772:
1533:
333:
1359:
51:
1557:
325:
341:
1545:
110:
1023:
1581:
1569:
85:
1459:, reported the remaining extent of tuart forest as 81,000 ha (200,000 acres) in 1895, and was impressed by straight trunked specimens to 50 m (160 ft) high and 7 m (23 ft) circumference, while conceding the density and condition of them prior to his survey were not known to him. The 1903-04 Royal Commission on Forestry, hearing evidence from sawmiller and government member
252:
1202:(eucalyptus longhorned borer) is another problem pest that can affect newly felled trees or sickly trees found within the native range. It will also attack living trees in areas where it has been introduced, particularly in plantations. It is especially problematic in areas that have a water deficit, where loss of trees in Eucalyptus plantations (particularly
1463:, reported just over 40,000 ha (99,000 acres) remained, and that reduced tonnage from areas where "prime trees", those over 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) in diameter, were mostly harvested had not been found. The conservation of this species was proposed in the commission's summary, emphasising "Tuart is
1493:
At the beginning of the twenty first century most of the tuart forest had been felled or cleared. Prior to
European settlement the tuart forests occupied an area of 125,400 ha (310,000 acres) and they now cover an area of 17,000 ha (42,000 acres). What remained was recognised as declining
613:
The seeds are usually released within a year. They are 2 to 3.5 mm (0.079 to 0.138 in) in length with an ovoid to saucer shape and a grey-brown to blackish colour. The upper side of the seed is wrinkled or marked with thin parallel streaks and sometimes has a protruding ridge around the
609:
The fruits are narrow and 1.0 to 2.5 cm (0.39 to 0.98 in) in length with a broad rim and 1.2 to 1.8 cm (0.47 to 0.71 in) wide. The fruits are attached to the stem via 0 to 0.8 cm (0.00 to 0.31 in) long pedicel. The fruits have an obconic to upside-down bell shape and
2911:
Moore, George
Fletcher (1884). Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia, and also A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines. First published by M. Walbrook, London. Facsimile edition published in 1978 by University of Western Australia Press,
1455:, his map showing them occurring at an area measuring 130,000 ha (320,000 acres). They were well known to the settlers of the Swan River Colony; the first road from the port to the capital passed through what they named as Claremont Tuart Forest. The first state conservator of forest,
433:. The wood has many uses as it is dense, hard and water resistant and resists splintering. Remnants of tuart forest occur in state reserves and parks; the tree has occasionally been introduced to other regions of Australia and overseas. Remaining trees are vulnerable to
936:. The colour of the product is described as light and creamy and it candies quickly to become hard and dry if properly matured in the hive. In 1939, tuart was noted as a high quality source, although it was determined to be an "undependable source" thirty years later.
529:
shape. The leaves are slightly discolorous to concolorous, glossy, light green and thin. The leaf blade is 90 to 180 millimetres (3.5 to 7.1 in) in length and 1.5 to 3 cm (0.59 to 1.18 in) wide, and often curved. The leaves are attached to the limbs or
1435:
in the 1890s for the development of orchards, producing apples, grapes, pears, peaches and nectarines. The timber produced in the state forest during the early twentieth century was used for railway carriages, greatly reducing costs by replacing steel with tuart and
887:
The trees are part of coastal shrubland ecosystems in areas of deep sand. They also will often be part of limited woodland communities in protected areas along the coast. Tuarts are associated with the
Quindalup and Spearwood sand dune systems, both of which have
1032:
Experimental cultivation in the 1930s of the species identified that it was able to grow in areas of low rainfall, as little as 13 inches (330 mm) per annum. Tuarts were introduced to France and grown extensively there by the end of the nineteenth century.
622:
quite easily and are considered one of the simplest native plants to grow from seed. Seed production has sizable variation throughout time. Seeds are usually slowly released from the canopy but many can be shed at the same time following events such as fire.
549:
The tree flowers between
January and April and tends to have a mass flowering event every five to eight years with smaller intermittent flowering events for the years in between. White to cream flowers appear in mid-summer to mid-autumn. The
1478:. The State Forest No. 1 was described as "… the last remaining virgin tuart in the world". The State Forest was increased with adjoining areas to around 2,500 ha (6,200 acres) by 1922, and slightly reduced in 1927 by the conservator
610:
sometimes have two longitudinal ridges that extend from the pedicel partly along the length. The fruits have a level disc that can be slightly raised or descending and have three to five valves that are partly protruding or exserted.
1261:) feed on the tissue in the operculum, the female weevil having caused the budding flower to become partly or completely damaged after laying a single egg; the larvae eventually emerge by chewing through the base of the bud.
1430:
was abandoned when an adequate saw could not be found. The timber was given additional value due to the proximity of the forests to ports. The land made available by the destruction of forests was recommended by the state's
942:
are extracted from leaves and fruits of the tree. Samples of the leaves contained 0.23% essential oil and samples of the fruits contained 0.34% essential oil. The constituents of the oils collected from the leaves were
574:; the caps are 8 to 10 mm (0.31 to 0.39 in) long. The buds are 1.5 to 2.4 cm (0.59 to 0.94 in) in length and have a width of 0.9 to 12 cm (0.35 to 4.72 in) with a hemispherical shaped
490:-like bark over the length of the trunk and the main branches. The bark is rough and finely fibrous. It is grey in colour and breaks into smaller flaky pieces. On large and older stems the bark tends to become
2891:
467:. The largest tuart tree has a wood volume of 108 m (3,800 cu ft). Taller trees are often found at the southern end of the trees' range, while smaller trees are found at the northern end. The
795:. This area has been intensively cleared for changes in agricultural practices, then urbanisation, so that the numbers of tuart trees and area of forest were greatly reduced after the establishment of the
1339:. A wide variety of insects have been recorded in mass flowerings of jarrah/tuart woodlands, including 84 different species such as ants, bees, wasps, flies, beetles, moths, butterflies and cockroaches.
