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Square-integrable function

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36: 292: 488: 1129:. Therefore, the space of square integrable functions is a Banach space, under the metric induced by the norm, which in turn is induced by the inner product. As we have the additional property of the inner product, this is specifically a 757: 187: 1196: 361: 1292: 1109: 3895: 1067: 3678: 3768: 1255:
denotes the set of square integrable functions, but no selection of metric, norm or inner product are specified by this notation. The set, together with the specific inner product
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The vector space of (equivalence classes of) square integrable functions (with respect to Lebesgue measure) forms the
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Often the term is used not to refer to a specific function, but to equivalence classes of functions that are equal
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An equivalent definition is to say that the square of the function itself (rather than of its absolute value) is
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under the metric induced by the inner product defined above. A complete metric space is also called a
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is the set over which one integrates—in the first definition (given in the introduction above),
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The square integrable functions (in the sense mentioned in which a "function" actually means an
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spaces, the class of square integrable functions is unique in being compatible with an
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One may also speak of quadratic integrability over bounded intervals such as
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Function whose squared absolute value has finite integral
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It can be shown that square integrable functions form a
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of functions that are equal almost everywhere) form an
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is finite. Thus, square-integrability on the real line
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This inner product space is conventionally denoted by
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These functions are also in 3965: 3889: 3838: 3799: 3762: 3672: 3606: 2219: 1900: 1860: 1825: 1805: 1778: 1758: 1723: 1684: 1661: 1631: 1593: 1558: 1526: 1488: 1453: 1426: 1391: 1345: 1317: 1286: 1247: 1220: 1190: 1103: 1061: 1001: 969: 949: 911: 891: 870: 834: 794: 774: 751: 635: 610: 575: 548: 520: 482: 347: 321: 286: 173: 109: 1287:{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle _{2}} 1104:{\displaystyle \langle f,f\rangle <\infty .\,} 1297:The space of square integrable functions is the 3890:{\displaystyle S\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right)} 1062:{\displaystyle |a|^{2}=a\cdot {\overline {a}}} 4034: 3998:Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics 2543: 2026: 1069:, square integrability is the same as saying 8: 1275: 1262: 1174: 1161: 1088: 1076: 691: 679: 4041: 4027: 4019: 2550: 2536: 2528: 2450:Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality 2407: 2033: 2019: 2011: 419: 415: 220: 216: 3954: 3936: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3830: 3824: 3791: 3785: 3739: 3733: 3673:{\displaystyle B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb {R} )} 3663: 3662: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3587: 2211: 2205: 1892: 1886: 1838: 1818: 1797: 1791: 1771: 1736: 1706: 1704: 1674: 1650: 1644: 1609: 1571: 1541: 1539: 1509: 1501: 1474: 1466: 1445: 1439: 1404: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1332: 1309: 1303: 1278: 1260: 1239: 1233: 1209: 1203: 1177: 1152: 1141: 1100: 1074: 1049: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1018: 982: 962: 924: 904: 884: 851: 811: 809: 787: 767: 741: 740: 707: 701: 677: 628: 602: 596: 567: 561: 535: 512: 506: 466: 465: 459: 454: 436: 430: 425: 394: 390: 389: 363: 334: 302: 270: 269: 263: 258: 240: 234: 226: 210: 206: 205: 198: 197: 189: 148: 101: 95: 3763:{\displaystyle L^{\lambda ,p}(\Omega )} 1920: 4003:Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 3117:Banach–Steinhaus (Uniform boundedness) 7: 2463:Applications & related 1978: 1976: 1974: 1957:. Dover Publications. pp. 1–2. 