's location was calculated from data on the location of the second stage, which followed Sputnik at a known distance. Tracking of the booster during launch

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issued a statement on the successful launch of a long-distance multistage ICBM. The launch of the fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9), on 7 September, was also successful, but the dummy was also destroyed on atmospheric re-entry, and hence needed a redesign to completely fulfill its military purpose. The

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almost immediately at liftoff, but the booster continued flying until 98 seconds after launch when the strap-on broke away and the vehicle crashed 400 km (250 mi) downrange. Three attempts to launch the second rocket (8K71 No.6) were made on 10–11 June, but an assembly defect prevented

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or "elementary satellite". This version allowed the satellite to be tracked visually by Earth-based observers, and it could transmit tracking signals to ground-based receiving stations. The launch of two satellites, PS-1 and PS-2, with two R-7 rockets (8K71), was approved, provided that the R-7

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At 19.9 seconds after engine cut-off, PS-1 separated from the second stage and the satellite's transmitter was activated. These signals were detected at the IP-1 station by Junior Engineer-Lieutenant V.G. Borisov, where reception of Sputnik 1's "beep-beep-beep" tones confirmed the satellite's

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on October 6, 1957, titled "Soviet 'Sputnik' Means A Traveler's Traveler". In the referenced article, the term 'Sputnik' was portrayed as bearing a poetic connotation arising from its linguistic origins. This connotation incorrectly indicated that it was bestowed with the specific proper name

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and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 20 May 1954. The rocket was the most powerful in the world; it was designed with excess thrust since they were unsure how heavy the hydrogen bomb payload would be. The R-7 was also known by its GRAU (later GURVO, the Russian abbreviation for "Chief

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Sputnik 1 was not immediately used for Soviet propaganda. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West. When the Soviets began using Sputnik in their propaganda, they

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had to be accomplished through purely passive means, such as visual coverage and radar detection. R-7 test launches demonstrated that the tracking cameras were only good up to an altitude of 200 km (120 mi), but radar could track it for almost 500 km (310 mi).

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A second, nationwide observation complex was established to track the satellite after its separation from the rocket. Called the Command-Measurement Complex, it consisted of the coordination center in NII-4 and seven distant stations situated along the line of the satellite's

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and indexed as 8K71PS, arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch of PS-1 began. Compared to the military R-7 test vehicles, the mass of 8K71PS was reduced from 280 t to 272 t, its length with PS-1 was 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) and the

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rocket, however, was deemed suitable for satellite launches, and Korolev was able to convince the State Commission to allow the use of the next R-7 to launch PS-1, allowing the delay in the rocket's military exploitation to launch the PS-1 and PS-2 satellites.

1379:(TASS) transmitted: "As result of great, intense work of scientific institutes and design bureaus the first artificial Earth satellite has been built". The R-7 core stage, with a mass of 7.5 tonnes and a length of 26 metres, also reached Earth orbit. It was a 554:. It sent a radio signal back to Earth for three weeks before its three silver-zinc batteries became depleted. Aerodynamic drag caused it to fall back into the atmosphere on 4 January 1958. The world's first observation was made at the school observatory in 994: 1237:. The satellite carried two pairs of antennas designed by the Antenna Laboratory of OKB-1, led by Mikhail V. Krayushkin. Each antenna was made up of two whip-like parts, 2.4 and 2.9 metres (7.9 and 9.5 ft) in length, and had an almost spherical 1869:

Early the next year, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem: pinpointing the user's location, given the satellite's. At the time, the Navy was developing the submarine-launched

1019:, was successful. The rocket's core boosted the dummy warhead to the target altitude and velocity, reentered the atmosphere, and broke apart at a height of 10 km (6.2 mi) after traveling 6,000 km (3,700 mi). On 27 August, the 1671:

had agreed that a launch was imminent. The Eisenhower administration's first response was low-key and almost dismissive. Eisenhower was even pleased that the USSR, not the U.S., would be the first to test the waters of the still-uncertain

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The launch of Sputnik 1 surprised the American public, and shattered the perception created by American propaganda of the United States as the technological superpower, and the Soviet Union as a backward country. Privately, however, the

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sharply, by the time signals, given on that frequency. Then tune to slightly higher frequencies. The 'beep, beep' sound of the satellite can be heard each time it rounds the globe." The first recording of Sputnik 1's signal was made by

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Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information. The density of the upper atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit, and the propagation of its radio signals gave data about the

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switch, activated if the pressure inside the satellite fell below 130 kPa, which would have indicated failure of the pressure vessel or puncture by a meteor, and would have changed the duration of radio signal impulse.

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The Soviet Union agreed to transmit on frequencies that worked with the United States' existing infrastructure, but later announced the lower frequencies. Asserting that the launch "did not come as a surprise", the

1680:(Moby Dick) balloons and was concerned about the probability of a U-2 being shot down. To set a precedent for "freedom of space" before the launch of America's secret WS-117L spy satellites, the U.S. had launched 5591: 5215: 1319:

The control system of the Sputnik rocket was adjusted to an intended orbit of 223 by 1,450 km (139 by 901 mi), with an orbital period of 101.5 minutes. The trajectory had been calculated earlier by

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It was a polished metal sphere 58 cm (23 in) in diameter with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable by amateur radio operators, and the 65°

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has a Sputnik 1, but it has no internal components, though it does have casings and molded fittings inside (as well as evidence of battery wear), which may be an engineering model. Authenticated by the

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successful deployment. Reception lasted for two minutes, until PS-1 passed below the horizon. The Tral telemetry system on the R-7 core stage continued to transmit and was detected on its second orbit.

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By the end of 1956, it became clear that the complexity of the ambitious design meant that 'Object D' could not be launched in time because of difficulties creating scientific instruments and the low

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test launches—held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a spaceflight trajectory to the Moon. They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches.

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News reports at the time pointed out that "anyone possessing a short wave receiver can hear the new Russian earth satellite as it hurtles over this area of the globe." Directions, provided by the

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In Britain, the media and population initially reacted with a mixture of fear for the future, but also amazement about human progress. Many newspapers and magazines heralded the arrival of the

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A joint Russian project of Ground microprocessing information systems SRC "PLANETA" and Space Monitoring Information Support laboratory (IKI RAN) dedicated to the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1

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The launch of Sputnik also planted the seeds for the development of modern satellite navigation. Two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkins University's

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The core stage of the R-7 remained in orbit for two months until 2 December 1957, while Sputnik 1 orbited for three months, until 4 January 1958, having completed 1,440 orbits of the Earth.

