856:
1226:. Ögedei took to the field himself in autumn, accompanied by Tolui and the latter's son Möngke, who had been raised by Ögedei's childless third wife Angqui. Much of the events of this campaign are confused in the sources due to chronological difficulties and later suppressions of taboo information: the following is a rough outline by the historian Christopher Atwood. The defeat at the Tongguan Pass was likely followed by two more, including one over Subutai; these reverses threatened the stability of Ögedei's reign and so he set out personally, accompanied by his close family. A number of sources written during the reign of Tolui's son Kublai attribute the defeats to Ögedei's poor generalship and credit Tolui both for the subsequent victories and for rebuking his brother's petulant complaints with words of wisdom.
834:
1023:
1147:. His elimination left Ögedei and Tolui as the two primary candidates. Tolui was unquestionably superior in military terms. His campaign in Khorasan had broken the Khwarazmian Empire, while Ögedei was far less able as a commander and was known to drink excessively even by Mongol standards. He was however well-liked by all in the nation and was known for his generosity, courtesy, and willingness to mediate and compromise. Aware of his own lack of military skill, he placed his trust in his capable subordinates. He was also more likely to preserve Mongol traditions than Tolui, whose wife Sorghaghtani, herself a
1185:
999:(governor). From the edge of the city moat, Tolui proclaimed that the inhabitants would be spared if they surrendered. Unlike at Merv, the Mongols honoured their word, only killing the 12,000 men in the city garrison. Having appointed a Mongol overseer to govern the town, Tolui left the region to rejoin his father at Taliqan in mid-1221. The population subsequently rebelled and were besieged for months by the Mongol general Eljigidei, who was said to have killed between 1,600,000 and 2,400,000 people during his sack of the town, in a massacre lasting seven days in June 1222.
1196:
722:
936:, had arrived nearly a year earlier on 18 April 1220, fleeing the Mongol advance in Transoxiana. He departed in mid-May that year, just in time to escape the armies of Jebe and Subutai, who arrived the following day. The city submitted to the generals, who requested them to reduce their walls and aid any Mongols who passed by. However, the city did not heed these instructions and instead began causing trouble for the Mongols, killing Toquchar when he attempted to enforce control.
53:
956:
the walls being breached on 9 April and the city captured the next day. According to
Juvayni, the city was razed in revenge; Toquchar's widow supervised the massacre of the entire population of the city, with the exception of 400 craftsmen. Unlike in Merv, all children were killed, and the corpses of the alleged 1,747,000 victims, including all the cats and dogs in the city, were piled in great heaps. The ground was subsequently
1163:
family of Jochi. Any general kurultai, attended by the commanders
Genghis had promoted and honoured, would however observe their former ruler's desires without question and appoint Ögedei as ruler. It has been suggested that Tolui's reluctance to hold the kurultai was driven by the knowledge of the threat it posed to his ambitions. In the end, Tolui had to be convinced by the bureaucrat
991:, who fought the Mongols nearby, recorded that after an eight-month siege, the city was taken and its population slaughtered. It is now known, thanks to a chronicle rediscovered in 1944, that there were two sieges of Herat. The first started with the execution of a Mongol diplomat in the town; an incensed Tolui launched an eight-day assault, which culminated in the death of the town's
1293:, writing under the patronage of Tolui's descendants wanting to subtly discredit their Ögedeid rivals. He proposes that the prosaic explanation of a death from alcoholism, as recorded by Juvayni, was the most likely; the official line was nevertheless propagated by Sorghaghtani to cement her family's position at the top of the Mongol court.
821:, Genghis dispatched Tolui to Khorasan to make sure that no opposition remained in the extensive and wealthy region. His task was to pacify and subjugate the region and its cities by any means possible, and he carried out the task "with a thoroughness from which that region has never recovered", in the words of the historian
855:
1007:
was said to have ordered the deaths of a further 100,000 at Merv in
November 1221, after yet another rebellion. The figures do however clearly represent a demographic catastrophe so extreme the native populations found it difficult to quantify the destruction. The historian Michal Biran has suggested
1002:
The death tolls traditionally attributed to Tolui's campaign in
Khorasan are considered exaggerated by modern historians. The cities of Merv, Nishapur, and Herat could have only supported fractions of their reported populations, and populations were reported to return almost miraculously to destroyed
955:
Tolui arrived at the city on 7 April and the inhabitants, awed by the size of his force, immediately sought to agree surrender terms. Because the killing of the khan's son-in-law had been a grave insult to the
Mongols, all proposals were rejected; the assault had begun before the end of the day, with
907:
raiders during the night of 24 February; the surprise attack caught the raiders off guard, and those who were not killed by the
Mongols or did not drown in the river were scattered. The Mongols arrived at Merv the following day. After assessing the city for six days, Tolui came to the conclusion that
455:
while saving Ögedei from a curse; alternative theories suggest that he died from alcoholism or that Ögedei had him poisoned. Having taken over Tolui's lands and estates after his death, Sorghaghtani amassed enough wealth and supporters to ensure that her son Möngke took power in 1251, after the death
1288:
to spare Ögedei, who had been cursed by the maleficent spirits of Jin China; although the shamans sought to bribe the spirits with gifts of booty, livestock, or commoners, they were only willing to accept a member of the imperial family. It is recorded that Tolui volunteered for this fate, following
1162:
involving Mongol troops, the establishment of a lengthy mourning period, which the regent would oversee, and the holding of a kurultai which would nominate successors and select them. For Tolui, this presented an opportunity. He was still a viable candidate for succession and had the support of the
1296:
Sorghaghtani inherited Tolui's property after his death on Ögedei's command; with the backing of his vast estates in
Mongolia, she became one of the most respected and powerful figures in the empire. She played a major role in cultivating an alliance with the descendants of Jochi in the
1119:. Regardless of the date, there were five possible candidates: Genghis Khan's four sons and his youngest brother Temüge, who had the weakest claim and who was never seriously considered. Even though there was a strong possibility Jochi, born after Börte had been kidnapped and raped by
413:, and subjugating numerous others. Medieval chroniclers attributed more than three million deaths to the massacres he ordered at Nishapur and Merv; while these figures are considered exaggerated by modern historians, they are evidence of the abnormal brutality of Tolui's campaign.