1250:
complex, was also found and identified. Damage to reproductive processes by a native predator was first noticed at the end of the nineteenth century. Larvae deposited in flowers by the tuart bud weevil
368:
shape, and have a leaf blade that is 90 to 180 millimetres (3.5 to 7.1 in) long and 1.5 to 3 cm (0.59 to 1.18 in) wide. The tree flowers between
January and April with white to cream
1145:
1432:
1467:
most valuable tree …". This eventually took the form of a regulation on export of the tuart, although this was to reserve the timber for its biggest consumer, the state's railway system.
1763:
971:(3.8%). Essential oil constituents of tuart fruits were 1,8-cineole (46.69 %), p-cymene (8.99 %), baeckeol (8.57 %), α-pinene (5.21 %), and globulol (4.25 %).
811:. This stand has scientific value and is regarded as the "northern most natural Tuart stand in the state". It also has heritage value resulting from its position along an historic
538:
that is typically 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) in length. The apex of the leaf is pointed and the base tapers to the petiole. Tuart leaves have few oil glands, are densely
1297:
will mostly attract insects. Birds and other animals are attracted to these flowers less often. Eucalypts that produce large flowers with red or yellow coloured filaments such as
2607:
Taylor, K; Barber, PA; St J Hardy, GE; Burgess, TI (March 2009). "Botryosphaeriaceae from tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) woodland, including descriptions of four new species".
803:
and further inland where rivers intersect the range. The species has become naturalised in other places within
Western Australia. A large stand of Tuart is found adjacent to the
1131:. The area where these occur is greatly reduced, and those remaining are fragmented populations of variable quality. A proposal submitted in 2017 recommended these be listed as
1888:
Byrne, M.; Koenders, A.; Rogerson, K.; Sampson, J.; van Etten, E.J.B. (2016). "Genetic and morphological analysis of multi-stemmed plants of tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala)".
1852:
3517:
2777:
2740:
3056:
Perth, W. Aust.:Dept. of
Conservation and Land Management (coordinated by a multi-disciplinary steering group chaired by the Department of Conservation and Land Management"
1386:
for construction of the new government's infrastructure; Trigg describes the "Tewart" wood's desirable qualities - durable, yet workable - as similar to white gum and the
1315:
and have larger volumes of less concentrated nectar will attract more mammals and birds. These trees tend to attract fewer insects. Applying these ideas it is thought that
1219:
is kept low. Following events such as fire the seeds will be released all at once, this overwhelms the rate of predation and the temporarily increase the soil seed bank.
640:
1016:(yarri). The informal definition of a giant tree is that it must be significantly larger than other species and exceed 100 m (3,500 cu ft) in volume.
3278:
517:
shape with a length of 9 to 15 cm (3.5 to 5.9 in) and a width of 5.5 to 9.5 cm (2.2 to 3.7 in). Adult leaves are stalked and alternate, with an
1691:
922:
pattern of the timber also make it a popular choice for furniture manufacturing. Due to over-logging, tuart is a protected tree with conditions placed on felling.
2066:
1502:
444:
3522:
3405:
3330:
1019:
The tree is moderately tolerant of saline soil and salt-laden winds. It is also drought and frost tolerant. Individual trees may live over four hundred years.
594:. The anther can burst open via longitudinal slits. The style is straight and long with a blunt stigma at the tip. The style has a small cavity at the base (or
348:
The trees usually grow to a height of 10 to 40 m (33 to 131 ft) and mostly have a single stem, but can have multiple stems under some conditions. The
2505:
Stanko
Stankov; Hafize Fidan; Galina Stefanova; Iliana Kostova; Stanka Damyanova; Ivanka Dimitrova-Dyulgerova; Sezai Ercisli; Albena Stoyanova (6 March 2019).
475:
of tuart is a tall single stemmed tree, but may form a low and multi-stemmed tree at the edge of stands in response to salinity and winds. The trees have no
2884:
1194:, in Southern Africa and Europe. Severe infestations of the pest cause leaf loss, leaf senescence, thinning of the canopy and in some cases branch dieback.
925:
The heartwood is a pale yellow-brown colour with a fine texture and a highly interlocked grain, close and twisted, almost curled back. The green wood has a
542:, where the veins are packed in tightly forming a dense network in the leaf, and have side veins that branch off at an angle of over 45° to compared to the
1136:
1532:
459:
and typically grows to a height of 10 to 40 metres (33 to 131 ft). The tallest known living tuart is 47 m (154 ft) tall and located in the
2675:
2645:
606:. The flowers are formed in tight clusters made up of around seven flowers. These later form into fruits with a mushroom shape containing small seeds.
3472:
1556:
2214:
Ruthrof, K. X., Yates, C. J., & Loneragan, W. A. (2002). The biology of tuart. In: B. J. Keighhery, V. M. Longman, & W. A. Nedlands (Eds.),
3226:
2329:
3487:
3482:
3291:
3239:
3052:
2808:"Phytophthora multivora sp. nov., a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus, Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western Australia"
1426:; an inspection by Thomas Laslett also gave the most favourable possible assessment. A plan to export a four-metre-wide (13 ft) tuart to the
929:
of 1,250 kilograms per cubic metre (78 lb/cu ft) and an air-dried density of 1,030 kilograms per cubic metre (64 lb/cu ft).
