380:. This new dynasty was to deal with the everyday decisions of the empire, while the position of Tuʻi Tonga was to be the nation's spiritual leader, though he still controlled the final say in the life or death of his people. The Tuʻi Tonga Empire at this period becomes Samoan in orientation as the Tuʻi Tonga kings themselves became ethnic Samoans who married Samoan women and resided in Samoa. Kauʻulufonua's mother was a Samoan from Manu'a, Tuʻi Tonga Kauʻulufonua II and Tuʻi Tonga Puipuifatu had Samoan mothers and as they married Samoan women the succeeding Tuʻi Tonga – Vakafuhu, Tapu'osi, and 'Uluakimata – were allegedly more "Samoan" than "Tongan".
241:. As the ancestral homeland of the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty and the abode of deities such as Tagaloa ʻEitumatupuʻa, Tonga Fusifonua, and Tavatavaimanuka, the Manuʻa islands of Samoa were considered sacred by the early Tongan kings. By the time of the 10th Tuʻi Tonga Momo, and his successor, Tuʻitātui, the Tuʻi Tonga Empire had grown to include much of the former domains of the Tui Fiti and Tui Manuʻa, with the Manuʻa group being the only exception, remaining under Tui Manuʻa rule. To better govern the large territory, the Tuʻi Tonga had their throne moved by the lagoon at
49:
281:
Samoan noblewomen, such as Tohuʻia, the mother of the first Tuʻi
Kanokupolu, Ngata, who came from Safata, ʻUpolu, Samoa. These mats, including the Maneafaingaa and Tasiaeafe, are considered the crown jewels of the current Tupou line (which is derived matrilineally from Samoa). The success of the Empire was largely based upon the Imperial Navy. The most common vessels were long-distance double-canoes fitted with triangular sails. The largest canoes of the Tongan
397:
of Upolu"), a direct homage to his mother's heritage. The Tuʻi
Kanokupolu dynasty oversaw the importation and institution of many Samoan policies and titles and according to Tongan scholars, this "Samoanized" form of government and custom continues today in the modern Kingdom of Tonga. Things continued in this manner afterward. The first Europeans arrived in 1616, when the Dutch explorers
63:
436:
Modern archeology, anthropology, and linguistic studies confirm widespread Tongan cultural influence ranging widely through East ʻUvea, Rotuma, Futuna, Samoa, and Niue, parts of
Micronesia (Kiribati and Pohnpei), Vanuatu, and New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, and while some academics prefer the
396:
for the half-Samoan Ngata which divided regional rule between them, though as time went on the Tu’i
Kanokupolu's power became more and more dominant over Tonga. This title granted Ngata considerable power and provided a strong foundation for his new title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu (translated as the "Heart
305:
was actually a Samoan kalia; according to Queen Sālote and the Palace
Records this was the Samoan double-hulled canoe that brought Tohuʻia Limapō from Samoa to wed the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua. The large navy allowed for Tonga to become wealthy with large amounts of trade and tribute flowing into the royal
388:
In Samoa, the high chief of Safata, Ama Lele married Soliʻai, a daughter of the Tui Manuʻa. They produced a son Peseta, who was to become the next Ama, and a daughter, Tohuʻia Limapo. Herewith contains the connection to the Tongan royal lineage through Tohuʻia Limapo. Limapo travelled to Tonga with
280:
The finest mats of Samoa (ʻie tōga) are incorrectly translated as "Tongan mats;" the correct meaning is "treasured cloth" ("ie" = cloth, "tōga" = female goods, in opposition to "oloa" = male goods). Many fine mats came into the possession of the Tongan royal families through chiefly marriages with
354:
family. In response, the falefā was created as political advisors to the Empire. The falefā officials were initially successful in maintaining some hegemony over other subjected islands but increased dissatisfaction led to the assassination of several rulers in succession. The most notable were,
321:
recalls that in the 15th century Tongan warriors were defeated in a battle on the reef of Niutao. Tongan warriors also invaded Niutao later in the 15th century and again were repelled. A third and fourth invasion of Tongan occurred in the late 16th century, again with the
Tongans being defeated.
349:
The Tuʻi Tonga decline began due to numerous wars and internal pressure. In the 13th or 14th centuries, the
Samoans had expelled the Tongans from their lands after Tuʻi Tonga Talakaifaiki was defeated in battle by the brothers Tuna, Fata, and Savea, progenitors of the
389:
her father Ama Lele, at the express request of the 6th Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua of Tonga, to marry Ama Lele's daughter Limapo. Limapo travelled with a large wedding party, which consisted of the Ama family and the Safata warriors under the charge of Ama Lele.
