249:
664:. Although many tubular chassis developed additional tubes and were even described as "space frames", their design was rarely correctly stressed as a space frame and they behaved mechanically as a tube ladder chassis, with additional brackets to support the attached components, suspension, engine etc. The distinction of the true space frame is that all the forces in each strut are either tensile or compression, never bending. Although these additional tubes did carry some extra load, they were rarely diagonalised into a rigid space frame.
598:
820:
760:
802:
39:
703:
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31:
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charge) and the risk of bending the arc to unexpected stresses are problems that require pre-compression and pre-stressing elements. Although in most cases tend to be the cheapest and the technical solution that best fits the acoustics and ventilation of the covered enclosure, are vulnerable to vibration.
298:
show their ability to channel forces theoretically better than any other alternative, have an infinite range of possibilities for composition and adaptability to any type of plant cover or ensure vain. However, imprecisions in shape having the loaded strand (ideally adapts dynamically to the state of
274:
Double layer grid: Elements are organized in two layers parallel to each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other. Diagonal bars connect the
751:
chassis, another with four tubes of two different diameters, separated by narrower tubes. Chapman reduced the main tube diameter for the lighter Lotus, but did not reduce the minor tubes any further, possibly because he considered that this would appear flimsy to buyers. Although widely described as
257:
Barrel vaults: This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing. The section type barrel vault is organized according to IS: 800-2007, and the evaluation is carried out mostly using
115:
Space frames are strong, adaptable, and efficient buildings that can support a variety of weights. For their effective implementation in construction, it is important to comprehend their behavior under various loads, probable modes of failure, and rules for optimal arrangement. To maximize space
53:
to its resistance (or lack thereof) to bending; however, with the red bar in place, then assuming negligible bending rigidity of the blue node as compared with the red bar's contributing rigidity, this 3-dimensional load-bearing truss structure could be solved using a rigidity matrix (neglecting
225:
in which all the struts have unit length. More technically this is referred to as an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width an octet truss. More complex variations change the lengths of the struts to curve the overall structure or may incorporate other geometrical shapes.
977:
177:; a material scientist known for his work on the molecular matrices of crystalline solids. Gilman was an admirer of Buckminster Fuller's architectural trusses, and developed a stronger matrix, in part by rotating an alignment of tetrahedral nodes in relation to each other.
148:) in 1943 in Germany, thus initiating the use of space trusses in architecture. The commonly used method, still in use has individual tubular members connected at node joints (ball shaped) and variations such as the space deck system, octet truss system and cubic system.
667:
An earlier contender for the first true space frame chassis is the one off
Chamberlain 8 race "special" built by brothers Bob and Bill Chamberlain in Melbourne, Australia in 1929. Others attribute vehicles produced in the 1930s by designers such as
243:
Space plane covers: These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures. Their behavior is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the
981:
286:
Pleated metallic structures: Emerged to try to solve the problems that formwork and pouring concrete had their counterparts. Typically run with welded joint, but may raise prefabricated joints, a fact which makes them space
641:. In both a space frame and a tube-frame chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a skeletal frame of tubes, and the body panels have little or no structural function. By contrast, in a
691:
of 1946. This used two small diameter tubes along each side, but they were spaced apart by vertical smaller tubes, and so were not diagonalised in any plane. A year later, Porsche designed their
151:
Stéphane de
Chateau in France invented the Tridirectional SDC system (1957), Unibat system (1959), Pyramitec (1960). A method of tree supports was developed to replace the individual columns.
127:
from 1898 to 1908 developed space frames based on tetrahedral geometry. Bell's interest was primarily in using them to make rigid frames for nautical and aeronautical engineering, with the
189:
in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, simplifying the calculations.
1075:
Otero C. (1990). "Diseño geomĂ©trico de cĂșpulas no esfĂ©ricas aproximadas por mallas triangulares, con un nĂșmero mĂnimo de longitudes de barra". Tesis
Doctoral. Universidad de Cantabria.
275:
nodes of both layers in different directions in space. In this type of meshes, the elements are associated into three groups: upper cordon, cordon and cordon lower diagonal.
92:. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing
778:
A drawback of the space frame chassis is that it encloses much of the working volume of the car and can make access for both the driver and to the engine difficult. The
1404:
1212:
221:
struts. In many ways this looks like the horizontal jib of a tower crane repeated many times to make it wider. A stronger form is composed of interlocking
785:
Some space frames have been designed with removable sections, joined by bolted pin joints. Such a structure had already been used around the engine of the
789:. Although somewhat inconvenient, an advantage of the space frame is that the same lack of bending forces in the tubes that allow it to be modelled as a
733:, the small British car manufacturers developed the concept and produced an alloy-bodied two seater on a multi tubular chassis, which appeared in 1949.
1389:
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261:
Spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.
660:
forces better. Some tube chassis were little more than a ladder chassis made with two large diameter tubes, or even a single tube as a
523:
1094:
1010:
1205:
916:
1011:"The innovative structural conception in Stéphane du Chùteau's work: from metallic trusses to the development of spatial frames"
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449:
699:. As this included diagonal tubes, it can be considered a true space frame and arguable the first mid-rear engined design.
560:
1470:
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1465:
1198:
886:
782:âGullwingâ received its iconic upward-opening doors when its tubular space frame made using regular doors impossible.
718:
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Triple layer grid: Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat.
170:
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1362:
1136:
470:
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429:
Space frames are a common feature in modern building construction; they are often found in large roof spans in
248:
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Pneumatic structures: Closure membranes subjected to a pressurized state may be considered within this group.
1236:
527:
75:
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673:
105:
63:
46:
present, the resultant effect on the structure would depend entirely on the blue node's bending rigidity,
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use space frame construction, because manufacture in small quantity requires only simple and inexpensive
116:
frames' performance and longevity, proper design, material selection, and joint integrity are essential.
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also means that creating such a removable section need not reduce the strength of the assembled frame.
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STAAD. This work elicit evaluations of models for range, extreme redirection, self-weight, and cost.
1259:
657:
101:
775:, and it is relatively easy for an amateur designer to achieve good stiffness with a space frame.
656:. The advantage of using tubes rather than the previous open channel sections is that they resist
621:
Many early âwhirlybirdâ-style exposed-boom helicopters had tubular space frame booms, such as the
1329:
1221:
1041:
995:
684:) who understood the theory of the true space frame from either architecture or aircraft design.
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154:
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Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of the
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Within the meaning of space frame, we can find three systems clearly different between them:
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756:, with the influence of other designers, with experience from the aircraft industry.
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Tube-frame chassis pre-date space frame chassis and are a development of the earlier
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https://primotipo.com/2015/07/24/chamberlain-8-by-john-medley-and-mark-bisset/
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Single layer grid: All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.
159:
81:) is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking
618:
aircraft were built using roughly the same welded steel tube fuselage frame.
34:
The roof of this industrial building is supported by a space frame structure.
1414:
1394:
881:
696:
646:
457:
430:
328:
214:
729:; the Jowett went on to take a class win at the 1950 Le Mans 24hr. Later,
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86:
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a space frame, Lotus did not build a true space frame chassis until the
201:
Simplified space frame roof with the half-octahedron highlighted in blue
30:
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The simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking
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This train station in India is supported by a barrel vault structure
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of 1959 (Birdcage) is often thought of as the first but in 1949
1194:
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are also frequently built from space frames and octet trusses.
730:
687:
A post WW2 attempt to build a racing car space frame was the
763:
Chilean kitcar showing off its space frame structure (2013).
42:
If a force is applied to the blue node and the red bar were
1095:"Design and Analysis of Barrel Vault Space Frame Structure"
633:
Space frames are sometimes used in the chassis designs of
290:
Hanging covers: Designs on the cable taut, spine, and the
137:
developed the space grid system called MERO (acronym of
282:
Other examples classifiable as space frames are these:
1441:
The Last
Dymaxion: Buckminster Fullerâs Dream Restored
1139:. âThe Chamberlain An Australian Storyâ John Hazelden
852:, which readily favor stressed triangular sectioning.
436:
Examples of buildings based on space frames include:
1061:
Dorothy Harley Eber, via telephone (June 29, 1978).
27:
Rigid three dimensional load bearing truss structure
1339:
1268:
1228:
845:extensively uses tube frame chassis on its models.
336:Commercial, entertainment, and service facilities:
111:Chief applications include buildings and vehicles.
1181:
1124:
649:design, the body serves as part of the structure.
