447:
730:
718:
754:
742:
49:
766:
417:
tank; once fired, the launcher could be detached and discarded, allowing the tank to be used in conventional combat, while the "xylophone", officially the T27, was carried on a 2½-ton truck's cargo bed. A 120-round launcher, designated T44, and a 144-round T45 launcher were also developed; these were
404:
Operational service showed some drawbacks in the M8's performance; ground launch resulted in the rockets' fin stabilizers proving ineffective, reducing the accuracy of the rocket; despite this, it was considered an effective barrage weapon. Due to the lack of accuracy, when ground-launched, it was
454:
The method of launching the M8 from the wings of fighters were finally solved by the development of an M10 triple-tube launcher made of plastic or alloy. However, the modification required to adapt existing aircraft to carry these launchers was vastly more complicated than that required for the
433:
The M8 showed poor effectiveness against hardened targets; this resulted in the development of the Super M8, which had larger fins, a more powerful rocket and a more powerful warhead. The Super M8 underwent testing in late 1944, but failed to see combat. The M8 was replaced by the improved
674:
60 round launcher better known as the
Calliope. It was made of plywood and had two rows of sixteen rockets above and two double rows of seven below. These were mounted on M4A1 tanks with traverse and elevation controlled by the turret. This arrangement of tubes was adopted to lessen
471:
of the USAAF in Italy, Northwest Europe, south-east Asia and
Pacific theatres from the second half of 1944, before being gradually replaced by the HVAR. However, the air-launched rocket was never a popular weapon with US fighter-bomber squadrons in Europe.
379:
The initial production model was given the Army designation of M8; improvements resulted in the M8A3, with a more powerful rocket engine and enlarged fins, and the T22, which had improved reliability and modifications to make the rocket safer.
348:
rocket), which proved less than satisfactory for ground-launched rockets as their initial low velocity and resulting low fin forces led to wandering in the first moments of flight. (Modern implementations of this system like the
1160:
Source: Memo, Lt Col J. W. Gruitch for C. W. Bunch, Office of
Commitments and Requirements Div., 15 Aug 44. sub: Comparison of 4.5" Type and 5" HVAR Rockets, Hq USAF file. Office of DCofS for Development.
376:
bomber, but this never became operational. There were considerable problems with the propellant, the fuses and the underwing launching tubes, all of which considerably delayed operational deployment.
332:. The specifications were agreed in the summer of 1941 after examining equivalent British rockets. Skinner produced the first prototypes which were tested at Aberdeen that fall, improvised from old
622:
single-shot launcher with two front and one rear leg. The launcher was 48 in (1.2 m) long and weighed 52 lb (24 kg). It was made of plastic and was disposable.
1988:
664:
L60 round launcher better known as the
Calliope. It was made of plywood and had two rows of eighteen rockets above and two double rows of six below. These were mounted on
2003:
1993:
1998:
1425:
1265:
1293:
463:
and was better in some respects than the M8 in performance. The M8 was initially available in greater numbers than the HVAR, and was fitted to
409:; the most commonly used being eight- and 60-tube launchers, called "xylophones" and "calliopes" respectively. The officially-named U.S. Army
1308:
1288:
1224:
1079:
987:
920:
640:
8 round launcher mounted on a 2.5 ton a truck chassis. There was no traversing mechanism but it was able to be elevated from -5° to +45°.
321:
1132:
1122:
871:
753:
360:
had ordered 3,500 rockets before any had been actually fitted to an aircraft and it was hoped to have them operational in time for
729:
802:, Soviet World War II rocket system, of which one version fired various types of 82mm (3.23 inch) calibre rockets, called "M-8"
1797:
1418:
1392:
1258:
1194:
717:
980:
Sources of Weapon
Systems Innovation in the Department of Defense: The Role of In-House Research and Development, 1945-2000
1361:
1313:
456:
393:
741:
1376:
1333:
613:
1366:
1346:
446:
1411:
1251:
468:
765:
356:
Original priority was given to an air-to-ground version. Confidence in the initial results was so high that the
1403:
1011:
The
Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions For War. The Technical Services: United States Army In World War II
799:
609:
368:
E fighter on July 6, 1942 resulted in a procurement order for 600,000 units. Development began on a reloadable
325:
261:
135:
1862:
1852:
1148:
668:
with traverse and elevation controlled by the turret. The launcher was expendable after two or three salvos.
692:
464:
310:
302:
128:
836:
289:. Produced in the millions, it was fired from both air- and ground-based launchers; it was replaced by the
1280:
887:
131:
1318:
28:
705:, LVTs, and trucks. There was no traversing mechanism but it was able to be elevated from -5° to +35°.
