42:
236:
55:
404:
1618:
454:
1244:
523:
Brenchley, R.; Spannagl, M.; Pfeifer, M.; Barker, G. L.; d'Amore, R.; Allen, A. M.; McKenzie, N.; Kramer, M.; Kerhornou, A.; Bolser, D.; Kay, S.; Waite, D.; Trick, M.; Bancroft, I.; Gu, Y.; Huo, N.; Luo, M. C.; Sehgal, S.; Gill, B.; Kianian, S.; Anderson, O.; Kersey, P.; Dvorak, J.; McCombie, W. R.;
477:. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.
805:
Sanità Di Toppi, L.; Castagna, A.; Andreozzi, E.; Careri, M.; Predieri, G.; Vurro, E.; Ranieri, A. (2009). "Occurrence of different inter-varietal and inter-organ defence strategies towards supra-optimal zinc concentrations in two cultivars of
498:) are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus
945:
De
Oliveira, Romain; Rimbert, Hélène; Balfourier, François; Kitt, Jonathan; Dynomant, Emeric; Vrána, Jan; Doležel, Jaroslav; Cattonaro, Federica; Paux, Etienne; Choulet, Frédéric (18 August 2020).
281:
Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics.
849:"Harnessing Diversity in Wheat to Enhance Grain Yield, Climate Resilience, Disease and Insect Pest Resistance and Nutrition Through Conventional and Modern Breeding Approaches"
2441:
2503:
1323:
2366:
41:
2454:
2392:
1098:
Ellis, M.; Spielmeyer, W.; Gale, K.; Rebetzke, G.; Richards, R. (2002). ""Perfect" markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat".
2598:
2526:
812:
697:
657:
600:
1047:
2291:
1308:
2731:
2726:
1652:
418:
with
Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the
461:
Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes that reduce the plant's sensitivity to
1100:
1004:
Wheats under
Cultivation: The Role of Domestication, Natural Hybridization and Allopolyploid Speciation in their Diversification"
2428:
1161:
235:
1045:
Rottoli, Mauro; Castiglioni, Elisabetta (19 April 2011). "Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review".
2670:
2577:
2459:
2490:
1532:
626:
363:
give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.
1313:
649:
2624:
2216:
2180:
2675:
2611:
1908:
853:
312:– a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species. Of the six sets of chromosomes, four come from
2508:
384:, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period. Naked wheats (including
263:
species. About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat; it is the most widely grown of all crops and the
54:
2721:
2531:
1931:
1595:
1542:
1522:
1008:
847:
Mondal S, Rutkoski JE, Velu G, Singh PK, Crespo-Herrera LA, Guzmán C, Bhavani S, Lan C, He X, Singh RP (2016).
2616:
2343:
2198:
1993:
1926:
689:
465:, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by
2348:
2322:
2317:
2231:
2103:
2041:
1936:
1263:
592:
2221:
2141:
334:
goatgrass). Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild
2397:
1645:
1333:
951:
181:
718:
2518:
2265:
2036:
1298:
1056:
821:
773:
543:
2335:
2076:
1901:
1894:
1866:
1501:
1154:
344:
2482:
2693:
2330:
2257:
2086:
2081:
1125:
1080:
927:
755:
490:
485:
205:
49:
2685:
2603:
2446:
2552:
2239:
1178:
1117:
1072:
1027:
980:
919:
902:
882:
747:
730:
693:
653:
596:
569:
396:
326:
276:
2652:
2071:
2056:
2051:
2046:
1988:
1958:
1638:
1600:
1392:
1109:
1064:
1017:
970:
960:
947:"Structural Variations Affecting Genes and Transposable Elements of Chromosome 3B in Wheats"
911:
872:
862:
829:
739:
559:
551:
534:
525:
462:
2557:
2420:
900:
Marcussen, T. (2014). "Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat".