266:Classification by the arrangement of its elements
1405:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
502:, Sweden - Dome with diameter of 110 m, (1989)
1206:
8:
743:introduced his first 'production' car, the
1213:
1199:
1191:
956:"Tetrahedral Principle In Kite Structure"
311:Chief space frame applications include:
37:
29:
1161:. Haynes Publishing. pp. 150â164.
928:
747:, in 1952. This was influenced by the
108:loads along the length of each strut.
1433:Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud
433:commercial and industrial buildings.
7:
1245:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
848:Space frames have also been used in
561:Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
1159:Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator
1024:(40). Poland: 51â64. Archived from
954:Alexander Graham Bell (June 1903).
601:Yeoman YA-1 vs CA-6 Wackett frames.
585:Large portable stages and lighting
25:
1390:Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
524:Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
344:Conference halls, pavilions, and
917:Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb
818:
800:
1009:Porto, ClĂĄudia Estrela (2014).
841:Italian motorbike manufacturer
1330:Expo 67 United States Pavilion
131:being one of his inventions.
1:
1182:Ludvigsen & Colin Chapman
1125:Ludvigsen & Colin Chapman
404:Architectural design elements
375:
1427:Buckminster Fuller Challenge
1400:Old Man River's City project
1375:Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere
960:National Geographic Magazine
163:) in 1961 while focusing on
887:Modular construction system
719:Robert Eberan von Eberhorst
616:Yeoman YA-1 Cropmaster 250R
542:Sochi International Airport
1513:
1047:November 19, 2015, at the
171:Gilman's Tetrahedral Truss
157:patented the octet truss (
1461:
1363:Design science revolution
1042:Evolution of Space Frames
725:exhibited at that year's
173:of 1980 was developed by
1288:Dymaxion deployment unit
837:Motorcycles and bicycles
556:Six Flags Magic Mountain
238:Curvature classification
1237:Nine Chains to the Moon
937:"Alexander Graham Bell"
535:in Barcelona, Spain by
528:New York City, New York
320:Industrial structures:
1497:Structural engineering
1031:on September 16, 2016.
877:Framing (construction)
764:
710:
674:William Bushnell Stout
602:
253:
202:
64:structural engineering
55:
35:
1347:Allegra Fuller Snyder
978:"Modular space grids"
791:pin-jointed structure
762:
705:
600:
251:
200:
160:U.S. patent 2,986,241
125:Alexander Graham Bell
100:) are transmitted as
41:
33:
1420:Buckminsterfullerene
1353:Current solar income
1084:Cavia Sorret (1993).
812:Museum of Modern Art
780:Mercedes-Benz 300 SL
576:Hedyar Aliyev Centre
496:in Cornwall, England
487:in Natal, Brazil by
1260:Dymaxion Chronofile
450:Bank of China Tower
135:Max Mengeringhausen
1444:(2012 documentary)
1436:(1996 documentary)
1222:Buckminster Fuller
767:A large number of
765:
711:
670:Buckminster Fuller
603:
567:Harbin Opera House
563:airport terminal 2
520:in Oracle, Arizona
346:exhibition centers
296:inverted funicular
254:
203:
155:Buckminster Fuller
56:
36:
1492:Structural system
1479:
1478:
1168:978-1-84425-413-2
1127:, p. 153â154
727:London Motor Show
578:in Azerbaijan by
445:Foster + Partners
129:tetrahedral truss
54:angular factors).
16:(Redirected from
1504:
1448:Karlis Johansons
1410:Ephemeralization
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1063:"Fuller on Bell"
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998:. 4 August 2010.
992:
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980:. Archived from
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967:
951:
945:
944:
939:. Archived from
933:
912:Tessellated roof
862:Backbone chassis
829:Monster S2R 1000
822:
804:
715:Maserati Tipo 61
662:backbone chassis
612:CAC CA-6 Wackett
533:Palau Sant Jordi
518:Peter Jon Pearce
441:Stansted Airport
187:stiffness matrix
162:
52:
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1453:Kenneth Snelson
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1155:Ludvigsen, Karl
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1099:www.ijraset.com
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1049:Wayback Machine
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1007:
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996:"Unibat system"
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989:
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872:Exoskeleton car
858:
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832:
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815:
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808:Moulton Bicycle
805:
631:
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485:Arena das Dunas
476:McCormick Place
427:
358:and fair houses
309:
232:
207:square pyramids
195:
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158:
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72:space structure
50:
28:
23:
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18:Tubular chassis
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1368:Design science
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1327:
1324:Fly's Eye Dome
1321:
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1276:Dymaxion house
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984:on 2016-09-15.
