Tully Training Area - Knowledge (XXG)

35: 614:

habitats of the Wet Tropics Region. The radical alteration of the hydrological regime by an ever-expanding drain network has left the Tully River as one of the most significantly impacted of all streams of the Wet Tropics Region. It is now a stream subject to bank erosion and bed sedimentation of an extreme nature, and its seasonal flow patterns have been permanently altered by an increased rate of wet season runoff, diminished dry season flows, and imposed upon that, a fluctuating flow regime and influenced by the pattern of release of water from the

229:. These valleys lie at around 300 metres (980 ft) elevation at the northern Downey Creek and at 100 metres (330 ft) altitude both in the eastern Liverpool Creek sector, and the broad Jarra Creek in the southern sector of the place. All these valleys rise steeply to around 600 metres (2,000 ft) where remnants of an elevated peneplain surface give way occasionally to higher peaks of around 900 metres (3,000 ft). The places broad valleys contain deep 593:

Impact Assessment (EIA) and a Land Management Strategy (LMS) are currently being prepared in consultation with WETMA to review the EMP strategies and determine whether these are adequate. These EIA and LMS studies draw upon the substantial amount of knowledge accumulated over the past two decades both from within the TTA, and the wider area, and recent studies of key faunal issues including five cassowary and three stream dwelling frog surveys.

42: 684:. As the TTA contains large areas of diverse lowland and coastal ranges rainforest it is highly significant in maintaining natural processes both at the national and bioregional scale. Particular vegetation communities within of the TTA which are significant in maintaining existing processes of rainforest ecology include: 589:. Recent studies indicate these activities have little impact on the rainforest communities other than localised impacts in the live firing areas and that the quality of the lowland rainforest remains of high integrity. TTA is the only Defence area suitable for close-quarters jungle live firing training. 1672:

Hopkins, M.S. & Graham, A.W. (1981). Structural typing of tropical rainforest using canopy characteristics in low-level aerial photographs - a case study. pp53–65 in Vegetation Classification in Australia: Proceedings of a workshop, Canberra, October, 1978 (ed.'s) A.N. Gillison and D.J. Anderson.

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about 15 million years ago. These rainforests contain at least 25% of all higher plant genera in an area of rainforest that represents less than 0.1% of Australia's land surface. These rainforests contain one of the most complete and diverse living records of the major stages in the evolution of land

252:

and Downey Creek valleys in the northern part of the place to depths of hundreds of metres. Subsequent erosion has carved a spectacular sheer walled gorge as the South Johnstone River re-asserted its course and the basalts have been deeply weathered and eroded. These basalt flows are part of Atherton

858:

The TTA is recognised as representing the most significant remaining rainforest area of the Wet Tropics World Heritage management area as it contains both the largest remnants of at least two lowland rainforest communities, and as it is a significant component of the largest lowland rainforest block

646:

This complex rainforest community, together with the adjoining rainforest and sclerophyll forest types, ensure that the TTA is a dynamic and complex ecosystem. These rainforests are significant as the lowland and coastal range rainforests of the Wet Tropics region have been almost completely cleared

634:

The place is important as rainforest refugia providing essential protection for the plant and animal species of the rainforest during the drier climatic extremes of the many ice age maximums of the last 1.8 Million years. Gondwanan relicts, such the bowerbird family and the most primitive member of

356:

The broad Jarra Creek valley is significant as it contains the largest remaining area of complex vine forest on alluvial soils in the wet tropical lowlands, and is composed of two regionally vulnerable types, Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest (Type 1A) and, Mesophyll Vine Forest with dominant fan palms

352:

Vine Forest (Type 1A) now remaining in virgin condition in the wet tropics is found on the plateau adjacent to the junction of Downey Creek with the South Johnstone River at altitudes of between 300 and 400 metres (980 and 1,310 ft). It is assumed that the Downey Creek area lies near the upper

638:

Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest on basalt or alluvium in the Wet Tropics is the optimal development of rainforest in Australia due to the favourable conditions of climate and fertile soil. The TTA contains the largest remaining areas of unlogged Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest on basalt or alluvium in

576:

The Department of Defence has managed the TTA over past 20 years has and used the area for jungle training. The TTA is currently managed under an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), developed in 1997, that is consistent with the protection of Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage values. Since

687:

The most extensive remnants of Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest (CMVF) on basalt and alluvium now remaining in virgin/unlogged condition in the Wet Tropics region. CMVF forest on basalt is the optimum development of rainforest in Australia due to the most favourable conditions of climate and fertile

613:

The maintenance of the Jarra Creek sectors vegetation is also important in maintaining the water and riparian habitat quality as the surrounding natural vegetation in the Tully River valley is approaching almost total destruction and historically this area contained the largest complex of lowland

592:

Specific Defence management actions include standing orders covering movement, "no go" areas, vehicle speed, and logging of cassowary sightings. The Wet Tropics Management Authority (WETMA) does not consider the current Defence activities as a major threat; however an activity-based Environmental

1603:

CSIRO 1980. Environmental Effects of Exercise 'Clamshell' (1 RAR) on the Jarra Creek and Tully Sectors, Joint Tropical Trials and Research Establishment (JTTRE) with Emphasis on the Implications for Future Training and Trials in the Area. CSIRO, Institute of Earth Resources, Division of Land Use

642:

The TTA also contains the largest remaining areas of Mesophyll Vine Forest with Palms on alluvium in the wet tropical lowlands and a large area of unlogged Mesophyll Vine Forest, both of which are rainforest types slightly less diverse in species and structure than Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest.