313:
in 1932. Little interest was shown by the US Armed Forces however, until the introduction of a
British
365:
314:
120:
1045:
337:
1827:
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953:
1953:
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1434:
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269:
124:
87:
83:
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1323:
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1190:
1169:
1128:
1075:
983:
916:
867:
793:
427:
333:
329:
102:
48:
1009:
1943:
1243:
782:
406:
317:; both nations exchanged their research data before the United States entered World War II.
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1600:
1575:
1514:
1504:
1479:
1228:
369:
361:
1095:
392:, which classified the M8 as a "barrage rocket". The rocket was also widely used by the
53:
M8 rockets being launched from a "Calliope" multiple launcher mounted on a
Sherman tank.
1696:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
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364:, the invasion of North Africa, in October 1942. The successful launch of an M8 from a
306:
1982:
1716:
1665:
1655:
1183:
430:
amphibious warfare vessels. Single- and twin-14-round launchers were also developed.
257:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1650:
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1449:
1356:
895:. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: The Ordnance School. February 1944. p. 4.
435:
410:
341:
290:
286:
1050:
Directory of U.S. Military
Rockets and Missiles, Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles
958:
Directory of U.S. Military
Rockets and Missiles, Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles
927:
UK and US made an exchange of data on their development before US entered the war.
820:
1776:
1766:
1701:
1630:
702:
646:
8 round launcher capable of being broken down into multiple loads for transport.
396:. Over 2,500,000 of the M8 type rocket had been produced by the end of the war.
1026:
353:
grenade launcher spin the projectile before leaving the tube to prevent that.)
1927:
907:
665:
634:
reusable single-shot launcher made of magnesium. The rear leg was adjustable.
414:
265:
1147:
Green, Constance McLaughlin ; Thompson, Harry C. ; Roots, Peter C.
336:
tanks for rocket casings, thereby determining the 4.5 inch diameter. It was
17:
1204:
1124:
Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe 1943-45
1008:
Green, Constance McLaughlin; Thomson, Harry C.; Roots, Peter C. (1953).
593:
196 pounds (6 rockets total, from 2 M10 triple-tube cluster launchers).
388:
Entering service in 1943, the M8 family of rockets saw service with the
1922:
1917:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1822:
1807:
1802:
1341:
460:
821:
Arsenal of Democracy: The American Automobile Industry in World War II
1948:
450:
The M10 triple-tube rocket launcher for M8 rockets, shown for a P-47.
282:
580:—10 °F to 105 °F (M8A3), -20 °F to 120 °F (T22)
1234:
War Department Technical Manual 9-395 4.5" Aircraft Rocket Matériel
1074:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 44.
445:
357:
350:
1239:
War Department Technical Manual 9-394 4.5" Ground Rocket Matériel
687:
120 round fixed launcher. No elevation or traverse. Mounted on
787:
688:
423:
1407:
1247:
340:
by base-hinged flip-out fins on the tail, a system patented by
915:. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). p. 14.
345:
982:. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 22.
681:
60 round launcher with square steel rails instead of tubes.
658:
24 round launcher with square steel rails instead of tubes.
226:
285:
developed and used by the United States military during
608:
3-round launcher for carriage by aircraft, such as the
459:(HVAR) or "Holy Moses" which had been developed by the
1046:"U.S. Army 4.5-Inch Barrage & Bombardment Rockets"
796:, British ground-launched rocket battery based on RP-3
1072:
Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology
1936:
1790:
1684:
1538:
1442:
1385:
1332:
1279:
1149:
The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War
249:
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98:
93:
79:
74:
66:
58:
39:
1182:
652:24 round launcher with three rows of eight tubes.
992:. Center of Military History Publication 51-2-1.
1170:Page 4 illustration of M10 triple-tube launcher
837:The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply
305:in the United States was conducted by Colonel
27:Not to be confused with the M-8 rocket of the
1419:
1259:
8:
62:Air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket
34:Air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket
1003:
1001:
999:
864:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
1989:Air-to-ground rockets of the United States
1426:
1412:
1404:
1266:
1252:
1244:
1039:
1037:
1035:
481:Comparison of 5-Inch and 4.5-Inch Rockets
372:that could be fitted in the bomb bay of a
36:
2004:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1941
1994:World War II weapons of the United States
1437:missile and rocket designations 1948–1963
1274:World War II rockets of the United States
1222:4.5 inch rocket in Smithsonian collection
1189:. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co.