428:(low road people). Concerning the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua supporters: when this division arose, in the 15th century, they were of course the Kauhalalalo. But when the Tuʻi Kanokupolu had overtaken them they shifted their allegiance to the Kauhalaʻuta.
573:
see writings of Ata of
Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimalealiʻifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, p.
269:
and was conducted annually at Mu'a following the harvest season when all countries that were subject to the Tuʻi Tonga must bring a gift for the gods, who was recognized as the Tuʻi Tonga. Captain
265:(11th Tuʻi Tonga) the empire was at its height of expansion, tributes for the Tuʻi Tonga were said to be exacted from all tributary chiefdoms of the empire. This tribute was known as the
2548:
2553:
197:. Modern researchers and cultural experts attest to widespread Tongan influence, evidence of transoceanic trade and exchange of material and non-material cultural artefacts.
249:. The influence of the Tuʻi Tonga was renowned throughout the Pacific, and many of the neighbouring islands participated in the widespread trade of resources and new ideas.
2538:
647:
Kie Hingoa, 'Named Mats,' 'le Tôga 'Fine. Mats' and Other
Treasured Textiles of Samoa and Tonga. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Special Issue 108(2), June 1999
945:
237:. According to leading Tongan scholar Dr. 'Okusitino Mahina, the Tongan and Samoan oral traditions indicate that the first Tuʻi Tonga was the son of their god
329:
islands in the 15th and 16th centuries, the islands defended themselves with varying levels of resistance, but also accepted varying degrees of assimilation.
997:, NEICH, R. 2006 in K.R. Howe (ed.) Vaka Moana, voyages of the ancestors: the discovery and settlement of the Pacific: 198-245. Auckland: David Bateman. p230
928:
2543:
856:
62:
636:
553:
2523:
2340:
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term "maritime chiefdom", others argue that, while very different from examples elsewhere, "empire" is probably the most convenient term."
2392:
1392:
1036:
696:
330:
2018:
712:
Sand, Christophe (2006). "A View from the West: Samoa in the
Culture History of 'Uvea (Wallis) and Futuna (Western Polynesia)".
413:
who passed by the islands on 20 January 1643. These visits were brief, however, and did not significantly change the islands.
2563:
894:
2456:
2451:
2335:
1498:
942:
2461:
1180:
845:; "Tongan Society," Edward Gifford; "Tongan Society at the Time of Captain Cook's Visits," Queen Salote, Bott and Tavi
789:; "Tongan Society," Edward Gifford; "Tongan Society at the Time of Captain Cook's Visits," Queen Salote, Bott and Tavi
238:
48:
1009:
392:
The product of this marriage was Ngata. In 1610, the 6th Tuʻi Haʻa Takalaua, Moʻungatonga, created the position of
1131:
517:"Eighteenth Century Tonga: New Interpretations of Tongan Society and Material Culture at the Time of Captain Cook"
2558:
2533:
2528:
2419:
1567:
637:
http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=535267&coltype=pacific%20cultures®no=fe011574
2377:
2352:
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1856:
370:
Because of so many assassination attempts on the Tuʻi Tonga, Kauʻulufonua established a new dynasty called the
364:
860:
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1998:
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1354:
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598:
Tongan society at the time of Captain Cook's visits : discussions with Her Majesty Queen Salote Tupou
451:
229:
maritime empire began to decline, a new empire rose from the South. In about 950 AD, the first Tuʻi Tonga
2397:
2357:
2170:
2045:
1109:
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1058:
1029:
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360:
242:
194:
76:
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420:(dry land road). Modern chiefs who derive their authority from the Tuʻi Tonga are still named the
2275:
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1834:
1767:
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1439:
1239:
1190:
973:
890:
827:
Gunson, Niel (1997). "Great Families of Polynesia: Inter-island Links and Marriage Patterns".
799:
Gunson, Niel (1997). "Great Families of Polynesia: Inter-island Links and Marriage Patterns".
771:
Gunson, Niel (1997). "Great Families of Polynesia: Inter-island Links and Marriage Patterns".
692:
616:
359:
rule. In AD 1535, Takalaua was assassinated by two foreigners while swimming in the lagoon of
326:
262:
1908:
961:
2253:
2040:
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1991:
1978:
1876:
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1342:
1325:
1308:
1271:
1022:
836:
808:
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744:
524:
446:
355:
Havea I (19th TT), Havea II (22nd TT), and Takalaua (23rd TT), who were all known for their
2280:
2471:
2439:
2312:
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2214:
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2187:
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1968:
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1584:
1579:
1547:
1372:
1362:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1229:
1185:
1067:
1053:
976:, Geraghty, P., 1994 in "Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World: pp.236-39.