609:

valley, is of interest, as under present trends, this will be the main sclerophyll community remaining on the regional area in the near future. Universally this forest is trending towards vine forest, and there is no evidence of any current fire regime, which could potentially arrest this trend.

568:

The TTA also contains other significant unlogged rainforest communities including a large area in the catchment of South Liverpool Creek and on the slopes of the Walter Hill Ranges, which surround the Downey and Jarra Creek valleys. Most of the forest mapped as undisturbed in this area has been

695:

TTA contains extensive areas of rainforest, vine-thicket and eucalypt communities, which are important for maintaining regional populations of cassowaries, birds, frogs, and mammals. The cassowary is important for the dispersal of many rainforest plant species and thus the maintenance of plant

572:

Other areas in the TTA have also been historically impacted by selective logging operations, including large block of Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest (type 1A) on alluvium along the Jarra Creek valley. Despite these historic impacts this block is of conservation significance as it is the largest

647:

for agriculture and urban development. The TTA is one of three population strongholds of the nationally endangered Cassowary. Cassowaries are significant in that many rainforest plant species are dependent on the Cassowary for seed dispersal and thus the ongoing maintenance of the rainforest.

521:

Notable nationally threatened fauna species that are highly likely to be found in the TTA in future surveys (as predicted by fauna experts) include: the endangered Yarri or Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus Gracilis), especially in rainforest areas above 300 metres (980 ft); the

699:

The TTA's Jarra Creek is one of the highest conservation value waterways in the Wet Tropics bioregion, due primarily to the large extent of lowland rainforest within the TTA. As it provides important habitat for the conservation of diverse freshwater fish and stream-dwelling frog species.

596:

Natural processes have also impacted areas of the TTA and wind exposed areas, such as ridgelines and steep slopes, exhibit broken canopies and Acacia Aulacocarpa individual trees. Disturbance is thought be chiefly related to periodic extreme winds events and the centre of a severe cyclone

489:

The extensive clearing of lowland forests in the Tully region has resulted in the lowland forest habitats found within the TTA becoming regionally and locally rare and may explain the high number of rare and threatened fauna species occurring. These include the well-known Cassowary

871:

In the Scenic Resource Evaluation of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area report, the TTA area (Jarra Creek and Impact Area sectors) is listed as being of high scenic significance due to its continuity with the adjoining ranges and the backdrop it provides to coastal plain views.

604:

In the better-drained sites of the TTA, often on steep ridges, pockets of Eucalyptus Pellita-dominated Medium Open Forest (Type 13A) communities are found. E. Pellita is commonly the only eucalypt species within the canopy and the condition of the sclerophyll forests in the

1477:

ACTFR 1999. Flora and Fauna Monitoring of the Tully Training Area and Cowley Beach Training Area, North Queensland - Wet Season 1999. Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, Report No. 99/14. Report for Natural Resource Assessments Pty Ltd and the Department of

291:

The Wet Tropics rainforests, of which the TTA are significant component, are recognised as being floristically and structurally the most diverse in Australia. This diversity is related to rainfall, soil type, soil drainage, altitude and the evolutionary history.

1707:

Nix, H.A. and Switzer, M.A. (1991). Rainforest Animals: Atlas of Vertebrates Endemic to Australia's Wet Tropics. Kowari 1. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service (ANPWS) and Centre of Resource and Environmental Economics, Australian National University,

372:

Further up the altitudinal gradient (around 400 m and up to 700 m) on the foothill slopes of the TTA's three catchments Mesophyll Vine Forest (type 2A) is found and is the dominant vegetation type of the place, but has been damaged in many places by

564:

As assessed in mid-2003, the Tully Military Training Area (TTA) is composed of extensive areas of unlogged rainforest, including the only remaining significant area of virgin Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest (Type 1A) forest on basalt in the Downey Creek area.

439:

Another vegetation type affected by wind disturbance at lower altitudes, such as in the Liverpool/McNamee Creek sector of the place, are vinelands, which are open areas dominated by rampant scrambling vines of a number of species, but most prominently

1760:

Stanton, J.P. and M.G. Morgan. (1977). The Rapid selection And Appraisal of Key and Endangered Sites: A Queensland Case Study. A Report to the Department of Environment, Housing and Community Development. University of New England, School of Natural

691:

The remaining rainforest communities within the TTA also of outstanding importance from a conservation view-point, the key assets are the large area of virgin Mesophyll Vine Forest (MVF) and Mesophyll Vine Forest (MFPVF) with dominant fan palms.

1676:

Hopkins, M.S., Ash, J.E., Graham, A.W., Head, J & Hewett, R.K. 1993. Charcoal evidence for the spatial extent of the Eucalyptus woodland expansions and rainforest contractions in North Queensland during the late Pleistocene. J. Biogeog. 20,

577:

the declaration of the World Heritage listing in 1988, both intensity of use and range of training activities have been scaled down (training courses reduced by approximately 50 percent). Current Defence activities include infantry training (

390:) and after Type 2A this would be the most significant rainforest type in the place. This community is confined to restricted locations in the highest parts of the place, at elevations above about 600 to 800 metres (2,000 to 2,600 ft). 311:. Seven of these thirteen forest structural types occur within the place. The effect of altitude on the rainforest structure is striking, and is demonstrated by a gradual decrease in species and structural diversity with increasing height. 345:), has maintained reasonable habitat integrity with suitable structural and species diversity, has good connectivity with other suitable habitat including lowland-highland connectivity, and contains lowland habitats that are locally rare. 537:

Other mammal species, which are endemic to the Wet Tropics bioregion and are likely to be found in the TTA (as indicated by bioclimatic modelling by Nix in 1991 and scientific collection records) include: the Green Ringtail Possum

431:

Vine Forests (Type 12A and 12C) are found and are characterised as having tall and closed acacia-dominant canopies with some rain forest species present in the canopy and as a developing understorey. The widespread occurrence of

867:

The scenery of the South (and North) Johnstone River is of superlative quality and there would be little argument amongst those who know them that they comprise one of the finest scenic assets in the whole World Heritage area.

