516:. The Tubatulabal tribe was almost wiped out because most were adult men who died in the massacre. "They never seemed to blame the local whites or act vengeful towards those who had made such a change in their lives." In an interview with one of the tribe members about the massacre conducted for a study stated " That morning the soldiers killed our people it caused a lot of heartache to our people physically, emotionally, and mentally. They took away all our people who tell stories, who could read the stars at night, who could farm. They took away all our old traditions, our songs, our language, and our pride. It affected us a lot. Even to this day it affects us."
347:
339:
492:, the Tübatulabal tribe has a Pakanapul Language Program that teaches the "paka'anil" dialect. The last fluent "paka'anil" dialect speaker was James Andreas, who died in 2009. He lived on the Miranda Allotment, located in Weldon, California. James Andreas spent his last 10 years teaching the Pakanapul Language Team the "paka'anil" dialect. The "bankalachi" dialect is similar to the "paka'anil", however, there is little known about the "bankalachi" dialect.
81:
50:
929:
93:
193:
southern area (2,500–3,000 feet ) has three connected valleys: Kern Valley, South Fork Kern Valley, and Hot
Springs Valley, where summers are hot and winters cold and rainy. The valleys are grasslands and chaparral with cacti, scrub oaks, willows, elderberry, and cottonwoods as primary vegetation with some joshua trees, junipers, piñons, oaks, and sugar pines.
464:
areas. She knew how to make "flat round" basket used for both sifting and ceremonies. Her baskets were also used to process piñon nuts picked from Walker Pass, Kennedy
Meadows, and Greenhorn Mountain areas. "Estefana was also an excellent horseman—she could make her horses jump side to side and jump
206:
eaters." The name was given to the tribe by the neighboring Yokuts. At one point in history the Yokuts also called the Tübatulabals, "Pitanisha" (place where the rivers fork). The name for the north fork of the river has the Indian name of, Palegewanap or "place of the big river." The south fork of
484:
Tübatulabal is a Uto-Aztecan language that, although definitely part of the Uto-Aztecan stock, is not closely related to other languages in that group. Unlike the related languages, the Tübatulabal most often ended in consonant sounds. They used individual names and suffixes to denote place in the
424:
The Tübatulabal are well known for their red pottery and coiled baskets. Today, many of their baskets are housed at the
National Smithsonian Anthropological Archives, University of California Berkeley, California State Parks Archives, and many other museums and universities. Louisa Francisco, a
192:
drainages (located in the Kern Valley area of
California) extending from very high mountainous terrain in the north to about 41 miles (66 km) below the junction of the two rivers in the south. The high mountains in the north (2,500–14,500 feet ) are interspersed with lakes and meadows. The
437:. Tribal families shared in their basket making designs, materials, and weaving techniques. Louisa had a brother named Peter, both came from Poso Flat—a Bankalachi (Toloim) Village. Louisa was born 1865 at Poso Flat (Kern County) and died at age 95 in 1954. She was living on the
421:, the deep crags, crevices, and crooks of the canyon moving upward (east from the mouth of the Kern Canyon) to the upper reaches of the Kern River were "created by hawk and duck as they bounced back and forth, to and from along the canyon walls as they raced up the river."
413:
Compared to other tribes in the Sierra Nevada, Tübatulabal had higher status and privilege. Though the tribe followed traditional patriarchy, women had an equal voice in decisions. Marriage had to be mutually consensual, and women could practice birth control.
534:(1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Tübatulabal as 1,000. Erminie W. Voegelin considered Kroeber's estimate too high (Voegelin 1938:39). For the time of initial European-American settlement, around 1850, she estimated 200–300.
201:
The valley of the Kern River has been the home of three distinct bands which are collectively named Tübatulabal. The name Tübatulabal (“a people that go to the forest to gather tubat (piñon nuts)”) loosely translates as
647:
Theodoratus, Dorothea, PhD. and McBride, Kathleen. 2009. "California Tribal
Environmental Justice Collaborative Grant Project." Tribal Environmental Justice Collaborative Grant Project. November 2010.
410:
of Uto-Aztecan. The Tübatulabal were significant participants and go-betweens in the trade networks connecting the Great Basin, the southern deserts, the
Central Valley, and the coastal groups.
917:
1288:
530:
Estimates for the precontact populations of most native groups in
California have varied substantially. By two estimates, the Tübatulabal were a small to very small nation.
892:, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 437–445. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
553:
1887. Tribal membership is at 287 members, however, a new open enrollment process has been established as of
October 2012. The tribe estimates about 400–600 total members.