1926: 1924: 1489:{\displaystyle n<{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 1392:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x^{n}}},} 58:move details into the article's body 2382:Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem 950:{\displaystyle (-\infty ,+\infty )} 174:{\displaystyle (-\infty ,+\infty )} 3831: 3792: 3754: 3598: 2308:Symmetric decreasing rearrangement 2212: 1849: 1582: 1527:{\displaystyle n={\tfrac {1}{2}}.} 1094: 941: 932: 835:{\displaystyle {\overline {f(x)}}} 742: 477: 467: 281: 271: 235: 230: 165: 156: 25: 4165:Compact operator on Hilbert space 3495:Subsets / set operations 3272:Differentiation in FrĂ©chet spaces 1937:MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource 1294:specify the inner product space. 87:quadratically integrable function 1724:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}},} 1559:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}},} 802:are square integrable functions, 396: square integrable on  34: 3800:{\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }} 420: 414: 221: 215: 3960: 3941: 3757: 3751: 3667: 3659: 3601: 3595: 3189:Lomonosov's invariant subspace 3112:Banach–Schauder (open mapping) 1852: 1840: 1750: 1738: 1623: 1611: 1604:Bounded functions, defined on 1585: 1573: 1418: 1406: 1198:and many times abbreviated as 1030: 1021: 996: 984: 944: 926: 862: 856: 823: 817: 737: 731: 719: 713: 455: 450: 444: 437: 416: 411: 399: 386: 383: 371: 316: 304: 259: 254: 248: 241: 217: 202: 168: 150: 1: 2278:Convergence almost everywhere 3074:Singular value decomposition 1861:{\displaystyle [1,\infty ).} 1594:{\displaystyle [1,\infty ),} 1054: 827: 723: 3839:{\displaystyle L^{\infty }} 3607:{\displaystyle ba(\Sigma )} 3476:Radially convex/Star-shaped 2445:PrĂ©kopa–Leindler inequality 2298:Locally integrable function 2220:{\displaystyle L^{\infty }} 18:Square-integrable functions 4291: 4134:Hilbert projection theorem 3966:{\displaystyle W(X,L^{p})} 2191:Square-integrable function 83:square-integrable function 4113:Cauchy–Schwarz inequality 3512:Algebraic interior (core) 3127:Cauchy–Schwarz inequality 2770:Function space Topologies 2440:Minkowski–Steiner formula 2423:Isoperimetric inequality 121:square-summable function 2428:Brunn–Minkowski theorem 622:under their respective 348:{\displaystyle a\leq b} 212: square integrable 181:is defined as follows. 3967: 3891: 3840: 3801: 3764: 3674: 3608: 2777:Banach–Mazur compactum 2567:Types of Banach spaces 2283:Convergence in measure 2221: 1902: 1862: 1827: 1807: 1780: 1760: 1725: 1686: 1663: 1662:{\displaystyle L^{p},} 1633: 1601:is square-integrable. 1595: 1560: 1528: 1490: 1455: 1428: 1427:{\displaystyle (0,1),} 1393: 1347: 1319: 1288: 1249: 1222: 1221:{\displaystyle L_{2}.} 1192: 1105: 1063: 1003: 971: 951: 913: 893: 872: 836: 796: 776: 753: 637: 612: 577: 550: 522: 484: 349: 323: 288: 175: 111: 4270:Mathematical analysis 4144:Polarization identity 4087:Orthogonal complement 3993:Finite element method 3988:Differential operator 3968: 3892: 3841: 3802: 3765: 3675: 3609: 3449:Convex series related 3245:Abstract Wiener space 3172:hyperplane separation 2727:Minkowski functionals 2611:Polarization identity 2397:Riesz–Fischer theorem 2222: 2181:Polarization identity 1903: 1901:{\displaystyle L^{p}} 1863: 1828: 1808: 1806:{\displaystyle L^{p}} 1781: 1761: 1726: 1687: 1664: 1634: 1596: 1561: 1529: 1491: 1456: 1454:{\displaystyle L^{2}} 1429: 1394: 1348: 1320: 1318:{\displaystyle L^{p}} 1289: 1250: 1248:{\displaystyle L_{2}} 1223: 1193: 1115:complete metric space 1106: 1064: 1004: 972: 952: 914: 894: 873: 871:{\displaystyle f(x),} 837: 797: 777: 754: 638: 613: 611:{\displaystyle L^{p}} 578: 576:{\displaystyle L^{p}} 551: 523: 521:{\displaystyle L^{p}} 485: 350: 324: 289: 176: 139:of the square of the 112: 110:{\displaystyle L^{2}} 4118:Riesz representation 4073:L-semi-inner product 3935: 3861: 3823: 3784: 3732: 3635: 3586: 3575:Absolute continuity 3229:Schauder fixed-point 3219:Riesz representation 3179:Kakutani fixed-point 3147:Freudenthal spectral 2633:L-semi-inner product 2402:Riesz–Thorin theorem 2245:Infimum and supremum 2204: 2130:Lebesgue integration 1955:Orthogonal Functions 1885: 1837: 1817: 1790: 1770: 1735: 1703: 1673: 1643: 1608: 1570: 1538: 1500: 1465: 1438: 1403: 1364: 1346:{\displaystyle p=2.