210:
contrast to intradermal immunization. In murine studies, intradermal vaccination caused localized inflammation at the site of injection whereas MVA85A did not cause unfavourable effects. A correlation has been found between the mode of delivery and vaccine protection efficacy. Research data suggests aerosol delivery has not only physiological and economic advantages, but also the potential to supplement systemic vaccination.
98:
About three out of every 10,000 people who get the vaccine experience side effects, which are usually minor except in severely immuno-depressed individuals. While BCG immunization provides fairly effective protection for infants and young children (including defence against TB meningitis and miliary
550:
Arbuesab, Ainhoa; Aguilo, Juan I.; Gonzalo-Asensio, Jesus; Marinova, Dessislava; Uranga, Santiago; Puentes, Eugenia; Fernandez, Conchita; Parra, Alberto; Cardona, Pere Joan; Vilaplana, Cristina; Ausin, Vicente; Williams, Ann; Clark, Simon; Malaga, Wladimir; Guilhoth, Christophe; Gicquel, Brigitte;
222:
Progression of vaccine designs relies heavily on outcomes in animal models. Appropriate animal models are scarce because it is difficult to imitate TB in non-human species. It is also challenging finding a species to test on a large scale. Most animal testing for TB vaccines has been conducted on
209:
Patients can receive MVA85A intradermally or as an oral aerosol. This particular combination proved to be protective against mycobacterial invasion in animals, and both modes are well tolerated. The design incentive behind aerosol delivery is to target the lungs rapidly, easily and painlessly in
141:
GamTBVak, A subunit recombinant anti-tuberculosis vaccine for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults, which is at the stage of clinical research. It contains Ag85A and ESAT-6-CFP-10 antigens in combination with an adjuvant. Developed by the N. F. Gamalei
National Research Center for
193:
Since the BCG vaccine does not offer complete protection against TB, vaccines have been designed to bolster BCG's effectiveness. The industry has now transitioned from developing new alternatives, to selecting the best options currently available to advance into clinical testing. MVA85A is
142:
Epidemiology and
Microbiology. As of May 2022, phase III clinical trials are underway, data on phase I/II studies are also published in the ClinicalTrials database. A phase I clinical trial on 12 volunteers confirmed the safety and immunological efficacy of the vaccine.
99:
TB), its efficacy in adults is variable, ranging from 0% to 80%. Several variables have been considered as responsible for the varying outcomes. Demand for TB immunotherapy advancement exists because the disease has become increasingly drug-resistant.
218:
Treatment and prevention of TB has been delayed compared to the resources and research efforts put into other diseases. Large pharmaceutical companies do not see profitable investment because of TB's association with the developing world.
411:
Karonga
Prevention Trial Group. "Randomised controlled trial of single BCG, repeated BCG, or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi." The Lancet 348 (1996): 17â24.
271:
White, A. et al. "Evaluation of the Safety and
Immunogenicity of a Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine, MVA85A, Delivered by Aerosol to the Lungs of Macaques." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20 (2013): 663â672.
725:
Tameris, M. et al. "Safety and efficacy of MVA85A, a new tuberculosis vaccine, in infants previously vaccinated with BCG: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial." Lancet 381 (2013): 1021â1028.
493:
Hoft, Daniel F.; Blazevic, Azra; Abate, Getahun; Hanekom, Willem A.; Kaplan, Gilla; Soler, Jorge H.; Weichold, Frank; Geiter, Larry; Sadoff, Jerald C.; Horwitz, Marcus A. (2008-11-15).
158:
To promote successful and lasting management of the TB epidemic, effective vaccination is required. Although the World Health
Organization (WHO) endorses a single dose of
1786:
119:
is a version of the BCG vaccine engineered to express a higher amount of a certain antigen. It showed promise in animal tests in 2003 and phase I human trials in 2008.
426:
Tyne, A. et al. "TLR2-targeted secreted proteins from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis areprotective as powdered pulmonary vaccines." Elsevier 31 (2013): 4322â4329. Print.
929:
397:
Verma, Indu, and Ajay Grover. "Antituberculous
Vaccine Development: A Perspective For The Endemic World." Expert Review of Vaccines 8.11 (2009): 1547â1553. Print.
138:
AS01. It is intended to prevent tuberculosis in people with a latent infection. Promising phase II trials were completed in 2018 and phase III trials are planned.
818:
969:
964:
162:, revaccination with BCG has been standardized in most, but not all countries. However, improved efficacy of multiple dosages has yet to be demonstrated.