500:
The
Tubatulabal people of the Kern river valley have survived historical trauma. Of the three bands of the Tubatulabal, the Pahkanapul were the only ones to survive the
831:
Miranda-Begay, Donna, PhD. 2011. "Tribal
Perspectives" of the Tübatulabal Baskets in the California State Parks Archives. 1st Edition. November 2011. Tübatulabal Tribe.
1303:
910:
425:
Bankalachi was well known for her wonderful baskets. Some Tübatulabal families in Kern Valley are related to Francisco. Many of their ancestors married into the
1298:
448:(born in 1895 and died in 1957) on the Miranda Allotment. Estefana was the daughter of Steban Miranda, the last Tübatulabal chief. Estefana knew how to harvest
778:
An Exploration of strengths and resilience of the Tubatulabal people (Pinon Gatherers) as it relates to current tribal identity, in light of historical trauma
895:
1293:
1273:
903:
239:
846:
610:
821:
Gomez, Robert. Tübatulabal History Outline – report for California Tribal Environmental Justice Collaborative Grant Project. September 2010.
873:
760:
933:
852:
Theodoratus, Dorothea, PhD. and McBride, Kathleen. 2009. "California Tribal Environmental Justice Collaborative Grant Project."
525:
153:
370:, and game animals were key elements in Tubatulabal subsistence. Located in the Kern Valley, the tribe had contact with the
188:
The Tübatulabal's traditional homelands extended over 1,300 square miles (3,400 km) including the Kern and South Fork
438:
658:
1283:
1004:
359:
537:
Kroeber in 1910 reported the population of the Tübatulabal as 150. Yamamoto in 2000 estimated the population at 900.
168:. They may have been the first people to make this area their permanent home. Today many of them are enrolled in the
1278:
546:
489:
481:. In the current state of the linguistics of the Uto-Aztecan family, it is classified as a branch unto itself.
235:
1202:
474:
326:
169:
115:
28:
885:
Macri, Marta, PhD. 2009. "Native California Languages of the San Joaquin Valley." UC Davis. December 2009.
292:
231:
478:
310:
280:
243:
173:
161:
346:
550:
549:, and include descendants of several tribal families who were awarded allotment lands under the US
513:
501:
338:
250:) they practiced extensive exogamy marriages, so that they are described as an intermediate group)
227:
207:
the river conversely was given the name of Kutchibichwanap Palap, or "place of the little river."
509:
445:
434:
375:
288:
264:
842:
756:
606:
531:
461:
314:
306:
157:
984:
632:
569:
426:
371:
284:
247:
111:
1118:
545:
Today, a Tübatulabal tribe is seeking federal recognition. They have an office located in
407:
379:
140:
49:
1164:
989:
800:
449:
418:
399:
834:
Otay, William (2009). Oral Kern Valley history as told to Donna Miranda-Begay in 2009.
1267:
1217:
1169:
1097:
691:
318:
276:
86:
1091:
968:
430:
355:
128:
1247:
1237:
1102:
1015:
994:
954:
505:
383:
296:
246:, territory of the Tule River Yokuts, with the Foothill Yokuts (Tule River and
1122:
1070:
1065:
979:
949:
928:
457:
322:
189:
165:
98:
55:
692:
Audubon Kern River Preserve - Native American People of the Kern River Valley
215:
The three bands that comprise the Tübatulabal tribe are (from west to east):
1232:
1136:
1086:
1049:
964:
395:
999:
17:
253:
Bankalachi or Bokninuwiad (northern group, oft considered Foothill Yokuts)
1181:
1175:
1059:
1044:
974:
959:
944:
403:
391:
387:
367:
203:
177:
1207:
1159:
1153:
1113:
1108:
1080:
1028:
1024:
1010:
260:
488:
Tübatulabal have two dialects "paka'anil" and "bankalachi". Today, in
1242:
1191:
1186:
1143:
1128:
1252:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1075:
1039:
1034:
453:
363:
345:
337:
1148:
1054:
1020:
828:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
899:
259:
Toloim or Tulamni (southwestern group, oft identified with the
460:, and other native foods of the South Fork of Kern Valley and
839:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
358:, who occupied most of the southern half of the California's
354:
Tübatulabal traditional culture was similar to that of the
780:. Bakersfield CA: California State University Bakersfield.
573:
San Diego State University Library and Information Access.
256:
Kumachisi (southern group, oft considered Foothill Yokuts)
854:
Tribal Environmental Justice Collaborative Grant Project
859:
Voegelin, Erminie W. 1938. "Tübatulabal Ethnography".
636:
SDSU: California Indian Tribes and Their Reservations.
570:
California Indians and Their Reservations: Populations
605:. Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 70–87.
36:
Ethnic group in the Sierra Nevada range of California
134:
121:
105:
72:
62:
394:, and further south the Tübatulabal had ties with
863:2:1-90. University of California Press, Berkeley.
