382:
lonely spot. They were all neatly clothed in dressed deer and Sheep skins of the best quality and all seemed to be perfectly contented and happy. ... Their personal property consisted of one old butcher knife nearly worn to the back, two old, shattered fusees which had long since become useless for want of ammunition, a small stone pot and about thirty dogs on which they carried their skins, clothing, provisions, etc., on their hunting excursions. They were well armed with bows and arrows pointed with obsidian. The bows were beautifully wrought from sheep, buffalo and elk horns, secured with deer and elk sinews, and ornamented with porcupine quills, and generally about three feet long. We obtained a large number of deer, elk and sheep skins from them of the finest quality, and three large, neatly dressed panther skins, in return for awls and axes, kettles, tobacco, ammunition, etc. ... One of them drew a map of the country around us on a white elk skin with a piece of charcoal, after which he explained the direction of the different passes, streams, etc."
449:
slopes near bighorn sheep summer range. Hunters would approach the sheep from above, then spook the animals downhill. Since sheep have an instinct to find security at high ground, the sheep would run downhill, then traverse the slope, before running uphill again. With luck, this movement of the animals would direct them straight into the mouth of a corral trap, usually constructed out of logs. The hunters would then spook the animals further into the narrowing part of the spiral trap, with the assistance of a ceremonial leader stationed in a pod along one of the corral walls. At the end of the trap, the sheep would run up a ramp into an elevated cattle-guard-like trap, with widely spaced
390:
plants like white bark pine nuts. The lifestyle meant they weren't limited to plains areas where they needed large numbers of horses or forage to graze the horses. In contrast, horse-mounted
Shoshones were much more dependent on bison hunting on the plains, which offered a major source of wealth for trade, but was also a resource that other tribes coveted, leading to conflict through much of the 1800s. The Tukudika were smaller in numbers than the other Shoshone, but judging by Russel's account lived a prosperous life by relying on a variety of food resources.
211:
74:
312:
40:
86:
453:. They would fall off the timbers, with their feet hanging into air. Thus immobilized, the hunters would kill the sheep with clubs, spears, or projectiles. Some of these traps were used through the 1800s, with the remains still visible in the late 20th century. Tukudika also hunted sheep by driving them into
448:
Bighorn sheep corral traps relied on a deep understanding of bighorn sheep behavior. The
Tukudika built traps in the Wind River Range and the Abaroka Range which were shaped in spirals (shaped something like a bighorn sheep horn) with the opening to the trap facing downhill. The traps were located on
413:
Superintendent Norris claimed that the
Sheepeater were the only year-round residents of Yellowstone National Park. Writer Susan Hughes doubts that the Sheepeaters could have live year-round in the park due to snow levels. She also points out to the fact that Jones expedition guide Togote, a Tukudika
421:
Since
Tukudika were aware migratory patterns of deer and elk and bighorn sheep, they likely migrated out of high elevations to spend winter at the mouth of mountain canyons where they spill out to the plains, or in the basins themselves. Some big game wintering areas, such as Sunlight Basin and the
389:
In contrast to the horse-mounted buffalo-hunting
Shoshone, the Tukudika did not rely on horses. Their pedestrian way of life was well-suited for spending summer at high-elevations where migratory animals like bighorn sheep, elk, and deer abounded, and they could also harvest calorie-rich edible
381:
encountered a band of
Tukudika in what is now Yellowstone in 1834, he found them to be well-clothed, accompanied by pack-dogs, and possessing a quantity of skins for trading: "Here we found a few Snake Indians comprising 6 men, 7 women, and 8 or 10 children who were the only inhabitants of this
401:
agent G.W. Fleming stated that Chief
Washakie allowed a band of "Toorooreka" Sheepeaters to share in the annual annuity. This likely represents the period when the Wyoming Tukudika merged with the Washakie band of the Eastern Shoshone to reside on the Wind River Indian Reservation. Later
385:
The
Tukudika economy was largely derived from the large numbers of mountain sheep that the Tukudika were expert at hunting, whether with their sheep horn bows, or with corral traps in the shape of a spiral. They also consumed fish caught in the mountain streams using weirs.