949:
913:
398:
338:
1913:
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676:. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu.
230:
110:
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2008:
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258:
122:
554:"An Account of Eighteenth Century Tonga – Chapter 1: Captain Cook's view of Tonga"
2106:
2091:
1940:
1653:
1562:
1552:
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1126:
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341:) underwent greater fundamental changes in its society, language, and culture.
2133:
1950:
1824:
1784:
1717:
840:
812:
784:
270:
201:
887:
Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands
2023:
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1678:
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1429:
1303:
1094:
932:, vol. 26 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 437–438
917:
424:(inland road people), while those from the Tuʻi Kanokupolu are known as the
246:
190:
769:"The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, p. 133;
476:
416:
The dividing line between the two moieties was the old coastal road named
374:
in honour of his father and gave his brother, Moʻungamotuʻa, the title of
317:
describes the founding ancestor as being from Tonga. The oral history of
186:
which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200–1500.
1424:
1207:
1165:
1104:
988:, Clark, G., Burley, D. and Murray, T. 2008. Antiquity 82(318): 994-1004"
737:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
583:"The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, p. 133
351:
17:
817:; also "Deconstructing the Island Group," Australian National University
1337:
1266:
1222:
1138:
1077:
952:
2008: Vol 21. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology.]
756:
536:
516:
314:
309:
The voyaging under during the Tuʻi Tonga Empire extended as far as the
183:
494:
1170:
1045:
943:
Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region"
356:
318:
310:
748:
732:
528:
962:"Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology"
363:. His successor, Kauʻulufonua I pursued the killers all the way to
285:
type could carry up to 100 men. The most notable of these were the
1804:
986:"Monumentality in the development of the Tongan maritime chiefdom"
521:
Man - Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
234:
222:
179:
691:. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
1018:
974:"Geraghty, P., 1994. Linguistic evidence for the Tongan empire"
872:
History of Tonga; 'Okusitino Mahina 2004; and journal articles
615:. Honolulu, Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 39.
67:
Islands within the sphere of influence of the Tongan Empire
1014:
208:
kings during his visits to the Friendly Isles of Tonga.
384:
Samoan influence and the rise of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu
2480:
2432:
2311:
1949:
1353:
1052:
596:Elizabeth Bott with the assistance of Tavi (1982).
154:
144:
132:
116:
104:
90:
82:
72:
32:
733:"Note Upon the Natives of Savage Island, or Niue"
635:the Tongan linguistic analogue is "toʻonga", see
27:Empire based in Oceania during around 950s-1865
2549:States and territories established in the 950s
659:see Songs and Poems of Queen Salote edited by
600:. Wellington, New Zealand: Polynesian Society.
146:• ʻAhoʻeitu brought his faction to Samoa
2554:States and territories disestablished in 1865
1030:
964:, Patrick Vinton Kirch; Roger C. Green (2001)
655:
653:
8:
2487:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
405:spotted Tongans in a canoe off the coast of
345:Decline of Tuʻi Tonga and two new dynasties
2308:
1037:
1023:
1015:
204:observed and recorded his accounts of the
156:• the title Tuʻi Tonga was abolished
61:
29:
495:"Tonga Pule'anga Tonga, Kingdom of Tonga"
189:It was centred in Tonga on the island of
1010:Government site on the history of Tonga
467:
182:expansionism and projected hegemony in
2539:10th-century establishments in Oceania
908:
906:
880:
878:
477:"Bandiere: passato e presente – Tonga"
233:started to expand his rule outside of
178:, are descriptions sometimes given to
674:Tuvalu: A History, Chapter 1, Genesis
591:
589:
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546:
510:
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153:
143:
139:
115:
103:
99:
89:
7:
569:
567:
325:During the Tongan invasions of the
515:Adrienne L. Kaeppler (June 1971).
301:. It should be mentioned that the
25:
2544:1865 disestablishments in Oceania
558:Journal of the Polynesian Society
313:archipelago. The oral history of
217:Beginning of Tongan expansionism
47:
731:Thomson, Basil (January 1901).
1:
919:"Tasman, Abel Janszoon"
687:Sogivalu, Pulekau A. (1992).
2524:Former monarchies of Oceania
714:The Journal of Sāmoa Studies
611:St. Cartmail, Keith (1997).
257:Under the 10th Tuʻi Tonga,
2580:
829:Journal of Pacific History
801:Journal of Pacific History
773:Journal of Pacific History
672:Talakatoa O’Brien (1983).