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
547:Approximate penetration of Class A armor
479:
301:The first modern research into military
1999:Air-to-air rockets of the United States
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
812:
713:
560:Penetration of good reinforced concrete
413:launch system was mounted on top of a
1096:"P-38 being loaded with rockets 1945"
586:Weight of plane mounting installation
7:
577:0 to 120 °F (−18 to 49 °C)
528:5.1 pounds (M8A3), 4.3 pounds (T22)
512:1,300 feet per second (400 m/s)
909:The Rocket Artillery Reference Book
833:Thomson, Harry C. ; Mayo, Lida
322:National Defense Research Committee
320:The M8 rocket was developed by the
25:
889:Rockets and Launchers - All Types
344:in 1930 (and also used on German
866:. New York: Orbis. p. 175.
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
209:4.75 lb (2.15 kg) fuel
47:
954:"Air-Launched 4.5-Inch Rockets"
701:2x14 round launchers fitted to
1070:van Riper, A. Boudoin (2004).
151:
1:
790:- British air-launched rocket
457:High Velocity Aircraft Rocket
394:United States Army Air Forces
281:was a 4.5-inch (114 mm)
233:880 ft/s (270 m/s)
231:600 mph (970 km/h)
1791:Unguided rockets, 1940–1963
1181:Chamberlain, Peter (1975).
978:Lassman, Thomas C. (2008).
573:Operating temperature range
221:4,600 yd (4.2 km)
2020:
862:Chris Bishop, ed. (1998).
614:Republic P-47D Thunderbolt
469:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts
405:being launched from large
26:
1962:
1127:. Routledge. p. 73.
198:
194:4.3 lb (2.0 kg)
186:4.5 in (114 mm)
67:Place of origin
46:
1685:1955–1963 missile system
1539:1951–1955 missile system
1443:1948–1951 missile system
1044:Parsch, Andreas (2006).
952:Parsch, Andreas (2006).
800:Katyusha rocket launcher
759:M8 rocket engine diagram
610:Lockheed P-38G Lightning
521:Weight of high explosive
499:140 pounds (64 kg)
465:Lockheed P-38 Lightnings
426:amphibious vehicles and
418:intended for use by the
326:Army Ordnance Department
303:solid-propellant rockets
262:Lockheed P-38G Lightning
178:33 in (840 mm)
136:Sunflower Ordnance Works
311:Aberdeen Proving Ground
170:38 lb (17 kg)
129:Hercules Powder Company
1377:7.2" Demolition Rocket
1121:Goodeson, Ian (1998).
534:Maximum accurate range
451:
328:in the early 1940s at
132:Radford Ordnance Works
1969:Designation uncertain
1052:. Designation-Systems
960:. Designation-Systems
590:15 pounds (16 mounts)
449:
1027:U.S. patent 1879840A
906:Dullum, Ove (2010).
515:865 feet per second
491:4.5" M8 Type Rocket
315:anti-aircraft rocket
121:Chrysler Corporation
1185:Mortars and rockets
771:M16 and M8 rockets.
628:similar to the M12.
482:
422:, being mounted on
384:Operational history
191:Warhead weight
125:Highland Park Plant
29:RS-82 rocket family
1937:Undesignated types
1435:United States Army
1334:Surface-to-surface
1227:2011-04-03 at the
480:
452:
420:United States Navy
407:multiple launchers
390:United States Army
94:Production history
88:United States Navy
84:United States Army
1976:
1975:
1401:
1400:
1362:4.5" Old Faithful
1102:. 17 October 2014
1081:978-0-8018-8792-5
989:978-1-4609-5845-2
922:978-82-464-1828-5
819:Hyde, Charles K.
747:M8 rocket diagram
597:
596:
334:fire extinguisher
330:Picatinny Arsenal
275:
274:
207:Solid-fuel rocket
103:Picatinny Arsenal
16:(Redirected from
2011:
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1319:7.2" Retrorocket
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508:Maximum velocity
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434:spin-stabilized
293:rocket in 1945.
228:
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138:(solvent powder)
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839:, 1960, p. 137.
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823:, 2013, p. 168.
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772:
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488:5" HVAR Rocket
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476:Characteristics
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1372:7.2" Mousetrap
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1342:2.36" Bazooka
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873:1-58663-762-2
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794:Land Mattress
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710:Photo Gallery
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496:Total weight
495:
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466:
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458:
448:
442:Aircraft role
441:
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438:during 1945.
