305:
healthy from the sick, healthy prisoners formed groups which were employed in the local agricultural sector. Productivity improved rapidly once the work became paid. The spectrum of employment opportunities gradually expanded to include the telegraphâpost service, railroad maintenance, leather work, logging, photo ateliers, mills, construction work, production of building materials and soap. The influx of cheap labor greatly benefited the local economy. Over time the camp was visited by delegations from the Danish and
Swedish Red Cross as well as the American embassy. The commander of the Zabaykalsk gendarmerie believed the Swedish Red Cross mission to be motivated by intelligence gathering rather than humanitarian concerns. Reports issued by the delegation attested to the upholding of the
272:, Peschanka, Dauria, Antipicha and Berezovka. The camps were not camps in the strictest sense but rather housing projects within preexisting settlements dedicated to the internment of prisoners. As of 14 October 1914, Sretensk housed around 1,000 prisoners. By the end of 1915 the number had risen to 11,000. In contrast, the city's permanent population numbered only 7,000. The majority of the prisoners were held in the barracks of the 16th Siberian Infantry Regiment and the railway station barracks. A small number of high ranking officers settled in private houses due to the lack of available quarters. The camp was guarded by the 719th Ufa Infantry
49:
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wooden church of their own construction, while Jews were permitted to practice in a separate room with the help of the town's rabbi. The committee organized football, tennis, volleyball, weightlifting, athletics competitions, with an orchestra and a theater supplementing them. The committee also regulated the postage service and the distribution of aid from the
304:
in
December 1915. In February 1916, a quarantine was enforced and sick prisoners were transferred either to the hospital or separate barracks. The epidemic was subdued in March with the help of two Swedish Red Cross sisters of mercy who had arrived two months earlier. In order to further isolate the
284:
who acted as cooks and servants. The order also put into place an officers committee, tasked with maintaining order, regulating the health services, security, leisure, and religious life of the prisoners in conjunction with the camp authorities. Lutheran and
Catholic Christians held services in a
279:
At first foreign officers were allowed to venture through the town freely visiting the local coffee shop and billiards club, but this was put to an end by an order dated 23 October 1914. Nevertheless, officers lived a relatively comfortable life, receiving at least 50 rubles per year depending on
366:
in the middle of the same year. A self made memorial dedicated to the prisoners that perished in the camp was erected in the
Fillipicha valley outside the camp, an inscription in Hungarian reads, "To our comrades that perished so far from the motherland. Officers and soldiers of the allied
169:
and combined barracks and private residences to house the internees. The internal affairs of the camp were regulated by a committee of interned officers and the camp authorities. Between
December 1915 and March 1916 the camp was affected by a typhus epidemic. Following the abdication of
354:. However, the majority of the prisoners remained neutral, awaiting their release. In early 1920, a Bolshevik unit under Ivan Fadeev took cover in the camp's barracks leading to numerous casualties among the internees after it became the target of a
321:
in
February 1917, conditions within the camp turned for the worse. Rations were reduced and the supply of clothing and medication limited to the point of distributing the clothes of dead internees to their comrades. The outbreak of the
297:. In early 1915, Sretensk received a group of 43 Ottomans, among whom were some Armenians. The absence of Turkish speaking translators complicated their internment and led to the 1917 transfer of Ottoman prisoners to the Dauria camp.
338:, ending Russia's participation in World War I. At the same time Adolf Osipovich a local Bolshevik agitator began his propaganda campaign in the camp. A number of Hungarian internees were persuaded by his appeals to
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The combination of extreme climatic conditions, contacts with civilians, the density of the population in the barracks and poor organization led to the first outbreak of
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was established in
October 1914 with the intent of housing captured German and Austro-Hungarian troops. Sretensk was among the 10 camps established in the
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while those who remained came under fire when the fighting spread to the camp. The last prisoners were evacuated from the camp in the middle of 1921.
