596:, discusses the increasing use of public measures for evaluating the performance of individuals and organizations, highlighting their significant social impact on accountability and governance. Using media rankings of law schools as a case study, it emphasizes the concept of reactivity—how people change their behavior in response to being evaluated. The authors demonstrate that these measures have numerous unintended consequences and identify mechanisms like self-fulfilling prophecy and commensuration that drive reactivity. They outline effects such as redistribution of resources, redefinition of work, and proliferation of gaming strategies. The article suggests that the growing influence of these measures necessitates more systematic scholarly investigation due to their profound negative impact on institutions and the potential to perpetuate inequalities. Lastly, it raises ethical concerns about the implications of these measures, noting their influence on the redistribution of resources and the reinforcement of inequalities.
30:
152:
580:—a repository for draft and completed scholarship in law and the social sciences—publishes monthly rankings of law schools based on the number of times faculty members' scholarship was downloaded. Rankings are available by total number of downloads, total number of downloads within the last 12 months, and downloads per faculty member to adjust for the size of different institutions. SSRN also provides rankings of individual law school faculty members on these metrics.
645:, has not allowed these criticisms to go unanswered. They regularly outline and justify their methodology alongside the rankings, and have even published defenses of their value. Additionally, law professors William Henderson and Andrew Morriss have come out with a study criticizing law schools' (and the ABA's) refusal to adopt any better objective comparison method for the continued widespread reliance on
622:
contains information on all 200 ABA-Approved Law
Schools. This reference, called The Official Guide to ABA-Approved Law Schools is provided free online and also in print for a small cost. A similar guide for Canadian Law Schools is also published by the Law School Admission Council and is called Official Guide to Canadian Law Schools. These guides seek to serve as an alternative to the
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709:, Jane Easter Bahls stated that, in order to appear more selective, some law schools reject applicants whose high LSAT scores indicate that they probably would go somewhere else. Other schools, in an attempt to increase the amount of money spent per student, increase tuition and return it to the students as financial aid.
675:
of "refus to consider diversity as a factor in its ranking system." Gold asserted that "here is a broad consensus among law school deans and professors that diversity enriches law school education." Loyola, which has a large Asian student body, claims 37% of its students are "minorities", but it does
588:
Among the criticisms of law school rankings is that they are arbitrary in the characteristics they measure and the value given to each one. Another complaint is that a prospective law student should take into account the "fit" and appropriateness of each school, and that there is not a "one size fits
621:
As a response to the prevalence of law school rankings, the ABA and the LSAC publish an annual law school guide. This guide, which does not seek to rank or sort law schools by any criteria, instead seeks to provide the reader with a set of standard, important data on which to judge law schools. It
637:
in 1992, which outlined many fundamental problems with modern legal education and called for reform in
American law schools. While the report was hailed as a "template for modern legal education", its practice-oriented tenets have met resistance by law schools continually ranked in the "top 13."
779:
Solorzano, Lucia; Walsh, Maureen; Taylor, Ronald A.; Work, Clemens P.; Kalb, Deborah; Blaug, Elizabeth; Golden, Sharon F.; Burke, Sarah; Hiotas, Cecilia; Rosenfeld, David; Yuill, Barbara (November 2, 1987). "Special Report: America's Best
Professional Schools - Law Schools: Brains for the Bar".
76:, or others), or some combination of these. Such rankings are often consulted by prospective students as they choose which schools they will apply to or which school they will attend. There are several different law school rankings, each of which has a different emphasis and methodology.
487:
In 2017, the
Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) released its rankings of world universities in the subject of law by taking into account only the academic strength of the institution. In 2021, ARWU ranked all T-14 US Law Schools within the world's top 20 law schools.
399:
annual rankings. Schools that have most frequently taken the top 14 spots are commonly referred to as the "Top 14" by published books on law school admissions, undergraduate university pre-law advisers, professional law school consultants, and newspaper articles on the subject.
603:, which has consistently refused to support or participate in law school rankings, has issued disclaimers on law school rating systems, and encourages prospective law students to consider a variety of factors in making their choice among schools. Further, the
683:
rankings by declining to submit admissions data, with
University of Chicago Law School and Cornell Law School continuing to do so. One of their criticisms was that the rankings don't give enough credit to programs that train lawyers interested in
692:
pledged to modify its law school rankings to capture the individual nuances of each school. Additionally, the magazine said that it will continue ranking all fully accredited law schools, regardless of whether schools agree to submit their data.
925:
657:
to adjust its methodology accordingly, resulting in a counter-productive cycle. They go on to suggest that the ABA should use its accreditation power to mandate greater transparency in law schools' statistical reporting.
394:
itself, the term is "widely known in the legal community". While these schools have seen their position within the highest-rated group shift frequently, they have consistently placed within the top 14 of the
385:
There exists an informal and unofficial category known as the "Top
Fourteen", "Top 14", or "T14", which has historically referred to the institutions that most frequently claim the top 14 spots in the yearly
104:
groups the remaining schools, or the bottom 25 percent of those that are ranked, into a "Rank Not
Published" group. Schools that fall into this category are listed alphabetically and not by actual ranking.