} 1331: 1302: 1259: 1232: 1202: 1140: 1073: 1017: 981: 961: 923: 903: 883: 850: 808: 786: 766: 676: 627: 595: 560: 549:{\displaystyle p=2.} 534: 505: 362: 333: 301: 188: 147: 94: 4265:Functional analysis 4139:Parseval's identity 4108:Bessel's inequality 3658: 3396:measurable function 3346:Functional calculus 3209:Parseval's identity 3122:Bessel's inequality 3069:Polar decomposition 2848:Uniform convergence 2606:Inner product space 2364:Young's convolution 2303:Measurable function 2186:Pythagorean theorem 2176:Parseval's identity 2125:Integrable function 1877:Inner product space 1766:where the value at 666:inner product space 591:, since all of the 495:Lebesgue integrable 435: 239: 133:measurable function 4008:Validated numerics 3963: 3919:Sobolev inequality 3887: 3836: 3797: 3760: 3689:Bounded variation 3670: 3638: 3623:Banach coordinate 3604: 3542:Minkowski addition 3204:M. Riesz extension 2684:Banach spaces are: 2485:Probability theory 2387:Plancherel theorem 2293:Integral transform 2240:Chebyshev distance 2217: 2166:Euclidean distance 2099:Minkowski distance 1898: 1858: 1823: 1803: 1776: 1756: 1721: 1716: 1685:{\displaystyle p.} 1682: 1659: 1629: 1591: 1556: 1551: 1524: 1519: 1486: 1484: 1451: 1424: 1389: 1384: 1343: 1315: 1284: 1245: 1218: 1188: 1101: 1059: 999: 967: 947: 909: 889: 868: 832: 792: 772: 749: 633: 608: 573: 546: 518: 480: 421: 345: 319: 284: 222: 171: 107: 4252: 4251: 4195:Sesquilinear form 4148:Parallelogram law 4092:Orthonormal basis 4016: 4015: 3728:Morrey–Campanato 3710:compact Hausdorff 3557:Relative interior 3411:Absolutely convex 3378:Projection-valued 2987:Strictly singular 2913:on Hilbert spaces 2674:of Hilbert spaces 2525: 2524: 2458: 2457: 2273:Almost everywhere 2058: &  1964:978-0-486-66730-0 1826:{\displaystyle p} 1813:for any value of 1779:{\displaystyle 0} 1759:{\displaystyle ,} 1715: 1669:for any value of 1632:{\displaystyle ,} 1550: 1518: 1483: 1383: 1057: 970:{\displaystyle A} 957:, in the second, 912:{\displaystyle A} 892:{\displaystyle A} 844:complex conjugate 830: 795:{\displaystyle g} 775:{\displaystyle f} 726: 662:equivalence class 650:almost everywhere 636:{\displaystyle p} 397: 213: 75: 74: 54:length guidelines 16:(Redirected from 4282: 4082:Prehilbert space 4043: 4036: 4029: 4020: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3926:Triebel–Lizorkin 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3750: 3749: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3657: 3652: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3466: 3444: 3426:Balanced/Circled 3224:Robinson-Ursescu 3142:Eberlein–Ơmulian 3062:Spectral theorem 2858:Linear operators 2655:Uniformly smooth 2552: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2475:Fourier analysis 2433:Milman's reverse 2416: 2414:Lebesgue measure 2408: 2392:Riemann–Lebesgue 2235:Bounded function 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2135:Taxicab geometry 2090:Measurable space 2035: 2028: 2021: 2012: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1989:. Archived from 1988: 1980: 1969: 1968: 1951:Giovanni Sansone 1947: 1941: 1940: 1928: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1708: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1511: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1369: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1157: 1156: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1050: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1024: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1002:{\displaystyle } 1000: 976: 974: 973: 968: 956: 954: 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3632: 3584: 3583: 3561: 3517:Bounding points 3490: 3464: 3442: 3399: 3250:Banach manifold 3233: 3157:Gelfand–Naimark 3078: 3052:Spectral theory 3020:Banach algebras 3012:Operator theory 3006: 2967:Pseudo-monotone 2950:Hilbert–Schmidt 2930:Densely defined 2852: 2765: 2679: 2562: 2556: 2526: 2521: 2454: 2411: 2406: 2368: 2344:Hausdorff–Young 2324:Babenko–Beckner 2312: 2261: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2139: 2108: 2104:Sequence spaces 2044: 2039: 2009: 2008: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1972: 1965: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1931:Todd, Rowland. 