912:
to no effect, lost the will to resist and surrendered to the
Mongols, who promised to treat them fairly. Tolui, however, reneged on this guarantee, and ordered that the entire population be driven out on the plain and put to the sword, excluding a small number of
1142:
Chagatai's attitude towards Jochi's possible succession—he had termed his elder brother "a Merkit bastard" and had brawled with him in front of their father—led
Genghis to view him as uncompromising, arrogant, and narrow-minded, despite his great knowledge of
1127:, Genghis was not particularly concerned by this; nevertheless, he and Jochi became increasingly estranged over time. This was due to Jochi's preference for remaining in and growing his own appanage—his actions during the
1289:
a prophecy he had allegedly made during his father's lifetime, a peculiar account that has given rise to suspicions that Ögedei had Tolui murdered. Atwood has theorised that these suspicions were the intended aim of the
1305:
of 1252, the accession of her eldest son Möngke, and a near-total purge of the Ögedeid and
Chagataid branches of the imperial family; The Toluids would remain the holders of the imperial title as it evolved into the
709:), Tolui was appointed to command the besieging army until the Mongols withdrew. With his brother-in-law Chigu, he assaulted the walls of Dexing in autumn 1213 during preparations for the assault on the
5731:
1042:—succession of the youngest son—on the grounds that unlike his older brothers, the youngest son would not have had time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's
4463:
451:
in 1230. The campaign was successful and they returned home to Mongolia two years later. Tolui died in unclear circumstances in late 1232. The official record was that he died during a
1139:
in 1223, allegedly because he was busy hunting, and was considering sending Ögedei and Chagatai to bring him back to heel when news came that Jochi had died from a serious illness.
4391:
3986:
1158:
and administered the empire; possibly drawing upon previous traditions, he established a precedent for what to do after a khan's death. These included the halting of all
4458:
1008:
that the speed with which the Mongols brought the pragmatically brutal warfare of East Asia into the less ruthless Muslim world was a factor in this cultural shock.
5695:
908:
the city fortifications would withstand a lengthy siege. Having been subjected to a general assault on the seventh day, the townspeople, who twice attempted a
5727:
638:, who held onto the Tatar kidnapper until two other Mongols killed him; Rashid al-Din on the other hand recounts that Tolui was saved by his adopted brother
424:, Tolui was always a leading candidate to succeed his father. His position was strengthened by the elimination of Jochi and Chagatai, on account of possible
4941:
1269:
of the entire Jin force. Tolui's success strengthened his position in the Mongol court, while Ogedei's mediocre military performance weakened his own.
987:, citing a local history from the 1400s, stated that none of the inhabitants were killed with the exception of the garrison; meanwhile, the chronicler
4709:
4701:
1154:
Tolui was accompanying his father Genghis Khan when the latter died in 1227 during the campaign against the Xia. As the youngest son, Tolui served as
738:
390:
1229:
With the Tongguan Pass securely held by the Jin and the Mongol army suffering from famine in the depleted Shaanxi province, the brothers withdrew to
5409:
4188:
586:, among other spellings. The historian Isenbike Togan has speculated that "Tolui" was a title which Genghis intended to replace the pre-imperial
5775:
4949:
3979:
917:
and children. It was reported that each Mongol soldier was allotted between three and four hundred people to kill; the contemporary chronicler
428:
and excessive arrogance respectively. Genghis eventually passed Tolui over in favour of Ögedei, who was known for his generosity. Tolui was on
5711:
5005:
3886:
3855:
3803:
3770:
3681:
3649:
3607:
3582:
3544:
3506:
3474:
3436:
3396:
3369:
3346:
3309:
3284:
3175:
401:, which had begun to cause trouble for the Mongol armies. Tolui executed his orders with ruthless efficiency, assaulting the major cities of
5683:
5679:
5418:
1131:, where his reluctance to destroy a wealthy city that would become part of his territory eventually led to his failure to give Genghis the
5671:
888:
5483:
5032:
4981:
4957:
4756:
4406:
5765:
4740:
4693:
3570:
702:
386:
5785:
4989:
4901:
3972:
1031:
614:
4917:
925:, writing a few decades later, recorded that a cleric spent thirteen days counting the dead and arrived at a figure of 1,300,000.
5675:
5667:
5521:
4973:
4933:
4120:
5580:
4155:
1222:
were proving difficult to handle at the start of Ögedei's reign: their leading general defeated a Mongol general in 1230 at the
4997:
4925:
4831:
4667:
1115:
while preparing for the Khwarazmian campaigns in 1219. Rashid al-Din, on the other hand, states that the decision came before
833:
385:, but once he reached adulthood he was considered the finest warrior of the four. He commanded armies under his father during
5048:
4893:
4805:
4797:
4730:
4722:
4401:
1116:
861:
429:
417:
331:
5104:
4448:
5770:
5760:
5707:
5378:
5075:
4965:
4421:
4416:
3733:
3324:
1107:
928:
Tolui had meanwhile marched on south-westerly towards Nishapur, which had already seen a number of events during the war.
2052:Ögedei's allocation was relatively small in area because he would receive a large amount of personal land when he became
1167:
to hold the kurultai; in 1229, it crowned Ögedei as khan, with Tolui recorded as the first to acclaim the new ruler; the
940:, the eldest son and heir of the now-deceased Muhammad II, arrived at the city on 10 February 1221, attempting to escape
5575:
4885:
4683:
4426:
4411:
4150:
3225:
433:
1215:
448:
5402:
5056:
5024:
4875:
4823:
4675:
4181:
1335:
948:, the capital of the empire; he remained at the city for only a couple of days before departing in the direction of
5531:
4130:
3599:
3574:
3361:
3330:
1022:
5780:
4909:
4867:
4850:
4784:
4764:
4748:
4510:
3484:
1323:
770:
3719:
608:, Tolui, then a young child, was the subject of a kidnapping attempt recounted in two sources: the 13th-century
5659:
5511:
4774:
4110:
3691:
3673:
3669:
3420:
3416:
3266:
1204:
Tolui's elder brother Ögedei (top) and third son Kublai (bottom), as depicted in late 13th-century paintings (
960:
over. While marching through the region, Tolui was also sending detachments against surrounding towns such as
1253:—he successfully managed to gather provisions from untouched Song lands, cross back into the Jin province of
5651:
4815:
3562:
1277:
1262:
1070:
mountains in the east, and the lands of his three elder sons were located in the west: for Jochi, along the
929:
785:
moved westwards and his sons conducted various operations; he emerged in the autumn to assault and capture
5723:
5719:
5715:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5655:
5395:
4453:
4174:
3729:
3494:
1249:. This risky strategy paid off—although Tolui's men allegedly suffered such deprivations they resorted to
1205:
988:
937:
627:
58:
883:; the historian Carl Sverdrup estimates its size at around 7,000 men. He marched westwards from Balkh to
5687:
5663:
5647:
5536:
5196:
5140:
4473:
4135:
3567:
The New Cambridge History of Islam Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries
3498:
3301:
3221:"Pu'a's Boast and Doqolqu's Death: Historiography of a Hidden Scandal in the Mongol Conquest of the Jin"
1310:
under the second son Kublai and eventually fell, while their third son Hulagu became the founder of the
1258:
1238:
5096:
5088:
1050:, Genghis allocated lands and populations as property to each member of his close family. His brothers
334:, Tolui was a leading candidate to succeed his father after his death in 1227 and ultimately served as
5755:
5750:
4568:
3762:
3641:
3554:
3276:
1159:
844:
697:
Tolui was considered the best warrior of the sons of Temüjin, who entitled himself Genghis Khan at a
621:
382:
5334:
1195:
1135:'s share of the booty, exacerbated the tensions. Genghis was angered by Jochi's refusal to attend a
1038:
The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of
5344:
4298:
3878:
3795:
3454:
1148:
869:
663:
1184:
4220:
3781:
3725:
3613:
3512:
3442:
3250:
3242:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3161:
965:
933:
726:
609:
567:
481:
5166:
4498:
4438:
4038:
721:
4533:
3882:
3851:
3799:
3766:
3707:
3677:
3659:
3645:
3603:
3578:
3540:
3524:
3502:
3470:
3432:
3392:
3365:
3342:
3319:
3305:
3280:
3171:
1691:
1314:
in Persia. Tolui was later elevated to the status of khan by Kublai, after he established the
1302:
1250:
1087:
922:
865:
822:
742:
655:
488:
347:
128:
115:
3814:
3787:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
5633:
5615:
5611:
5479:
5080:
5040:
4493:
3462:
3424:
3334:
3234:
1128:
941:
802:
766:
730:
555:
398:
64:
5506:
5461:
5174:
4105:
4051:
1813:
1026:
Early 15th-century miniature of Genghis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed, taken from
879:
Tolui's army was composed of a tenth of the Mongol invasion force augmented by Khwarazmian
457:
5541:
4140:
3818:
3625:
3558:
1234:
1099:
1067:
774:
197:
5570:
5546:
4145:
444:
himself; he nevertheless eventually swore allegiance to Ögedei, who was crowned in 1229.
741:, which began in 1219, Tolui initially accompanied his father's army. They bypassed the
5466:
5456:
5187:
5161:
4443:
4070:
4032:
3956:
3758:
3721:
The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century
3529:
3458:
3406:
3270:
3262:
1822:
1668:
1261:
on 9 February 1232. Outnumbering Tolui's army by a large margin, the Jin threatened to
1230:
1039:
984:
790:
667:
575:
421:
351:
343:
136:
1237:, Tolui, accompanied by Subutai and Shigi Qutuqu, would bypass Tongguan by traversing
432:
when the latter died in mid-1227; as the youngest son, he became regent, in charge of
397:
in 1220, Genghis dispatched Tolui early the following year to subjugate the region of
5744:
5563:
5526:
5501:
5248:
5243:
5179:
4486:
4304:
4197:
4125:
4100:
4057:
3999:
3946:
3630:
3463:
3379:
3254:
2019:
1660:
1341:
1318:
in the late 13th-century, while he and Sorghaghtani also became major figures of the
892:
517:
378:
339:
304:
3617:
3593:
682:
was born more than a decade afterwards. Tolui also married Lingqun, the daughter of
5637:
5599:
5487:
5445:
5426:
5148:
4588:
4505:
4481:
4396:
4330:
4253:
4233:
4013:
3935:
3536:
2053:
1520:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1246:
1132:
1124:
1017:
1004:
918:
798:
754:
659:
639:
599:
551:
550:). He also had five full sisters—in order of birth, these were Qojin, Chechiyegen,
441:
425:
359:
323:
294:
4593:
4079:
3696:
1846:
868:, a Persian poet who was killed during the sack of Nishapur, was built during the
679:
151:
3785:
3751:
3663:
491:
and Paul Ratchnevsky placed the date in the late 1180s. He was the fourth son of
5595:
5516:
5496:
5436:
5314:
5263:
5223:
5192:
4293:
4115:
4095:
4075:
1839:
1831:
1164:
1083:
1043:
896:
789:. Tolui and his father spent the winter of 1220–1221 dealing with rebels on the
750:
710:
675:
671:
643:
437:
394:
363:
355:
252:
146:
141:
5387:
1265:
in the army; after Tolui's forces emerged victorious, they retaliated with the
5359:
5268:
4618:
4603:
4340:
3964:
3338:
1027:
794:
492:
485:
3711:
983:, the last of the great cities of Khorasan. The early 20th-century historian
5228:
5218:
4583:
4563:
4558:
4517:
3874:
3791:
3703:
3516:
3488:
3446:
3410:
1311:
1285:
1223:
1095:
1091:
969:
880:
758:
452:
367:
1542:
1059:
534:
3842:
The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
3557:(2010). "The rule of the infidels: the Mongols and the Islamic world". In
3238:
1171:, written by Toluid-favouring chroniclers, possibly exaggerates his role.
705:; when Genghis was wounded by an arrow during the siege of Xijing (modern
5354:
4573:
4433:
4315:
3905:
3847:
3428:
1512:
1233:
to plan. They decided to adopt one of their father's ideas: in a massive
1136:
1079:
1063:
1047:
904:
884:
810:
806:
698:
496:
406:
327:
284:
3840:
3246:
3220:
3208:
3196:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5294:
4598:
4553:
4548:
4335:
4325:
4263:
1933:
1535:
1385:
1273:
1242:
1219:
1075:
1055:
961:
945:
914:
818:
782:
762:
691:
687:
683:
651:
635:
634:, the five year-old Tolui was saved by Altani, the wife of the general
587:
436:
and the administration of the nation. It is possible that the two-year
279:
52:
1241:
to the south of Shaanxi, while Ogedei marched towards the Jin capital
265:
262:
239:
236:
233:
230:
219:
216:
213:
210:
187:
184:
176:
173:
5623:
5603:
5482:
in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and
5475:
5304:
5278:
5273:
4608:
4578:
4538:
4288:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4063:
4044:
4025:
3995:
3942:
3871:
Central Asia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden
3637:
3391:. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
1354:
1266:
1155:
1120:
1071:
973:
957:
909:
786:
706:
647:
447:
Tolui accompanied Ögedei after the resumption of warfare against the
335:
17:
3866:
3385:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231
3295:
3383:
3165:
5349:
5329:
5258:
5238:
5233:
5213:
4320:
4310:
4258:
1653:
1528:
1254:
1144:
1112:
1051:
1021:
994:
980:
949:
814:
746:
720:
500:
410:
374:
5299:
5253:
4613:
4543:
4166:
1046:; but this applied only to property, not to titles. Through the
921:
estimated the number of deaths at 700,000, while the chronicler
900:
840:
778:
402:
5391:
5128:
4639:
4361:
4208:
4170:
3968:
3867:"Otchigin's Place in the Transformation from Family to Dynasty"
3197:"The Sacrificed Brother in the "Secret History of the Mongols""
5339:
3780:
Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). "Sigi Qutuqu (c. 1180–c. 1260)". In
3490:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
1111:
records that he chose his successor at the behest of his wife
678:
followed in 1215 and 1217 respectively, while their final son
1276:; he had travelled northwards with his brother while Subutai
777:, where he rested his army for the summer while his generals
4734:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
1272:
Tolui died later that year in mysterious circumstances near
3724:(Shorter Version; edited by John C. Street). Translated by
480:
The year of Tolui's birth is disputed; while the historian
2663:
765:—in early 1220. The latter was captured in February after
3360:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge:
801:, and the cities which had earlier submitted to them in
666:, as wives. Tolui and Sorghaghtani had their first son,
393:
secured his reputation. After the fall of the cities of
847:
can be seen through a gap in the ruined fortifications.