573:

remaining area of complex mesophyll vine forest on alluvium within the Wet Tropics biogeographic region. In addition small areas of Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest on rocky basalt slopes remain on hills adjacent to Jarra Creek.

1599:

CSIRO. 1980. Environmental Effects and Implication of Activities Carried out by the Tropical Training Centre (TTC) in the Jarra Creek and Impact Sectors. Joint Tropical Trials and Research Establishment (JTTRE), Tully, North

1684:

Heatwole H. (1987). Major Components and Distributions of Terrestrial Fauna. In Dyne, G.R. and Walton, D.W. (Eds) Fauna of Australia. General Articles. Vol. 1A: Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS), Canberra:

260:

The Downey and Jarra Creek valleys contain deep alluvium soils, which have been deposited by both stream overflow and by slope wash. The headwater streams of these concave valleys are still in a youthful phase of active

1738:

Rainforest Conservation Society of Queensland. 1986. Tropical Rainforests of North Queensland: their Conservation Significance. A Report to the Australian Heritage Commission, Australian Government Publishing Service,

1697:

Kershaw, P. et al. (1991). The History of Rainforest in Australia - Evidence From Pollen. In Werren, G. and Kershaw, P. (Eds.) The Rainforest Legacy, Volume 3, Special Australian Heritage Publication Series No. 7(3):

1680:

Hopkins, M.S., Head, J., Ash, J.E., Hewett, R.K. & Graham, A.W. 1996. Evidence of a Holocene and continuing recent expansion of lowland rainforest in humid, tropical North Queensland. Journal of Biogeography, 23,

630:

World Heritage (WH) Area. It was inscribed on the WH list in 1988 against four natural heritage criteria. Values found in TTA include seven of the thirteen major structural types contained in the Wet Tropics WH Area.

256:

The southern Jarra Creek portion of the TTA is dominated by granitic mountain ranges, which gives way to river alluvium and freshwater swamps to the south. The valley area also includes isolated pockets of basalt.

1625:

Earthworks, 2000. Ecological Monitoring at the Tully Training Area, Wet Season 2000. Earthworks Report 99c31B, Report for Natural Resource Assessments Pty Ltd and the Defence Estate Organisation NQ, Department of

1473:

ACTFR. 1999. Aquatic Ecological Monitoring of the Tully Training Area and Cowley Beach Training Area, North Queensland - Wet Season 1999. Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research. James Cook University,

1469:

ACTFR 1998. Fauna Survey of the Tully Training Area: Cassowaries. Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, Report No. 98/09. Report for Natural Resource Assessments Pty Ltd and the Department of

1504:

An Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Japan for the Protection of Migratory birds in danger of extinction and their environment (JAMBA agreement) - 30 April effective

1500:

An Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Peoples Republic of China for the Protection of Migratory birds and their environment (CAMBA agreement) - effective 11 September

660:

It is possible that additional cultural heritage values exist within the area that are yet to be identified, documented or assessed for National Estate significance by the Australian Heritage Commission.

1832:

Whiffin, T. 1984. Botanical Significance of the North East Queensland Rainforests, with particular reference to the Cape Tribulation Area". A Report to the Tropical Rainforest Society. Cairns, Australia.

1201: 360:

Type 1A forest is regarded as representing the optimal development and the most complex of the rainforest types in Australia and is found on fertile soils on very wet and wet lowlands and foothills.

515: 218:

The outstanding hydrological feature of the TTA and the surrounding Tully region is its high annual rainfall of about 4,000 millimetres (160 in) that is concentrated within a four-month

1669:

Hopkins, M.S. & Graham, A.W. 1977. The rainforests of the Downey Creek Tropical Trials Establishment. CSIRO Australia. Woodland Ecology Unit, Division of Land Use Research Report 77/5.

1607:

CSIRO 1985. A preliminary Assessment of the Problems and Control Measures of Feral Pigs in Rainforests of the FFBS Area, Jarra Creek via Tully, North Queensland. File P5/297, 29 July 1985.

859:

in the Wet Tropical forest region between Cairns and Townsville. As such is important in demonstrating principle characteristics of the range of ecosystems present in lowland rainforests.

1694:

Jackes, B.R. (1991). Rainforest Vitaceae. In Werren, G. and Kershaw, P. (Eds). The Rainforest Legacy, Volume 2, Special Australian Heritage Publication Series No. 7(2): pp. 121–128.

363:

Type 3B Mesophyll Vine Forest with Dominant Palms are found in the very wet lowlands and lower foothills of Jarra Creek and are areas of swamp vegetation dominated by the Fan-leaf Palm (

240:

The northern Downey Creek sector of the TTA is geologically best described as being a deeply incised upland basalt plateau siting at around 400 metres (1,300 ft), and is flanked by

1877: 1691:

HLA 2002 (in prep). Threatened Stream-Dwelling Frog Species of TTA: Monitoring Program 2002. Report in preparation for the Department of Defence by Natural Resource Assessments Pty Ltd.