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Preliminary design work was completed in July 1956 and the scientific tasks to be carried out by the satellite were defined. These included measuring the density of the atmosphere and its

2566: 1570:, and launched it on 31 January 1958. Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. Meanwhile, the televised failure of 727:'Fellow-Traveler-One', rather than being designated by the general term 'Satellite-One'. In Russian-language references, Sputnik 1 is recognized by the technical name of 'Satellite-One'. 990:

to put the missile into an uncontrolled roll which resulted in all of the strap-ons separating 33 seconds into the launch. The R-7 crashed about 7 km (4.3 mi) from the pad.

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produced by the completed R-7 engines (304 sec instead of the planned 309 to 310 sec). Consequently, the government rescheduled the launch for April 1958. Object D would later fly as

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that was dedicated to missile development. The six observatories were clustered around the launch site, with the closest situated 1 km (0.62 mi) from the launch pad.

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equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this simple satellite, designated 'Object PS', PS meaning

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refused to comment on any military aspects. On 5 October, the Naval Research Laboratory captured recordings of Sputnik 1 during four crossings over the United States. The

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Several engines did not fire on time, almost aborting the mission. A fuel regulator in the booster also failed around 16 seconds into launch, which resulted in excessive

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PS-1 was not designed to be controlled; it could only be observed. Initial data at the launch site would be collected at six separate observatories and telegraphed to

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after the much lighter 'Object PS' (Sputnik 1) was launched first. The trajectory of the launch vehicle and the satellite were initially calculated using

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Last remaining piece of Sputnik 1: metal arming key which prevented contact between batteries and transmitter prior to launch; on display at the

3362: 5661: 1214:. It had a mass of 83.6 kilograms (184 lb). The hemispheres were 2 mm thick, and were covered with a highly polished 1 mm-thick 1476:, made a tape of this, and were the first to rebroadcast the Sputnik signal to the American public (or whoever could receive the FM station). 5562: 5543: 5520: 5496: 5462: 5435: 5414: 5378: 5356: 5330: 5311: 5288: 5269: 5247: 5225: 5184: 5165: 5146: 5102: 5076: 5050: 5010: 4991: 4955: 4517: 4490: 4355: 4084: 3452: 3331: 3111: 3090: 1497: 5617: 4191:

Peoples, C. (2008). "Sputnik and 'skill thinking' revisited: technological determinism in American responses to the Soviet missile threat".

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Sputnik also inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the

6516: 5787: 1979:. There are other full-size Sputnik replicas (with varying degrees of accuracy) on display in locations around the world, including the 1485: 793: 4433:

Project Mercury: Main-in-Space Program of NASA, Report of the Committee on Aeronautical Sciences, United States Senate, 1 December 1959

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and President Eisenhower were aware of progress being made by the Soviets on Sputnik from secret spy plane imagery. Together with the

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was Mikhail S. Khomyakov. The satellite was a 585-millimetre (23.0 in) diameter sphere, assembled from two hemispheres that were

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Directorate of the Rocket Forces") designation 8K71. At the time, the R-7 was known to NATO sources as the T-3 or M-104, and Type A.

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launch vehicle's second stage, was moved by the launch of Sputnik to think of space as being the next step for America. Astronauts

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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In English, 'Sputnik' is widely recognized as a proper name; however, this is not the case in Russian. In the Russian language,

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approved the proposal to create an artificial satellite. On 30 August, Vasily Ryabikov—the head of the State Commission on the

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The satellite had a one-watt, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) radio transmitting unit inside, developed by Vyacheslav I. Lappo from

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engineers near Riverhead, Long Island. They then drove the tape recording into Manhattan for broadcast to the public over

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depicting Sputnik 1 orbiting the Earth, the Earth orbiting the Sun and the Sun orbiting the centre of the Milky Way galaxy

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radio. However, as Sputnik rose higher over the East Coast, its signal was picked up by W2AEE, the ham radio station of

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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The USSR's launch of Sputnik 1 spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later

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in Moscow, the unit was auctioned in 2001 and purchased by an anonymous private buyer, who donated it to the museum.

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One irony of the Sputnik event was the initially low-key response of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party newspaper

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and six-digit trigonometric tables. More complex calculations were carried out on a newly-installed computer at the

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The Ministry of the Radio technical Industry would develop the control system, radio/technical instruments, and the

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of any planet. The incorrect attribution of 'Sputnik' as a proper name can be traced back to an article released by

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The success of Sputnik 1 seemed to have changed minds around the world regarding a shift in power to the Soviets.

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was deployed in February 1999. A fourth replica was launched, but never deployed, and was destroyed when Mir was

1879: 1862:, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit. The Director of the APL gave them access to their 1849: 1559: 1493: 4911: 6553: 6031: 3954: 3116:[Creation and Launch of the First Earth's Satellite] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from 3095:[Creation and Launch of the First Earth's Satellite] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from 2852: 2829: 1959:

and NII-885 (headed by Mikhail Ryazansky), were introduced on February 15, 1957. They were made to test ground

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to obtain a video of Sputnik's rocket body crossing the pre-dawn sky of Baltimore, broadcast on 12 October by

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At least two vintage duplicates of Sputnik 1 exist, built apparently as backup units. The first resides near

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was not surprised by Sputnik 1. He had been forewarned of the R-7's capabilities by information derived from

767:, a leading Soviet physicist, announced that they too would launch an artificial satellite. On 8 August, the 6395: 6075: 3336:[80th Anniversary of Oleg Genrikhovich Ivanovsky] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from 3298: 1802: 1667:

on 12 September 1957 that the Soviets would launch a satellite within 30 days, and that on 4 October he and

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radio equipment to facilitate tracking and to obtain data on radio waves propagation through the atmosphere

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The Ministry of the Machine Building would develop ground launching, refueling, and transportation means.

123: 5904: 5506: 2517: 1956: 1908: 285: 191: 102: 2648: 3408:[PS-1 – Earth's First Artificial Satellite] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonatviki. Archived from 2587: 1858:(APL) decided to monitor Sputnik's radio transmissions and within hours realized that, because of the 5869: 5803: 3784:. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Associated Press. 26 October 1957. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. 3352: 2454: 2097: 1845: 1253: 1162: 756: 713: 551: 374: 3902:. 16 October 1957. Box 35, Special Projects: Sputnik, Missiles and Related Matters; NAID #12082706. 3846: 3803: 1874:

missile, which required them to know the submarine's location. This led them and APL to develop the

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to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1, was deployed in November 1997.