841:10.1080/00223349708572835
813:10.1080/00223349708572835
785:10.1080/00223349708572835
689:A Brief History of Niutao
333:retained more of its pre-
164:
140:
128:
100:
60:
44:
39:
914:Beazley, Charles Raymond
367:, where he killed them.
335:Tongan cultural features
929:Encyclopædia Britannica
889:. The Scarecrow Press.
560:: 11–55. 15 March 2014.
523:. 6 (2) (1): 204–220.
452:Early history of Tonga
193:, with its capital at
2564:Monarchies of Oceania
2457:Medieval great powers
885:Quanchi, Max (2005).
253:Expansion (1200–1600)
2467:European colonialism
2452:Ancient great powers
661:Elizabeth Wood-Ellem
2462:Modern great powers
948:2009-09-18 at the
475:Breschi, Roberto.
432:Modern scholarship
277:ceremony in 1777.
2506:
2505:
2428:
2427:
2393:Polish–Lithuanian
1568:Gurjara-Pratihara
622:978-0-8248-1972-9
377:Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua
327:Wallis and Futuna
172:Tuʻi Tonga Empire
168:
167:
118:• 1827–1865
34:Tuʻi Tonga Empire
16:(Redirected from
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2559:Overseas empires
2534:Island countries
2529:History of Tonga
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1974:Austro-Hungarian
1674:Chagatai Khanate
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924:Chisholm, Hugh
902:
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857:"Planet Tonga"
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835:(2): 139–179.
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863:on 2006-03-05
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698:982-02-0058-X
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457:Thalassocracy
455:
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431:
429:
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426:Kau Hala Lalo
423:
422:Kau Hala ʻUta
419:
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408:
404:
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372:Ha'a Takalaua
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353:
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328:
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273:witnessed an
272:
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176:Tongan Empire
173:
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93:
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81:
78:
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64:
59:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2270:
2247:Contemporary
2097:Indo-Persian
2085:Nazi Germany
2029:Contemporary
1931:Vijayanagara
1830:Great Seljuk
1741:Thessalonica
1669:Golden Horde
1309:Carthaginian
1088:Neo-Assyrian
1073:Neo-Sumerian
993:
981:
969:
957:
938:
927:
886:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
850:
832:
828:
822:
804:
800:
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776:
772:
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736:
726:
717:
713:
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631:
612:
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597:
579:
557:
520:
498:
489:
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435:
425:
421:
417:
415:
407:Niuatoputapu
391:
387:
375:
371:
369:
348:
324:
308:
303:Takaʻipōmana
302:
299:Takaʻipōmana
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
274:
266:
261:and his son
256:
220:
199:
188:
175:
171:
169:
123:Laufilitonga
1835:Khwarezmian
1768:Carolingian
1573:Rashtrakuta
1277:Shaishunaga
1176:Hellenistic
1159:New Kingdom
1149:Old Kingdom
743:: 137–145.
411:Abel Tasman
287:Tongafuesia
263:Tuʻi-tā-tui
2513:Categories
2405:Portuguese
2286:Revival Le
2276:Vietnamese
1919:Later Tran
1889:Vietnamese
1785:Singhasari
1773:Holy Roman
1397:Bulgarian
1333:Satavahana
1304:Phoenician
1240:Achaemenid
1201:Indo-Greek
1181:Macedonian
1095:Babylonian
896:0810853957
867:2006-03-05
463:References
357:tyrannical
306:treasury.