438:"A New Vaccine against Tuberculosis Affords Greater Survival after Challenge than the Current Vaccine in the Guinea Pig Model of Pulmonary Tuberculosis"
731:
1366:
247:
Prabowo, S. et al. "Targeting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) by therapeutic vaccines." Med
Microbiol Immunol 202 (2013): 95â1041. Print.
385:
Hussey, G, T Hawkridge, and W Hanekom. "Childhood
Tuberculosis: Old And New Vaccines." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 8.2 (2007): 148â154. Print.
979:
1837:
1765:
1371:
495:"A new recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine safely induces significantly enhanced tuberculosis-specific immunity in human volunteers"
1403:
1081:
934:
113:
that uses an MVA virus engineered to express a tuberculosis bacillus antigen in host cells. Human and animal trials were disappointing.
1813:
1150:
1120:
753:
1225:
367:
Oksanen, K. et al. "An adult zebrafish model for preclinical tuberculosis vaccinedevelopment." Elsevier 31 (2013): 5202â5209. Print.
1792:
762:
1376:
1413:
1381:
1205:
1155:
1471:
337:
1881:
1076:
1269:
974:
1854:
147:
1391:
828:
811:
126:
1441:
206:. To improve efficacy, research approaches have been directed at modifying the delivery method of vaccinations.
1396:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1842:
1775:
1756:
1552:
1524:
1486:
1481:
1461:
984:
1823:
1752:
746:
131:. Phase II trials were completed in 2021 and 2022; phase III trials began in 2022 and will run until 2029.
1818:
1652:
1647:
1044:
954:
203:
603:
1701:
1642:
1433:
1071:
949:
900:
867:
801:
110:
1624:
1590:
1476:
1242:
1237:
1183:
1014:
882:
854:
806:
92:
1657:
1491:
1232:
1193:
1178:
1054:
1024:
944:
862:
708:
641:
584:
88:
553:"Construction, characterization and preclinical evaluation of MTBVAC, the first live-attenuated
1780:
1747:
1726:
1580:
1421:
1311:
1200:
1061:
886:
849:
739:
700:
633:
625:
576:
532:
514:
475:
457:
315:
1706:
1691:
1547:
1408:
1321:
692:
615:
568:
522:
506:
465:
449:
305:
295:
134:
M72/AS01E, consisting of two fused tuberculosis bacillus protein antigens together with the
1711:
1509:
1316:
1274:
1140:
1110:
1093:
1019:
1009:
939:
878:
874:
823:
602:
MartĂn, Carlos; Marinova, Dessislava; AguilĂł, Nacho; Gonzalo-Asensio, JesĂșs (2021-12-08).
288:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1848:
1575:
1466:
1426:
1306:
1127:
1066:
527:
494:
310:
283:
470:
437:
1875:
1731:
1716:
1686:
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1299:
1294:
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1284:
1188:
1034:
833:
712:
684:
645:
453:
17:
1808:
1451:
1346:
1279:
1220:
1215:
1039:
895:
786:
766:
659:
588:
333:
76:
620:
604:"MTBVAC, a live TB vaccine poised to initiate efficacy trials 100 years after BCG"
572:
1595:
1585:
1446:
1252:
1247:
1160:
1135:
1103:
1029:
891:
782:
774:
170:
159:
84:
80:
72:
696:
1721:
1696:
1386:
1336:
39:
629:
518:
461:
102:
Other tuberculosis vaccines are at various stages of development, including:
1770:
1341:
1209:
778:
224:
704:
637:
580:
536:
479:
319:
300:
227:
a potentially suitable model organism for preclinical vaccine development.
83:. As of 2021, the only effective tuberculosis vaccine in common use is the
95:. It is recommended for babies in countries where tuberculosis is common.
1612:
1605:
1600:
1570:
1326:
1262:
1257:
135:
79:. Immunotherapy as a defence against TB was first proposed in 1890 by
52:
1331:
1088:
770:
552:
1634:
1619:
905:
685:"Promising tuberculosis vaccine gets US$ 550-million shot in the arm"
122:
116:
106:
510:
1629:
1514:
1115:
1049:
924:
194:
characterized as the âmost advanced âboostâ candidateâ to date.
735:
175:
Development of sub-unit or booster vaccines to supplement BCG
223:
murine, bovine and non-primate species. A 2013 study deemed
87:(BCG) vaccine, first used on humans in 1921. It consists of
284:"Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette-Guerin"
165:
Vaccine development is proceeding along several paths:
610:. 100 Years of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine.