422:
upper Wind River Valley, are nearly snow-free in winter. Other recent excavations have suggested that certain snow-free areas within the Wind River Range may have been used by
Indians in mid-winter for up to 12,000 years.
441:. The pot could hold up to a gallon, and be placed directly in the fire. Because of the high-specific heat of soapstone, the pot could be pulled out of the fire and maintain boiling temperatures for some time. Tukudika
742:
393:
The
Sheepeater were potentially subject to misidentification by the 1860s and 1870s, with the Cook-Folsom expedition and the Raynolds expedition describing horse-mounted Bannock-speaking Indians as Sheepeaters.
776:
369:
In 1913, Billings, Montana dentist W.F. "Doc" Allen claimed to have found the last-living Sheepeater living among the Crow Tribe, a 115-year-old woman whom he communicated with in sign language. His book
374:
was later considered by later anthropologist Ake Hultkrantz to be almost entirely fabricated, and a source of myths and folklore describing the Tukudika as impoverished pygmies without guns or horses.
195:
1097:
339:. Europeans first entered their territory in 1824. American and British trappers hunted beavers in the 1840s. In 1860, gold was discovered, and non-native prospectors flooded the region.
582:
476:
of up to 70 pounds. Horn bows fetched a high price in trade value of five to ten horses. The bow is one of the most powerful bows created by indigenous people in North America.
460:
Shoshones in bighorn sheep habitat manufactured the sheephorn bow over a period of two to three months by boiling and straightening the spiral horn of the bighorn sheep. In
738:
772:
855:
263:, and is translated as "Eaters of White Meat," "Eaters of Mountain Sheep," "Mountain Sheepeaters," or simply, "Sheepeaters." A Shoshone word for bighorn ram is
430:
The Tukudika are known for three innovations: the steatite or soapstone cooking pot, the corral trap for hunting bighorn sheep, and the sheep horn bow.
187:
and the mountains of what is now northwest Wyoming. Bands were very fluid and nomadic, and they often interacted with and intermarried other bands of
645:
1169:
353:. Despite a complete lack of evidence, the Tukudeka were blamed for the murders, and the US Cavalry attacked the tribe in what would be called the
269:, which also translates to "meat" according to anthropologist Demetri Shimkin. So the name may also mean "eaters of meat." They were named for the
1006:
898:
402:
anthropologists Are Hultkrantz and Demetri Shimkin reported that members of the Tukudika formed an enclave within the Trout Creek area near
579:
555:
418:, was only familiar with the southern portion of Yellowstone Park, as evidence that Sheepeaters didn't live year-round in Yellowstone.
1058:
1017:
1068:
1027:
987:
931:
830:
398:
1106:
847:
516:
1164:
1117:
494:
192:
1159:
410:
891:
Archaeology with Altitude: Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in the Northern Wind River Range, Wyoming
1139:
1129:
1016:
Murphy, Robert F.; Murphy, Yolanda (1986). "Northern Shoshone and Bannock". In d'Azevedo, Warren L. (ed.).
1038:
652:
472:. When completed, this bow was shorter but also much more powerful than bows made out of wood, boasting a
403:
296:
270:
180:
120:
44:
1143:
904:
358:
210:
279:), which they commonly hunted. They are also called Mountain Shoshone or Toyahini, the mountaineers.
324:
300:
461:
966:
958:
720:
712:
627:
619:
739:"A Tale: Trappers Encounter Peaceful Indians on the Yellowstone Plateau — Osborne Russell, 1834"
1063:. Vol. Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 308–335.
1022:. Vol. Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 308–335.
1064:
1023:
1002:
983:
927:
894:
826:
552:
288:
176:
104:
923:
917:
822:
816:
1085:
950:
704:
611:
316:
292:
199:
172:
108:
1135:
997:
Loendorf, Lawrence; Nabokov, Peter (2016). "Residents in the Highlands: The Sheepeaters".