1764:

Stanton, J.P. and Stanton, D.J. (1998 - 2003). Various Map Sheet Reports - Mena Creek and Tully 1:50,000 Map Sheets. Unpublished reports to the Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns

518:(EPBC)) Online Database indicates at least twenty-seven nationally threatened species (thirteen fauna species and fourteen flora species) have the potential to occur within the TTA. 1635:

Environmental Protection Agency (Qld.). 2001. Regional Ecosystem Description Database, Version 3.: www.env.qld.gov.au/environment/science. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane.

650:

The TTA acts as a transition zone from montane to coastal environments and provides an important ecological function enabling migration of fauna and exchange of genes and species.

1720:

NRA, River Research Pty Ltd, and ACTFR. 1999 (NRA 1999). Conservation Values of Waterways in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. Report for the Wet Tropics Management Authority.

284:

and Tully, which Wet Tropics Management Authority (WETMA) vegetation mapping reports note appears to be one of the largest areas of continuous virgin forest between Tully and

1788:

Webb, L.J. and Tracey, J.G. 1981. Australian rainforests: patterns and change. In - Ecological Biogeography of Australia. (ed. A.Keast). pp. 605–94, Junk, The Hague.

1622:

Department of Primary Industry (1993). The Condition of River Catchments in Queensland, A Broad Overview of Catchment Management Issues. Queensland Government, Brisbane.

676:

The TTA is significant component of the Walter Hill Ranges rainforest area, which is largest remaining lowland rainforest area in the Wet Tropical forest region between

850:

Tracey described in his 1982 publication, a profile description of the unlogged Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest (CMVF) forest at Downey Creek, which falls within the TTA

1735:

Queensland Herbarium. (1994). Queensland Vascular Plants: Names and Distribution. Queensland Herbarium and Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage. Brisbane.

1688:

HLA 2002 (in prep). Preliminary Assessment of Potential Contamination Issues at Earles Court Firing Range, Tully Field Training Area. Report for Department of Defence.

318:-Australian flora and the flora more characteristic of the tropical forests of Asia; a mixing process that is presumed to have occurred following the collision of the 626:

The Commonwealth's Tully Training Area (TTA) is the most significant rainforest area in the Wet Tropics biogeographic region. The TTA is wholly contained within the

1549:

Brown and Root 2001. Tully and Cowley Beach Training Area: Survey Data. Report No. BNT004-G-DO-03 Rev A, Brown & Root Services Asia Pacific Pty Ltd, Townsville.

34: 1729:

Olsen, P. (1994). Rufous Owl. In Strahan, R. (ed). Cuckoos, Nightbirds and Kingfishers of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Pymble, New South Wales: pp. 66–69.

377:

This vegetation community also extends up to altitudes up to 800 metres (2,600 ft) at Downey Creek in areas of basalt soils, where fertility is favourable.

280:; the lower coastal belt; and the intermediate great escarpment. The TTA holds a significant percentage of the Walter Hill Ranges rainforest block found between 1613:

CSIRO 1986. The Effects of Military Training on Bird and Mammal Ground Fauna at the Field Force Battle School, Jarra Creek, Tully. File p5/211, 20 January 1986.

1195: 1782:

Tracey, J.G., Webb, L.J. (1975). Vegetation of the humid tropical region of North Queensland, (15 maps at 1:100 000 scale plus key), CSIRO Indooroopilly, Qld.

1776:

Thomas, M.B. and W.J.F. McDonald. (1989). Rare and Threatened Plants of Queensland. Second Edition. Queensland Department of Primary Industry (DPI), Brisbane.

1432: 1663:

Graham, A.W. & Hopkins, M.S. 1983. The forests of the Liverpool Creek area, North Queensland. CSIRO Aust. Div. Water & Land Res. Tech. Memo. 83/7.

1742:

Sattler, P.S. and Williams, R.D. (eds) (1999). The conservation status of Queensland's bioregional ecosystems. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane.

1610:

CSIRO 1985. The Ecological Basis for Management Planning at the Field Force Battle School, Jarra Creek, Tully. File p5/211, 18 October 1985. Got on file

400:

On the highest peaks, and exposed ridges at lower altitudes, there are small areas of Mountain Rock Pavement vegetation (Type 21) which are shrub-sized

244:

and metamorphic ranges on its west and east respectively, and which extend into the southern portions of the place. The basalts were erupted during the

1773:

Thackaway, R. and Cresswell, I.D. 1995. An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia. Australian Nature Conservation Agency (ANCA), Canberra.

1745:

Scenic Spectrums 1992. Scenic Resource Evaluation of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. Consultancy report for the Wet Tropics Management Authority.

79: 338:

The TTA and surrounding Walter Hill Range area has in general maintained high habitat values due to the fact that it is located in a protected area (

1785:

Vegetation Management Act (VMA Act) 1999. Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Brisbane, Queensland.

393:

On the cloudy wet highlands on granite peaks (generally above 800 m) Simple Microphyll Vine-fern Forest (Type 9) is found (also often with

657:

valley and a spectacular backdrop of the ranges when viewed from the coast. The TTA area is one of the finest scenic assets in the wet tropics.