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and joined the
Bolshevik International Battalions. German and Austrian prisoners on the other hand enlisted into units under the command of
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in
February 1917, conditions in the camp worsened. A number of prisoners joined rival factions during the
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24:
330:, making the internees almost entirely dependent on the help of the Red Cross. On 3 March 1918, the
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their rank, allowing them to acquire products from the local marketplace. They were assisted by
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205:. The conflict quickly attracted the involvement of all major European countries, pitting the
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artillery bombardment. In April 1921, the remaining prisoners were transferred to
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into the war, the camp began receiving prisoners captured during the
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118:
2332:
225:. Russia took its first prisoners of war during the course of its
514:"Transbaikal Healthcare System During the First World War Part I"
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276:
as the town's former garrison had departed for the frontlines.
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and other humanitarian organizations. With the entry of the
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AustrianâHungarianâGermanâTurkish army. 1914â1915â1916."
217:. Russia fought on the side of the Entente, engaging the
476:] (in Russian). Chita: Zabaykalsky University Press
157:
established in
October 1914 with the intent of housing
55:
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362:, the last prisoners left for their homelands from
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453:. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1514:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
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1934:
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2684:1914 establishments in the Russian Empire
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383:
1796:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
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2173:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
524:(96). Irkutsk University Press: 317â323
395:
376:
165:. The camp was situated in the city of
161:' troops captured during the course of
2126:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
1469:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
493:Germanyâs Aims in the First World War
7:
2530:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
326:of 1917 marked the beginning of the
2459:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
1260:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1199:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
307:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
63:Location of Sretensk within Russia
14:
2694:World War I prisoner-of-war camps
317:Following the abdication of Czar
144:Mainly Germans, Austro-Hungarians
2689:1921 disestablishments in Russia
1562:Second Battle of the Piave River
1184:Russian invasion of East Prussia
54:
47:
31:
2626:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
1826:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2449:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
2308:Deportations from East Prussia
2105:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
466:Ilkovskiy, Konstantin (2014).
201:'s declaration of war against
1:
2360:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2515:SazonovâPalĂŠologue Agreement
1814:Estonian War of Independence
1489:Southern Palestine offensive
350:, who belonged to the rival
2469:USA against Austria-Hungary
1868:Turkish War of Independence
1820:Latvian War of Independence
1552:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
1143:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
512:Shalamov, Vladimir (2015).
221:and Austria-Hungary on the
2710:
2552:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
2100:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
1567:Second Battle of the Marne
1454:Second battle of the Aisne
1323:Second Battle of Champagne
1164:German invasion of Belgium
497:. New York: W. W. Norton.
451:Origins of the War of 1914
348:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
233:in AugustâSeptember 1914.
2658:
2333:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
1862:Irish War of Independence
1612:Armistice of Villa Giusti
1597:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
1209:First Battle of the Marne
575:
42:
30:
23:
2485:Constantinople Agreement
1778:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
1641:Co-belligerent conflicts
1617:Second Romanian campaign
1587:Third Transjordan attack
1298:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
1204:Battle of Grand CouronnĂŠ
227:invasion of East Prussia
195:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
2548:Modus vivendi of Acroma
2500:BulgariaâGermany treaty
1808:Greater Poland Uprising
1708:National Protection War
1592:MeuseâArgonne offensive
1542:German spring offensive
1537:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1313:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
1288:Second Battle of Artois
1169:Battle of the Frontiers
489:Fischer, Fritz (1967).
336:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2573:Paris Peace Conference
2561:UkraineâCentral Powers
2355:Massacres of Albanians
2323:Late Ottoman genocides
2130:Bulgarian occupations
1838:Third Anglo-Afghan War
1802:HungarianâRomanian War
1627:Naval Victory Bulletin
1622:Armistice with Germany
1572:Hundred Days Offensive
1499:Battle of La Malmaison
1449:Second battle of Arras
1416:Battle of Transylvania
1270:Second Battle of Ypres
1138:Sarajevo assassination
1027:South African Republic
2583:Treaty of St. Germain
2556:RussiaâCentral Powers
2510:SykesâPicot Agreement
2338:Pontic Greek genocide
2313:Destruction of Kalisz
2289:Eastern Mediterranean
1850:PolishâLithuanian War
1632:Armistice of Belgrade
1602:Armistice of Salonica
1532:Operation Faustschlag
1479:Third Battle of Oituz
1401:Baranovichi offensive
1369:Lake Naroch offensive
1343:Battle of Robat Karim
1318:VistulaâBug offensive
1293:Battles of the Isonzo
1224:First Battle of Ypres
319:Nicholas II of Russia
172:Nicholas II of Russia
2578:Treaty of Versailles
2294:Mount Lebanon famine
2209:in the United States
2177:Russian occupations
1891:TurkishâArmenian War
1832:PolishâUkrainian War
1772:UkrainianâSoviet War
1719:Central Asian Revolt
1509:Armistice of FocČani
1239:Battle of Sarikamish
1189:Battle of Tannenberg
585:Military engagements
246:prisoner-of-war camp
190:of Austro-Hungarian
155:prisoner-of-war camp
25:Prisoner-of-war camp
2645:They shall not pass
2568:Treaty of Bucharest
2525:Treaty of Bucharest
2464:USA against Germany
2441:Declarations of war
2145:German occupations
2058:British casualties
1917:SovietâGeorgian War
1844:Egyptian Revolution
1784:Armeno-Georgian War
1648:Somaliland campaign
1607:Armistice of Mudros
1484:Battle of Caporetto
1474:Battle of MÄrÄČeČti
1444:Zimmermann telegram
1439:February Revolution
1384:Battle of the Somme
1308:Bug-Narew Offensive
1283:Battle of Gallipoli
1275:Sinking of the RMS
1067:Scramble for Africa
1061:Franco-Prussian War
717:Sinai and Palestine
431:, pp. 317â323.
419:, pp. 196â206.
252:, the others being
91: /
2605:Treaty of Lausanne
2520:Paris Economy Pact
2454:UK against Germany
2384:Entry into the war
2350:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
2069:Ottoman casualties
1879:Franco-Turkish War
1759:Post-War conflicts
1743:Russian Revolution
1725:Invasion of Darfur
1690:Kelantan rebellion
1678:Kurdish rebellions
1654:Mexican Revolution
1494:October Revolution
1459:Kerensky offensive
1434:Capture of Baghdad
1411:Monastir offensive
1396:Brusilov offensive
1234:Battle of Kolubara
1073:Russo-Japanese War
324:October Revolution
250:Zabaykalsky Oblast
95:52.250°N 117.717°E
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2654:
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2638:The Golden Virgin
2632:Mutilated victory
2613:
2612:
2593:Treaty of Trianon
2588:Treaty of Neuilly
2495:Damascus Protocol
2368:
2367:
2328:Armenian genocide
2285:Allied blockades
2257:Belgian refugees
2040:
2039:
1950:Strategic bombing
1926:
1925:
1911:Franco-Syrian War
1885:Greco-Turkish War
1873:Anglo-Turkish War
1856:PolishâSoviet War
1790:German Revolution
1766:Russian Civil War
1749:Finnish Civil War
1582:Battle of Megiddo
1557:Battle of Goychay
1504:Battle of Cambrai
1464:Battle of MÄrÄČti
1379:Battle of Jutland
1359:Erzurum offensive
1214:Siege of PrzemyĹl
1194:Siege of Tsingtao
1179:Battle of Galicia
1109:Second Balkan War
1097:Italo-Turkish War
1054:Pre-War conflicts
1040:
1039:
930:Portuguese Empire
846:
845:
808:German New Guinea
790:Asian and Pacific
504:978-0-393-09798-6
328:Russian Civil War
295:Caucasus Campaign
231:Battle of Galicia
211:Entente coalition
186:The 28 June 1914
176:Russian Civil War
148:
147:
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2598:Treaty of Sèvres
2490:Treaty of London
2381:
2159:Northeast France
2090:
2062:Parliamentarians
1995:
1957:Chemical weapons
1935:
1696:Senussi campaign
1666:Muscat rebellion
1660:Maritz rebellion
1577:Vardar offensive
1406:Battle of Romani
1374:Battle of Asiago
1364:Battle of Verdun
1328:Kosovo offensive
1103:First Balkan War
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950:Russian Republic
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595:Economic history
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340:world revolution
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2345:Rape of Belgium
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2181:Eastern Galicia
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1684:Ovambo Uprising
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1265:Battle of ĹomĹźa
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1244:Christmas truce
1219:Race to the Sea
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1007:Austria-Hungary
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918:Empire of Japan
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1716:
1710:
1705:
1702:Volta-Bani War
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1644:
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1638:
1637:
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1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Zeebrugge Raid
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