586:
559:
520:
498:
378:
275:
219:
155:
151:
434:
354:
343:
311:
39:
1153:
970:
724:
631:
468:
may have served to heat the horn. The horn would be shaped over time and backed with
415:
214:
79:
129:
954:
708:
615:
908:
332:
133:
1057:
Shimkin, Demitri B. (1986). "Eastern Shoshone". In d'Azevedo, Warren L. (ed.).
465:
350:
473:
454:
438:
124:
513:
442:
188:
146:
962:
941:
Hughes, Susan S. (2000). "The Sheepeater Myth of Northwestern Wyoming".
716:
695:
Hughes, Susan S. (2000). "The Sheepeater Myth of Northwestern Wyoming".
623:
602:
Hughes, Susan S. (2000). "The Sheepeater Myth of Northwestern Wyoming".
491:
17:
336:
328:
179:. Before the reservation era, they traditionally lived in the central
450:
999:
Restoring a Presence: American Indians in Yellowstone National Park
469:
310:
209:
184:
91:
48:
1123:
365:
Historical Interpretations and Myths of Sheep Eaters in Wyoming
919:
Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Hunters and Animal Prey
818:
Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Hunters and Animal Prey
196:
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho
553:"Original Tribal and Band Names of Idaho's Native Peoples."
437:
of Wyoming, Tukudika used a cooking pot carved out of soft
916:
Frison, George Carr (2004). "The Rocky Mountain Sheep".
815:
Frison, George Carr (2004). "The Rocky Mountain Sheep".
773:"Wyoming college discovers world's highest buffalo jump"
357:. Fifty-one Tukudeka were captured and relocated to the
342:
In the 1860s, Indian agents estimated the Tukudeka and
980:
Mountain Sprit: The Sheepeater Indians of Yellowstone
323:
The Tukudeka's traditional homelands were along the
139:
114:
98:
65:
55:
1001:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 129–200.
445:of soap stone were found in the Wind River Range.
47:, the traditional home of the Tukudeka in central
978:Loendorf, Lawrence; Stone, Nancy Medaris (2006).
690:
688:
686:
202:of the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming.
327:in the Sawtooth Mountains, as well as southern
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
227:"Tukudeka" is spelled several ways, including
349:In 1879 five Chinese miners were killed near
8:
30:
223:, traditional food source for the Tukudeka
29:
1107:"Master Engineers: A Shoshone Sheep Trap"
848:"Master Engineers: A Shoshone Sheep Trap"
191:. Today the Tukudeka are enrolled in the
667:
665:
548:
546:
544:
509:
507:
484:
893:(Ph.D. diss.). University of Wyoming.
534:
532:
575:
573:
571:
7:
1039:"Wind River Shoshone Ethnogeography"
646:"WIND RIVER SHOSHONE ETHNOGEOGRAPHY"
66:Regions with significant populations
1098:"Sheep Eaters or Mountain Shoshone"
1060:Handbook of North American Indians
1019:Handbook of North American Indians
922:. University of California Press.
821:. University of California Press.
590:Sawtooth National Recreation Area.
171:are a band of Shoshone within the
25:
858:from the original on 8 March 2019
762:Loendorf and Nabokov, pp. 174-176
876:Loendorf and Nabokov, p. 164-167
84:
72:
38:
1170:Native American tribes in Idaho
1111:Jackson Hole Historical Society
852:Jackson Hole Historical Society
779:from the original on 2019-10-13
745:from the original on 2019-03-08
1105:Mamot, Ron (22 October 2015).
846:Mamot, Ron (22 October 2015).
592:Page 8. Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
377:In contrast, when fur trapper
127:, traditional tribal religion,
1:
955:10.1080/2052546.2000.11931990
709:10.1080/2052546.2000.11931990
616:10.1080/2052546.2000.11931990
399:Wind River Indian Reservation
982:. University of Utah Press.