3379:
2322:
978:
activity, with the essential oil collected from the leaves generally having higher antimicrobial activity than those collected from the fruit.
356:-like bark over the length of the trunk and larger branches. The glossy light-green to green adult leaves are arranged alternately and have an
771:
3507:
3020:
2721:
2293:
2194:
1786:
1406:, the 1830s colonial diarist. The value to industries such as shipbuilding was derived from its resistance to splitting and splintering. The
1165:
808:
1293:, which create smaller cream or white coloured flowers, have smaller volumes of more concentrated nectar and are grouped to produce large
2285:
614:
circumference. There is a hilum scar on the rear side where it was once attached to the placenta. The seeds of this species, as for most
760:
1863:
1580:
3512:
3038:
2256:
2240:
429:
was common on the Swan coastal plain until the valuable trees were felled for export and displaced by the urban development around
1498:
440:
2650:) woodlands and forests of the swan coastal plain ecological community draft conservation advice including draft listing advice"
1568:
3265:
776:
332:
3497:
3431:
1993:
661:
407:
3358:
3296:
1160:, and extended its range thirty kilometres to the west as the coastline became exposed by lower sea levels. The historical
1597:
1379:
804:
62:
2025:
1383:
800:
792:
635:
422:
387:
242:
3103:
1036:
The biodiversity of tuart forest is rich, containing unique assemblages of plants, fungi and animals. A 2009 survey of
586:
located below. When the outer opercula is shed a scar is left. The stamen are flexed irregularly and contain an oblong
3502:
3477:
3135:
3122:
2858:
1104:
555:
543:
526:
510:
373:
365:
1351:
viewed tuart trees during a preliminary exploration toward
Guildford he remarked on their "stupendous" size. In 1843
109:
3436:
3392:
3335:
2522:
2394:
2365:
2360:
1981:
1518:
1423:
1026:
788:
672:
460:
418:
1942:
1544:
1514:
1487:
1452:
1415:
1352:
1348:
1178:
645:
464:
391:
1355:
recorded specimens that were 9 to 13 m (30 to 43 ft) in circumference at a forest north of
Busselton.
1135:
in the nation's register of threatened ecological communities. Tuart may also occur in the threatened community
2714:
Plant life on the sandplains in southwest Australia : a global biodiversity hotspot : kwongan matters
2420:
1482:. The state sawmill supplying the railway operated in the forest until 1929, using "over mature" trees for the
1110:
1054:
756:
3397:
2351:
1358:
1336:
1116:
994:
695:
50:
3218:
3065:
1279:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1086:
3140:
2507:"Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Aerial Part (Leaves and Fruit) of
2769:
1661:
1427:
1403:
1305:
1140:
1132:
226:
3244:
2736:
2386:
1253:
2923:
2559:
2476:
2323:"Tuart Woodlands and Forests of the Swan Coastal Plain: A Nationally Significant Ecological Community"
3174:
1506:
1332:
1311:
1157:
1124:
1006:
1000:
514:
2506:
1710:
1323:
is pollinated by insects and birds. Two species of bird have been recorded browsing the flowers of
1182:(bronze bug) is native to the east coast of Australia. The sap-sucking pest has infested non-native
986:
Tuarts are regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees are
3492:
1602:
1483:
1285:
1198:
1098:
1072:
1048:
988:
892:
soils. When they occur in woodland or open forest they are often associated with peppermint trees (
324:
318:
74:
3322:
1494:
in diversity and health of this tree and the assemblages of associated plants, animals and fungi.
1347:
The extent and maturity of tuart forest and woodland was greatly reduced after colonisation. When
340:
3444:
3213:
3166:
2983:
2939:
2534:
2074:
1471:
1299:
1204:
1092:
1081:
784:
711:
691:
575:
414:
264:
104:
89:
3384:
1813:
918:, structural timber, the construction of railway carriages and boat building. The colouring and
3309:
3283:
1215:
Tuart normally release seed gradually and the seeds are open to predation by ants, meaning the
717:
The species is allied as a monophyletic arrangement within the most diverse eucalypt subgenus,
3343:
3148:
3034:
3016:
2837:
2806:
Scott, PM; Burgess, TI; Barber, PA; Shearer, BL; Stukely, MJ; Hardy, GE; Jung, T (June 2009).
2717:
2624:
2236:
2190:
1782:
1687:
1510:
1407:
1371:
1168:
during a period of aridification and other severe climate changes elsewhere on the continent.