2539:
2009:
1527:
1435:
1420:
1328:
682:
Domestication of Old World plants: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia
422:
in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the World War I, grain production in
92:
2152:
1060:
825:
547:
2590:
2585:
1998:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1695:
1621:
1575:
1570:
1496:
1476:
1258:
1228:
1201:
1196:
1147:
975:
946:
877:
848:
564:
529:
470:
466:
390:
79:
2309:
2715:
2066:
2031:
1876:
1812:
1537:
1425:
1303:
1218:
1191:
1084:
931:
759:
673:
645:
415:
309:
197:
105:
1129:
833:
2698:
2244:
1978:
1853:
1844:
1794:
1665:
1270:
1206:
2629:
2384:
2469:
2185:
2172:
2662:
2495:
2477:
2405:
2135:
1774:
1590:
1580:
1517:
1430:
1411:
1369:
1293:
1285:
1275:
1213:
781:
118:
2567:
2162:
403:
2061:
2003:
1605:
1585:
1491:
1445:
1349:
1318:
1113:
1068:
677:
407:
321:
2296:
2126:
1076:
965:
2379:
2304:
2278:
2026:
1950:
1861:
1740:
1735:
1630:
1565:
1481:
1380:
915:
867:
743:
377:
2642:
1121:
1031:
984:
923:
886:
751:
573:
453:
17:
530:"Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing"
2637:
2208:
2120:
1885:
1471:
1440:
1022:
999:
381:
148:
2544:
2358:
555:
2371:
2252:
1915:
1725:
1243:
419:
335:
331:
138:
2410:
2193:
1921:
1705:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1547:
1450:
1415:
1385:
685:
622:
434:
430:
423:
264:
128:
2097:
429:
Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial
2433:
2283:
1983:
1822:
1817:
1804:
1754:
1700:
1690:
1486:
1466:
1374:
1354:
1233:
1223:
1170:
474:
452:
442:
402:
400:) were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100BCE to 300CE .
356:
352:
313:
260:
234:
158:
66:
719:"A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (
2270:
1730:
1715:
1364:
1359:
2101:
1634:
1143:
1720:
1710:
438:
712:
710:
1139:
587:
Bonjean, Alain P. and
William J. Angus, ed. (2001).
2110:
1971:
1949:
1884:
1875:
1852:
1843:
1803:
1753:
1672:
1558:
1510:
1459:
1401:
1342:
1284:
1251:
1177:
704:
Standard reference for evolution and early history.
607:
Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding.
589:The world wheat book: a history of wheat breeding
617:Caligari, P.D.S. and P.E. Brandham, ed. (2001).
1646:
1155:
433:, and has displaced many of the other wheat,
8:
619:Wheat taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival
2098:
1881:
1849:
1762:
1750:
1678:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1162:
1148:
1140:
40:
31:
1021:
974:
964:
876:
866:
563:
441:species that were once commonly used for
524:Hall, A.; Mayer, K. F.; Edwards, K. J.;
359:. As with spelt, genes contributed from
515:
376:Common wheat was first domesticated in
800:
798:
813:Environmental and Experimental Botany
7:
2676:3ac0e795-4de7-4aaf-82bd-bcd2c5ebf301
2519:c776668b-ab80-4d72-8471-8a6924560acf
1048:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
998:Matsuoka, Yoshihiro (1 May 2011).
25:
267:with the highest monetary yield.
2617:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332110-2
1617:
1616:
1242:
1101:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
445:making, particularly in Europe.
53:
834:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.02.008
595:, US: Intercept. p. 1131.
1:
1533:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
627:The Linnean Society of London
650:American Society of Agronomy
473:cultivars of wheat grown in
1314:International Wheat Council
642:Wheat and wheat improvement
481:Other forms of common wheat
2748:
1343:Plant parts and their uses
854:Frontiers in Plant Science
348:(another wild goatgrass).
274:
2019:
1765:
1749:
1681:
1614:
1511:Associated human diseases
1240:
1114:10.1007/s00122-002-1048-4
1069:10.1007/s00334-011-0293-3
1009:Plant and Cell Physiology
640:Heyne, E.G., ed. (1987).
211:
204:
187:
180:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
2732:Plants described in 1753
2727:Medicinal plants of Asia
1543:dermatitis herpetiformis
1523:Gluten-related disorders
1000:"Evolution of Polyploid
966:10.3389/fgene.2020.00891
717:Mayer, K. F. X. (2014).
285:List of common cultivars
1994:Intermediate wheatgrass
916:10.1126/science.1250092
868:10.3389/fpls.2016.00991
744:10.1126/science.1251788
690:Oxford University Press
2042:History of agriculture
1294:Australian Wheat Board
593:Andover, Massachusetts
458:
411:
355:is closely related to
243:
1334:Wheat pools in Canada
1324:Production statistics
952:Frontiers in Genetics
457:Ears of compact wheat
456:
406:
275:Further information:
238:
2037:Neolithic Revolution
1972:Emerging grain crops
1299:Canadian Wheat Board
692:(OUP). p. 316.