805:Loendorf and Nabokov, p. 171
796:Loendorf and Nabokov, p. 154
433:In the Wind River Range and
1186:
1136:Ake Hultkrantz manuscripts
492:"Shoshone-Bannock Tribes."
1124:Shoshone Language Project
1037:Shimkin, Demetri (1947).
411:Yellowstone National Park
144:
119:
103:
70:
60:
37:
1140:American Heritage Center
1126:, Idaho State University
526:. Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
1132:essay by David Dominick
1118:Shoshone-Bannock Tribes
1086:"The Mountain Shoshone"
1046:Anthropological Records
889:Adams, Richard (2010).
563:Digital Atlas of Idaho.
287:The Tukudeka speak the
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
565:Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
501:Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
320:
297:Central Numic language
271:bighorn mountain sheep
224:
121:Native American Church
1144:University of Wyoming
943:Plains Anthropologist
697:Plains Anthropologist
680:Murphy and Murphy 289
671:Murphy and Murphy 306
604:Plains Anthropologist
359:Fort Hall Reservation
314:
213:
140:Related ethnic groups
1138:are archived at the
301:Uto-Aztecan language
193:federally recognized
169:Mountain Sheepeaters
33:Mountain Sheepeaters
1130:"The Sheep Eaters,"
414:who is namesake of
34:
1120:, official website
585:2016-03-04 at the
558:2016-08-19 at the
519:2017-06-20 at the
497:2011-07-16 at the
321:
225:
1165:Northern Shoshone
1008:978-0-8061-5346-9
900:978-1-124-09789-3
775:. November 2016.
289:Shoshone language
177:Northern Shoshone
161:
160:
16:(Redirected from
1177:
1160:Eastern Shoshone
1114:
1101:
1093:
1074:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1012:
993:
974:
937:
912:
877:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
843:
837:
836:
812:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
769:
763:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
735:
729:
728:
692:
681:
678:
672:
669:
660:
659:
657:
651:. Archived from
650:
642:
636:
635:
599:
593:
577:
566:
550:
539:
536:
527:
511:
502:
489:
457:of spring snow.
317:Sheepeater Cliff
299:in the Northern
295:. Shoshone is a
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
200:Eastern Shoshone
173:Eastern Shoshone
90:
88:
87:
78:
76:
75:
61:Fewer than 5,822
56:Total population
42:
35:
21:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1150:
1149:
1104:
1096:
1084:
1081:
1071:
1056:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1009:
996:
990:
977:
940:
934:
915:
901:
888:
885:
880:
875:
871:
861:
859:
845:
844:
840:
833:
814:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
782:
780:
771:
770:
766:
761:
757:
748:
746:
737:
736:
732:
694:
693:
684:
679:
675:
670:
663:
655:
648:
644:
643:
639:
601:
600:
596:
587:Wayback Machine
578:
569:
560:Wayback Machine
551:
542:
537:
530:
521:Wayback Machine
512:
505:
499:Wayback Machine
490:
486:
482:
435:Absaroka Ranges
428:
379:Osborne Russell
372:The Sheepeaters
367:
346:, to be 1,200.
309:
285:
276:Ovis canadensis
220:Ovis canadensis
208:
156:Northern Paiute
150:
128:
85:
83:
73:
71:
51:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1102:
1094:
1090:Wyohistory.org
1080:
1079:External links
1077:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1054:
1034:
1028:
1013:
1007:
994:
988:
975:
949:(171): 63–83.
938:
932:
913:
899:
884:
881:
879:
878:
869:
838:
831:
807:
798:
789:
764:
755:
741:. 2013-05-19.
730:
703:(171): 63–83.
682:
673:
661:
658:on 2019-03-08.