1801:
1740:
1672:
1563:
1535:
1502:
1171:
1002:
995:
914:
842:
794:
46:
32:
1787:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
169:Development of a new prime vaccine to replace
747:
407:
405:
403:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
243:
241:
239:
8:
381:
379:
377:
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373:
393:
391:
267:
265:
263:
261:
259:
257:
255:
253:
999:
754:
740:
732:
436:Horwitz, Marcus A.; Harth, GĂŒnter (2003).
422:
420:
418:
619:
526:
469:
309:
299:
557:-based vaccine to enter clinical trials"
146:New vaccines are being developed by the
235:
29:
340:from the original on 30 December 2021
7:
1814:Eradication of infectious diseases
1571:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
499:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
25:
1404:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
551:Martin, Carlos (1 October 2013).
1793:Alternative vaccination schedule
763:Artificial induction of immunity
27:Vaccines to prevent tuberculosis
454:10.1128/IAI.71.4.1672-1679.2003
148:Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative
75:intended for the prevention of
1625:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1:
1156:Group B streptococcal disease
975:Vaccines for Children Program
621:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.049
573:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.051
93:cattle tuberculosis bacillus
683:Tozer, Lilly (2023-06-28).
334:"Vaccines | Basic TB Facts"
1898:
697:10.1038/d41586-023-02171-x
282:McShane H (October 2011).
204:administered intradermally
91:(weakened) strains of the
1832:
128:Myobacterium tuberculosis
51:
37:
1151:Clostridioides difficile
214:Obstacles in development
125:, an attenuated form of
85:Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
1414:Tick-borne encephalitis
1824:List of vaccine topics
819:Mathematical modelling
664:www.clinicaltrials.gov
442:Infection and Immunity
301:10.1098/rstb.2011.0097
1882:Tuberculosis vaccines
1819:Vaccinate Your Family
1270:Japanese encephalitis
336:. CDC. 16 June 2021.
198:Delivery alternatives
33:Tuberculosis vaccines
1702:John Franklin Enders
111:viral vector vaccine
18:Tuberculosis vaccine
883:Virus-like particle
807:Vaccine ingredients
187:Therapeutic vaccine
154:Vaccine development
1859:Never to phase III
1658:Hexavalent vaccine
1472:EpsteinâBarr virus
1367:OxfordâAstraZeneca
1055:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1869:
1868:
1781:Vaccines and SIDS
1668:
1667:
1442:Hepatitis A and B
1418:Varicella zoster
875:Subunit/component
614:(50): 7277â7285.
567:(42): 4867â4873.
505:(10): 1491â1501.
294:(1579): 2782â89.
202:BCG is currently
58:
57:
16:(Redirected from
1889:
1760:MMR autism fraud
1707:Maurice Hilleman
1692:Hilary Koprowski
1000:
756:
749:
742:
733:
727:
723:
717:
716:
680:
674:
673:
671:
670:
656:
650:
649:
623:
599:
593:
592:
547:
541:
540:
530:
490:
484:
483:
473:
448:(4): 1672â1679.