414:Wheat first reached
2077:Genetic engineering
1061:2011VegHA..20..495R
826:2009EnvEB..66..220S
556:10.1038/nature11650
548:2012Natur.491..705B
528:; Hall, N. (2012).
2087:Crop wild relative
2082:Selective breeding
1909:A. hypochondriacus
1108:(6–7): 1038–1042.
1023:10.1093/pcp/pcr018
491:Triticum compactum
488:(e.g., club wheat
459:
412:
308:Bread wheat is an
259:, is a cultivated
244:
2709:
2708:
2568:Triticum_aestivum
2553:Open Tree of Life
2336:Triticum aestivum
2199:triticum-aestivum
2142:Triticum aestivum
2112:Triticum aestivum
2104:Taxon identifiers
2095:
2094:
1967:
1966:
1945:
1944:
1927:Pitseed goosefoot
1867:Tartary buckwheat
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1628:
1627:
1402:Basic preparation
910:(6194): 1250092.
808:Triticum aestivum
776:Triticum aestivum
738:(6194): 1251788.
721:Triticum aestivum
699:978-0-19-850356-9
659:978-0-89118-091-3
602:978-1-898298-72-4
386:Triticum aestivum
380:during the early
361:Aegilops tauschii
327:Aegilops tauschii
318:Triticum turgidum
277:Taxonomy of wheat
255:), also known as
252:Triticum aestivum
233:
232:
191:Triticum aestivum
16:(Redirected from
2739:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2496:NBNSYS0000002689
2486:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2099:
2072:Green Revolution
2057:Tell Abu Hureyra
2052:Fertile Crescent
2047:Natufian culture
1989:Indian ricegrass
1882:
1850:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1679:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1601:Tell Abu Hureyra
1559:Related concepts
1460:As an ingredient
1246:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
995:
989:
988:
978:
968:
942:
936:
935:
897:
891:
890:
880:
870:
844:
838:
837:
802:
793:
792:
790:
788:
770:
764:
763:
727:
714:
705:
703:
670:
664:
663:
637:
631:
630:
614:
608:
606:
584:
578:
577:
567:
542:(7426): 705–10.
520:
496:T. sphaerococcum
463:gibberellic acid
227:
223:Triticum vulgare
219:
215:Triticum sativum
193:
173:T. aestivum
58:
57:
44:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2722:Wheat cultivars
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2540:Observation.org
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2467:MichiganFlora:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2015:
2010:Oryza coarctata
1963:
1941:
1871:
1827:
1799:
1756:
1745:
1668:
1659:
1629:
1624:
1610:
1554:
1528:coeliac disease
1506:
1455:
1397:
1338:
1329:Protein premium
1280:
1247:
1238:
1173:
1168:
1138:
1137:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1044:
1043:
1039:
997:
996:
992:
944:
943:
939:
899:
898:
894:
846:
845:
841:
804:
803:
796:
786:
784:
772:
771:
767:
725:
716:
715:
708:
700:
672:
671:
667:
660:
652:. p. 765.
639:
638:
634:
616:
615:
611:
603:
586:
585:
581:
522:
521:
517:
512:
494:, but in India
483:
451:
374:
369:
351:Free-threshing
324:) and two from
306:
287:
279:
273:
225:
217:
200:
195:
189:
176:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:wfo-0000905667
2690:
2680:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2353:
2340:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2288:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2132:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1999:Kangaroo grass
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Refined grains
1573:
1571:Plant breeding
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1497:Wheat germ oil
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1259:Wheat diseases
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1090:
1055:(5): 495–506.
1037:
1016:(5): 750–764.
990:
937:
892:
839:
794:
778:(bread wheat)"
765:
706:
698:
674:Zohary, Daniel
665:
658:
632:
629:. p. 190.