297:, and the
271:James Cook
227:Tui Manuʻa
206:Tuʻi Tonga
202:James Cook
92:Tuʻi Tonga
83:Government
2398:Couronian
2036:Ethiopian
2024:Manchukuo
1979:Brazilian
1825:Ghaznavid
1795:Srivijaya
1746:Trebizond
1731:Byzantine
1713:North Sea
1708:Norwegian
1696:Almoravid
1679:Ilkhanate
1649:Majapahit
1622:Muromachi
1531:Solomonic
1516:Ethiopian
1430:Caliphate
1363:Aragonese
1191:Ptolemaic
499:fotw.info
291:ʻĀkiheuho
247:Tongatapu
231:ʻAhoʻeitu
191:Tongatapu
111:ʻAhoʻeitu
40:950s–1865
18:Tui Tonga
2378:Japanese
2341:Scottish
2321:American
2313:Colonial
2242:Imperial
2210:Moroccan
2146:Japanese
2124:Afsharid
1983:Burmese
1969:Austrian
1924:Later Le
1899:Early Le
1884:Venetian
1810:Tiwanaku
1723:Hellenic
1686:Moroccan
1617:Kamakura
1607:Japanese
1590:Saffarid
1543:Georgian
1457:Chalukya
1435:Rashidun
1425:Calakmul
1393:Bruneian
1272:Haryanka
1250:Sasanian
1245:Parthian
1196:Bactrian
1186:Seleucid
1166:Goguryeo
1144:Egyptian
1078:Assyrian
1068:Akkadian
1059:Colonies
946:Archived
916:(1911),
481:rbvex.it
441:See also
352:Malietoa
311:Tuvaluan
295:Lomipeau
239:Tangaloa
200:Captain
86:Monarchy
2445:largest
2440:Empires
2420:Swedish
2415:Spanish
2410:Russian
2373:Italian
2348:Chinese
2336:English
2331:British
2326:Belgian
2301:Vietnam
2291:Tay son
2237:Tsarist
2232:Russian
2227:Ottoman
2193:Dzungar
2188:Khoshut
2161:Mexican
2156:Maratha
2139:Pahlavi
2119:Safavid
2114:Iranian
2041:Haitian
2004:Chinese
1964:Ashanti
1936:Wagadou
1862:Eastern
1857:Western
1840:Timurid
1800:Tibetan
1790:Songhai
1780:Serbian
1701:Almohad
1691:Idrisid
1595:Samanid
1585:Tahirid
1580:Iranian
1558:Kannauj
1538:Genoese
1474:Chinese
1467:Eastern
1462:Western
1450:Fatimid
1445:Abbasid
1440:Umayyad
1413:Burmese
1373:Ayyubid
1368:Angevin
1338:Xianbei
1326:Eastern
1321:Western
1267:Magadha
1230:Iranian
1223:Xiongnu
1208:Hittite
1117:Chinese
1105:Kassite
1054:Ancient
1046:Empires
926:(ed.),
757:2842790
720:: 5–15.
574:133etc.
537:2798262
315:Nanumea
212:History
184:Oceania
133:History
73:Capital
2383:Mongol
2368:German
2363:French
2353:Danish
2296:Dainam
2271:Tongan
2259:Somali
2254:Sokoto
2220:'Alawi
2198:Kalmyk
2178:Mongol
2171:Second
2151:Korean
2102:Mughal
2092:Indian
2075:German
2068:Second
2058:French
2051:Second
1987:Second
1959:Afghan
1951:Modern
1877:Kyrgyz
1872:Uighur
1867:Second
1847:Turkic
1815:Toltec
1751:Epirus
1736:Nicaea
1659:Mongol
1612:Yamato
1548:Huetar
1406:Second
1343:Rouran
1292:Shunga
1287:Maurya
1262:Kushan
1235:Median
1213:Hunnic
1171:Harsha
893:
755:
695:
619:
535:
331:Futuna
319:Niutao
293:, the
267:ʻInasi
243:Lapaha
180:Tongan
136:
96:
2433:Lists
2388:Omani
2358:Dutch
2264:Isaaq
2215:Saadi
2183:Oirat
2166:First
2134:Qajar
2063:First
2046:First
2019:China
1992:Third
1852:First
1805:Tikal
1756:Morea
1726:Roman
1644:Latin
1639:Khmer
1634:Kanem
1600:Buyid
1526:Zagwe
1521:Aksum
1511:Chola
1418:First
1401:First
1388:Bornu
1383:Benin
1378:Aztec
1316:Roman
1297:Gupta
1282:Nanda
1218:White
922:, in
753:JSTOR
533:JSTOR
365:ʻUvea
283:kalia
275:Inasi
235:Tonga
223:Samoa
174:, or
2203:Bogd
2129:Zand
2107:Sikh
2014:Qing
2009:Ming
1941:Wari
1909:Tran
1894:Dinh
1664:Yuan
1654:Mali
1563:Pala
1553:Inca
1504:Yuan
1494:Song
1489:Liao
1484:Tang
1257:Kush
1139:Dʿmt
891:ISBN
854:see
693:ISBN
617:ISBN
401:and
361:Muʻa
339:Uvea
259:Momo
195:Muʻa
170:The
160:1865
150:950s
77:Muʻa
2281:Mac
1718:Oyo
1627:Edo
1499:Jīn
1479:Sui
1132:Jin
1127:Han
1122:Qin
837:doi
809:doi
781:doi
745:doi
525:doi
225:'s
221:As
2515::
1914:Ho
1904:Ly
905:^
877:^
833:32
831:.
805:32
803:.
777:32
775:.
751:.
741:31
739:.
735:.
716:.
652:^
588:^
566:^
556:.
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