436:-dominated communities on these steep exposed slopes would appear to be evidence of a likely "recycling" of this type through wind disturbance. 1080: 1619:

Department of Defence. (1985). Field Force Battle School, Tully, Queensland. Notice of Intention (NoI) to lease 12,000 hectares of rainforest.

1826:

Winter, J. 1981. Faunal notes on the Townsville to Cooktown Region. A Report to the Australian Conservation Foundation. Melbourne, Australia.

1654: 1581: 1562: 1540: 1518: 1491: 1169: 665: 181: 1770:

Stephenson, P.J. and Griffin. 1976. Cainozoic Volcanicity North Queensland Excursion Guide No. 7A. 25th International Geological Conference.

1757:

Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) 1997. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Tully Training Area. Consultancy report for the Department of Defence.

1701:

Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A. and Morris, K. (1996). The Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Environment Australia, Canberra.

1666:

Graham, A.W. & Hopkins, M.S. 1990. Soil Seed Banks of Adjacent Unlogged Rainforest Types in North Queensland. Aust. J. Bot. 38, 261–8.

1754:

Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) 1997. Resource Assessment Study (RAS): Tully Training Area. Consultancy report for the Department of Defence.

1726:

NRA 2001. Tully Training Area (TTA) and Cowley Beach Training Area (CBTA) Cassowary Surveys. Technical Note to Brown & Root Pty Ltd.

1843: 1887: 789:

Complex mesophyll riparian vine forest on moist and dry well drained lowland alluvial levees (equivalent to Tracey and Webb Type 3B)

479: 215:. The regions has high annual rainfall, a warm climate and fertile soils, which provide the ideal conditions for rainforest growth. 475: 314:

The Wet Tropics rainforests are internationally and nationally important as a zone of overlap and mixing between the typically

1162:

Tropical rainforests of North Queensland their conservation significance : a report to the Australian Heritage Commission

601:) passed through Downey and Liverpool Creek areas in February 1986, causing severe defoliation and uprooting areas of forest. 192:

Tully Training Area is approximately 13,300 hectares (33,000 acres). It is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north-west of Tully.

1732:

Olsen, P., Crome, F. and Olsen, J. (1993). Birds of Prey and Ground Birds of Australia, Angus and Robertson Press, Sydney.

530: 265:. The places soils are derived from granite, basalt, or alluvium (stream overflow and slope wash deposits) and colluvium ( 1847: 1638:

Garnett, S and Crowley, G. (2000). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Environment Australia, Canberra, Australia.

1020: 786:

Complex mesophyll vine forest on very well drained fertile lowland alluvial soils (equivalent to Tracey and Webb Type 1A)

1851: 1025: 357:(Type 3B), which a rainforest type slightly less diverse in species and structure than complex mesophyll vine forest. 1829:

Winter and Atherton, 1987. The Distribution of Rainforest in North-Eastern Queensland. pp. 223–225, Vol. 1. AGPS

1723:

NRA 2001. Tully Training Area Water and Sediment Quality. Technical note submitted to Brown and Root P/L, April 2001.

1882: 546: 116: 1855: 627: 339: 196: 1779:

Tracey, J.G. 1982. The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.

797:

Complex mesophyll vine forest on very wet well drained basalt lowlands (equivalent to Tracey and Webb Type 1A).

524: 418: 269:

processes). Differences in soil properties are a product of underlying parent material and landscape position.

225:

The topography of TTA is moderately rugged with steep slopes rising from valley floors to the deeply bisected

806:

The TTA is an important research site. Studies conducted over the last three decades by CSIRO have included:

569:

recorded as Mesophyll Vine Forest (Type 2A), with relatively small areas of Notophyll Vine Forest (Type 8).

552: 297: 200: 1632:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act ). Environment Australia, Canberra.

288:. These forests occur at altitudes of about 300 metres (980 ft) to over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). 1751:

Simpson, K. and Day, N. (1993). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Viking O'Neil, Ringwood, Victoria.

782:

Queensland Herbarium 1:100,000 scale mapping shows the occurrence of two Endangered Regional Ecosystems:

300:

have classified the bioregions rainforests into thirteen major structural types, including two that have

1030: 540: 459:

is commonly the only eucalypt species within the canopy and the ecotone or transition zone between this

406: 281: 249: 226: 544:; and at higher altitudes from 550–590 metres (1,800–1,940 ft) both the Herbert Ringtail Possum 1802:

Webb, L.J.. 1987. Conservation Status of the Rainforest of North Queensland. pp. 54, Vol 1. AGPS

1641:

Goosem, S. 2000. State of the Wet Tropics Reporting. Report for the Wet Tropics Management Authority.

734: 386: 277: 482:

exercises. More focused faunal studies of key issues have continued until the present (including 5

425:

Throughout the place in exposed areas affected by wind disturbance, such as ridgelines, pockets of

342: 204: 1806:

Werren, Garry (April 1985). "A catalogue of Australian rainforests: Habitat educational feature".

1596:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS or Bonn convention) 1979.

1074: 1704:

Nature Conservation Act (NCA) 1992. Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Brisbane, Queensland.

816: 586: 491: 455: 427: 212: 1748:

Schodde, R. (1999). The Directory of Australia Birds: Passerines. CSIRO, Collingwood, Melbourne.

499:) and at least two of the declining stream-dwelling frog species including the Common Mistfrog ( 810:

The ecological processes and mechanisms of revegetation after disturbance of lowland rainforest

1815: 1650: 1577: 1558: 1536: 1514: 1487: 1165: 615: 253:

basalt province, which extends over an area of 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi).