969:
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943:on 2003-03-26.
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892:Platonic solid
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787:Lotus Mark III
723:Jowett Jupiter
654:ladder chassis
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454:Louvre Pyramid
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362:Shopping malls
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181:Design methods
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175:John J. Gilman
142:ngeringhausen
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1306:Geodesic dome
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1253:Critical Path
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1184:, p. 151
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897:Stressed skin
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867:Body-on-frame
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749:Jaguar C-Type
746:
742:
738:
737:Colin Chapman
734:
732:
728:
724:
721:designed the
720:
716:
708:
707:Jaguar C-Type
704:
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698:
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689:Cisitalia D46
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537:Arata Isozaki
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510:John P. Allen
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471:Michael Allan
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463:Rogers Centre
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167:structures.
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165:architectural
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47:
43:
40:
32:
19:
1439:
1431:
1294:Dymaxion map
1282:Dymaxion car
1251:
1243:
1235:
1177:
1158:
1132:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1056:
1037:
1026:the original
1021:
1017:
1004:
990:
982:the original
972:
963:
959:
949:
941:the original
931:
902:Superleggera
847:
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784:
777:
766:
735:
712:
686:
682:Stout Scarab
666:
651:
632:
620:
609:
584:
569:in China by
554:Entrance to
494:Eden Project
435:
428:
425:Construction
403:
402:
374:
373:
340:Sports halls
314:
313:
310:
307:Applications
281:
265:
264:
237:
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204:
184:
169:
153:
150:
143:
139:
138:
133:
123:
113:
110:
71:
67:
60:architecture
57:
1358:Synergetics
1318:Octet truss
1018:Architectus
639:motorcycles
635:automobiles
506:Biosphere 2
391:Motorcycles
388:Automobiles
217:or tubular
213:built from
106:compression
68:space frame
1486:Categories
1349:(daughter)
1312:World Game
1300:Tensegrity
1104:2022-11-08
1051:Cities Now
923:References
907:Tensegrity
580:Zaha Hadid
571:Ma Yansong
514:Phil Hawes
467:Rod Robbie
397:Spacecraft
329:Warehouses
244:diagonals.
223:tetrahedra
211:tetrahedra
146:hrbauweise
1415:Fullerene
1395:Gold Dome
882:Monocoque
754:Mark VIII
697:Cisitalia
658:torsional
647:monocoque
458:I. M. Pei
431:modernist
417:Geodesics
324:Factories
315:Buildings
215:Aluminium
96:(bending
87:geometric
1466:Category
1385:Dymaxion
1380:Geoscope
1157:(2010).
1045:Archived
856:See also
850:bicycles
769:kit cars
693:Type 360
680:and the
678:Dymaxion
625:series.
606:Aircraft
593:Vehicles
587:gantries
489:Populous
478:East in
452:and the
394:Bicycles
385:Aircraft
376:Vehicles
367:Airports
351:Stadiums
193:Overview
1471:Commons
1340:Related
810:at the
745:Mark VI
643:unibody
623:Bell 47
480:Chicago
412:Atriums
356:Museums
287:meshes.
120:History
102:tension
98:moments
90:pattern
51:
1332:(1967)
1326:(1965)
1320:(1961)
1314:(1961)
1308:(1953)
1302:(1949)
1296:(1946)
1290:(1940)
1284:(1933)
1278:(1928)
1256:(1981)
1248:(1968)
1240:(1938)
1165:
843:Ducati
827:Ducati
550:Russia
500:Globen
83:struts
1269:Other
1229:Books
1029:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
825:2006
741:Lotus
709:frame
676:(the
546:Sochi
456:, by
443:, by
230:Types
219:steel
94:loads
85:in a
79:truss
1163:ISBN
966:(6).
773:jigs
713:The
695:for
672:and
637:and
629:Cars
614:and
610:The
469:and
209:and
104:and
66:, a
62:and
48:i.e.
964:XIV
739:of
731:TVR
645:or
544:in
508:by
465:by
70:or
58:In
44:not
1488::
1144:^
1113:^
1097:.
1020:.
1016:.
962:.
958:.
548:,
526:,
516:,
512:,
379::
144:RO
140:ME
76:3D
1214:e
1207:t
1200:v
1171:.
1107:.
1065:.
1022:4
331:,
294:(
74:(
20:)
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