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1517:
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1496:
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1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1338:Battle of Loos
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
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1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:Black Sea raid
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1186:
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1133:
1131:Historiography
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1085:Bosnian Crisis
1082:
1079:Tangier Crisis
1076:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:Ottoman Empire
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
989:Central Powers
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
974:
972:British Empire
967:United Kingdom
964:
959:
954:
953:
952:
947:
945:Russian Empire
937:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:
910:
905:
900:
899:
898:
888:
883:
878:
873:
867:
865:
863:Entente Powers
856:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
834:
833:
831:North Atlantic
822:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
805:
800:
794:
792:
786:
785:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
756:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
742:Central Arabia
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
708:
706:
704:Middle Eastern
700:
699:
697:
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691:
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605:Historiography
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582:
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509:
503:
486:
463:
442:
440:
437:
434:
433:
421:
417:Ilkovskiy 2014
400:
388:
384:Albertini 1953
375:
374:
372:
369:
352:white movement
314:
311:
291:Ottoman Empire
238:
235:
207:Central Powers
183:
180:
159:Central Powers
153:was a Russian
146:
145:
142:
138:
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107:
75:
69:
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53:
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36:
28:
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21:
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13:
10:
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3:
2:
2706:
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2640:
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2431:United States
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2160:
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2098:
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2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
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2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:United States
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:Convoy system
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:Naval warfare
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
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1900:
1897:
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1797:
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1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:Kaocen revolt
1735:
1732:
1731:Easter Rising
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
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1399:
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1360:
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1341:
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1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Great Retreat
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1268:
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1255:
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1237:
1235:
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1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Battle of Cer
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:Agadir Crisis
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
990:
986:
980:
979:United States
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
919:
916:
915:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
897:
896:French Empire
894:
893:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
866:
864:
860:
857:
849:
839:
838:Mediterranean
836:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
823:
821:
819:
818:Naval warfare
815:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
791:
787:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
755:
753:
749:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
707:
705:
701:
695:
694:Italian Front
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:Eastern Front
680:
678:
677:Western Front
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
662:
660:
658:
654:
651:
647:
641:
638:
636:
635:Puppet states
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
570:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
540:
523:
519:
518:Vestnik IrGTU
515:
510:
506:
500:
495:
494:
487:
475:
471:
470:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
430:
429:Shalamov 2015
425:
422:
418:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
401:
398:, p. 73.
397:
392:
389:
386:, p. 36.