609:
601:
579:
514:
513:
511:
508:
486:Compact wheats
482:
479:
467:Norman Borlaug
450:
449:Plant breeding
447:
373:
370:
368:
365:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
286:
283:
272:
269:
231:
230:
229:
228:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
196:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Domestication
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Founder crops
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Amaranthaceae
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Pseudocereals
1842:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:pseudocereals
1663:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:wheat allergy
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Corn exchange
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:
994:
991:
986:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
953:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
896:
893:
888:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
855:
850:
843:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
801:
799:
795:
783:
779:
777:
769:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
724:
722:
713:
711:
707:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
666:
661:
655:
651:
647:
646:Madison, Wis.
643:
636:
633:
628:
624:
620:
613:
610:
604:
598:
594:
590:
583:
580:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
519:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:North America
409:
405:
401:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
371:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
346:
345:A. speltoides
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:allohexaploid
303:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
242:
237:
224:
221:
216:
213:
212:
210:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
35:Common wheat
33:
30:
19:
2111:
2008:
1979:Canary grass
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1854:Polygonaceae
1769:
1701:Maize (Corn)
1502:Wheat gluten
1271:Wheat mildew
1207:Winter wheat
1186:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1013:
1007:
1001:
993:
956:
950:
940:
907:
901:
895:
858:
852:
842:
817:
811:
807:
785:. Retrieved
775:
768:
735:
729:
720:
681:
668:
641:
635:
618:
612:
588:
582:
539:
533:
526:Bevan, M. W.
518:
503:
499:
495:
489:
484:
460:
428:
413:
395:
389:
385:
375:
360:
350:
343:
339:
325:
317:
307:
280:
256:
251:
250:
247:Common wheat
246:
245:
240:
222:
214:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
112:
99:
86:
73:
29:
2478:NatureServe
2406:iNaturalist
2136:Wikispecies
1902:A. cruentus
1895:A. caudatus
1696:Job's tears
1591:Whole grain
1581:Staple food
1518:Anaphylaxis
1276:Hessian fly
782:Kew Gardens
678:Hopf, Maria
500:T. aestivum
397:T. turgidum
367:Cultivation
320:, itself a
257:bread wheat
145:Subfamily:
119:Commelinids
93:Angiosperms
18:T. aestivum
2716:Categories
2683:WisFlora:
2591:kew-448365
2586:Plant List
2229:Calflora:
2062:Tell Aswad
2004:Nipa grass
1757:(Triticum)
1606:Tell Aswad
1596:Shattering
1586:Wheatpaste
1566:Bread riot
1492:Wheat beer
1446:Parboiling
1319:Peak wheat
820:(2): 220.
510:References
408:Deggendorf
322:tetraploid
2380:GrassBase
2349:200026445
2323:200026445
2305:FloraBase
2027:Triticeae
1951:Lamiaceae
1862:Buckwheat
1741:Wild rice
1736:Triticale
1482:Flatbread
1436:Middlings
1381:Endosperm
1085:128545750
1077:0939-6314
932:206554636
787:1 October
760:206555738
723:) genome"
504:compactum
426:doubled.
410:, Germany
378:West Asia
340:T. urartu
304:Phylogeny
290:Albimonte
167:Species:
63:Kingdom:
2671:VicFlora
2660:VASCAN:
2643:25510034
2638:Tropicos
2565:PalDat:
2483:2.144363
2447:11133543
2434:332110-2
2385:imp10683
2206:BioLib:
2121:Wikidata
2023:See also
1886:Amaranth
1790:Norin 10
1785:Red Fife
1780:Khorasan
1622:Category
1472:Couscous
1441:Semolina
1252:Agronomy
1229:Khorasan
1202:Red Fife
1197:Norin 10
1130:22854512
1122:12582931
1032:21317146
1002:Triticum
985:33014014
924:25035499
887:27458472
752:25035500
680:(2000).
574:23192148
471:Norin 10
420:prairies
391:T. durum
382:Holocene
330:(a wild
299:Hilliard
271:Taxonomy
241:aestivum
206:Synonyms
160:Triticum
149:Pooideae
135:Family:
106:Monocots
2653:5414804
2372:2706391
2271:1115240
2253:Ecocrop
2127:Q161098
1932:Cañihua
1916:Celosia
1813:Einkorn
1726:Sorghum
1706:Millets
1674:Cereals
1662:Cereals
1477:Cracker
1421:Milling
1412:Berries
1393:Sprouts
1309:Exports
1219:Einkorn
1192:Marquis
1057:Bibcode
976:7461782
959:: 891.
903:Science
878:4933717
861:: 991.