1042:
1012:
796:
591:
559:
456:
2949:
787:, extending inland 5 to 10 kilometres (3.1 to 6.2 mi), a continuous corridor south from
417:, extending inland 5 to 10 kilometres (3.1 to 6.2 mi), a continuous corridor south from
3348:
2961:
2953:
2827:
2819:
2781:
2744:
2616:
2526:
2137:
1897:
1656:
1456:
1022:
567:
535:
2945:
A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia
2450:
1080:
and tuart – found around three quarters of isolates were taxa of the family
2712:(2014), "3. A diverse flora – species and genetic relationships", in Lambers, Hans (ed.),
1638:
1460:
1399:
1066:
1060:
894:
679:
472:
293:
147:
2260:
494:. The branchlets have a circular cross-section and often have oil glands situated in the
3366:
3205:
2832:
2807:
2705:
1749:
1470:
When a political means of conserving forest was enacted in 1918, the state conservator
1294:
1223:
1216:
1161:
867:
835:
683:
649:
599:
571:
468:
395:
349:
297:
134:
33:
3410:
3371:
2095:
1232:. A study in 2007 of infected or dead tuart trees and woodland identified isolates of
3466:
3304:
2943:
2538:
1647:
1258:
975:
960:
939:
657:
551:
403:
369:
94:
2965:
1164:
of the tuart forest indicates the moderating influence of the marine climate in the
3449:
3153:
2709:
1479:
1388:
1228:
1139:. The Tuart Woodlands and Forests of the Swan Coastal Plain were listed in 2019 as
1128:
839:
830:. The species has also been introduced into several countries in Africa, including
435:
426:
2748:
2530:
3127:
3114:
2620:
3317:
3252:
3097:
2228:
1441:
812:
653:
562:
has a length of 1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 in) with seven buds in each
502:
491:
399:
2785:
2235:(2nd (Enlarged) ed.). University of Western Australia Press. p. 132.
1040:
fungi on woody species at two tuart woodlands – sampling acacia
251:
2586:
1411:
1037:
889:
783:
The distribution range of the species is a narrow coastal corridor within the
583:
522:
506:
476:
413:
The distribution range of tuart is along a narrow coastal corridor within the
361:
203:
3088:
2823:
3423:
3200:
3187:
2957:
1758:
1440:. The wood was only available in small quantities for private uses, notably
1378:
was established in 1833, amongst tuart forest at the foot of Mount Eliza in
964:
956:
915:
881:
619:
480:
193:
2841:
2628:
799:. Outlying patches of the tree are found to the north of Yanchep as far as
498:, although sometimes there are not many and they can be difficult to find.
3053:
An Atlas of Tuart woodlands on the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia
1474:'s recommendation was the purchase of a 400 ha (990 acres) area near
3418:
3082:
1475:
1419:
1394:
968:
948:
907:
863:
855:
668:
632:
384:
183:
160:
2885:"Timber harvesting on Crown Land in the south west of Western Australia"
1696:. Vol. 3. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 220.
501:
Juvenile leaves are attached to the stem via a stalk and always have an
3231:
3161:
2680:) woodlands and forests of the Swan Coastal Plain ecological community"
1445:
1402:
were hewn from this wood. The utility of the timber was remarked on by
1375:
1209:
944:
926:
859:
851:
831:
729:
579:
377:
3257:
2218:(pp. 108–122). A Perth Branch Wildflower Society of Western Australia.
32:"Tuart" redirects here. For the S-100 dual serial interface card, see
1437:
952:
911:
827:
595:
587:
173:
17:
3059:
2428:
2141:
1901:
566:
that are attached by 0 to 0.2 cm (0.000 to 0.079 in) long
471:
of the tree can spread up to a width of 25 metres (82 ft). The
2233:
Western Australian plant names and their meanings : a glossary
3270:
3192:
3031:
Portraits of the South West: Aborigines, Women and the Environment
2125:
2065:
Ruthrof, K.X.; Yates, C.J.; Loneragan, W.A. B. J. Keighery (ed.).
1954:
1357:
1021:
933:
919:
847:
843:
823:
819:
818:
Tuarts have been introduced into parts of Europe, specifically in
770:
603:
563:
487:
430:
353:
339:
331:
323:
121:
66:
539:
531:
518:
495:
357:
3179:
3063:
1779:
Eucalypts of Western Australia -The South-West Coast and Ranges
1238:, already implicated in the decline of tuart. Another organism
870:. The tree has become naturalised in parts of southern Africa.
570:. The buds have swollen caps, and are said to resemble a small
2716:, Crawley, Western Australia UWA Publishing, pp. 287–90,
710:, 'head', describing the rounded and overlapping shape of the
317:, is a species of tree and is one of the six forest giants of
1146:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
1509:
of 19,490 km (7,530 sq mi) and an estimated
932:
The flowers are an excellent source for the production of
1632:
1630:
1628:
1269:
Despite no studies having been specifically conducted on
688:
Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium
2928:. Vol. 1889. Turner and Henderson. pp. 459–62.
1764:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
1114:, resulted from the analysis of the survey. The species
505:
arrangement for the first four to eight nodes along the
352:
can be as wide as 25 metres (82 ft). It has rough
2216:
Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) and Tuart Communities
2071:
Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) and Tuart Communities
3033:
Nedlands, W.A. University of Western Australia Press
1451:
The species was surveyed in 1882 by Surveyor General
376:
and are not branched. The fruits that follow have an
1637:
Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. (2019).
1084:. Eighty percent of these isolates were the species
509:, then have an alternate arrangement. The green and
3072:
2948:. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p.
2778:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
2770:"Phoracantha recurva (eucalyptus longhorned borer)"
2741:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
1662:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133375329A133375331.en
439:dieback, an often fatal disorder. It was listed as
2180:
2178:
1120:was also isolated from acacia and jarrah samples.
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
1781:(1st ed.). WA: Scott Print. pp. 42–43.
1562:Los Angeles County Arboretum, Arcadia, California
1513:of 256 km (99 sq mi) ranging from
725:, recognised as the sole species of its section.