843:, which never recovered from the Mongol conquests; the
590:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
389:(1211–1215), and his distinguished service during the
4464:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
642:, then a young adolescent, with the help of a nearby
619:
62:
57:
Depiction of Tolui from a 14th-century manuscript of
992:
5562:
5425:
5287:
5206:
5139:
5068:
5017:
4866:
4843:
4796:
4721:
4666:
4659:
4526:
4472:
4384:
4272:
4219:
4088:
4006:
300:
290:
278:
251:
196:
164:
127:
108:
93:
73:
34:
3839:
3750:
3695:
3629:
3528:
1098:; and for Tolui the Mongolian fatherland near the
4459:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
3469:. Washington: Mongolian Preservation Foundation.
1117:the khan's final campaign against the Xia dynasty
797:. By this point, Jebe and Subutai had moved into
3388:Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов: 1097–1231
979:There has been some confusion about the fate of
499:, Temüjin's first wife; his elder brothers were
4879:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
559:
5610:) already started to use the Chinese title of
3167:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
3019:
817:in early 1221 and while continuing to besiege
626:history by the 14th-century Persian historian
373:Tolui was less active than his elder brothers
5434:Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by
5403:
4182:
3980:
3869:. In Zimonyi, Istvan; Karatay, Osman (eds.).
1322:cult in Mongolia, today headquartered at the
805:had become bolder; Genghis Khan's son-in law
260:
228:
208:
182:
171:
8:
3412:The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
27:Regent of the Mongol Empire (c. 1191 – 1232)
5606:(Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (
2851:
2799:
2735:
2263:
2247:
2227:
2203:
2179:
2111:
1280:. According to the official records in the
1012:Regency and succession question (1227–1229)
595:, traditionally given to the youngest son.
440:was lengthened by Tolui's desire to become
5410:
5396:
5388:
5136:
5125:
4663:
4656:
4636:
4381:
4358:
4216:
4205:
4189:
4175:
4167:
3987:
3973:
3965:
3896:
3531:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
484:believes he was born in 1191 or 1192, the
51:
31:
3358:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
2295:
391:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
2979:
2963:
2907:
2891:
2863:
2835:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2715:
2664:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
2495:
2391:
2279:
1151:, was a patron of many other religions.
1018:Genghis Khan § Death and succession
701:in 1206. He commanded armies during the
654:in 1203, Tolui received Toghrul's niece
554:, Tumelun, and Altun. The name "Tolui" (
3327:Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
2543:
2467:
2387:
2371:
2351:
2311:
2291:
2069:
2045:
1175:Life under Ögedei and death (1229–1232)
903:from the south. He ambushed a force of
330:. A prominent general during the early
4809:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
4768:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
3300:. Makers of the Muslim World. London:
3127:
3111:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3051:
3035:
3031:
3007:
2991:
2975:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2875:
2839:
2815:
2803:
2719:
2691:
2627:
2619:
2595:
2591:
2515:
2507:
2275:
2239:
2215:
2195:
2183:
2151:
2123:
2095:
161:
3465:Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire
3461:; Honeychurch, William, eds. (2009).
3272:Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion
3131:
3115:
3095:
2859:
2723:
2703:
2675:
2639:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2527:
2511:
2491:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2431:
2419:
2403:
2359:
2335:
2323:
2307:
2167:
2155:
2083:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
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1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1930:
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1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
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1725:
1719:
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1715:
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1705:
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1690:
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1659:
1657:
1652:
1606:
1564:
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1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1384:
1353:
809:was killed by a nascent rebellion at
729:in 1215; Tolui's campaign subjugated
7:
4392:Administrative divisions and vassals
3823:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
3143:
2763:
2383:
2355:
2339:
2243:
2199:
2127:
2107:
773:. Genghis moved southwards into the
646:. After the defeat and death of the
5474:Following Kublai's enthronement as
3698:The Rulers of China, 221 BC–AD 1949
3099:
3039:
3003:
2911:
2895:
2879:
2855:
2831:
2819:
2767:
2751:
2739:
2679:
2651:
2623:
2607:
2531:
2435:
2415:
2259:
2139:
733:, the central region of the empire.
342:until the accession of his brother
3571:The New Cambridge History of Islam
1003:cities—Genghis Khan's adopted son
813:in November 1220. After capturing
739:invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
574:, meaning 'mirror') has also been
346:two years later. Tolui's wife was
25:
5490:in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China.
3825:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
3753:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
615:The Secret History of the Mongols
1194:
1183:
854:
832:
1032:Livre des merveilles manuscript
889:Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border
749:to attack the major centres of
495:, the future Genghis Khan, and
387:the first invasion of Jin China
322:–1232) was the youngest son of
5628:
3873:. Turcologica. Vol. 104.
1284:, he sacrificed his life in a
1206:National Palace Museum, Taipei
418:traditional inheritance system
261:
229:
209:
183:
172:
41:
1:
5776:13th-century Chinese monarchs
5696:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
5598:announced the dynastic name "
5379:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
5076:Division of the Mongol Empire
3734:Western Washington University
3356:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
3325:The Cambridge History of Iran
3275:(Third ed.). New Delhi:
1108:Secret History of the Mongols
771:fell a couple of months later
602:
543:
526:
509:
470:
316:
77:
5419:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty
3226:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
539:
522:
505:
383:their father's rise to power
4326:Manghit / Mangudai
3573:(1st ed.). Cambridge:
3170:. New York: Facts on File.