1930: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1873: 1835: 1834: 1815: 1814: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1768: 1767: 1733: 1732: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1671: 1670: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1606: 1605: 1568: 1567: 1536: 1535: 1498: 1497: 1463: 1462: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1401: 1400: 1373: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1329: 1328: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1274: 1257: 1256: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1173: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1071: 1070: 1028: 1015: 1014: 979: 978: 959: 958: 921: 920: 901: 900: 881: 880: 848: 847: 813: 806: 805: 784: 783: 764: 763: 709: 697: 674: 673: 658: 625: 624: 598: 593: 592: 563: 558: 557: 532: 531: 508: 503: 502: 491: 453: 360: 359: 331: 330: 299: 298: 295: 257: 186: 185: 145: 144: 97: 92: 91: 71: 65: 62: 51: 48:may be too long 43:This article's 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4232:compact & 4217: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4175:Hermitian form 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4057:Basic concepts 4054: 4053: 4050:Hilbert spaces 4048: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3909:Sequence space 3906: 3898: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3794: 3790: 3771: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3460: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3324:Gelfand–Pettis 3321: 3316: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3097:Banach–Alaoglu 3094: 3092:Anderson–Kadec 3088: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3032: 3030:Operator space 3027: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2900: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2718:Locally convex 2715: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2670:Tensor product 2663: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2593: 2591:Banach lattice 2588: 2587: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288:Function space 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2210: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2161:Cauchy–Schwarz 2158: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2070: 2062: 2060:Hilbert spaces 2052: 2050: 2049:Basic concepts 2046: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2007: 2006: 1984:"Lp Functions" 1970: 1963: 1942: 1933:"L^2-Function" 1919: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1895: 1891: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1822: 1800: 1796: 1775: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1696: 1693: 1681: 1678: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1448: 1444: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1357: 1354: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1312: 1308: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1242: 1238: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1011: 1010: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 966: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 908: 888: 878: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 829: 825: 822: 819: 816: 803: 791: 771: 748: 744: 739: 736: 733: 730: 725: 721: 718: 715: 712: 704: 700: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 657: 654: 632: 605: 601: 570: 566: 545: 542: 539: 515: 511: 479: 476: 473: 469: 462: 457: 452: 449: 446: 443: 439: 433: 428: 424: 418: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 392: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 357: 344: 341: 338: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 283: 280: 277: 273: 266: 261: 256: 253: 250: 247: 243: 237: 232: 229: 225: 219: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 183: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 141:absolute value 135:for which the 104: 100: 73: 72: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4287: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127:Other results 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4078:Hilbert space 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069:Inner product 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3883: 3878: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3592: 3589: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3527:Extreme