911:
8:
1289:History of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
512:troops and American settlers led by Captain
390:). On their southern border were living the
172:. They are descendants of the people of the
42:
242:, sometimes they were farther up along the
918:
904:
896:
888:Smith, Charles R. 1978. "Tubatulabal". In
273:Pahkanapil, Bahkanapil, Tubatulabal proper
230:and from Poso Creek and Poso Flats around
41:
841:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
746:
744:
444:Estefana Miranda, a Pakanapul, lived in
562:
628:
626:
624:
622:
1304:Native American history of California
826:Handbook of the Indians of California
7:
1299:History of Tulare County, California
1007:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
755:. Exeter, Calif.: Bear State Books.
596:
594:
592:
590:
73:Regions with significant populations
380:Western and Southern Numic speaking
1294:History of Kern County, California
874:Tubatulabal traditional narratives
504:of 1863, where 35 Tübatulabal and
25:
753:Indian country of the Tubatulabal
657:Sullivan, Ron (7 December 2002).
485:family and relation to the dead.
1274:Indigenous peoples of California
934:Indigenous peoples of California
927:
603:The Sierra Nevada Before History
350:Two Tubatulabal children in 1916
91:
79:
48:
526:Population of Native California
1105:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
382:groups to the north and east (
1:
439:Tule River Indian Reservation
180:people about 3000 years ago.
127:Traditional tribal religion,
479:Uto-Aztecan language family
234:, north along Cedar Creek,
1320:
523:
473:Their ancestral language,
465:over large dirt ditches."
342:Tübatulabal family in 1916
283:to Lake Isabella - around
174:Uto-Aztecan language group
26:
940:
547:Mountain Mesa, California
490:Mountain Mesa, California
441:just prior to her death.
417:According to the tribe's
374:to the southwest and the
317:into Hot Springs Valley (
220:Bankalachi, Pong-ah-lache
139:
126:
110:
77:
67:
47:
601:Jackson, Louise (2010).
384:Western and Eastern Mono
1203:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1062:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
663:San Francisco Chronicle
659:"Roots of native names"
638:Retrieved 30 June 2013.
575:Retrieved 30 June 2013.
327:Bakersfield, California
170:Tule River Indian Tribe
861:Archaeological Records
633:"Tubatulabal Indians."
406:peoples who spoke the
351:
343:
293:Ridgecrest, California
232:Glennville, California
27:For the language, see
1172:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1005:Eel River Athapaskans
824:Kroeber, A. L. 1925.
776:Elton, Laura (2009).
524:Further information:
349:
341:
311:North Fork Kern River
281:South Fork Kern River
244:South Fork Tule River
135:Related ethnic groups
751:Powers, Bob (2003).
378:west, as well as to
29:Tübatulabal language
1284:Greenhorn Mountains
837:Pritzker, Barry M.
738:Miranda-Begay, 2011
551:Dawes Allotment Act
514:Moses A. McLaughlin
502:Keyesville massacre
404:Tataviam (Alliklik)
388:Timbisha (Panamint)
228:Greenhorn Mountains
44:
541:Contemporary tribe
510:United States Army
446:Weldon, California
435:Tejon Indian Tribe
376:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
352:
344:
289:Weldon, California
265:Buena Vista Yokuts
176:, separating from
1279:Kern River Valley
1261:
1260:
847:978-0-19-513877-1
612:978-0-87842-567-9
532:Alfred L. Kroeber
496:Historical trauma
372:Poso Creek Yokuts
315:Kern River Canyon
307:Little Kern River
248:Poso Creek Yokuts
158:Kern River Valley
154:indigenous people
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
1311:
932:
931:
920:
913:
906:
897:
856:. November 2010.
809:
808:
797:
791:
790:Kroeber 1925:883
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616:
598:
585:
582:
576:
567:
427:Tule River Tribe
313:, south through
285:Onyx, California
279:south along the
224:Toloim / Tulamni
97:
95:
94:
85:
83:
82:
63:Total population
52:
45:
21:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1119:Northern Paiute
936:
926:
924:
882:
880:Further reading
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749:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
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710:
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686:
681:
677:
667:
665:
656:
655:
651:
646:
642:
631:
620:
613:
600:
599:
588:
583:
579:
568:
564:
559:
543:
528:
522:
508:were killed by
498:
477:belongs to the
471:
336:
213:
199:
186:
141:Kawaiisu people
92:
90:
80:
78:
58:
40:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
938:
937:
925:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
894:
893:
886:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
866:
865:
864:
857:
850:
835:
832:
829:
822:
817:
814:
811:
810:
792:
783:
768:
761:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
702:Waterman, n.d.