1336:Family tree of Genghis Khan
1082:; for Chagatai, the former
1066:were given lands along the
993:
620:
600:campaign against the Tatars
591:
63:
5802:
5636:since the enthronement of
5105:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
3749:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
3600:Edinburgh University Press
3575:Cambridge University Press
3362:Cambridge University Press
3331:Cambridge University Press
1333:
1301:, which culminated in the
1160:offensive military actions
1015:
430:his father's last campaign
5766:13th-century Mongol khans
5641:
5619:
5588:
5553:
5376:
5135:
5124:
4920:(1223 / 1236–40)
4826:(1257 / 1284–88)
4655:
4635:
4449:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
4380:
4357:
4215:
4204:
3953:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3899:
3636:. The Peoples of Europe.
3339:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366
1977:
1975:
1892:
1890:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1723:
1721:
1688:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1516:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1324:Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
1263:rape all the Mongol women
1078:and the territory of the
839:The walls of the city of
571:
560:
258:
203:
169:
160:
50:
5786:Children of Genghis Khan
3865:Togan, Isenbike (2016).
3850:: Helion & Company.
3674:Harvard University Press
3665:Imperial China, 900–1800
3421:Harvard University Press
3387:
2898:, pp. 70–71, 94–95.
1340:Khans or regents of the
1086:territories surrounding
942:the ongoing Mongol siege
899:to approach the city of
775:Turkestan mountain range
717:Khorasan campaign (1221)
598:Shortly after Temüjin's
4402:Invasions and conquests
4321:Paiza / Gerege
3838:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
2218:, pp. 21, 511–512.
1257:, and engage the enemy
1094:; for Ögedei, lands in
891:, and then crossed the
358:, the fourth and fifth
5571:Huizong (Emperor Shun)
5547:Huizong (Emperor Shun)
5059:(1260 / 1301)
4787:(1274 / 1281)
4454:Franco-Mongol alliance
4089:Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans
3294:Biran, Michal (2012).
3217:Atwood, Christopher P.
3193:Atwood, Christopher P.
3162:Atwood, Christopher P.
1048:Mongol appanage system
1035:
989:Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani
895:and its tributary the
734:
690:, and had a son named
350:; their sons included
5632:) practically in the
3815:"AṬṬĀR, FARĪD-AL-DĪN"
3592:May, Timothy (2018).
3555:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
3499:Yale University Press
3302:Oneworld Publications
3267:Bosworth, Clifford E.
3239:10.1353/sys.2015.0006
2466:, pp. 310, 314;
2198:, pp. 425, 542;
1025:
1016:Further information:
887:, on the present-day
724:
703:invasion of Jin China
366:, the founder of the
244:) (conferred in 1265)
224:) (conferred in 1251)
5771:13th-century regents
5761:Mongol Empire people
4950:Serbia and Bulgaria
3881:. pp. 407–423.
3813:Reinert, B. (2011).
3763:Blackwell Publishing
3642:Blackwell Publishing
3618:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68
3455:Fitzhugh, William W.
3429:10.2307/j.ctv322v4qv
3277:Munshiram Manoharlal
3130:, pp. 161–165;
3082:, pp. 362, 512.
3066:, pp. 199–202;
2978:, pp. 271–272;
2962:, pp. 270–271;
2926:, pp. 277, 362.
2862:, pp. 540–541;
2854:, pp. 126–128;
2802:, pp. 136–137;
2786:, pp. 457–458;
2678:, pp. 408–409;
2514:, pp. 314–315;
2434:, pp. 313–314;
2418:, pp. 175–176;
2386:, pp. 134–135;
2358:, pp. 134–135;
2338:, pp. 311–314;
2202:, pp. 417–420;
1214:The remnants of the
1145:Mongol legal customs
872:in the 15th century.
845:tomb of Ahmad Sanjar
664:Nestorian Christians
469:Life under Genghis (
381:, and Ögedei during
5197:Khagans of the Yuan
4926:Poland and Bohemia
4702:Khwarazmian Empire
4427:Society and economy
3879:Harrassowitz Verlag
3796:Harrassowitz Verlag
3782:de Rachewiltz, Igor
3726:de Rachewiltz, Igor
3102:, pp. 144–151.
3070:, pp. 273–274.
3054:, pp. 198–202.
2994:, pp. 272–273.
2982:, pp. 250–252.
2966:, pp. 233–238.
2950:, pp. 268–269.
2938:, pp. 264–267.
2806:, pp. 278–279.
2610:, pp. 178–179.
2570:, pp. 315–317.
2450:, pp. 306–307.
2438:, pp. 176–177.
2394:, pp. 160–161.
2342:, pp. 134–135.
2326:, pp. 308–311.
2298:, pp. 114–117.
2230:, pp. 91, 233.
2170:, pp. 416–420.
2158:, pp. 417–418.
2098:, pp. 46, 542.
1149:Nestorian Christian
932:, the ruler of the
870:Timurid Renaissance
803:the Khorasan region
630:. According to the
434:his father's burial
362:of the empire, and
227:Emperor Jingxiang (
4942:Holy Roman Empire
4397:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
3660:Mote, Frederick W.
3320:Boyle, John Andrew
3203:. 30/31: 189–206.
3020:de Rachewiltz 2015
2858:, pp. 69–70;
2310:, pp. 56–58;
2294:, pp. 77–78;
2262:, pp. 51–52;
2182:, pp. 77–78;
2022:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1686:
1671:
1523:
1347:
1036:
1030:'s section of the
934:Khwarazmian Empire
791:upper Vakhsh river
769:, while Samarkand
761:and its neighbour
735:
727:Khwarazmian Empire
658:and granddaughter
482:Christopher Atwood
5738:
5737:
5385:
5384:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5097:Kaidu–Kublai war
5089:Berke–Hulagu war
5081:Toluid Civil War
4862:
4861:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4434:House of Borjigin
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4164:
4163:
4067:
4048:
4029:
3963:
3962:
3954:Succeeded by
3906:House of Borjigin
3888:978-3-4471-0664-1
3857:978-1-9133-3605-9
3805:978-3-4470-3339-8
3772:978-0-6311-6785-3
3683:978-0-6740-1212-7
3651:978-0-6311-7563-6
3609:978-0-7486-4237-3
3595:The Mongol Empire
3584:978-0-5218-5031-5
3546:978-0-3123-1444-6
3508:978-0-3001-2533-7
3476:978-0-2959-8957-0
3438:978-0-6742-5999-7
3398:978-9-9433-5721-1
3371:978-1-1086-3662-9
3348:978-1-1390-5497-3
3311:978-1-7807-4204-5
3286:978-8-1215-0544-4
3201:Mongolian Studies
3177:978-0-8160-4671-3
3118:, pp. 80–81.
3042:, pp. 97–98.
2914:, pp. 94–95.
2882:, pp. 68–69.
2834:, p. 69–70;
2790:, pp. 61–62.