point 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404:Types of sets 3402: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267:Convex series 3265: 3263: 3262:Bochner space 3260: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214:Riesz's lemma 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199:Mazur's lemma 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152:Gelfand–Mazur 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651:) convex 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2596:Grothendieck 2594: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500:Sobolev space 2498: 2496: 2495:Real analysis 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2480:Lorentz space 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2470:Bochner space 2468: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2208: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2171:Hilbert space 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2085:Measure space 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2013: 1996:on 2020-10-24 1992: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1855: 1846: 1843: 1820: 1798: 1794: 1773: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1699:The function 1694: 1692: 1679: 1676: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1602: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1534:The function 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1446: 1442: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1360:The function 1355: 1353: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1326: 1310: 1306: 1295: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1240: 1236: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1184: 1178: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1131:Hilbert space 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1025: 993: 990: 987: 964: 938: 935: 929: 906: 886: 879: 865: 859: 853: 845: 820: 814: 804: 789: 769: 762: 761: 760: 746: 734: 728: 716: 710: 702: 698: 694: 688: 685: 682: 671: 670:inner product 667: 663: 655: 653: 651: 646: 644: 630: 621: 603: 599: 590: 589:Hilbert space 586: 585:inner product 568: 564: 543: 540: 537: 529: 513: 509: 498: 496: 490: 474: 471: 460: 447: 441: 431: 426: 422: 408: 405: 402: 380: 377: 374: 368: 365: 356: 342: 339: 336: 313: 310: 307: 294: 278: 275: 264: 251: 245: 227: 223: 194: 191: 182: 162: 159: 153: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 102: 98: 88: 84: 80: 69: 59: 55: 49: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4190:Self-adjoint 4101:Main results 3981:Applications 3902: 3813: 3774: 3721: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3624: 3576: 3463:Linear cone 3456: 3452: 3441:Convex cone 3334:Paley–Wiener 3194:Mackey–Arens 3184:Krein–Milman 3137:Closed range 3132:Closed graph 3102:Banach–Mazur 2982:Self-adjoint 2886:sesquilinear 2619:Polynomially 2559:Banach space 2317:Inequalities 2257:Uniform norm 2190: 2145: 2114: 2065: 1998:. Retrieved 1991:the original 1954: 1945: 1936: 1698: 1695:Non-examples 1603: 1496:but not for 1359: 1296: 1135: 1127:Banach space 1119:Cauchy space 1112: 1012: 659: 647: 499: 492: 358: 296: 184: 120: 90: 86: 82: 76: 66:January 2024 63: 46:lead section 44: 4200:Trace class 3702:Continuous 3537:Linear span 3522:Convex hull 3502:Affine hull 3361:holomorphic 3297:holomorphic 3277:Derivatives 3167:Hahn–Banach 3107:Banach–Saks 3025:C*-algebras 2992:Trace class 2955:Functionals 2843:Ultrastrong 2756:Quasinormed 2515:Von Neumann 2329:Chebyshev's 1731:defined on 1566:defined on 1399:defined on 618:spaces are 79:mathematics 4259:Categories 3455:), and (Hw 3356:continuous 3292:functional 3040:C*-algebra 2925:Continuous 2787:Dual space 2761:Stereotype 2739:Metrizable 2666:Projective 2510:C*-algebra 2334:Clarkson's 2000:2020-01-16 1915:References 1228:Note that 656:Properties 556:Among the 4275:Lp spaces 3914:Sobolev W 3857:Schwartz 3832:∞ 3793:∞ 3789:ℓ 3755:Ω 3741:λ 3599:Σ 3481:Symmetric 3416:Absorbing 3329:regulated 3309:Integrals 3162:Goldstine 2997:Transpose 2934:Fredholm 2804:Ultraweak 2792:Dual norm 2723:Seminorms 2691:Barrelled 2661:Injective 2649:Uniformly 2623:Reflexive 2505:*-algebra 2490:Quasinorm 2359:Minkowski 2250:Essential 2213:∞ 2042:Lp spaces 1850:∞ 1583:∞ 1327:in which 1276:⟩ 1272:⋅ 1266:⋅ 1263:⟨ 1175:⟩ 1171:⋅ 1165:⋅ 1162:⟨ 1095:∞ 1089:⟩ 1077:⟨ 1055:¯ 1047:⋅ 942:∞ 933:∞ 930:− 828:¯ 724:¯ 699:∫ 692:⟩ 680:⟨ 672:given by 478:∞ 423:∫ 417:⟺ 387:→ 340:≤ 282:∞ 236:∞ 231:∞ 228:− 224:∫ 218:⟺ 203:→ 166:∞ 157:∞ 154:− 56:and help 4214:Examples 3850:weighted 3720:Hilbert 3697:Bs space 3567:Examples 3532:Interior 3508:Relative 3486:Zonotope 3465:(subset) 3443:(subset) 3394:Strongly 3373:Lebesgue 3368:Measures 3238:Analysis 3084:Theorems 3035:Spectrum 2960:positive 2943:operator 2881:operator 2871:Bilinear 2836:operator 2819:operator 2799:Operator 2696:Complete 2644:Strictly 2354:Markov's 2349:Hölder's 2339:Hanner's 2156:Bessel's 2094:function 2078:Lebesgue 1953:(1991). 