173: 62: 1767:

Strahan, R. (ed). (1995). The Mammals of Australia . Reed Books. Chatswood, New South Wales.

824: 598: 507: 501: 442: 319: 828: 654: 365: 1593:

Cogger, H. (2000). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, 6th Edition, Reed Books, Sydney.

832: 760:

The place has at least two flora species listed as vulnerable in Queensland including:

460: 234: 1160:

Rainforest Conservation Society of Queensland; Australian Heritage Commission (1986),

463:

forest and surrounding rainforest is recognised as being significant habitat for many

1871: 1191: 836: 820: 245: 230: 1070: 412: 293: 1435:(Qld.) 2001: Regional Ecosystem Database v3 www.env.qld.gov.au/environment/science 771:

The place has at least four flora species listed as rare in Queensland including:

1616:

Department of Defence EPBC 2002/896 referral (available on EA website: ea.gov.au)

606: 582: 332: 323: 301: 262: 1859: 1842: 681: 578: 450: 401: 328: 308: 273: 219: 208: 177: 169: 66: 1819: 835:). Charcoal dating is significant tool to provide independent correlation of 752:

The place has at least one flora species listed as endangered in Queensland:

744:

The place has at least one fauna species listed as endangered in Queensland:

94: 81: 1649:. CSIRO Institute of Earth Resources, Division of Land Use Research, CSIRO. 813: 708:

The place has at least three nationally endangered fauna species including:

483: 381: 349: 304: 1862: 730:

The place has at least two nationally vulnerable flora species including:

449:

In the better-drained sites of the TTA, often on steep ridges, pockets of

1793: 840: 315: 1717:

NRA 1998. Cowley Beach and Tully Training Areas: Rehabilitation Designs

374: 241: 1795:

Maps of the vegetation of the humid tropic region of North Queensland

677: 635:

the kangaroo-family, the Musky rat kangaroo, are found in the place.

464: 380:

On cloudy wet and moist uplands and highlands about the place Simple

285: 1531:

Barker, John; Grigg, Gordon Clifford); Tyler, Michael James (1995).

1711:

NRA 1997. Tully Air Landing Ground Environmental Impact Assessment

1486:. Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. 471: 266: 1590:

Churchill, S. (1998). Australian Bats. Reed New Holland, Sydney.

1362:

Recorded during vegetation survey for EPBC 2002/896 referral EIA

846:

Rainforest and eucalyptus community dynamics determined by fire.

722:

The place has at least one nationally vulnerable fauna species:

453:-dominated Medium open forest (Type 13A) communities are found. 1647:

The forests and soils of the Jarra Creek area, North Queensland

1076:

The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland

653:

The area has superlative scenery with the deeply incised South

516:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

272:

The main rainforests in the region occur astride three major

1714:

NRA 1998. Tully Training Area: Track Network Investigations.

528:; and the critically endangered Bare-rumped Sheathtail Bat ( 1509:

Usback, Samantha; Blackley, Roslyn; Langford, Kate (1996).

793:

This mapping also shows one Of Concern Regional Ecosystem:

1557:. Queensland Government, Environmental Protection Agency. 327:

plants, from the very first land plants to higher plants (

1645:

Graham, Andrew Warren; Hopkins, Michael Strother (1980).

668:

on 22 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.

470:

Studies on the fauna of TTA date back to the 1980s when

1513:(2nd ed.). Australian Nature Conservation Agency. 195:

The Tully Military Training Area (TTA) is part of the

1846:

This Knowledge (XXG) article was originally based on

1197:

Vegetation of the Wet Tropics of Queensland bioregion

446:, with occasional emergent trees or clumps of trees. 172:

in a military training area at Tully-Cardstone Road,

1792:Tracey, John Geoffrey; Webb, Leonard James (1975). 1555:

Characteristics of important wetlands in Queensland

718:

Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnstonii)