2642:, pp. 64–65.
2598:, pp. 74–77.
2250:, pp. 89–90.
2032:
2031:
2018:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1692:Sorghaghtani Beki
1684:
1667:
1519:
1345:
1320:Eight White Yurts
1303:Toluid Revolution
1259:at Mount Sangfeng
1074:, extending into
923:Ata-Malik Juvayni
866:Attar of Nishapur
656:Sorghaghtani Beki
622:Jami' al-tawarikh
489:Frederick W. Mote
348:Sorghaghtani Beki
310:
309:
274:
273:
116:Sorghaghtani Beki
16:(Redirected from
5793:
5781:Sons of emperors
5645:
5643:
5634:Chinese language
5630:
5621:
5581:Tianyuan Emperor
5557:
5527:Tianshun Emperor
5492:
5442:
5440:as Yuan emperors
5412:
5405:
5398:
5389:
5183:
5170:
5167:Töregene Khatun
5157:
5137:
5126:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4880:
4854:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4788:
4778:
4770:
4769:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4687:
4679:
4664:
4657:
4637:
4599:Shangdu (Xanadu)
4589:Sarai Batu/Berke
4494:Chagatai Khanate
4382:
4359:
4217:
4206:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4121:Yesün Temür Khan
4061:
4042:
4023:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3966:
3933:Preceded by
3923:
3916:
3897:
3892:
3861:
3845:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3819:Yarshater, Ehsan
3809:
3776:
3757:. Translated by
3756:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3715:
3701:
3692:Moule, Arthur C.
3687:
3655:
3635:
3621:
3588:
3550:
3534:
3520:
3480:
3468:
3450:
3402:
3380:Buniyatov, Z. M.
3375:
3352:
3315:
3290:
3263:Barthold, Vasily
3258:
3212:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2973:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2889:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2852:Ratchnevsky 1991
2849:
2843:
2829:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2800:Ratchnevsky 1991
2797:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2736:Ratchnevsky 1991
2733:
2727:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2349:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2264:Ratchnevsky 1991
2257:
2251:
2248:Ratchnevsky 1991
2237:
2231:
2228:Broadbridge 2018
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:Ratchnevsky 1991
2193:
2187:
2180:Ratchnevsky 1993
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2112:Ratchnevsky 1991
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2057:
2050:
1351:
1350:
1291:Secret Historian
1278:besieged Kaifeng
1198:
1187:
1129:Siege of Gurganj
998:
858:
836:
686:, prince of the
625:
607:
604:
594:
573:
565:
564:
563:
556:Mongolian script
549:
548:
545:
541:
532:
531:
528:
524:
515:
514:
511:
507:
475:
472:
456:of Ögedei's son
416:As the Mongols'
332:Mongol conquests
321:
318:
269:
268:
243:
242:
223:
222:
207:Emperor Yingwu (
191:
190:
180:
179:
162:
104:
102:
89:
88:
86:
79:
68:
65:Jami al-tawarikh
55:
43:
32:
21:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5646:
5638:Genghis Emperor
5590:
5584:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5522:Taiding Emperor
5472:
5432:
5421:
5416:
5386:
5381:
5364:
5283:
5202:
5181:
5168:
5155:
5131:
5112:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5013:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4902:Volga Bulgaria
4895:
4887:
4878:
4876:
4858:
4852:
4839:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4808:
4806:
4792:
4786:
4776:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4757:Southern China
4750:
4742:
4741:Northern China
4733:
4731:
4717:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4685:
4677:
4651:
4650:
4623:
4522:
4499:House of Ögedei
4468:
4439:House of Ögedei
4407:Destructiveness
4376:
4375:
4345:
4282:
4268:
4211:
4200:
4195:
4165:
4160:
4141:Rinchinbal Khan
4084:
4039:Töregene Khatun
4002:
3993:
3959:
3950:
3938:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3864:
3858:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3812:
3806:
3779:
3773:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3718:
3690:
3684:
3658:
3652:
3624:
3610:
3591:
3585:
3553:
3547:
3523:
3509:
3483:
3477:
3459:Rossabi, Morris
3453:
3439:
3407:Favereau, Marie
3405:
3399:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3355:
3349:
3318:
3312:
3293:
3287:
3261:
3215:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3122:
3114:, p. 117;
3110:
3106:
3094:, p. 512;
3090:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3038:, p. 193;
3034:, p. 542;
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:, p. 463;
2906:
2902:
2894:, p. 463;
2890:
2886:
2878:, p. 542;
2874:
2870:
2850:
2846:
2838:, p. 463;
2830:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2766:, p. 434;
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:, p. 125;
2734:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2622:, p. 344;
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:, p. 344;
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2510:, p. 343;
2506:
2502:
2494:, p. 314;
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2278:, p. 542;
2274:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2246:, p. 428;
2242:, p. 542;
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:, p. 542;
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2110:, p. 428;
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
1338:
1332:
1286:shamanic ritual
1235:pincer movement
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1123:tribesmen, was
1100:Altai Mountains
1068:Greater Khingan
1020:
1014:
877:
876:
875:
874:
873:
859:
850:
849:
848:
837:
719:
644:Mongol sheepdog
605:
561:
546:
538:
529:
521:
512:
504:
478:
473:
466:
453:shamanic ritual
319:
247:
198:Posthumous name
156:
123:
100:
98:
84:
82:
80:
69:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5608:Ikh Mongol Uls
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5180:Oghul Qaimish
5177:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:Mongol Armenia
4441:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Khutughtu Khan
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4073:
4068:
4054:
4049:
4035:
4030:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:Regnal titles
3925:
3924:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3862:
3856:
3835:
3810:
3804:
3777:
3771:
3759:Thomas Haining
3746:
3716:
3688:
3682:
3656:
3650:
3622:
3608:
3589:
3583:
3551:
3545:
3521:
3507:
3485:Jackson, Peter
3481:
3475:
3451:
3437:
3403:
3397:
3376:
3370:
3353:
3347:
3316:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3259:
3213:
3189:
3176:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:, p. 415.
3136:
3134:, p. 102.
3120:
3104:
3098:, p. 78;
3084:
3072:
3056:
3044:
3024:
3012:
2996:
2984:
2968:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2900:
2884:
2868:
2866:, p. 463.
2844:
2842:, p. 418.
2824:
2818:, p. 81;
2808:
2792:
2776:
2770:, p. 69;
2756:
2744:
2728:
2722:, p. 18;
2718:, p. 65;
2708:
2696:
2684:
2668:
2666:, p. 109.
2656:
2644:
2632:
2626:, p. 63;
2612:
2600:
2584:
2582:, p. 316.
2572:
2560:
2558:, p. 315.