433:
427:
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413:
409:
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395:
386:
383:
368:
365:
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279:
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30:
21:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
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1887:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1849:Clinical trials
1828:
1797:
1736:
1712:Stanley Plotkin
1674:
1664:
1576:Cancer vaccines
1559:
1553:Schistosomiasis
1531:
1525:Trypanosomiasis
1498:
1462:Cytomegalovirus
1372:PfizerâBioNTech
1167:
991:
940:Vaccine wastage
910:
838:
790:
760:
730:
724:
720:
682:
681:
677:
668:
666:
658:
657:
653:
601:
600:
596:
555:M. tuberculosis
549:
548:
544:
492:
491:
487:
435:
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28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1750:
1744:
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1738:
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1734:
1729:
1727:Katalin KarikĂł
1724:
1719:
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1704:
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1517:
1506:
1504:
1500:
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1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Herpes simplex
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Sinopharm BIBP
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Bharat Biotech
1329:
1319:
1314:
1309:
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1302:
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1125:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
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1006:
1004:
997:
993:
992:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
959:
958:
957:
955:Vaccine injury
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
918:
916:
915:Administration
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
889:
872:
871:
870:
865:
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651:
594:
542:
511:10.1086/592450
485:
428:
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387:
369:
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325:
274:
249:
234:
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229:
215:
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199:
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184:Post-infection
182:
181:Booster to BCG
179:
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155:
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144:
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139:
132:
120:
114:
56:
55:
49:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1743:
1739:
1733:
1732:Drew Weissman
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:H. Fred Clark
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Louis Pasteur
1685:
1683:
1682:Edward Jenner
1680:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:DTwP-HepB-Hib
1651:
1649:
1648:DTaP-IPV-HepB
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:combination:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
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1568:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:Helminthiasis
1534:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
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1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
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1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:combination:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
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1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
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1340:
1338:
1335:
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1328:
1325:
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1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
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1268:
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1259:
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1255:
1254:
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1244:
1241:
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1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
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1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
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1177:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
1134:
1133:
1132:combination:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:Meningococcus
1043:
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1072:Pneumococcal
1040:Lyme disease
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1845:from market
1741:Controversy
1675:researchers
1591:Hepatitis B
1477:Hepatitis C
1422:Chicken pox
1248:Hepatitis E
1243:Hepatitis B
1238:Hepatitis A
1184:Chikungunya
1161:Shigellosis
1015:Brucellosis
901:Therapeutic
855:Inactivated
795:Development
783:Inoculation
775:Vaccination
344:30 December
81:Robert Koch
53:In Wikidata
1776:Thiomersal
1722:Paul Offit
1697:Jonas Salk
1673:Inventors/
1544:research:
1521:research:
1458:research:
1387:Skycovione
1377:SanofiâGSK
1322:SARS-CoV-2
1233:Hantavirus
1194:rVSV-ZEBOV
1179:Adenovirus
1147:research:
1025:Diphtheria
863:Attenuated
669:2023-10-27
231:References
89:attenuated
40:Drug class
1855:Phase III
1843:Withdrawn
1771:Pox party
1581:ALVAC-CEA
1503:Protozoan
1392:Sputnik V
1342:CoronaVac
1312:Rotavirus
1210:Pandemrix
1062:Pertussis
1003:Bacterial
887:Synthetic
850:Conjugate
802:Adjuvants
779:Infection
713:259285120
646:235777018
630:0264-410X
519:0022-1899
462:0019-9567
225:zebrafish
1876:Category
1613:Prostvac
1606:Gardasil
1601:Cervarix
1548:Hookworm
1427:Shingles
1409:Smallpox
1327:Corbevax
1263:Gardasil
1258:Cervarix
996:Vaccines
950:Schedule
921:Global:
829:Timeline
771:Vaccines
705:37380847
638:34238608
581:23965219
537:18808333
480:12654780
338:Archived
320:21893541
150:(TBVI).
136:adjuvant
69:vaccines
1802:Related
1748:General
1510:Malaria
1397:Valneva
1362:Novavax
1357:Moderna
1352:Janssen
1337:CanSino
1317:Rubella
1275:Measles
1141:Td/Tdap
1111:Typhoid
1094:Tetanus
1089:Q fever
1020:Cholera
1010:Anthrax
879:Peptide
843:Classes
824:Storage
608:Vaccine
589:6225547
561:Vaccine
528:2670060
311:3146779
1838:WHO-EM
1758:Lancet
1635:TA-NIC
1620:NicVAX
1467:Dengue
1307:Rabies
1128:Typhus
1067:Plague
945:Policy
906:Toxoid
834:Trials
726:Print.
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272:Print.
123:MTBVAC
117:rBCG30
107:MVA85A
1766:NCVIA
1630:TA-CD
1564:Other
1515:RTS,S
1295:Sabin
1290:Polio
1285:Mumps
1189:Ebola
1172:Viral
1121:ViCPS
1116:Ty21a
1050:MeNZB
980:VAERS
930:NITAG
859:Live
709:S2CID
642:S2CID
585:S2CID
1492:Zika
1452:MMRV
1300:Salk
1280:Mpox
1226:LAIV
1221:H5N8
1216:H5N1
1206:H1N1
1082:PPSV
965:ACIP
961:US:
935:SAGE
896:mRNA
812:list
701:PMID
634:PMID
626:ISSN
577:PMID
533:PMID
515:ISSN
476:PMID
458:ISSN
346:2021
316:PMID
109:, a
71:are
1753:MMR
1596:HPV
1586:BCG
1487:HIV
1447:MMR
1253:HPV
1201:Flu
1104:BCG
1077:PCV
1030:Hib
985:VSD
892:DNA
787:J07
693:doi
616:doi
569:doi
523:PMC
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450:doi
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