123:
published its first attempt at ranking U.S. law schools in 1987. The magazine has continuously published updated rankings on an annual basis since 1990. There has been great consistency at the top of the
1628:
1489:
614:
s ranking system. Carl Monk, its former executive director, once went so far as to say "these rankings are a misleading and deceptive, profit-generating commercial enterprise that compromises
935:
390:
ranking of
American law schools, with T14 schools remaining the only ones to have ever placed within the top ten spots in these rankings. Although "T14" is not a designation used by
1032:
1287:
151:
1379:
753:
705:
in particular play a role in the world of legal education. This pressure has also resulted in various schools "gaming the rankings". In a March 2003 article in
1230:
Espeland, W. N., & Sauder, M. (2007). Rankings and reactivity: How public measures recreate social worlds. American journal of sociology, 113(1), 1-40.
515:
ranks the top 50 law schools by the percentage of juris doctor graduates who took jobs at NLJ 250 firms, the nation's largest by headcount as identified by
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1258:
800:
466:
441:
319:
283:
534:
The 2020 QS World
University Rankings for Law ranked 14 U.S. institutions in the top 50 worldwide. The U.S. institutions in the top 10 were
1305:
566:
471:
351:
502:
Several ranking systems are explicitly designed to focus on employment outcomes at or shortly after graduation, including rankings by the
1181:
604:
140:
have historically clustered at the top of the list, Harvard was recently replaced by the
University of Chicago in the third place spot.
100:
organizes rankings into two main sections: the first is a "Top 145" listing the top 145 schools in order from highest to lowest ranked.
1061:
900:
461:
436:
303:
185:
877:
456:
426:
335:
287:
577:
41:
376:
1291:
1243:
765:
726:
679:
Between November and December 2022, 12 of the 14 "T14" law Schools announced that they would no longer participate in the
593:
421:
217:
878:"Back to the Future in Law Schools Symposium: The Profession and the Academy: Addressing Major Changes in Law Practice"
1494:
1163:
1083:
88:
29:
930:
589:
all" ranking. Others complain that common rankings shortchange schools due to geographical or demographic reasons.
1097:
551:
451:
165:
1433:
1336:
Measuring Outcomes: Post-Graduation Measures of Success in the U.S. News & World Report Law School Rankings
630:
600:
1438:
1029:
850:
1203:
985:
1217:
1275:
1002:
504:
53:
1352:
407:
ranking of American law schools, commonly known as the "Top 14" or "T14" are, in alphabetical order
1575:
1007:
555:
543:
522:
s annual survey. It provides an alternative comparison of its own employment-based rankings to the
446:
411:
267:
181:
137:
535:
431:
416:
233:
201:
133:
57:
1309:
1327:
653:
ranking by manipulating postgraduation employment statistics or applicant selectivity have led
1592:
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662:
547:
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1126:
1053:
1036:
667:
634:
539:
476:
367:
129:
1466:
1410:
926:"In 2013 Best Law School Rankings, Top Schools Switch Spots - US News and World Report"
685:
1617:
1122:
65:
801:"US News law school rankings are released; Pepperdine's mistake costs it a ranking"
109:
also ranks each school's specialty programs using a similar method, if applicable.
1490:"U.S. News Best Law Schools Rankings Will Continue to Inform Prospective Students"
1571:"The Interplay between Ranking Criteria and Effects: Toward Responsible Rankings"
981:
1380:"University Of Chicago, Cornell Law Schools To Continue With U.S. News Rankings"
1127:"Ranking Law Schools with LSATs, Employment Outcomes, and Law Review Citations"
45:
1142:
825:
998:
49:
48:. Like college and university rankings, law school rankings can be based on
1434:"Law Schools Dropping Out Of US News Rankings Like It's A Crypto Exchange"
1406:"Top Law Schools Snub 'US News' Rankings, Marking Shift in Legal Industry"
649:. Henderson and Morriss allege that law schools' attempts to "game" their
61:
1588:
1516:
969:
965:
961:
957:
73:
17:
901:"Is T14 Dead? Is It T15? T13? Was T14 An Arbitrary Ranking All Along?"
701:
Despite these criticisms, law school rankings in general and those by
96:) is considered to be the most influential ranking among law schools.
69:
1570:
1335:
1054:"ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2021 - Law"
28:
1231:
403:
The schools that most frequently have appeared at the top of the
1462:"US News to Change Law School Rankings After Yale, Harvard Quit"
1353:"What's Really Behind U.S. News' Refusal to Consider Diversity?"
1339:
251:
242:
1259:"Judge Not, Law Schools Demand of a Magazine That Ranks Them"
1579:. Symposium on the Next Generation of Law School Rankings.
592:
An article by Espeland and Sauder (2007), published in the
380:"T14" law schools, historically (public schools in blue)
1545:"American Bar Association Website/ABA for Law Students"
665:
Dean Victor Gold in Los Angeles penned an op-ed in the
1629:
University and college rankings in the United States
1288:"Crossing the Bar – Law Schools and Their Disciples"
1182:"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2018: Law"
888:(2): 451 – via DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law.