2548:
2536:
2534:, p. 174.
2530:, p. 60;
2520:
2500:
2498:, p. 161.
2484:
2482:, p. 317.
2472:
2462:, p. 60;
2452:
2440:
2424:
2422:, p. 313.
2408:
2406:, p. 313.
2396:
2390:, p. 79;
2376:
2364:
2362:, p. 312.
2354:, p. 79;
2344:
2328:
2316:
2300:
2296:Buniyatov 2015
2284:
2282:, p. 114.
2268:
2266:, p. 110.
2252:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2188:
2186:, p. 542.
2172:
2160:
2144:
2132:
2130:, p. 428.
2116:
2114:, p. 228.
2100:
2088:
2086:, p. 102.
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1334:Main article:
1331:
1328:
1282:Secret History
1239:Song territory
1231:Inner Mongolia
1203:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:Secret History
1040:ultimogeniture
1013:
1010:
985:Vasily Bartold
860:
853:
852:
851:
838:
831:
830:
829:
828:
827:
793:in modern-day
718:
715:
632:Secret History
578:to English as
576:transliterated
477:
467:
465:
462:
422:ultimogeniture
420:was a form of
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
282:
276:
275:
272:
271:
256:
255:
249:
248:
246:
245:
225:
204:
201:
200:
194:
193:
167:
166:
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
133:
131:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
112:
110:
106:
105:
95:
91:
90:
75:
71:
70:
56:
48:
47:
45:
44:
39:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5798:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5564:Northern Yuan
5561:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5488:Southern Song
5485:
5481:
5477:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Chagatai Khan
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5123:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:Latin Empire
4956:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4487:Northern Yuan
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Imperial Seal
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:Pax Mongolica
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:Mongol Empire
4192:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Ukhaantu Khan
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Ragibagh Khan
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:Oghul Qaimish
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:Early Khagans
4005:
4001:
4000:Mongol Empire
3997:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3947:Mongol Empire
3944:
3937:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3626:Morgan, David
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3598:. Edinburgh:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:Reid, Anthony
3560:
3559:Morgan, David
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:. Cambridge:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:Sverdrup 2017
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:Sverdrup 2017
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:Barthold 1992
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:Barthold 1992
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:Barthold 1992
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:Barthold 1992
2833:
2828:
2825:
2822:, p. 69.
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2788:Favereau 2021
2785:
2784:Barthold 1992
2780:
2777:
2774:, p. 65.
2773:
2772:Favereau 2021
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:, p. 69.
2753:
2748:
2745:
2742:, p. 69.
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2726:, p. 69.
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:Favereau 2021
2712:
2709:
2706:, p. 69.
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:, p. 45.
2693:
2688:
2685:
2682:, p. 68.
2681:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:, p. 66.
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2630:, p. 78.
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2546:, p. 80.
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2518:, p. 74.
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:Sverdrup 2017
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2470:, p. 80.
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:Sverdrup 2017
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2314:, p. 78.
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:Sverdrup 2017
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:, p. 80.
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2142:, p. 51.
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:, p. 4;
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2021:
1984:
1982:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1899:
1897:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1733:
1731:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1459:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1405:
1403:
1390:
1387:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:Mongol Empire
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1224:Tongguan Pass
1221:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1186:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:Marghab river
890:
886:
882:
871:
867:
863:
862:The mausoleum
857:
846:
842:
835:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:a swift siege
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:ongoing siege
740:
732:
728:
725:A map of the
723:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Rashid al-Din
624:
623:
617:
616:
611:
601:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
557:
553:
536:
519:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
468:
463:
461:
459:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Mongol Empire
337:
333:
329:
325:
314:
306:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
281:
277:
267:
264:
257:
254:
250:
241:
238:
235:
232:
226:
221:
218:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
199:
195:
189:
186:
178:
175:
168:
163:
159:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
130:
126:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
96:
92:
76:
72:
67:
66:
60:
59:Rashid al-Din
54:
49:
40:
37:
36:
33:
30:
19:
5684:N. Dynasties
5680:S. Dynasties
5627:
5607:
5591:
5473:
5471:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5153:
5149:Genghis Khan
4918:Kievan Rus'
4896:(1237–1300s)
4888:(1237–1300s)
4732:Western Xia
4694:Qara Khitai
4527:Major cities
4506:Golden Horde
4482:Yuan dynasty
4369:Organization
4303:
4254:Khong Tayiji
4151:Biligtü Khan
4131:Jayaatu Khan
4111:Buyantu Khan
4101:Öljeytü Khan
4056:
4037:
4019:
4018:
4014:Genghis Khan
3941:
3936:Genghis Khan
3919:
3912:
3904:
3870:
3841:
3827:. Retrieved
3822:
3786:
3752:
3738:. Retrieved
3720:
3697:
3664:
3631:
3594:
3566:
3537:Bantam Press
3530:
3517:j.ctt1n2tvq0
3489:
3464:
3447:j.ctv322v4qv
3411:
3384:
3357:
3323:
3297:Genghis Khan
3296:
3271:
3230:
3224:
3200:
3181:. Retrieved
3166:
3139:
3123:
3107:
3087:
3075:
3059:
3047:
3027:
3015:
2999:
2987:
2971:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2903:
2887:
2871:
2847:
2827:
2811:
2795:
2779:
2759:
2747:
2731:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2615:
2603:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2544:Jackson 2017
2539:
2523:
2503:
2487:
2475:
2468:Jackson 2017
2455:
2443:
2427:
2411:
2399:
2388:Jackson 2017
2379:
2372:Reinert 2011
2367:
2352:Jackson 2017
2347:
2331:
2319:
2312:Jackson 2017
2303:
2292:Jackson 2017
2287:
2271:
2255:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2191:
2175:
2163:
2147:
2135:
2119:
2103:
2091:
2048:
1521:Genghis Khan
1339:
1319:
1316:Yuan dynasty
1308:Yuan dynasty
1299:Golden Horde
1295:
1290:
1281:
1271:
1267:sodomization
1247:Yellow River
1228:
1213:
1168:
1153:
1141:
1125:illegitimate
1106:
1104:
1072:Irtysh river
1037:
1005:Shigi Qutuqu
1001:
978:
954:
938:Jalal al-Din
927:
919:Ibn al-Athir
878:
799:western Iran
755:Khwarazmshah
736:
696:
688:Naiman tribe
660:Doquz Khatun
640:Shigi Qutuqu
631:
613:
597:
583:
579:
479:
446:
426:illegitimacy
415:
372:
324:Genghis Khan
312:
311:
295:Genghis Khan
120:Doquz Khatun
29:
5756:1232 deaths
5751:1191 births
5676:16 Kingdoms
5602:" in 1271,
5224:Sartaq Khan
5193:Kublai Khan
5188:Möngke Khan
5162:Ögedei Khan
5141:Great Khans
5107:(1314–1318)
5099:(1268–1301)
5051:(1260–1323)
5035:(1253–1256)
5018:Middle East
4912:(1238–1239)
4853:(1221–1327)
4712:(1219–1256)
4704:(1219–1221)
4686:(1264–1308)
4678:(1207-1308)
4544:Azov (Azaq)
4210:Terminology
4156:Uskhal Khan
4116:Gegeen Khan
4096:Setsen Khan
4076:Kublai Khan
4071:Möngke Khan
4033:Ögedei Khan
3957:Ögedei Khan
3908:(1206–1635)
3740:22 November
3632:The Mongols
3233:: 239–278.