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The first launch of an R-7 rocket (8K71 No.5L) occurred on 15 May 1957. A fire began in the Blok D

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proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite to the Minister of the Defense Industry,

633: 567: 404: 3446: 3409: 3337: 3229:[History of Decoration: Labor, Joy, Treatment] (in Russian). НАУКА и ЖИЗНЬ. Archived from 3117: 3096: 2563:Создание первых искусственных спутников Земли. Начало изучения Луны. Спутники "Зенит" и "Электрон" 1728:), as well as increased U.S. government spending on scientific research and education through the 6529: 6462: 6266: 6112: 6041: 5060: 4390: 4208: 3013: 2076: 2047: 1916: 1547: 1380: 1329: 1153:

operators in many countries. The booster rocket was located and tracked by the British using the

978: 722: 3681: 2752: 2569:)(Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.)"Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)",М.,1996 1340: 621: 275: 3715: 3493: 2670: 1779:

later wrote of how the sight of Sputnik 1 passing overhead inspired them to their new careers.

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The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945–2000

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Nicholas Barnett. "'Russia Wins Space Race': The British Press and the Sputnik Moment, 1957".

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launch. The unsuccessful launch of the third R-7 rocket (8K71 No.7) took place on 12 July. An

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was responsible for the general scientific leadership and the supply of research instruments.

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Two more Sputniks are claimed to be in the personal collections of American entrepreneurs

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approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. This satellite, named

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Main Results of the Launch of the Rocket with the First ISZ Onboard on 4 October 1957

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Replica of Sputnik 1 in the Museum of Space and Missile Technology (Saint Petersburg)

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The observatories used a trajectory measurement system called "Tral", developed by

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Three one-third scale student-built replicas of Sputnik 1 were deployed from the

1716:

spurred America to action in the Space Race, leading to the creation of both the

1188:

a spherical body to help determine atmospheric density from its lifetime in orbit

6213: 5879: 4746: 3664: 3645: 3381: 2933: 2080: 1912: 1740: 1720:(renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, in 1972), and 1481: 1215: 1131: 1080: 1016: 763:(IGY), the United States would launch an artificial satellite. Four days later, 692:('traveler'), thereby meaning 'fellow-traveler', a meaning corresponding to the 5323:

The Soviet Estimate: U.S. Intelligence Analysis & Russian Military Strength

4842: 4711: 2913: 1576:

on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the

6405: 6367: 6362: 5839: 5449:

Catching Up Or Leading the Way: American Education in the Age of Globalization

5235: 5139:

Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon

4967:

Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles

4948:

The Mercury 13: The True Story of Thirteen Women and the Dream of Space Flight

4204: 3755: 3272:

at the website of Russian state archive for scientific-technical documentation

2037: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1709: 1577: 1567: 1400: 1284: 1120: 852: 844: 610: 582: 3932: 3230: 2696: 2355: 2223: 682: 6410: 6400: 6357: 6352: 6321: 6292: 6276: 5818: 5807: 5731: 5086: 4984:

Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age

3262: 1920: 1809: 1789: 1673: 1522: 1518: 1248:, with a mass of 51 kg (112 lb), was in the shape of an octagonal 1223: 1219: 1143: 1116: 1084: 952: 888: 863: 826: 819: 555: 539: 450: 5029: 4974: 2422: 1704:

The U.S. soon had a number of successful satellites, including Explorer 1,

1181:

Sputnik 1 was designed to meet a set of guidelines and objectives such as:

913: 5397: 5203: 5129: 1130:(Moscow Energy Institute), by which they received and monitored data from 6425: 6420: 6315: 6271: 6222: 3451:[Sputnik-1 Satellite] (in Russian). USSR in space. 27 June 2018. 3051: 2103: 1863: 1768: 1276: 1227: 1092: 1076: 1008: 625: 586: 17: 3243: 2999: 2828:[Intercontinental ballistic missile R-7] (in Russian). Arms.ru. 1659:

overflight photos, as well as signals and telemetry intercepts. General

6307: 6302: 6297: 6258: 6228: 6192: 5714: 5116: 4260: 3979: 3873:"Motion Picture of Sputnik 1 Rocket from Baltimore on October 12, 1957" 3553:. National Photographic Interpretation Center. May 1970. Archived from 2562: 1793: 1291:

While attached to the rocket, Sputnik 1 was protected by a cone-shaped

4866:"Russians Launch Sputnik replica, Trigger Memories of First Satellite" 2297:

Ralph H. Didlake, KK5PM; Oleg P. Odinets, RA3DNC (22 September 2008).

2156: 1384:

ran out on 26 October 1957, after the satellite completed 326 orbits.

6180: 6147: 6051: 3958: 2723:"On the Launch of the First Earth's artificial satellite in the USSR" 1904: 1829: 1818: 1752: 1501: 1207: 1033: 678: 559: 5626: 5388:

Swenson, Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966).

3712:"World's first satellite and the international community's response" 2825: 2617:

The Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU (8 August 1955).

811:

The Ministry of the Defense Industry and its primary design bureau,

597:

when interpreted in an astronomical context; its other meanings are

1185:

simplicity and reliability that could be adapted to future projects

1161:, the only telescope in the world able to do so by radar. Canada's 1015:

The launch of the fourth rocket (8K71 No.8), on 21 August at 15:25

6484: 5946: 5555:

Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige

5217:...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age 2722: 1889: 1808: 1687: 1536: 1526: 1511: 1456: 1434: 1415: 1306: 1234: 1230: 1199: 1172: 1165:

was the first facility in North America to photograph Sputnik 1.

1112: 1096: 992: 917: 912: 812: 777: 701:('guard, attendant or companion'), which is the origin of English 436: 394: 384: 5392:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4969:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4073:"Historical Aspects of Early Soviet/Russian Manned Space Program" 2588:"Korolev and Freedom of Space: 14 February 1990 – 4 October 1957" 2497:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2436:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2394:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2266:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1676:. Eisenhower had suffered the Soviet protests and shoot-downs of 570:

made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth.

5638:"New Moon. Reds Launch First Space Satellite, 1957/10/07 (1957)" 5582: 5454: 5302:

Shadow Flight: America's Secret Air War Against the Soviet Union

5003:

By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War

2591: 2533:"On the possibility of Earth's artificial satellite development" 2073: 1784: 1760: 1721: 1473: 1352: 835:

The Ministry of Defense was responsible for conducting launches.

220: 5776: 5650: 5631: 5621: 5240:

Beyond Sputnik: U.S. Science Policy in the Twenty-first Century

4872:. Morristown, New Jersey. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. 4347:

I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg

6023: 5966: 5579:

Satellite One: The story of the first man-made device in space

4912:"Browse the Artifacts of Geek History in Jay Walker's Library" 1995: 1975:

In 1959, the Soviet Union donated a replica of Sputnik to the

1739:

One consequence of the Sputnik shock was the perception of a "

1587: 1555: 1465: 1461: 1335:

The Sputnik rocket was launched on 4 October 1957 at 19:28:34

1252:

with the radio transmitter in its hole. It consisted of three

1127: 970:

commission selected Tyuratam for the construction of a rocket

840: 5158:

Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years Since the Soviet Satellite

5156:

Lanius, Roger D.; Logsdon, John M.; Smith, Robert W. (2013).