452:University of California, Berkeley School of Law
1098:"Another Law School Ranking System: Any Good?"
899:Mystal, Elie; Patrice, Joe (March 15, 2017).
727:"Methodology: 2023 Best Law Schools Rankings"
626:Rankings and law school rankings in general.
8:
1184:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. February 22, 2018
982:University of Dayton Prelaw Advising Website
276:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1306:"U.S. News Defense of Law School Rankings"
641:Ranking systems, most prominently that of
113:ranked 196 schools in 2016. Each school's
1539:
1537:
754:"The Durability of Law School Reputation"
491:
558:ranked tenth. Every other law school in
132:consistently ranking first. While Yale,
1460:Maglione, Francesca (January 3, 2023).
799:Weiss, Debra Cassens (March 20, 2018).
718:
1569:Stake, Jeffrey Evans (April 7, 2005).
1204:"SSRN - SSRN Top 350 U.S. Law Schools"
1058:Academic Ranking of World Universities
826:"Top Law School Rankings From US News"
483:Academic Ranking of World Universities
752:Schmalbeck, Richard (December 1998).
467:University of Pennsylvania Law School
442:Northwestern University School of Law
128:rankings since their inception, with
117:ranking tends to fluctuate annually.
7:
1064:from the original on August 11, 2021
567:University of Virginia School of Law
472:University of Virginia School of Law
174:
1488:Morse, Robert (November 17, 2022).
1218:"SSRN - SSRN Top 3,000 Law Authors"
934:. December 20, 2012. Archived from
605:Association of American Law Schools
1432:Patrice, Joe (November 18, 2022).
1257:Hoffman, Jan (February 19, 1998).
328:
25:
1404:Song, Zijia (December 12, 2022).
1131:Indiana Law Journal Supplement 55
462:University of Michigan Law School
437:New York University School of Law
1624:Law schools in the United States
457:University of Chicago Law School
427:Georgetown University Law Center
359:
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275:
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209:
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158:
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150:
1084:"Ranking the Go-To Law Schools"
766:Duke Law Scholarship Repository
578:Social Science Research Network
573:Social Science Research Network
226:
194:
42:college and university rankings
1232:https://doi.org/10.1086/517897
607:has also voiced criticisms of
1:
986:SUNY Binghamton press release
876:Reynolds, William L. (2011).
594:American Journal of Sociology
422:Duke University School of Law
1495:U.S. News & World Report
855:U.S. News & World Report
782:U.S. News & World Report
673:U.S. News & World Report
618:'s journalistic integrity."
616:U.S. News & World Report
560:U.S. News & World Report
530:QS World University Rankings
405:U.S. News & World Report
388:U.S. News & World Report
360:
312:
210:
89:U.S. News & World Report
81:U.S. News & World Report
956:See, for example, books by
676:not provide any specifics.
538:, which ranked first, with
498:s Go-To Law School Rankings
1645:
1334:, Jun. 18, 2007; see also
1244:"ABA-Approved Law Schools"
931:U.S. News and World Report
758:Journal of Legal Education
731:US News & World Report
44:dealing specifically with
1338:, Morriss and Henderson,
552:UC Berkeley School of Law
52:, subjectively-perceived
40:are a specific subset of
631:American Bar Association
601:American Bar Association
517:The National Law Journal
1164:"Go-To vs. 'U.S. News'"
851:"2023 Best Law Schools"
1294:on September 28, 2007.
584:Criticisms of rankings
565:s T14 rankings except
34:
764:(4): 571 – via
32:
1549:ABA for Law Students
1168:National Law Journal
938:on December 20, 2012
569:made the QS Top 50.
554:ranked seventh, and
513:National Law Journal
505:National Law Journal
493:National Law Journal
377:class=notpageimage|
1589:10.2139/ssrn.700862
1576:Indiana Law Journal
1378:Esaki-Smith, Anna.
1276:The MacCrate Report
1125:(January 1, 2016).
1008:The Washington Post
882:Maryland Law Review
556:Columbia Law School
544:Stanford Law School
447:Stanford Law School
412:Columbia Law School
38:Law school rankings
1263:The New York Times
1035:2014-07-18 at the
697:Impact of rankings
629:Additionally, the
536:Harvard Law School
432:Harvard Law School
417:Cornell Law School
144:Top 14 law schools
35:
1328:Rankling Rankings
1028:See the complete
1001:(April 6, 2005).
663:Loyola Law School
548:NYU School of Law
16:(Redirected from
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1359:. March 21, 2011
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1312:on July 9, 2006.
1308:. Archived from
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1290:. Archived from
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857:. March 28, 2022
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1003:"Career Advice"
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688:. In response,
668:Huffington Post
661:In March 2011,
635:MacCrate Report
611:
586:
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542:ranked fourth,
540:Yale Law School
532:
519:
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477:Yale Law School
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33:Yale Law School
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733:. May 10, 2023
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707:Student Lawyer
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686:public service
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550:ranked sixth,
546:ranked fifth,
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