2989:. Department of Conservation and Land Management
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1693:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
1277:, other studies indicate that Eucalypts such as
641:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
3029:- pp. 136–153 in de Garis, B.K. (editor)
2119:
2117:
2892:Department of Conservation and Land Management
2210:
2208:
2206:
1681:
1679:
1503:International Union for Conservation of Nature
880:grows in sandy well drained soils, often over
513:juvenile leaves have an egg-shaped (ovate) to
445:International Union for Conservation of Nature
8:
2864:. Busselton-Dunsborough Environmental Centre
2427:. Forest Products Commission. Archived from
1586:The Shedded Giant, the largest girthed tuart
1226:associated with fungal species of the genus
1123:Tuart gives its name to a description of an
383:Tuarts were first formally described by the
2640:
2638:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1521:in the south. The population is declining.
1137:Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain
1127:, as the dominant species of the canopy in
686:described two varieties of this species in
3518:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
3060:
2977:
2975:
2280:
2278:
1686:Candolle, A.P. de (1828). "Myrtaceae". In
631:The species was formally described by the
250:
83:
49:
40:
2853:
2851:
2831:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1660:
1505:as of 2019. The species has an estimated
2737:"Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)"
2684:Department of the Environment and Energy
2654:Department of the Environment and Energy
2387:"Species naturalised in southern Africa"
2330:Department of the Environment and Energy
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
2515:Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants
2500:
2498:
1624:
1528:
455:The tree is native to the southwest of
2415:
2413:
2411:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1862:. Cambridge Coast Care. Archived from
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
755:and is the origin for the name of the
2925:The useful native plants of Australia
2704:Byrne, M.; Coates, D.J.; Forest, F.;
2294:Heritage Council of Western Australia
2286:"Tuart Tree Stand at Jurien Cemetery"
2189:. WA: I. Cunningham. pp. 10–17.
1705:
1703:
1574:The Wonnerup Giant, the largest tuart
1166:Southwest Australian Floristic Region
809:Heritage Council of Western Australia
751:The tree is sometimes referred to as
7:
3523:Endemic flora of Southwest Australia
3437:d08558df-d0eb-4ddc-abcb-44770ebeb477
3050:Tuart Response Group (W.A.) (2003)
2859:"Experience the Ludlow Tuart Forest"
671:collected by Leschenault is held at
660:during 1802, while serving with the
590:that is attached at the rear to the
406:during 1802, while serving with the
2708:.; Krauss, S.L; Sniderman, J.K.L.;
1648:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1418:during the 1850–60s, exported from
2259:. kippleonline.net. Archived from
25:
2187:The trees that were nature's gift
1410:received loads of this timber at
1398:. The four ton cogwheels at the
1382:. Some of the timber was used by
3473:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
3398:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592967-1
1762:. Western Australian Government
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
974:The oils all had some degree of
807:cemetery and is listed with the
732:peoples named the tree tuart or
644:published in 1828. The botanist
108:
3027:The History of the Tuart Forest
2587:"Western Australia Giant Trees"
1980:Andre Messina (9 August 2016).
3488:Eucalypts of Western Australia
3483:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2136:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1994:Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
1208:) is often experienced during
690:, but the names are listed as
1:
2749:10.1079/cabicompendium.109741
2531:10.1080/0972060X.2020.1727365
2031:. Trigg Bushland Organisation
1598:Tuart Hill, Western Australia
1222:The species is vulnerable to
3508:Forests of Western Australia
2774:Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank
2621:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.010
1890:Australian Journal of Botany
1444:and the favoured source for
1392:of the South American genus
636:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
388:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
2912:Nedlands, Western Australia
2523:Taylor & Francis Online
1244:, previously identified as
1129:tuart woodlands and forests
1105:Neofusicoccum pennatisporum
955:(14.1%), β-pinene (8.12%),
638:in the third volume of his
602:with four vertical rows of
380:to upside-down bell shape.
3539:
2786:10.1079/pwkb.species.40371
2395:Iziko South African Museum
2366:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2361:Plants of the World Online
2257:"Noongar names for plants"
2185:Cunningham, Irene (1998).
1655:: e.T133375329A133375331.
673:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
558:and are not branched. The
461:Tuart Forest National Park
31:
2134:Kew - Herbarium Specimens
1717:. Australian Plant Census
1433:Department of Agriculture
1179:Thaumastocoris peregrinus
775:Growing on a roadside at
646:Jean-Baptiste Leschenault
392:Jean-Baptiste Leschenault
270:
263:
258:
249:
232:
225:
105:Scientific classification
103:
81:
72:
57:
48:
43:
3513:Plants described in 1828
3219:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
3104:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
3074:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
3025:Johnston, Judith (1993)
3013:Australian Native Plants
2966:2027/umn.31951p011067200
2824:10.3767/003158509X415450
2678:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2648:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2562:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2509:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2479:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2453:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2423:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2354:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2128:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2098:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1984:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1945:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1855:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1816:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1752:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1713:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1641:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
1111:Aplosporella yalgorensis
1055:Allocasuarina fraseriana
483:buds up along the stem.
310:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
286:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
274:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
236:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
59:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
2958:10.5962/bhl.title.61019
1186:plantations, including
1152:Tuart forest persisted
1117:Botryosphaeria dothidea
995:Eucalyptus diversicolor
696:Australian Plant Census
578:that is wider than the
3011:Bryant, Geoff (2005)
2984:"Trouble in the Tuart"
2922:Maiden, J. H. (1889).