1871:See also 1356:Examples 620:complete 137:integral 131:-valued 117:function 4228:) with 4205:Unitary 4064:Adjoint 3715:Hardy H 3618:c space 3555:)  3510:)  3431:Bounded 3319:Dunford 3314:Bochner 3287:Gateaux 3282:FrĂ©chet 3057:of ODEs 3002:Unitary 2977:Nuclear 2908:Compact 2898:Bounded 2866:Adjoint 2706:FrĂ©chet 2701:F-space 2672: ( 2668:)  2621:)  2601:Hilbert 2574:Asplund 2374:Results 2073:Measure 842:is the 129:complex 123:, is a 4185:Normal 3631:Besov 3471:Radial 3436:Convex 3421:Affine 3390:Weakly 3383:Vector 3255:bundle 3045:radius 2972:Normal 2938:kernel 2903:Closed 2826:Strong 2744:Normed 2734:Mackey 2579:Banach 2561:topics 2227:spaces 2148:spaces 2117:spaces 2068:spaces 2056:Banach 1961:  1434:is in 1123:Cauchy 1013:Since 759:where 643:-norms 4236:<∞ 3706:with 3553:Quasi 3547:Polar 3351:Borel 3302:quasi 2831:polar 2814:polar 2628:Riesz 1994:(PDF) 1987:(PDF) 1908:space 1325:space 668:with 530:with 528:space 127:- or 4158:Maps 4080:and 4071:and 3704:C(K) 3339:weak 2876:form 2809:Weak 2782:Dual 2749:norm 2711:tame 2584:list 2412:For 2266:Maps 1959:ISBN 1472:< 1461:for 1092:< 782:and 475:< 329:for 279:< 125:real 81:, a 2921:Dis 1833:in 977:is 919:is 846:of 119:or 89:or 77:In 4261:: 3691:BV 3625:BK 3577:AC 3459:)) 3392:/ 2894:Un 1973:^ 1935:. 1923:^ 1341:2. 652:. 645:. 544:2. 355:. 4243:F 4234:n 4230:K 4226:K 4224:( 4222:C 4150:) 4146:( 4042:e 4035:t 4028:v 3961:) 3956:p 3952:L 3948:, 3945:X 3942:( 3939:W 3903:F 3884:) 3879:n 3874:R 3869:( 3865:S 3828:L 3814:L 3775:ℓ 3758:) 3752:( 3747:p 3744:, 3737:L 3722:H 3708:K 3668:) 3664:R 3660:( 3655:s 3650:q 3647:, 3644:p 3640:B 3602:) 3596:( 3593:a 3590:b 3551:( 3506:( 3457:x 3453:x 2923:) 2919:( 2896:) 2892:( 2725:/ 2676:) 2659:( 2639:B 2637:( 2617:( 2551:e 2544:t 2537:v 2209:L 2146:L 2115:L 2092:/ 2066:L 2034:e 2027:t 2020:v 2003:. 1967:. 1939:. 1894:p 1890:L 1856:. 1853:) 1847:, 1844:1 1841:[ 1821:p 1799:p 1795:L 1774:0 1754:, 1751:] 1748:1 1745:, 1742:0 1739:[ 1719:, 1713:x 1710:1 1680:. 1677:p 1657:, 1652:p 1648:L 1627:, 1624:] 1621:1 1618:, 1615:0 1612:[ 1589:, 1586:) 1580:, 1577:1 1574:[ 1554:, 1548:x 1545:1 1522:. 1516:2 1513:1 1507:= 1504:n 1481:2 1478:1 1469:n 1447:2 1443:L 1422:, 1419:) 1416:1 1413:, 1410:0 1407:( 1387:, 1379:n 1375:x 1371:1 1338:= 1335:p 1311:p 1307:L 1280:2 1269:, 1241:2 1237:L 1216:. 1211:2 1207:L 1185:) 1179:2 1168:, 1159:, 1154:2 1150:L 1145:( 1098:. 1086:f 1083:, 1080:f 1052:a 1044:a 1041:= 1036:2 1031:| 1026:a 1022:| 1009:. 997:] 994:b 991:, 988:a 985:[ 965:A 945:) 939:+ 936:, 927:( 907:A 887:A 866:, 863:) 860:x 857:( 854:f 824:) 821:x 818:( 815:f 790:g 770:f 747:x 743:d 738:) 735:x 732:( 729:g 720:) 717:x 714:( 711:f 703:A 695:= 689:g 686:, 683:f 631:p 604:p 600:L 569:p 565:L 541:= 538:p 514:p 510:L 472:x 468:d 461:2 456:| 451:) 448:x 445:( 442:f 438:| 432:b 427:a 412:] 409:b 406:, 403:a 400:[ 391:C 384:] 381:b 378:, 375:a 372:[ 369:: 366:f 343:b 337:a 317:] 314:b 311:, 308:a 305:[ 276:x 272:d 265:2 260:| 255:) 252:x 249:( 246:f 242:| 207:C 199:R 195:: 192:f 169:) 163:+ 160:, 151:( 103:2 99:L 68:) 64:( 60:. 50:. 20:)

Index

Square-integrable functions
lead section
length guidelines
move details into the article's body
mathematics
real
complex
measurable function
integral
absolute value
Lebesgue integrable
L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} space
inner product
Hilbert space
complete
p {\displaystyle p} -norms
almost everywhere
equivalence class
inner product space
inner product
complex conjugate
complete metric space
Cauchy space
Cauchy
Banach space
Hilbert space
L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} space
Inner product space
L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} space

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