4655:

Where good ideas come from, the natural history of innovation

1142:

First ground track of Sputnik 1 on 13 October 1957 4:51 from

3893:"Reaction to the Soviet Satellite: A Preliminary Evaluation" 3669:

NASA History Division: Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age

3650:

NASA History Division: Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age

2938:

NASA History Division: Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age

2673:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 28 January 2018 2281:"Sternwarte und Planetarium - die Beobachtung von Sputnik 1" 1782:

The launch of Sputnik 1 led to the resurgence of the suffix

1756:

only printed a few paragraphs about Sputnik 1 on 4 October.

944:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

5578: 3957:. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from 3931:. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from 1763:

rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the

1603:

deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a

5262:

The Moby Dick Project: Reconnaissance Balloons Over Russia

3665:"Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year" 3646:"Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year" 2934:"Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year" 1431:

steady beep, which "both thrilled and terrified" listeners

942:(ICBM) by OKB-1. The decision to build it was made by the 671:), means 'Satellite-One'. The Russian word for satellite, 506: 5349:

Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon

5093:

Angle of Attack: Harrison Storms and the Race to the Moon

3571:

Form of Signals of the First Earth's Artificial Satellite

2409:"Sputnik 1, Earth's First Artificial Satellite in Photos" 825:

The Ministry of the Ship Building Industry would develop

515: 488: 479: 4482:

English Word-formation: A History of Research, 1960–1995

4132:. Season 34. Episode 15. 6 November 2007. Archived from 1991:

in Australia, and outside the Russian embassy in Spain.

3754:(in Russian). Rustrana.ru. 21 July 2005. Archived from 3526:"Design of the first artificial satellite of the Earth" 1612: 1149:

Outside the Soviet Union, the satellite was tracked by

759:

announced through his press secretary that, during the

4509:

Yiddish & English: The Story of Yiddish in America

3548:"Moskva Electronics Research Institute Novaya NII 885" 3151:

45th Anniversary of the First Start of Native ICBM R-7

2423:"APOD: October 3, 1998 – Sputnik: Traveling Companion" 1541:

A Soviet 40 kopek stamp, showing the satellite's orbit

2619:"On the creation of the Earth's artificial satellite" 1866:

computer to do the then heavy calculations required.

1194:

verification of the satellite's pressurization scheme

518: 512: 500: 491: 485: 473: 2106:— first computer to calculate the orbit of Sputnik 1 879:

Launch vehicle preparation and launch site selection

769:

Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

509: 503: 482: 476: 6455: 6439: 6388: 6334: 6285: 6241: 6122: 6111: 6091: 6060: 5992: 5924: 5913: 5887: 5827: 5740: 5724: 5701: 2088:— one of the first to calculate the Sputnik 1 orbit 1514:) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead. 1472:. Students working in the university's FM station, 815:, were assigned the task of building the satellite. 740:On 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist 497: 470: 427: 413: 403: 393: 383: 373: 363: 353: 343: 338: 322: 314: 304: 299: 281: 271: 261: 239: 234: 215: 207: 199: 187: 179: 174: 158: 150: 137: 116: 108: 98: 88: 56: 5446: 5299: 5281:The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites 5238:; Smith, Tobin L.; McCormick, Jennifer B. (2008). 5090: 5038: 4612:Guier, William H.; Weiffenbach, George C. (1997). 4245: 3137: 3135: 2110:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes 1368:transmitting before Korolev called Soviet premier 677:, was coined in the 18th century by combining the 6507:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps 5588:Documents related to Sputnik 1 and the Space Race 5430:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5264:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5024:. Philadelphia, PA: The John C. Winston Company. 3819: 3817: 573:The satellite's success was unanticipated by the 5373:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. 4391:"Sputnik Left Legacy for U.S. Science Education" 3917:– via The Eisenhower Presidential Library. 3671:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 3652:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2940:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 875:completed at least two successful test flights. 5597:50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik 4077:Essays on the History of Respiratory Physiology 3357:[Start of the Space Era] (in Russian). 3171: 3169: 2645:"G. S. Vetrov, Korolev And His Job. Appendix 2" 4154:Wilson, C. (n.d.). "Sputnik: a Mixed Legacy". 3900:White House Office of the Staff Research Group 2885: 2883: 2826:"Межконтинентальная баллистическая ракета Р-7" 1955:of the satellite. The models, manufactured by 1063:), NII-4 was a scientific research arm of the 30:"Sputnik" redirects here. For other uses, see 5788: 5662: 5491:] (in Russian). Moscow: Mashinostroenie. 5283:. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press. 5179:. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press. 3297:Canadian Register of Historic Places (2015). 3210: 3208: 2301:. American Radio Relay League. Archived from 2243: 2241: 2214: 2212: 2210: 1919:, which also has an engineering model of the 1788:in the English language. The American writer 1674:legal status of orbital satellite overflights 1601:The examples and perspective in this article 1027:On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named 657: 648: 74: 67: 60: 8: 5390:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 3735: 3733: 3283: 3281: 2796:"Spacecrafts [sic] launched in 1957" 938:The R-7 rocket was initially designed as an 39: 5242:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4512:. University of Alabama Press. p. 65. 4021: 4019: 4017: 3380:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 2998:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 2511: 2509: 2507: 2323:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2222:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 1663:wrote in 1958 that he had predicted to the 1123:specialists calculated orbital parameters. 696: 6119: 5921: 5795: 5781: 5773: 5669: 5655: 5647: 3980:"Roads and Crossroads of Internet History" 2851:Isachenkov, Vladimir (30 September 2007). 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 1775:(who was the first American in space) and 1075:. These tracking stations were located at 128: 38: 6473:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation 5592:Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 5005:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 3405:ПС-1 – первый искусственный спутник Земли 3326: 3324: 2455:"Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space" 1639:Learn how and when to remove this message 1348:of 65.10° and a period of 96.20 minutes. 6630:First artificial satellites of a country 5557:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 5530:Gerchik, Konstantin Vasilyevich (1994). 4795:"UN Visitors View Model of USSR Sputnik" 3590: 3588: 3586: 3351:Кречетников, Артем (25 September 2007). 3178:"Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS)" 3113:Создание и запуск Первого спутника Земли 3092:Создание и запуск Первого спутника Земли 2094:— one of the architects behind Sputnik 1 1998:between 1997 and 1999. The first, named 1137: 4864:Stradling, Richard (17 November 1997). 4036:"Moscow News - News - Sputnik's Legacy" 4025:Bessonov, K. (2007). Sputnik's legacy. 3778:"Reds Say Sputnik's Batteries Worn Out" 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2137:. Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017 2126: 1832:celebrated its 50th anniversary with a 1813:The flag of Kaluga, featuring Sputnik 1 1743:". This became a dominant issue in the 5371:Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge 4801:from the original on 23 September 2017 4763: 4761: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3333:Олегу Генриховичу Ивановскому – 80 лет 3244:Wonderful "Seven" and First Satellites 3226:ИСТОРИЯ ЦУПА: ТРУД, РАДОСТИ, МЫТАРСТВА 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3041: 3039: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2962:"Origin of the test range in Tyuratam" 2853:"Sputnik at 50: An improvised triumph" 2448: 2446: 2316: 2292: 2290: 1198:The chief constructor of Sputnik 1 at 5409:, Octopus Publishing Group Ltd 2013, 5045:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5020:Cox, Donald; Stoiko, Michael (1958). 4922:from the original on 28 December 2013 4845:. Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences 4754:from the original on 22 October 2023. 4692:from the original on 21 February 2016 4565:"Kaluga city (Kaluga Region, Russia)" 4389:Abramson, Larry (30 September 2007). 4255:(1958 ed.). Harper. p. 17. 4172:Morring, F. (2007). "Down To Earth". 3909:from the original on 24 December 2016 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3706: 3704: 3441: 3439: 3365:from the original on 5 February 2008. 3184:from the original on 11 December 2015 3050:. RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from 3014:"S.P.Korolev RSC Energia – Launchers" 2968:from the original on 23 November 2015 2927: 2925: 2923: 2912:. RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from 2716: 2714: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2453:Jorden, William J. (5 October 1957). 2191:. RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from 1498:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 1443:" spaceship ad spoofs Sputnik in the 666: 542:. It was launched into an elliptical 146:2 (The launch rocket has SATCAT no.1) 7: 4885:"Sputnik 40, 41, 99 (RS 17, 18, 19)" 4843:"Replica of the Sputnik-1 Satellite" 4545:from the original on 19 January 2008 3309:from the original on 30 October 2012 2338:McDougall, Walter A. (Winter 2010). 1377:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union 1339:(5 October at the launch site) from 1283:(130 kPa). The satellite had a 6645:Technology demonstration satellites 6517:Monument to the Conquerors of Space 5538:] (in Russian). Moscow: Veles. 5489:Rockets & People: The Moon Race 5141:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 5097:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 5071:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. 4485:. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 109. 3802:Sullivan, Walter (5 October 1957). 3455:from the original on 23 March 2008. 