2067:"The biology of tuart"
2026:"Tuart Identification"
1777:Nicolle, Dean (2019).
1367:
1362:Tuart in Lane-Poole's
1280:Eucalyptus muelleriana
1247:Phytophthora citricola
1241:Phytophthora multivora
1235:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1087:Neofusicoccum australe
1029:
898:) in the understorey.
884:, in sunny positions.
780:
706:, meaning 'club', and
390:in 1828. The botanist
372:that form in the leaf
345:
337:
329:
3498:Myrtales of Australia
2883:Greg Heberle (1991).
2676:"Nominations: Tuart (
2585:Russell Du Guesclin.
2566:. Plants For A Future
2483:. Plants For A Future
2391:biodiversity explorer
1428:1851 Great Exhibition
1404:George Fletcher Moore
1361:
1306:Eucalyptus incrassata
1141:critically endangered
1133:critically endangered
1076:and eucalypts jarrah
1025:
774:
343:
335:
327:
218:E. gomphocephala
27:Species of eucalyptus
2609:Mycological Research
1507:extent of occurrence
1312:Eucalyptus rhodantha
1291:Eucalyptus marginata
1158:last glacial maximum
1125:ecological community
1078:Eucalyptus marginata
1007:Eucalyptus marginata
1001:Eucalyptus jacksonii
914:is sought after for
2263:on 20 November 2016
1869:on 25 February 2017
1603:Tuart spider orchid
1519:Ludlow State Forest
1486:being built at the
1286:Eucalyptus foecunda
1199:Phoracantha recurva
1099:Dothiorella santali
1073:Santalum acuminatum
989:Corymbia calophylla
627:Taxonomy and naming
319:Southwest Australia
75:Conservation status
3503:Swan Coastal Plain
3478:Trees of Australia
2743:. 22 August 2022.
2457:. Benara Nurseries
2075:Murdoch University
1472:Charles Lane Poole
1368:
1364:Primer of Forestry
1337:singing honeyeater
1300:Eucalyptus stoatei
1205:Eucalyptus recurva
1093:Dothiorella moneti
1082:Botryosphaeriaceae
1030:
785:Swan Coastal Plain
781:
652:collection at the
415:Swan Coastal Plain
398:collection at the
346:
338:
330:
3460:
3459:
3344:Open Tree of Life
3066:Taxon identifiers
3021:978-1-74166-030-2
2940:Lane-Poole, C. E.
2776:. Species Pages.
2723:978-1-74258-564-2
2431:on 22 August 2017
2196:978-0-9585562-0-0
1990:Flora of Victoria
1820:. Australian Seed
1788:978-0-646-80613-6
1688:Candolle, A.P. de
1607:Caladenia georgei
1511:area of occupancy
1497:It was listed as
1408:British Admiralty
1372:Swan River Colony
1254:Haplonyx tibialis
1143:according to the
1090:. Four new taxa,
1043:Acacia cochlearis
1013:Eucalyptus patens
797:Swan River Colony
662:Baudin expedition
554:form in the leaf
486:Tuart has rough,
457:Western Australia
408:Baudin expedition
306:
305:
300:
278:
98:
16:(Redirected from
3530:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3427:
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2642:
2633:
2632:
2615:(Pt 3): 337–53.
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2481:- A.Cunn. ex DC"
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2417:
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2301:
2296:. 1 January 2017
2282:
2273:
2272:
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2253:
2247:
2246:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2124:Jlegind (2021).
2121:
2112:
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2109:
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2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
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2062:
2041:
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1664:
1634:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1517:in the north to
1457:John Ednie Brown
1333:brown honeyeater
1328:
1320:
1274:
1191:
877:
761:White Gum Valley
702:is derived from
598:) and holds the
292:
276:
254:
238:
113:
112:
92:
87:
86:
53:
41:
21:
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3096:
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3081:
3068:
3047:
3015:Random House
3003:
3002:
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2990:
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2800:
2790:
2788:
2780:: 40371. 2022.
2768:
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2142:10.15468/ly60bx
2123:
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2094:
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2089:
2079:
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2064:
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1996:
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1902:10.1071/BT16091
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1536:
1527:
1461:H. J. Yelverton
1400:Old Mill, Perth
1345:
1343:Natural history
1326:
1318:
1295:conflorescences
1272:
1267:
1189:
1174:
1067:Banksia grandis
1061:Agonis flexuosa
1049:A. rostellifera
984:
904:
895:Agonis flexuosa
875:
769:
680:William Blakely
629:
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245:
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3450:wfo-0000955009
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3046:
3045:External links
3043:
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2875:
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2656:. October 2017
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2356:A.Cunn. ex DC"
2343:
2307:
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2248:
2241:
2231:, ed. (1996).