385:
380:
377:
370:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
312:
310:
308:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:Verkhneudinsk
263:
262:Troitskosavsk
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:Eastern Front
220:
219:German Empire
216:
213:and starting
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:precipitated
196:
193:
189:
188:assassination
181:
179:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
104:
76:
74:
70:
50:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
17:
2643:
2636:
2624:
2231: /
2163:
1998:Conscription
1962:Cryptography
1899:Iraqi Revolt
1333:Siege of Kut
1276:
854:participants
803:German Samoa
737:South Arabia
526:. Retrieved
521:
517:
492:
478:. Retrieved
473:
468:
450:
424:
396:Fischer 1967
391:
379:
316:
299:
278:
240:
209:against the
185:
150:
149:
2261:Netherlands
2238:Switzerland
2119:Occupations
2110:Spanish flu
1887:(1919â1922)
1881:(1918â1921)
1875:(1918â1923)
1864:(1919â1921)
1858:(1919â1921)
1852:(1919â1920)
1828:(1918â1920)
1822:(1918â1920)
1816:(1918â1920)
1798:(1918â1920)
1780:(1918â1920)
1774:(1917â1921)
1768:(1917â1921)
1715:(1916-1918)
1713:Arab Revolt
1704:(1915â1917)
1698:(1915â1917)
1686:(1914-1917)
1680:(1914â1917)
1674:(1914â1921)
1668:(1913â1920)
1656:(1910â1920)
1650:(1900â1920)
1148:July Crisis
1069:(1880â1914)
732:Mesopotamia
610:Home fronts
569:World War I
364:Vladivostok
334:signed the
313:Dissolution
215:World War I
163:World War I
133:Operational
125:Operated by
98: /
73:Coordinates
2678:Categories
2478:Agreements
2278:War crimes
2154:Luxembourg
2047:Casualties
925:Montenegro
760:South West
640:Technology
630:Propaganda
620:Opposition
439:References
332:Bolsheviks
182:Background
2375:Diplomacy
2082:Olympians
2005:Australia
1972:Logistics
1905:Vlora War
1834:(1918â19)
1810:(1918â19)
1804:(1918â19)
1792:(1918â19)
1739:(1916â17)
1721:(1916â17)
1672:Zaian War
1662:(1914â15)
1389:first day
1277:Lusitania
1105:(1912â13)
1099:(1911â12)
1087:(1908â09)
1081:(1905â06)
1063:(1870â71)
852:Principal
712:Gallipoli
615:Memorials
600:Geography
590:Aftermath
371:Footnotes
287:Red Cross
258:Nerchinsk
136:1914â1921
2663:Category
2250:Refugees
2216:Italians
2205:Germans
2165:Ober Ost
1945:Aviation
1046:Timeline
1017:Bulgaria
798:Tsingtao
775:Togoland
722:Caucasus
657:European
649:Theatres
474:Sretensk
469:ĐĄŃĐľŃонŃĐş
449:(1953).
360:Primorie
356:Japanese
274:Druzhina
270:Barguzin
243:Sretensk
229:and the
167:Sretensk
151:Sretensk
115:Sretensk
111:Location
86:117°43â˛E
19:Sretensk
2401:Germany
2301:Germany
2229:Germany
2149:Belgium
2134:Albania
2093:Disease
2073:Sports
2025:Ireland
1938:Warfare
1931:Aspects
1126:Origins
1119:Prelude
1022:Senussi
1002:Germany
997:Leaders
935:Romania
876:Belgium
871:Leaders
770:Kamerun
752:African
687:Romania
665:Balkans
580:Outline
141:Inmates
83:52°15â˛N
2421:Russia
2396:France
2224:Canada
2139:Serbia
2010:Canada
1967:Horses
1919:(1921)
1913:(1920)
1907:(1920)
1901:(1920)
1893:(1920)
1846:(1919)
1840:(1919)
1786:(1918)
1751:(1918)
1745:(1917)
1733:(1916)
1727:(1916)
1692:(1915)
1111:(1913)
1093:(1911)
1075:(1905)
1032:Darfur
957:Serbia
940:Russia
903:Greece
891:France
881:Brazil
727:Persia
670:Serbia
501:
459:168712
457:
302:typhus
282:batmen
203:Serbia
128:Russia
119:Russia
2618:Other
2411:Japan
2406:Italy
2233:camps
2077:Rugby
913:Japan
908:Italy
886:China
780:North
528:8 May
480:8 May
472:[
254:Chita
2198:POWs
1524:1918
1426:1917
1352:1916
1253:1915
1157:1914
962:Siam
765:East
530:2017
499:ISBN
482:2017
455:OCLC
346:and
241:The
237:Camp
2680::
520:.
516:.
403:^
309:.
268:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
117:,
2049:/
561:e
554:t
547:v
532:.
522:1
507:.
484:.
461:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