3048:"R-7 family of launchers and ICBMs" 3024:from the original on 9 January 2017 2806:from the original on 27 August 2011 2598:from the original on 7 October 2006 2565:, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И.( 195:Ministry of Radiotechnical Industry 6600:Spacecraft which reentered in 1958 5950:(incorporated into Salyut program) 5351:. Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing. 4910:Levy, Steven (22 September 2008). 4722:from the original on 15 March 2016 4621:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 4575:from the original on 12 March 2016 4535:"How Herb Caen Named a Generation" 4533:Hamlin, Jesse (26 November 1995). 4174:Aviation Week and Space Technology 3847:"Senators Attack Missile Fund Cut" 3751:Спутник-1 – начало космической эры 3682:How the First Sputnik Was Launched 3663:Siddiqi, Asif A. (29 March 2023). 3644:Siddiqi, Asif A. (29 March 2023). 2932:Siddiqi, Asif A. (29 March 2023). 2671:"Sputnik Arming Key in Space Race" 1726:National Aeronautics and Space Act 1712:. However, public reaction to the 1521:. However, when the USSR launched 1445:California Institute of Technology 1356:were 375 kg (827 lb) of 940:intercontinental ballistic missile 616:Sputnik 1 was launched during the 25: 6625:History of electronic engineering 5512:Sputnik: The Shock of the Century 5485:Rakety i li︠u︡di: lunnai︠a︡ gonka 4891:from the original on 3 March 2016 4769:"Preparations for Sputnik launch" 4614:"Genesis of Satellite Navigation" 4071:West, John B. (30 January 2015). 2832:from the original on 7 March 2012 2729:from the original on 2 April 2008 2518:"Where Did Sputnik Get its Name?" 2516:Chappell, David (25 March 2020). 2249:"Trajectory: Sputnik-1 1957-001B" 1765:Apollo command and service module 1718:Advanced Research Projects Agency 1011:reports about the Sputnik in 1957 577:. This precipitated the American 550:on 4 October 1957 as part of the 538:) was the first artificial Earth 6559:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces 5878: 5640:is available for viewing at the 5022:Spacepower: What It Means To You 4793:Photo/MB, UN (1 December 1959). 2492: 2431: 2389: 2261: 2079:and first human to journey into 2054: 2040: 1817:The flag of the Russian city of 1592: 899: 887: 755:On 29 July 1955, U.S. President 748:. Korolev forwarded a report by 466: 211:58 cm (23 in) diameter 45: 27:First artificial Earth satellite 6620:1957 in international relations 6522:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics 5622:NASA's Solar System Exploration 4986:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 4982:Brzezinski, Matthew B. (2007). 3466:Golovanov, Yaroslav K. (2007). 2531:Korolev, Sergei (26 May 1954). 2006:was launched a year later, and 1942:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics 1878:system, a forerunner of modern 1792:was inspired to coin the term " 6650:Geospace monitoring satellites 6610:Satellites of the Soviet Union 5599:– an interactive media by NASA 5306:. Novato, CA: Presideo Press. 5198:. New York: Harper & Row. 4248:War And Peace In The Space Age 4079:. Springer. pp. 334–335. 3160:at Ukrainian Aerospace Portal 2377:"Display: Sputnik-1 1957-001B" 2115:Timeline of Russian innovation 1730:National Defense Education Act 1665:Army Scientific Advisory Panel 1486:USAF Cambridge Research Center 1111:. Stations were equipped with 761:International Geophysical Year 736:Satellite construction project 618:International Geophysical Year 140: 1: 6468:Cosmonaut ranks and positions 4821:"Replica Sputnik I satellite" 4469:Shepard & Slayton, p. 43. 4270:– via Internet Archive. 1981:National Air and Space Museum 1961:electromagnetic compatibility 1564:Army Ballistic Missile Agency 1059:. Located back in Moscow (at 787:National Air and Space Museum 638:reentering Earth's atmosphere 6008:Soviet crewed lunar programs 5001:Burrows, William E. (2001). 4657:. New York: Riverhead Books. 4627:(1): 178–181. Archived from 4595:"Sputnik - 50th Anniversary" 4156:U.S. News & World Report 3629:(in Spanish). Archived from 3478:] (in Russian). Moscow: 3305:. Canada's Historic Places. 2751:(in Russian). Archived from 2695:(in Russian). Archived from 2647:(in Russian). Archived from 2621:(in Russian). Archived from 2535:(in Russian). Archived from 2411:. SPACE.com. 4 October 2020. 1965:electromagnetic interference 712:is the general term for the 276:Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1/5 6585:Spacecraft launched in 1957 6068:International Space Station 5553:Mieczkowski, Yanek (2013). 5177:Spy Flights of the Cold War 5113:Green, Constance McLaughlin 4965:Bilstein, Roger E. (1980). 2299:"Sputnik and Amateur Radio" 1987:in the United Kingdom, the 1907:in the corporate museum of 1615:, discuss the issue on the 1453:American Radio Relay League 658: 68: 6671: 5137:Harford, James J. (1997). 5037:Divine, Robert A. (1993). 4950:. New York: Random House. 3246:at the website of OKB MEI 1983:in the United States, the 1856:Applied Physics Laboratory 1843: 1821:, (which, due to it being 1796:" in an article about the 1745:1960 presidential campaign 1651:Initially, U.S. President 1394: 1279:, pressurized to 1.3 1177:Exploded view of Sputnik 1 1007:One of the first American 927: 668:[ˈsputnʲɪk.ɐˈdʲin] 203:83.6 kg (184 lb) 29: 6548: 5876: 5814: 5758: 5220:. New York: Basic Books. 5196:The Story of Jodrell Bank 4205:10.1080/14682740701791334 1951:is a class of full-scale 1880:Global Positioning System 1850:Global Positioning System 1700:on a 2007 Ukrainian stamp 1560:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1494:Westinghouse Broadcasting 1036:at liftoff was 3.90 531: 442: 432: 423: 399:939 km (583 mi) 389:215 km (134 mi) 334: 330: 295: 291: 230: 226: 170: 166: 84: 75: 61: 44: 6640:1958 in the Soviet Union 6590:1957 in the Soviet Union 6554:Space industry of Russia 5583:Russian News Agency TASS 5325:. New York: Dial Press. 5298:Peebles, Curtis (2000). 5279:Peebles, Curtis (1997). 5194:Lovell, Bernard (1968). 5069:Korolev: Facts and Myths 5064: 4946:Ackmann, Martha (2004). 4479:Štekauer, Pavol (2000). 4350:. Penguin. p. 291. 3750: 3714:. VoR.ru. Archived from 3476:Korolev: Facts and myths 3471: 3447: 3424: 3404: 3353: 3332: 3250:3 September 2007 at the 3225: 3112: 3091: 2889:Cox & Stoiko, p. 69. 2794:Lafleur, Claude (2004). 1894:Sputnik replica in Spain 1326:USSR Academy of Sciences 1159:Jodrell Bank Observatory 806:USSR Academy of Sciences 792:On 30 January 1956, the 93:Technology demonstration 32:Sputnik (disambiguation) 6076:Russian Orbital Segment 5536:A Breakthrough in Space 4887:. Gunter's Space Page. 4773:www.russianspaceweb.com 4653:Steven Johnson (2010). 4539:San Francisco Chronicle 4506:Steinmetz, Sol (2001). 4298:Peebles (1991), p. 180. 4234:Peebles (2000), p. 168. 4011:, 19: 2 (2013), 182–195 3985:27 January 2016 at the 3878:29 October 2013 at the 3739:Brzezinski, pp. 158–159 3576:25 October 2007 at the 3268:18 October 2007 at the 3263:Yu.A.Mozzhorin Memories 3180:. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 2964:. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 2749:"40 Years of Space Era" 1803:San Francisco Chronicle 1375:On the first orbit the 1311:Artist's impression of 716:of any country and the 154:22 days (achieved) 5607:: Sir Arthur C. Clarke 5175:Lashmar, Paul (1996). 4823:. Science Museum Group 4742:"Hall of Space Museum" 4718:. NPO InterCoS. 2016. 4678:"The Top Ten Sputniks" 4316:Peebles (1997), p. 26. 4244:Gavin, James Maurice. 4124:"Sputnik Declassified" 3600:2 October 2007 at the 3299:"Newbrook Observatory" 3156:8 January 2009 at the 2100:— first woman in space 1895: 1823:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1814: 1701: 1550:, on 7 November 1957. 1542: 1455:, were to "Tune in 20 1448: 1439:"BEEP ... BEEP ... To 1432: 1405:Organized through the 1316: 1178: 1146: 1012: 925: 872:"prosteishiy sputnik", 789: 697: 687: 681: 672: 649: 245:; 66 years ago 80:Elementary Satellite-1 6595:Amateur radio history 5808:Russian space program 5321:Prados, John (1982). 