474:conducted coarse level baseline inventories and an 147: 139: 131: 123: 114: 73: 57: 23: 1443: 1441: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 237:soils derived from a diversity of parent rocks. 1878:Commonwealth Heritage List places in Queensland 1222: 1220: 1218: 1065: 1063: 1061: 726:Spectacled Flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) 248:and the lavas flooded and partially filled the 1511:A Directory of important wetlands in Australia 1134: 1132: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 959: 957: 955: 953: 951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 522:endangered Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat 49:Location of Tully Training Area in Queensland 8: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 767:Layered Tassell Fern Huperzia phlegmarioides 740:Layered Tassell Fern Huperzia phlegmarioides 369:), in areas of seasonally impeded drainage. 1527:Australian Heritage Assessment Tool (2003). 831:to recent times (27000 years to 3500 years 688:soil found in the tropical humid lowlands. 41: 1798:(Maps). Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO. 1164:, Canberra Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 384:Vine Forest (Type 8) is found (often with 20: 1414:Queensland Vegetation Management Act 1999 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1269: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1236: 1234: 1232: 211:in the south, and includes the elevated 1315: 1313: 1311: 1155: 1153: 1122: 1120: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1021:"Tully Training Area (Place ID 105654)" 881: 514:A search of the Environment Australia ( 1194:; Stanton, D.J. (David James) (2005), 863:Criterion E: Aesthetic characteristics 823:and rainforest/eucalyptus dynamics in 778:Pseuduvaria villosa Rourea brachyandra 775:Asplenium excisum Haplostichanthus sp. 712:Lace-eyed Tree Frog (Nyctimystes dayi) 664:Tully Training Area was listed on the 348:The most extensive remnant of Complex 199:, which runs along the coast from the 18:Historic site in Queensland, Australia 764:Canarium acutifolium var. acutifolium 666:Australian Commonwealth Heritage List 486:and 3 stream dwelling frog surveys). 207:region in the north to just short of 182:Australian Commonwealth Heritage List 146: 138: 130: 122: 113: 7: 1204:from the original on 31 January 2022 1083:from the original on 27 October 2021 531:Saccolaimus Saccolaimus Nudiclunitus 819:of charcoal deposits revealing the 854:Criterion D: Characteristic values 715:Common Mistfrog (Litoria rheocola) 14: 1533:A field guide to Australian frogs 550:and the Lemuroid Ringtail Possum 180:, Australia. It was added to the 1841: 1535:(1995 ed.). Surrey Beatty. 197:Wet Tropics biogeographic region 40: 33: 1433:Environmental Protection Agency 1273:Defences EPBC 2002/896 referral 505:) and the Lace-eyed Tree Frog ( 476:Environmental Impact Assessment 353:altitudinal limits of Type 1A. 276:regions: the tablelands of the 404:recognised by the presence of 1: 1850:, entry number 105654 in the 1574:Australian freshwater turtles 1071:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey) 1865:, accessed on 15 May 2019. 1852:Australian Heritage Database 1026:Australian Heritage Database 1192:Stanton, J.P. (James Peter) 639:the wet tropical lowlands. 1904: 1673:CSIRO/ANU Press, Canberra. 547:Pseudocheirus herbertensis 117:Commonwealth Heritage List 1888:Wet Tropics of Queensland 1856:Commonwealth of Australia 628:Wet Tropics of Queensland 525:Rhinolophus phillipenesis 340:Wet Tropics of Queensland 159: 155: 110: 28: 1576:. Beaumont Publishing. 1055:Hopkins and Graham 1977 696:pattern in the forest. 1484:Australian rainforests 1423:EPBC 2002/896 referral 1396:Topaz, L.W. Jessup 520 672:Criterion A: Processes 553:Hemibelidus lemuroides 135:Listed place (Natural) 61:Tully-Cardstone Road, 1553:Blackman, JG (1999). 1456:Scenic Spectrums 1992 1031:Australian Government 802:Criterion C: Research 541:Pseudochirops archeri 478:(EIA) of a number of 407:Lophostemon confertus 250:South Johnstone River 168:is a heritage-listed 1629:EA heritage website: 735:Canarium acutifolium 395:Agathis microstachya 387:Agathis microstachya 278:Great Dividing Range 95:17.8413°S 145.8053°E 1848:Tully Training Area 1604:Research, Canberra. 1572:Cann, John (1998). 1482:Adam, Paul (1992). 1337:Brown and Root 2001 704:Criterion B: Rarity 493:Casuarius casuarius 343:World Heritage Area 166:Tully Training Area 127:Tully Training Area 91: / 24:Tully Training Area 1447:Hopkins et al 1993 1405:Sattler et al 1999 1079:, pp. 13–70, 817:radiocarbon dating 748:Southern Cassowary 587:live fire training 456:Eucalyptus Pellita 428:Acacia Aulacocarpa 148:Reference no. 100:-17.8413; 145.8053 1883:Tully, Queensland 1854:published by the 1808:Habitat Australia 1685:pp. 101–135. 1656:978-0-643-02725-1 1583:978-981-04-0686-8 1564:978-0-7242-8049-0 1542:978-0-949324-61-0 1520:978-0-642-21378-5 1493:978-0-19-854872-0 1171:978-0-644-04099-0 616:Koombooloomba Dam 227:Walter Hill Range 184:on 22 June 2004. 163: 162: 1895: 1845: 1823: 1799: 1660: 1587: 1568: 1546: 1524: 1497: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1262: 1259: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1227: 1224: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1188: 1175: 1174: 1157: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1067: 1056: 1053: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1017: 825:North Queensland 737:var. acutifolium 622:Heritage listing 599:Cyclone Winifred 508:Nyctimystes dayi 502:Litoria rheocola 497:subsp. Johnsonii 443:Merremia peltata 320:Australian plate 213:Atherton plateau 106: 105: 103: 102: 101: 96: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 44: 43: 37: 21: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1868: 1867: 1839: 1805: 1791: 1657: 1644: 1584: 1571: 1565: 1552: 1543: 1530: 1521: 1508: 1494: 1481: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328:Earthworks 2000 1327: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1205: 1190: 1189: 1178: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1069: 1068: 1059: 1054: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1019: 1018: 883: 878: 829:glacial maximum 756:Costus potierae 655:Johnstone River 624: 562: 419:L. Wooroonoonan 366:Licuala ramsayi 190: 119: 99: 97: 93: 90: 85: 82: 80: 78: 77: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 45: 19: 12: 11: 5: 1901: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1803: 1800: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698:pp. 1–16. 