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2130:A.Cunn. ex DC"
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1484:railway trucks
1453:Malcolm Fraser
1353:James Drummond
1349:Charles Fraser
1344:
1341:
1266:
1263:
1217:soil seed bank
1173:
1170:
1162:phylogeography
1004:(red tingle),
983:
980:
940:Essential oils
903:
900:
868:Canary Islands
836:Cape Provinces
768:
765:
698:. The epithet
684:Henry Steedman
648:assembled the
628:
625:
572:ice cream cone
552:inflorescences
479:but will form
452:
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394:assembled the
370:inflorescences
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2262:
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2252:
2249:
2244:
2242:1-875560-43-2
2238:
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2230:
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2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
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2203:
2198:
2192:
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2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
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2159:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
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1920:
1918:
1916:
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1908:
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1700:
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1663:
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1654:
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1629:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1550:Bark on trunk
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:Midland works
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:gomphocephala
1322:
1321:gomphocephala
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:gomphocephala
1264:
1262:
1260:
1259:Curculionidae
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1192:gomphocephala
1185:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:, sandalwood
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:, peppermint
1057:
1056:
1052:, the sheoak
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:Ludlow forest
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:(jarrah) and
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
990:
981:
979:
977:
976:antimicrobial
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:methyleugenol
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:As a durable
901:
899:
897:
896:
891:
885:
883:
879:
878:gomphocephala
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:
773:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
723:Symphyomyrtus
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:gomphocephala
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:Geographe Bay
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
634:
626:
624:
621:
617:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
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478:
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458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:Geographe Bay
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
334:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
282:
281:gomphocephala
275:
272:
271:
269:
266:
262:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
237:
231:
228:
227:Binomial name
224:
220:
219:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
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169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:Tracheophytes
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
102:
96:
91:
80:
76:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3073:
3051:
3030:
3026:
3012:
3006:Bibliography
2991:. Retrieved
2982:David Ward.
2944:
2934:
2924:
2917:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2815:
2811:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2731:
2713:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:
2677:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2653:
2647:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2561:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2518:
2514:
2508:
2485:. Retrieved
2478:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2452:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2422:
2398:. Retrieved
2390:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2359:
2353:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2298:. Retrieved
2289:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:the original
2251:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2186:
2145:. Retrieved
2133:
2127:
2104:. Retrieved
2097:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2070:
2033:. Retrieved
1997:. Retrieved
1989:
1983:
1958:. Retrieved
1950:
1944:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1854:
1822:. Retrieved
1815:
1778:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1719:. Retrieved
1712:
1692:
1666:. Retrieved
1652:
1646:
1640:
1606:
1496:
1492:
1480:S. L. Kessel
1469:
1464:
1450:
1442:stair treads
1393:
1389:lignum vitae
1387:
1369:
1363:
1346:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1229:Phytophthora
1227:
1221:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1156:through the
1153:
1151:
1144:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
985:
973:
938:
931:
924:
905:
893:
886:
873:
872:
840:South Africa
817:
782:
777:Lake Clifton
767:Distribution
752:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
722:
718:
716:
707:
703:
699:
687:
677:
666:
639:
630:
615:
612:
608:
548:
500:
485:
454:
447:as of 2019.
436:Phytophthora
434:
427:Tuart forest
412:
382:
347:
314:
309:
308:
307:
289:
285:
280:
273:
259:Field range
235:
233:
217:
216:
204:
167:
154:
141:
128:
58:
38:
29:
3318:NatureServe
3253:iNaturalist
3098:Wikispecies
2993:17 December
2897:17 December
2868:17 December
2592:16 December
2525:: 204–212.
2487:15 December
2461:15 December
2336:17 December
2300:18 December
2229:Sharr, F.A.
1668:20 November
1448:'s blocks.
1384:Henry Trigg
1265:Pollinators
1176:The insect
1172:Destructors
967:(4.7%) and
965:α-terpineol
957:γ-terpinene
945:1,8-cineole
813:stock route
654:Vasse River
580:obconically
540:reticulated
511:discolorous
492:tessellated
451:Description
400:Vasse River
328:Flower buds
313:, known as
148:Angiosperms
3493:Eucalyptus
3467:Categories
3367:Plant List
2710:Thiele, K.
2689:26 October
2660:26 October
1896:(8): 704.
1614:References
1538:Kings park
1499:endangered
1412:Portsmouth
1380:Kings Park
1184:Eucalyptus
1038:endophytic
916:scantlings
890:calcareous
826:including
805:Jurien Bay
719:Eucalyptus
584:hypanthium
523:lanceolate
477:lignotuber
441:endangered
362:lanceolate
298:H.Steedman
290:rhodoxylon
205:Eucalyptus
90:Vulnerable
63:Kings Park
3424:100187876
3372:kew-73019
3310:133375329
3201:FloraBase
2812:Persoonia
2706:Hopper, S
2539:219411543
2435:22 August
2400:9 January
2035:22 August
1873:22 August
1824:22 August
1759:FloraBase
1619:Footnotes
1374:'s first
998:(karri),
992:(marri),
959:(6.9%),
951:(20.7%),
947:(24.2%),
882:limestone
801:Geraldton
793:Busselton
753:white gum
712:operculum
678:In 1939,
620:germinate
616:Eucalypts
576:operculum
481:epicormic
423:Busselton
212:Species:
194:Myrtaceae
118:Kingdom:
3432:VicFlora
3419:Tropicos
3323:2.135602
3284:10180408
3271:592967-1
3083:Wikidata
2942:(1922).
2842:20198133
2818:: 1–13.
2791:29 April
2754:28 April
2646:"Tuart (
2629:19070663
2570:28 April
2544:28 April
2371:27 April
2080:29 April
1999:29 April
1960:27 April
1592:See also
1476:Wonnerup
1420:Wonnerup
1395:Guaiacum
1335:and the
969:limonene
963:(6.8%),
953:α-pinene
949:p-cymene
908:hardwood
866:and the
864:Zimbabwe
856:Tanzania
721:subgen.
692:synonyms
633:botanist
592:filament
568:pedicels
560:peduncle
503:opposite
385:botanist
265:Synonyms
190:Family:
184:Myrtales
161:Eudicots
95:IUCN 3.1
3232:3176772
3162:Ecocrop
3089:Q514995
2833:2789538
2421:"Tuart
2290:inHerit
2267:19 July
2106:19 July
1721:19 July
1690:(ed.).