822:Bibcode
731:Science
565:3510651
544:Bibcode
502:subsp.
372:History
336:einkorn
332:diploid
296:Shirley
293:Manital
155:Genus:
139:Poaceae
125:Order:
67:Plantae
2650:uBio:
2630:142255
2599:PLANTS
2516:NZOR:
2398:410383
2359:TRIAES
2356:FoIO:
2297:193825
2222:121144
2194:ARKive
2170:APDB:
2150:AoFP:
1937:Djulis
1922:Quinoa
1795:Winter
1755:Wheat
1686:Barley
1548:ataxia
1451:Bulgur
1426:Farina
1416:groats
1386:Gluten
1377:(husk)
1187:Common
1128:
1120:
1083:
1075:
1030:
983:
973:
930:
922:
885:
875:
758:
750:
696:
686:Oxford
656:
648:, US:
623:London
599:
572:
562:
535:Nature
437:, and
435:barley
431:baking
424:Kansas
394:, and
342:) and
265:cereal
129:Poales
2578:11594
2575:PFI:
2558:31926
2527:NZPCN
2460:42237
2442:IRMNG
2418:IPA:
2411:64161
2331:FoAO2
2292:EUNIS
2284:TRZAX
2245:5944Q
2209:42537
2186:88527
2173:52198
2160:APA:
1984:Drinn
1823:Spelt
1818:Emmer
1805:Farro
1775:Durum
1770:Bread
1691:Fonio
1487:Pasta
1467:Bread
1431:Flour
1375:Chaff
1355:Straw
1350:Stalk
1286:Trade
1234:Spelt
1224:Emmer
1214:Durum
1179:Types
1171:Wheat
1126:S2CID
1081:S2CID
928:S2CID
810:L.".
756:S2CID
726:(PDF)
475:Japan
469:from
443:bread
357:spelt
353:wheat
314:emmer
261:wheat
239:ssp.
226:Vill.
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
2686:5289
2663:7998
2612:POWO
2604:TRAE
2545:7582
2532:2577
2509:4565
2504:NCBI
2470:2245
2455:ITIS
2429:IPNI
2421:6539
2393:GRIN
2367:GBIF
2279:EPPO
2258:2114
2232:8165
2217:BOLD
2181:APNI
2163:5079
2153:1851
1959:Chia
1731:Teff
1716:Rice
1711:Oats
1664:and
1408:None
1370:Germ
1365:Bran
1360:Seed
1264:list
1118:PMID
1073:ISSN
1028:PMID
981:PMID
920:PMID
883:PMID
789:2016
748:PMID
694:ISBN
654:ISBN
597:ISBN
570:PMID
218:Lam.
2694:WFO
2625:RHS
2491:NBN
2344:FoC
2318:FNA
2310:708
2266:EoL
2240:CoL
1721:Rye
1414:or
1110:doi
1106:105
1065:doi
1018:doi
971:PMC
961:doi
912:doi
908:345
873:PMC
863:doi
830:doi
740:doi
736:345
560:PMC
552:doi
540:491
506:).
439:rye
2718::
2696::
2673::
2640::
2627::
2614::
2601::
2588::
2555::
2542::
2529::
2506::
2493::
2480::
2457::
2444::
2431::
2408::
2395::
2382::
2369::
2346::
2333::
2320::
2307::
2294::
2281::
2268::
2255::
2242::
2219::
2196::
2183::
2138::
2123::
1124:.
1116:.
1104:.
1079:.
1071:.
1063:.
1053:20
1051:.
1026:.
1014:52
1012:.
1006:.
979:.
969:.
957:11
955:.
949:.
926:.
918:.
906:.
881:.
871:.
857:.
851:.
828:.
818:66
816:.
797:^
780:.
754:.
746:.
734:.
728:.
709:^
688::
684:.
676:;
644:.
625::
621:.
591:.
568:.
558:.
550:.
538:.
532:.
388:,
198:L.
115::
102::
89::
76::
1654:e
1647:t
1640:v
1163:e
1156:t
1149:v
1132:.
1112::
1087:.
1067::
1059::
1034:.
1020::
987:.
963::
934:.
914::
889:.
865::
859:7
836:.
832::
824::
791:.
774:"
762:.
742::
702:.
662:.
605:.
576:.
554::
546::
338:(
316:(
249:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