5160:. London: Routledge. 5065:Королев: факты и мифы 5041:The Sputnik Challenge 4344:Morgan, Bill (2007). 4107:The Legacy of Sputnik 3695:magazine, No.5, 2002 3633:on 27 September 2007. 3560:on 23 September 2017. 3528:. RussianSpaceWeb.com 3472:Королев: факты и мифы 3354:Старт космической эры 2960:Zak, Anatoly (2015). 2573:14 March 2007 at the 2482:. NASA. 27 April 2021 2480:"Sputnik-1 1957-001B" 2379:. NASA. 27 April 2021 2251:. NASA. 27 April 2021 2187:Zak, Anatoly (2015). 2135:"Sputnik 1 (PS-1 #1)" 1893: 1812: 1691: 1540: 1525:, containing the dog 1438: 1424: 1395:Further information: 1360:remaining at cutoff. 1310: 1254:silver-zinc batteries 1176: 1141: 1006: 916: 781: 714:artificial satellites 344:Reference system 175:Spacecraft properties 6635:Cold War terminology 5870:Vostochny Cosmodrome 5685:Orbital launches in 5618:Sputnik Program Page 5407:Top 10 Of Everything 5405:Terry, Paul (2013), 5212:McDougall, Walter A. 4750:. 2 September 2022. 3836:, 5 October 1957, p1 3758:on 29 September 2007 3718:on 12 September 2007 3687:8 April 2008 at the 3524:Anatoly Zak (2017). 3432:on 19 December 2007. 3425:Спутник, спасший мир 2950:Lanius, et al, p. 38 2721:Lidorenko, Nikolai. 2699:on 27 September 2007 2098:Valentina Tereshkova 1846:Satellite navigation 1840:Satellite navigation 1828:On October 3, 2007, 1621:create a new article 1613:improve this article 1275:was filled with dry 1210:and connected by 36 1163:Newbrook Observatory 794:Council of Ministers 757:Dwight D. Eisenhower 552:Soviet space program 76:Простейший Спутник-1 6495:Veterok and Ugolyok 5862:Svobodny Cosmodrome 5857:Plesetsk Cosmodrome 5835:Baikonur Cosmodrome 5609:– an interview for 5515:. Walker & Co. 5445:Zhao, Yong (2009). 5118:Vanguard: A History 5061:Golovanov, Yaroslav 4601:. 27 February 2024. 4370:Brzezinski, p. 274. 3693:Zemlya i Vselennaya 3412:on 11 October 2007. 2800:ClaudeLafleur.qc.ca 2755:on 29 February 2008 2340:"Shooting The Moon" 2226:on 27 December 2016 2189:"Sputnik's mission" 2062:Soviet Union portal 1937:Seattle, Washington 1470:Columbia University 1411:Operation Moonwatch 1065:Ministry of Defence 1051:Observation complex 961:Academy of Sciences 750:Mikhail Tikhonravov 634:Baikonur Cosmodrome 603:traveling companion 568:orbital inclination 109:Harvard designation 69:Prosteishiy Sputnik 41: 6655:Satellites by type 6541:(1997 documentary) 6533:(1995 documentary) 6530:Out of the Present 6463:List of cosmonauts 6440:Images and artwork 6380:Deep Space Network 6027:(Mars/Venus flyby) 5345:Slayton, Donald K. 4379:McDougall, p. 172. 4325:McDougall, p. 118. 4289:McDougall, p. 134. 4136:on 7 November 2020 4111:The New York Times 3998:Green, pp. 186–187 3961:on 15 October 2009 3851:The New York Times 3808:The New York Times 3384:on 2 February 2007 3054:on 4 October 2007. 2916:on 5 October 2007. 2859:. Associated Press 2459:The New York Times 2305:on 11 October 2007 2195:on 23 January 2013 2048:Spaceflight portal 1917:Hutchinson, Kansas 1896: 1886:Surviving examples 1882:(GPS) satellites. 1815: 1702: 1548:October Revolution 1543: 1488:collaborated with 1449: 1433: 1330:mainframe computer 1317: 1303:Launch and mission 1179: 1147: 1013: 926: 790: 723:The New York Times 718:natural satellites 632:(now known as the 581:and triggered the 435:20.005 and 40.002 339:Orbital parameters 6615:Nikita Khrushchev 6605:Soviet inventions 6567: 6566: 6490:Belka and Strelka 6480:Soviet space dogs 6342:Sputnik programme 6330: 6329: 6263: 6218: 6197: 6176: 6107: 6106: 6072: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5976: 5963: 5951: 5915:Human spaceflight 5866: 5843: 5770: 5769: 5627:NASA on Sputnik 1 5564:978-0-8014-6793-6 5545:978-5-87955-001-6 5522:978-0-8027-1365-0 5498:978-5-217-02942-6 5464:978-1-4166-0873-8 5437:978-1-58834-007-8 5424:Zaloga, Steven J. 5416:978-0-600-62887-3 5380:978-0-8130-2627-5 5358:978-1-57036-167-8 5332:978-0-385-27211-7 5313:978-0-89141-700-2 5290:978-1-55750-688-7 5271:978-1-56098-025-4 5249:978-0-472-11441-2 5227:978-0-465-02887-0 5186:978-1-55750-837-9 5167:978-1-134-96033-0 5148:978-0-471-14853-1 5104:978-0-393-01892-9 5078:978-5-02-000822-9 5052:978-0-19-505008-0 5012:978-0-374-11747-4 4993:978-0-8050-8147-3 4957:978-0-375-75893-5 4797:. UN Multimedia. 4519:978-0-8173-1103-2 4492:978-3-8233-5210-5 4357:978-1-4406-7799-1 4086:978-1-4939-2362-5 4033:. Retrieved from 3989:by Gregory Gromov 3834:San Antonio Light 3804:"Course Recorded" 3496:on 9 January 2009 3303:Historicplaces.ca 2898:Bilstein, p. 387. 2344:American Heritage 2086:Donald B. Gillies 1996:Mir space station 1989:Powerhouse Museum 1953:laboratory models 1949:Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI 1806:on 2 April 1958. 1669:Wernher von Braun 1653:Dwight Eisenhower 1649: 1648: 1641: 1623:, as appropriate. 1422: 1370:Nikita Khrushchev 1297:Oleg G. Ivanovsky 1239:radiation pattern 1119:into NII-4 where 1004: 894:R-7 Semyorka ICBM 843:composition, the 731:Before the launch 459: 458: 433:Radio transmitter 309:Atmospheric entry 16:(Redirected from 6662: 6512:Cosmonauts Alley 6375:Luch (satellite) 6261: 6233: 6216: 6195: 6174: 6120: 6070: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5974: 5961: 5949: 5922: 5882: 5864: 5837: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5642:Internet Archive 5568: 5549: 5526: 5502: 5468: 5452: 5441: 5419: 5401: 5384: 5367:Siddiqi, Asif A. 5362: 5341:Shepard, Alan B. 5336: 5317: 5305: 5294: 5275: 5253: 5231: 5207: 5190: 5171: 5152: 5133: 5123: 5108: 5096: 5082: 5056: 5044: 5033: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4961: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4712:"Energia Museum" 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4682:Collectspace.com 4674: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4569:www.crwflags.com 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4451:Harford, p. 121. 4449: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4307:Burrows, p. 236. 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4254: 4251: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4225:Lashmar, p. 146. 4223: 4217: 4216: 4193:Cold War History 4188: 4182: 4181: 4169: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4120: 4114: 4104: 4091: 4090: 4068: 4062: 4061:Siddiqi, p. 172. 4059: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4038:. Archived from 4023: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3955:"DARPA: History" 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3853:. 6 October 1957 3843: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3799: 3786: 3785: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3623: 3617: 3616:Siddiqi, p. 154. 3614: 3608: 3607: 3592: 3581: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3521: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3492:. Archived from 3463: 3457: 3456: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3340:on 19 June 2009. 3328: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3233:on 18 June 2008. 3221: 3215: 3214:Siddiqi, p. 162. 3212: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141:Siddiqi, p. 163. 3139: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3086: 3065: 3064:Harford, p. 127. 3062: 3056: 3055: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3002:on 29 June 2011. 2991: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2918: 2917: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2791: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2584: 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348:Geocentric orbit 253: 251: 246: 235:Start of mission 159:Orbits completed 151:Mission duration 142: 133: 132: 126: 78: 77: 71: 64: 63: 49: 42: 21: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6544: 6451: 6447:Mission patches 6435: 6384: 6326: 6281: 6237: 6231: 6115: 6103: 6087: 6056: 5988: 5917: 5909: 5888:Launch vehicles 5883: 5874: 5823: 5810: 5801: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5736: 5720: 5715:Aerobee USAF-88 5697: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5575: 5565: 5552: 5546: 5532:Proryv v kosmos 5529: 5523: 5505: 5499: 5479: 5476: 5474:Further reading 5471: 5465: 5444: 5438: 5422: 5417: 5404: 5387: 5381: 5365: 5359: 5339: 5333: 5320: 5314: 5297: 5291: 5278: 5272: 5258:Peebles, Curtis 5256: 5250: 5234: 5228: 5210: 5193: 5187: 5174: 5168: 5155: 5149: 5136: 5121: 5111: 5105: 5085: 5079: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5036: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4981: 4964: 4958: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883:Krebs, Gunter. 