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1569: 1563: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1373: 1364: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1307: 1298: 1284: 1275: 1263: 1251: 1249:NRA et al 1999 1242: 1228: 1214: 1176: 1170: 1149: 1140: 1128: 1116: 1107: 1093: 1057: 1043: 880: 879: 877: 874: 848: 847: 844: 833:before present 827:from the last 811: 799: 798: 791: 790: 787: 780: 779: 776: 769: 768: 765: 758: 757: 750: 749: 742: 741: 738: 728: 727: 720: 719: 716: 713: 623: 620: 561: 558: 461:sclerophyllous 434:A. Aulacocarpa 416:species (such 189: 186: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 75: 71: 70: 59: 55: 54: 48: 39: 38: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 25: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1900: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1319:EPBC Act 1999 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 882: 875: 873: 869: 865: 864: 860: 856: 855: 851: 845: 842: 838: 837:palynological 834: 830: 826: 822: 821:palaeoclimate 818: 815: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 803: 796: 795: 794: 788: 785: 784: 783: 777: 774: 773: 772: 766: 763: 762: 761: 755: 754: 753: 747: 746: 745: 739: 736: 733: 732: 731: 725: 724: 723: 717: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 683: 679: 674: 673: 669: 667: 662: 658: 656: 651: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 629: 621: 619: 617: 611: 608: 602: 600: 594: 590: 588: 584: 580: 574: 570: 566: 559: 557: 555: 554: 549: 548: 543: 542: 535: 533: 532: 527: 526: 519: 517: 512: 510: 509: 504: 503: 498: 495: 494: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 457: 452: 447: 445: 444: 437: 435: 430: 429: 423: 421: 420: 415: 414: 409: 408: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 388: 383: 378: 376: 370: 368: 367: 361: 358: 354: 351: 346: 344: 341: 336: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 303: 299: 295: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 258: 254: 251: 247: 246:Cainozoic era 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 187: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 158: 154: 150: 142: 134: 126: 124:Official name 118: 109: 104: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 36: 27: 22: 16: 1840: 1814:(2): 15–25. 1811: 1807: 1794: 1646: 1573: 1554: 1532: 1510: 1483: 1464:Bibliography 1452: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1387:NCA Act 1992 1367: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1301: 1278: 1245: 1206:, retrieved 1196: 1161: 1147:Whiffin 1984 1143: 1110: 1085:, retrieved 1075: 1034:. Retrieved 1024: 870: 866: 862: 861: 857: 853: 852: 849: 805: 801: 800: 792: 781: 770: 759: 751: 743: 729: 721: 707: 703: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 675: 671: 670: 663: 659: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 625: 612: 603: 595: 591: 575: 571: 567: 563: 551: 545: 539: 536: 529: 523: 520: 513: 506: 500: 496: 492: 488: 469: 454: 448: 441: 438: 433: 426: 424: 417: 413:Leptospermum 411: 405: 399: 394: 392: 385: 379: 371: 364: 362: 359: 355: 347: 337: 313: 290: 271: 263:down-cutting 259: 255: 239: 224: 217: 194: 191: 165: 164: 143:22 June 2004 15: 1858:2019 under 1837:Attribution 1600:Queensland. 1474:Townsville. 1138:Winter 1981 1105:Werren 1985 841:sedimentary 607:Tully River 583:bivouacking 333:Angiosperms 329:Gymnosperms 324:Asian plate 309:codominants 302:sclerophyll 188:Description 98: / 86:145°48′19″E 74:Coordinates 69:, Australia 1872:Categories 1761:Resources. 1305:ACTFR 1998 1282:CSIRO 1985 1240:ACTFR 1999 1226:CSIRO 1986 1208:31 January 1087:31 January 876:References 682:Townsville 579:patrolling 451:Eucalyptus 402:heathlands 274:geomorphic 220:wet-season 209:Townsville 178:Queensland 170:rainforest 140:Designated 83:17°50′29″S 67:Queensland 1860:CC-BY 4.0 1820:0310-2939 1739:Canberra. 1708:Canberra. 1126:Webb 1987 1114:Webb 1984 843:evidence. 560:Condition 484:cassowary 467:species. 465:mammalian 382:Notophyll 350:Mesophyll 322:with the 316:Gondwanan 305:emergents 282:Innisfail 235:colluvial 201:Cedar Bay 1681:737–745. 1626:Defence. 1478:Defence. 1470:Defence. 1371:Nix 1991 1346:HLA 2002 1296:SKM 1997 1261:NRA 2001 1202:archived 1081:archived 1073:(1982), 375:cyclones 231:alluvial 222:period. 205:Daintree 58:Location 1863:licence 1677:357–72. 480:Defence 242:granite 1818: 1653: 1580: 1561: 1539: 1517: 1490: 1168: 1036:15 May 678:Cairns 585:) and 294:Tracey 286:Cairns 151:105654 472:CSIRO 267:scree 174:Tully 63:Tully 1816:ISSN 1651:ISBN 1578:ISBN 1559:ISBN 1537:ISBN 1515:ISBN 1505:1981 1501:1988 1488:ISBN 1210:2022 1166:ISBN 1089:2022 1038:2019 839:and 680:and 581:and 410:and 331:and 307:and 298:Webb 296:and 233:and 132:Type 814:C14 534:). 511:). 422:). 397:). 335:). 1874:: 1812:13 1810:. 1440:^ 1376:^ 1351:^ 1310:^ 1287:^ 1266:^ 1254:^ 1231:^ 1217:^ 1200:, 1179:^ 1152:^ 1131:^ 1119:^ 1096:^ 1060:^ 1046:^ 1029:. 1023:. 884:^ 618:. 556:. 176:, 65:, 1822:. 1659:. 1586:. 1567:. 1545:. 1523:. 1496:. 1040:. 597:( 490:( 203:/

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