1525:Gallery
1501:by the
1446:butcher
1424:Bunbury
1416:Chatham
1376:sawmill
1331:: the
1224:dieback
1210:drought
1154:in situ
982:Ecology
927:density
860:Tunisia
852:Morocco
832:Algeria
789:Yanchep
759:suburb
730:Noongar
708:kephale
704:gomphos
694:by the
669:isotype
582:shaped
536:petiole
527:falcate
515:cordate
443:by the
419:Yanchep
378:obconic
366:falcate
336:Flowers
294:Blakely
200:Genus:
180:Order:
122:Plantae
93: (
3411:2950-3
3380:PLANTS
3349:915620
3336:452571
3297:502474
3258:162753
3180:301321
3141:390073
3112:APDB:
3037:
3019:
2840:
2830:
2720:
2627:
2537:
2455:Tuart"
2332:. 2019
2239:
2193:
2102:. APNI
1951:Euclid
1947:Tuart"
1857:Tuart"
1785:
1515:Jurien
1438:wandoo
1327:
1319:
1273:
1190:
912:timber
910:, the
876:
834:, the
828:Sicily
779:, 2007
742:mouarn
738:moorun
734:tooart
604:ovules
596:locule
588:anther
544:midrib
534:via a
465:Ludlow
296:&
174:Rosids
44:Tuart
3406:SANBI
3356:PFI:
3279:IRMNG
3245:15920
3214:FoAO2
3193:EUCGO
3154:3BPZ9
3128:61397
3115:16468
2987:(PDF)
2888:(PDF)
2862:(PDF)
2535:S2CID
2521:(2).
2326:(PDF)
2147:1 May
2029:(PDF)
1955:CSIRO
1867:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1370:The
934:honey
920:grain
848:Libya
844:Kenya
824:Italy
820:Spain
757:Perth
746:duart
656:near
600:ovary
564:umbel
556:axils
532:twigs
473:habit
469:crown
463:near
431:Perth
402:near
374:axils
350:crown
344:Fruit
315:tuart
288:var.
279:var.
168:Clade
155:Clade
142:Clade
129:Clade
67:Perth
18:Tuart
3393:POWO
3385:EUGO
3359:9475
3331:NCBI
3305:IUCN
3292:ITIS
3266:IPNI
3240:GRIN
3227:GBIF
3206:5659
3188:EPPO
3167:5864
3136:BOLD
3123:APNI
3035:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2995:2023
2899:2023
2870:2023
2838:PMID
2793:2023
2756:2023
2718:ISBN
2691:2018
2662:2018
2625:PMID
2594:2023
2572:2023
2546:2023
2489:2023
2463:2023
2437:2017
2402:2023
2373:2023
2338:2023
2302:2023
2269:2019
2237:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2149:2023
2108:2019
2082:2023
2037:2017
2001:2023
1962:2023
1875:2017
1826:2017
1783:ISBN
1723:2019
1670:2023
1653:2019
1422:and
1414:and
1366:1927
1309:and
1289:and
1108:and
902:Uses
822:and
728:The
682:and
667:The
650:type
519:oval
507:stem
496:pith
396:type
358:oval
3445:WFO
3175:EoL
3149:CoL
2962:hdl
2954:doi
2828:PMC
2820:doi
2782:doi
2745:doi
2617:doi
2613:113
2527:doi
2511:DC"
2138:doi
1986:DC"
1898:doi
1657:doi
1465:the
838:of
791:to
744:or
525:or
521:to
488:box
421:to
364:or
360:to
354:box
277:DC.
243:DC.
61:in
3469::
3447::
3434::
3421::
3408::
3395::
3382::
3369::
3346::
3333::
3320::
3307::
3294::
3281::
3268::
3255::
3242::
3229::
3216::
3203::
3190::
3177::
3164::
3151::
3138::
3125::
3100::
3085::
2974:^
2960:.
2952:.
2950:46
2890:.
2850:^
2836:.
2826:.
2816:22
2814:.
2810:.
2772:.
2739:.
2682:.
2652:.
2637:^
2623:.
2611:.
2533:.
2519:23
2517:.
2513:.
2497:^
2410:^
2393:.
2389:.
2364:.
2358:.
2328:.
2310:^
2292:.
2288:.
2277:^
2205:^
2157:^
2132:.
2116:^
2073:.
2069:.
2045:^
2009:^
1992:.
1988:.
1970:^
1953:.
1949:.
1910:^
1894:64
1892:.
1834:^
1797:^
1756:.
1731:^
1702:^
1678:^
1651:.
1645:.
1627:^
1490:.
1303:,
1283:,
1212:.
1188:E.
1149:.
1102:,
1096:,
1064:,
1046:,
874:E.
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
815:.
763:.
748:.
740:,
736:,
714:.
675:.
664:.
618:,
546:.
425:.
410:.
170::
157::
144::
131::
65:,
2997:.
2968:.
2964::
2956::
2901:.
2872:.
2844:.
2822::
2795:.
2784::
2758:.
2747::
2693:.
2664:.
2631:.
2619::
2596:.
2574:.
2564:"
2560:"
2548:.
2529::
2491:.
2477:"
2465:.
2451:"
2439:.
2425:"
2404:.
2375:.
2352:"
2340:.
2304:.
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