637:
594:
567:
540:
528:
503:
483:
481:
478:
427:
424:
366:
363:
355:Sheepeater War
344:Lemhi Shoshone
308:
305:
284:
281:
207:
204:
181:Sawtooth Range
159:
158:
142:
141:
137:
136:
117:
116:
112:
111:
101:
100:
96:
95:
68:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:Sawtooth Range
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:0-16-004581-9
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1029:0-16-004581-9
1025:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
989:0-87480-867-7
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
933:0-520-23190-2
929:
925:
921:
920:
914:
910:
906:
902:
896:
892:
887:
886:
882:
873:
870:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
834:
832:0-520-23190-2
828:
824:
820:
819:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
778:
774:
768:
765:
759:
756:
744:
740:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
677:
674:
668:
666:
662:
654:
647:
641:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:(171). p. 6.
609:
605:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
581:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
549:
547:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:
488:
485:
479:
477:
475:
474:pull strength
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
425:
423:
419:
417:
416:Togwotee Pass
412:
407:
405:
404:Fort Washakie
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
375:
373:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
313:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
291:, as well as
290:
282:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
242:Tukku Tikka'a
237:
231:
222:
221:
216:
215:Bighorn sheep
212:
205:
203:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
153:
148:
143:
138:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
81:
80:United States
69:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
19:
1110:
1089:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1018:
998:
979:
946:
942:
918:
890:
872:
860:. Retrieved
851:
841:
817:
810:
801:
792:
781:. Retrieved
767:
758:
747:. Retrieved
733:
700:
696:
676:
653:the original
640:
607:
603:
597:
589:
562:
523:
487:
459:
447:
432:
429:
420:
408:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
371:
368:
348:
341:
325:Salmon River
322:
286:
274:
226:
218:
168:
164:
162:
130:Christianity
27:Ethnic group
538:Shimkin 335
514:"Shoshoni."
466:hot springs
455:deep drifts
333:Yellowstone
134:Ghost Dance
1154:Categories
883:References
783:2019-03-07
749:2019-03-07
580:"History."
524:Ethnologue
462:geothermal
426:Technology
351:Loon Creek
254:Tukkutikka
971:159589074
924:Chapter 6
909:741159508
823:Chapter 6
725:159589074
632:159589074
439:soapstone
397:In 1870,
319:, Wyoming
260:Tukuarika
248:Tukkuikka
125:Sun Dance
99:Languages
963:25669639
905:ProQuest
856:Archived
777:Archived
743:Archived
717:25669639
624:25669639
583:Archived
556:Archived
517:Archived
495:Archived
443:quarries
315:Sign at
303:family.
283:Language
236:Tukudika
230:Tukadüka
198:and the
189:Shoshone
175:and the
165:Tukudeka
147:Shoshone
115:Religion
105:Shoshone
31:Tukudeka
18:Tukudika
862:7 March
464:areas,
451:timbers
337:Wyoming
329:Montana
307:History
293:English
152:Bannock
149:tribes,
109:English
1067:
1026:
1005:
986:
969:
961:
930:
907:
897:
829:
723:
715:
630:
622:
409:Early
331:, and
257:, and
145:Other
89:
77:
1042:(PDF)
967:S2CID
959:JSTOR
721:S2CID
713:JSTOR
656:(PDF)
649:(PDF)
628:S2CID
620:JSTOR
480:Notes
470:sinew
217:, or
185:Idaho
92:Idaho
49:Idaho
1065:ISBN
1052:(4).
1024:ISBN
1003:ISBN
984:ISBN
928:ISBN
895:ISBN
864:2019
827:ISBN
266:duku
206:Name
163:The
951:doi
705:doi
612:doi
335:in
183:of
167:or
1156::
1142:,
1109:.
1088:.
1048:.
1044:.
965:.
957:.
947:45
945:.
926:.
903:.
854:.
850:.
825:.
719:.
711:.
701:45
699:.
685:^
664:^
626:.
618:.
608:45
606:.
570:^
543:^
531:^
506:^
406:.
361:.
251:,
245:,
239:,
233:,
154:,
132:,
123:,
107:,
1146:.
1113:.
1100:.
1092:.
1073:.
1050:5
1032:.
1011:.
992:.
973:.
953::
936:.
911:.
866:.
835:.
786:.
752:.
727:.
707::
634:.
614::
273:(
94:)
82:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