4882: 4881: 4877: 4863: 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3167: 3161: 3158:Wayback Machine 3149: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3099:on 6 June 2011. 3093: 3088: 3087: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2877:Zaloga, p. 232. 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2793: 2792: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2693:"The Beginning" 2691: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2651:on 7 March 2008 2643: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2625:on 8 April 2008 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2575:Wayback Machine 2561: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2539:on 8 April 2008 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2505: 2493: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2432: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2390: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2337: 2336: 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6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6538:Mission to Mir 6534: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6502:Ivan Ivanovich 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6338: 6336: 6335:Communications 6332: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6289: 6287: 6286:In development 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6226: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6202:Resurs-DK No.1 6199: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172:Phobos program 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6142:Luna programme 6139: 6133: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6092:In development 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6011:(Moon landing) 6005: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5763:Crewed flights 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5585: 5574: 5573:External links 5571: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5550: 5544: 5527: 5521: 5503: 5497: 5481:Chertok, B. E. 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5442: 5436: 5420: 5415: 5402: 5385: 5379: 5363: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5318: 5312: 5295: 5289: 5276: 5270: 5254: 5248: 5236:Neal, Homer A. 5232: 5226: 5208: 5191: 5185: 5172: 5166: 5153: 5147: 5134: 5109: 5103: 5083: 5077: 5057: 5051: 5034: 5017: 5011: 4998: 4992: 4979: 4962: 4956: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4902: 4875: 4856: 4834: 4812: 4785: 4757: 4733: 4716:Npointercos.jp 4703: 4660: 4645: 4634:on 12 May 2012 4604: 4586: 4556: 4525: 4518: 4498: 4491: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4442:Prados, p. 80. 4435: 4426: 4413: 4404: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4356: 4336: 4334:Divine, p. xv. 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4183: 4164: 4162:(12), (37–38). 4147: 4115: 4092: 4085: 4063: 4054: 4042:on 26 May 2009 4013: 4000: 3991: 3972: 3946: 3920: 3884: 3864: 3838: 3825: 3813: 3787: 3769: 3741: 3729: 3700: 3674: 3655: 3636: 3618: 3609: 3582: 3563: 3539: 3507: 3488: 3458: 3435: 3415: 3395: 3368: 3343: 3320: 3289: 3277: 3255: 3236: 3216: 3204: 3195: 3176:Zak, Anatoly. 3165: 3143: 3131: 3120:on 6 June 2011 3102: 3066: 3057: 3046:Zak, Anatoly. 3035: 3018:www.energia.ru 3005: 2979: 2952: 2943: 2919: 2908:Zak, Anatoly. 2900: 2891: 2879: 2870: 2843: 2817: 2779: 2766: 2740: 2725:(in Russian). 2710: 2684: 2662: 2636: 2609: 2579: 2550: 2523: 2503: 2471: 2442: 2414: 2400: 2368: 2330: 2286: 2272: 2237: 2206: 2166: 2148: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2066: 2065: 2051: 2035: 2032: 2019: 2018:Private owners 2016: 1985:Science Museum 1977:United Nations 1972: 1969: 1928: 1925: 1900: 1897: 1887: 1884: 1860:Doppler effect 1841: 1838: 1714:Sputnik crisis 1694:Sergei Korolev 1661:James M. Gavin 1647: 1646: 1607:of the subject 1605:worldwide view 1600: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1534: 1531: 1397:Sputnik crisis 1392: 1389: 1322:Georgi Grechko 1304: 1301: 1269:thermal switch 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1170: 1167: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1040:(880,000 972:proving ground 968:reconnaissance 906:Sputnik 8K71PS 905: 898: 897: 893: 886: 885: 884: 883: 882: 880: 877: 837: 836: 833: 830: 823: 816: 809: 742:Sergei Korolev 737: 734: 732: 729: 645: 642: 585:, part of the 579:Sputnik crisis 457: 456: 449: 448: 443: 440: 439: 430: 429: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 397: 391: 390: 387: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 326:4 January 1958 324: 320: 319: 316: 312: 311: 306: 302: 301: 300:End of mission 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 266:Sputnik 8K71PS 263: 259: 258: 250:4 October 1957 243:4 October 1957 241: 237: 236: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 201: 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Walker 2025: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1834:Google Doodle 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1724:(through the 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Project SCORE 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:U-2 spy plane 1654: 1643: 1640: 1632: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1573:Vanguard TV-3 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1427: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:amateur radio 1145: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:Guryev Oblast 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1010: 991: 989: 985: 980: 975: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 957:arithmometers 954: 948: 945: 941: 935: 931: 923: 919: 915: 902: 890: 878: 876: 873: 867: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 834: 831: 828: 824: 821: 817: 814: 810: 807: 803: 802: 801: 799: 795: 788: 785: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 735: 730: 728: 725: 724: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 699: 695: 691: 690: 685: 684: 680: 676: 675: 669: 660: 656: 651: 643: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 624:, at the 5th 623: 619: 614: 612: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:United States 571: 569: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 523: 463: 453: → 452: 446: 441: 438: 431: 426: 422: 419:96.20 minutes 418: 416: 412: 408: 406: 402: 398: 396: 392: 388: 386: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 349: 346: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 310: 307: 303: 298: 294: 290: 287: 284: 280: 277: 274: 270: 267: 264: 260: 257: 242: 238: 233: 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 143: 136: 131: 125: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 83: 70: 59: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6536: 6528: 6347: 6314: 6166:Vega program 6154:Zond program 6003:(Moon flyby) 6000:Zond (7K-L1) 5959:Soyuz-Apollo 5852:Kapustin Yar 5828:Launch sites 5762: 5747: 5713: 5708: 5636:A film clip 5610: 5604: 5603:Remembering 5554: 5535: 5531: 5511: 5488: 5484: 5448: 5427: 5406: 5389: 5370: 5348: 5322: 5301: 5280: 5261: 5239: 5216: 5195: 5176: 5157: 5138: 5117: 5092: 5068: 5040: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4966: 4947: 4939:Bibliography 4924:. 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