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258:Republic P-47
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70:United States
69:
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57:
50:
45:
38:
30:
19:
1966:Not assigned
1812:
1351:
1303:
1298:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1156:
1143:
1123:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1049:
1021:
1016:(Chapter 16)
1010:
979:
973:
962:. Retrieved
957:
926:
908:
901:
888:
882:
863:
832:
828:
815:
735:T27 launcher
723:T27 launcher
585:
572:
559:
546:
533:
520:
507:
453:
432:
411:T34 Calliope
403:
387:
378:
374:Douglas A-20
366:Curtiss P-40
355:
342:Edgar Brandt
319:
300:
287:World War II
278:
276:
117:Manufacturer
80:Used by
18:T22 (rocket)
675:dispersion.
551:1.75 inches
538:1,000 yards
400:Ground role
297:Development
215:Operational
154: built
127:(328,327);
1983:Categories
1289:2.25" SCAR
1196:0668038179
1056:2012-01-19
964:2012-01-19
807:References
541:800 yards
525:7.8 pounds
502:40 pounds
436:M16 rocket
415:M4 Sherman
338:stabilized
266:M4 Sherman
1954:Ping-Pong
1347:3.5" GPSR
1294:3.5" FFAR
1106:8 January
703:M24 tanks
600:Launchers
157:2,537,000
146:1941-1944
1676:SSM-A-27
1666:SAM-A-25
1656:SSM-A-23
1636:SAM-A-19
1631:SAM-A-18
1626:SSM-A-17
1621:SSM-A-16
1616:SSM-A-15
1611:SSM-A-14
1606:SSM-A-13
1601:SSM-A-12
1530:SSM-G-17
1525:SSM-G-16
1520:SSM-G-15
1515:SSM-G-14
1510:SSM-G-13
1505:SSM-G-12
1495:RTV-G-10
1393:3.25" M2
1386:Training
1357:4.5" M16
1304:4.5" T22
1225:Archived
777:See also
666:M4 tanks
370:launcher
324:and the
253:platform
239:Guidance
183:Diameter
143:Produced
109:Designed
99:Designer
1944:Dervish
1651:RV-A-22
1591:RV-A-10
1586:SSM-A-9
1576:SAM-A-7
1490:SSM-G-9
1485:SSM-G-8
1480:SAM-G-7
1475:RTV-G-6
1470:CTV-G-5
1465:RTV-G-4
1460:RTV-G-3
1455:RTV-G-2
1450:RTV-G-1
1367:5" HVSR
1352:4.5" M8
1314:5" HVAR
1309:5" FFAR
1299:4.5" M8
1205:2067459
567:1 foot
554:1 inch
461:US Navy
455:5-inch
309:at the
1949:Lobber
1581:RV-A-8
1571:RV-A-6
1566:RV-A-5
1561:RV-A-4
1556:RV-A-3
1551:RV-A-2
1546:RV-A-1
1203:
1193:
1131:
1100:Flickr
1078:
986:
919:
870:
564:3 feet
283:rocket
251:Launch
241:system
204:Engine
175:Length
913:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
689:DUKWs
678:T34E2
671:T34E1
649:T27E2
643:T27E1
631:M12E1
625:M12A1
358:USAAF
351:RPG-7
217:range
1671:A-26
1661:A-24
1646:A-21
1641:A-20
1596:G-11
1500:G-11
1201:OCLC
1191:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1108:2020
1076:ISBN
984:ISBN
917:ISBN
868:ISBN
788:RP-3
693:LVTs
691:and
612:and
467:and
424:DUKW
277:The
245:None
167:Mass
134:and
112:1941
59:Type
1928:M74
1923:M73
1918:M72
1913:M61
1908:M60
1903:M55
1898:M51
1893:M50
1888:M47
1883:M31
1878:M30
1873:M29
1868:M28
1863:M27
1858:M26
1853:M25
1848:M21
1843:M20
1838:M17
1833:M16
1828:M12
1823:M10
1782:M19
1777:M18
1772:M17
1767:M16
1762:M15
1757:M14
1752:M13
1747:M12
1742:M11
1737:M10
698:T45
684:T44
661:T34
655:T28
637:T27
619:M12
605:M10
428:LST
346:R4M
291:M16
270:LST
152:No.
41:M8
1985::
1818:M9
1813:M8
1808:M7
1803:M6
1798:M2
1732:M9
1727:M8
1722:M7
1717:M6
1712:M5
1707:M4
1702:M3
1697:M2
1692:M1
1199:.
1098:.
1048:.
1034:^
998:^
956:.
934:^
925:.
844:^
835:.
279:M8
268:,
264:,
260:,
123:,
86:,
1427:e
1420:t
1413:v
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
1207:.
1137:.
1110:.
1084:.
1059:.
1014:.
967:.
876:.
695:.
616:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