695:
684:
675:
649:
640:
618:
611:
586:
577:
561:
560:
558:
555:
542:
539:
521:
518:
497:
494:
470:
467:
450:native tobacco
360:Central Valley
335:
332:
331:
330:
300:
270:
269:
268:
257:
254:
226:(lived in the
212:
209:
198:
195:
185:
182:
144:
143:
137:
136:
132:
131:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:
107:
103:
102:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
54:Upper fork of
53:
38:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
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1174:
1171:
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1038:
1036:
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1022:
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1017:
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1012:
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1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
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953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
935:
930:
921:
916:
914:
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901:
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884:
883:
879:
875:
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871:
867:
862:
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851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
820:
819:
815:
806:
802:
801:"Tübatulabal"
796:
793:
787:
784:
779:
772:
769:
764:
762:1-892622-24-6
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389:
385:
381:
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361:
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348:
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328:
324:
320:
319:Lake Isabella
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
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286:
282:
278:
277:Mount Whitney
274:
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163:
162:Sierra Nevada
159:
155:
151:
142:
138:
133:
130:
125:
120:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
88:
87:United States
76:
71:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
34:
30:
19:
1197:
1194:(Gabrieliño)
1178:(Fernandeño)
1083:(Bear River)
889:
860:
853:
838:
825:
804:
795:
786:
777:
771:
752:
734:
725:
716:
711:Pritzker 150
707:
698:
687:
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:
652:
643:
635:
602:
584:Pritzker 149
580:
572:
565:
544:
536:
529:
499:
487:
483:
472:
462:Kelso Valley
443:
431:Tachi Yokuts
423:
419:oral history
416:
412:
408:Takic branch
353:
302:
272:
223:
219:
214:
200:
187:
149:
147:
129:Christianity
39:Ethnic group
33:
1198:Tübatulabal
1016:Halchidhoma
995:Coast Miwok
955:Ahwahnechee
682:Gomez, 2009
506:Mono people
475:Tübatulabal
297:Walker Pass
236:White River
190:Kern Rivers
150:Tübatulabal
116:Tübatulabal
43:Tübatulabal
18:Tubatulabal
1268:Categories
1123:Kucadikadi
1066:Lake Miwok
980:Chemehuevi
950:Acjachemen
890:California
816:References
805:Ethnologue
729:Otay, 2009
520:Population
458:salt grass
368:piñon nuts
323:Kern River
321:) and the
240:Deer Creek
166:California
99:California
56:Kern River
1233:Wukchumni
1137:Ramaytush
1133:Costanoan
1094:(Klamath)
1087:Mechoopda
1050:Kitanemuk
985:Chimariko
965:Bay Miwok
396:Kitanemuk
303:Palagewan
184:Territory
164:range of
106:Languages
1182:Timbisha
1176:Tataviam
1060:Kumeyaay
1045:Kawaiisu
975:Cahuilla
960:Atsugewi
945:Achomawi
868:See also
668:27 March
469:Language
392:Kawaiisu
325:down to
263:Band of
204:pine-nut
178:Shoshone
122:Religion
1208:Vanyume
1165:Serrano
1160:Salinan
1154:Quechan
1114:Nomlaki
1109:Nisenan
1081:Mattole
1071:Luiseño
1029:Whilkut
1025:Chilula
1011:Esselen
990:Chumash
400:Serrano
334:Culture
261:Tulamni
160:in the
152:are an
112:English
1243:Yokuts
1218:Washoe
1192:Tongva
1187:Tolowa
1170:Shasta
1156:(Yuma)
1144:Patwin
1129:Ohlone
1098:Mohave
1000:Cupeño
969:Saklan
845:
759:
720:IND 14
609:
454:acorns
433:, and
402:, and
386:, and
364:Acorns
356:Yokuts
275:(from
96:
84:
1253:Yurok
1228:Wiyot
1223:Wintu
1213:Wappo
1092:Modoc
1076:Maidu
1040:Cahto
1035:Karuk
557:Notes
295:near
291:- to
211:Bands
1248:Yuki
1238:Yana
1149:Pomo
1103:Mono
1055:Kizh
1021:Hupa
843:ISBN
757:ISBN
670:2018
607:ISBN
287:and
197:Name
148:The
238:to
222:or
156:of
68:900
1270::
1027:,
803:.
743:^
661:.
621:^
589:^
456:,
452:,
429:,
398:,
366:,
362:.
309:,
114:,
1125:)
1121:(
1031:)
1023:(
971:)
967:(
919:e
912:t
905:v
849:.
807:.
765:.
672:.
615:.
329:)
305:(
299:)
267:)
202:"
101:)
89:(
31:.
20:)
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