3128:Atwood 2004
3112:Morgan 1986
3092:Atwood 2004
3080:Atwood 2004
3068:Atwood 2015
3064:Atwood 2008
3052:Atwood 2008
3036:Atwood 2008
3032:Atwood 2004
3008:Atwood 2004
2992:Atwood 2015
2976:Atwood 2015
2960:Atwood 2015
2948:Atwood 2015
2936:Atwood 2015
2924:Atwood 2004
2876:Atwood 2004
2840:Atwood 2004
2816:Atwood 2004
2804:Atwood 2004
2720:Atwood 2004
2692:Atwood 2004
2628:Morgan 1986
2620:Atwood 2004
2596:Morgan 1986
2592:Atwood 2004
2516:Morgan 1986
2508:Atwood 2004
2276:Atwood 2004
2240:Atwood 2004
2216:Atwood 2004
2196:Atwood 2004
2184:Atwood 2004
2152:Atwood 2004
2124:Atwood 2004
2096:Atwood 2004
1251:cannibalism
1216:Jin dynasty
1165:Yelu Chucai
1084:Qara Khitai
1044:inheritance
930:Muhammad II
757:'s capital
751:Transoxiana
737:During the
711:Juyong Pass
670:, in 1209;
606: 1196
547: 1186
530: 1185
513: 1184
486:sinologists
474: 1191
449:Jin dynasty
438:interregnum
395:Transoxiana
320: 1191
253:Temple name
147:Hulagu Khan
142:Kublai Khan
137:Möngke Khan
81: 1191
5745:Categories
5668:3 Kingdoms
5644:) in 1206.
5600:Great Yuan
5360:Nogai Khan
5244:Özbeg Khan
5175:Güyük Khan
5069:Civil wars
5057:Palestine
4966:Lithuania
4886:Circassia
4619:Xacitarxan
4604:Soltaniyeh
4341:Darughachi
4106:Külüg Khan
4052:Güyük Khan
4020:Tolui Khan
3951:1227–1229
3761:. Oxford:
3730:Bellingham
3702:. London:
3535:. London:
3132:Moule 1957
3116:Biran 2012
3096:Biran 2012
2860:Boyle 2007
2724:Biran 2012
2704:Biran 2012
2676:Togan 2016
2640:Biran 2012
2580:Boyle 2007
2568:Boyle 2007
2556:Boyle 2007
2528:Biran 2012
2512:Boyle 2007
2492:Boyle 2007
2480:Boyle 2007
2464:Boyle 2007
2460:Biran 2012
2448:Boyle 2007
2432:Boyle 2007
2420:Boyle 2007
2404:Boyle 2007
2360:Boyle 2007
2336:Boyle 2007
2324:Boyle 2007
2308:Biran 2012
2168:Togan 2016
2156:Togan 2016
2084:Moule 1957
2035:References
1348:. Source:
1245:along the
1028:Marco Polo
881:conscripts
823:J.A. Boyle
795:Tajikistan
694:with her.
305:Börte Ujin
5502:Chengzong
5229:Orda Khan
5219:Batu Khan
5083:(1260–64)
5027:(1241–43)
5025:Anatolia
5000:(1287–88)
4992:(1285–86)
4984:(1264–65)
4976:(1259–60)
4968:(1258–59)
4944:(1241–42)
4936:(1241–42)
4928:(1240–41)
4904:(1229–36)
4894:Chechnya
4834:(1300–02)
4798:Southeast
4777:(1253–56)
4759:(1235–79)
4751:(1231–60)
4743:(1211–34)
4696:(1216–18)
4684:Sakhalin
4644:Campaigns
4594:Saray-Jük
4584:Samarkand
4559:Karakorum
4518:Ilkhanate
4276:Political
4080:Ariq Böke
3875:Wiesbaden
3829:15 August
3792:Wiesbaden
3712:223359908
3704:Routledge
3670:Cambridge
3525:Man, John
3495:New Haven
3417:Cambridge
3382:(2015) .
3322:(2007) .
3265:(1992) .
3255:164390721
3144:Mote 1999
2764:Mote 1999
2384:Manz 2010
2356:Manz 2010
2340:Manz 2010
2244:Mote 1999
2200:Mote 1999
2128:Mote 1999
2108:Mote 1999
2064:Citations
1847:Ariq Böke
1312:Ilkhanate
1096:Dzungaria
1092:Turkestan
759:Samarkand
680:Ariq Böke
610:Mongolian
568:Mongolian
368:Ilkhanate
259:Ruizong (
152:Ariq Böke
5576:Zhaozong
5542:Ningzong
5537:Mingzong
5517:Yingzong
5484:conquest
5467:Xianzong
5462:Dingzong
5453:(regent)
5355:Boroldai
5335:Khubilai
5315:Bo'orchu
5288:Military
5182:(regent)
5169:(regent)
5156:(regent)
5041:Baghdad
4990:Hungary
4934:Hungary
4877:Georgia
4824:Vietnam
4676:Siberia
4574:Maragheh
4474:Khanates
4422:Religion
4417:Military
4366:Politics
4316:Kurultai
4279:Military
3848:Solihull
3694:(1957).
3662:(1999).
3628:(1986).
3565:(eds.).
3527:(2004).
3487:(2017).
3409:(2021).
3247:44511263
3219:(2015).
3209:43193541
3195:(2008).
3164:(2004).
3100:May 2018
3040:May 2018
3004:Man 2004
2912:May 2018
2896:May 2018
2880:May 2018
2856:May 2018
2832:May 2018
2820:May 2018
2768:May 2018
2752:May 2018
2740:May 2018
2680:May 2018
2652:May 2018
2624:May 2018
2608:Man 2004
2532:Man 2004
2436:Man 2004
2416:Man 2004
2260:May 2018
2140:May 2018
1661:Chagatai
1137:kurultai
1088:Almaligh
1080:Kipchaks
1064:Belgutei
958:ploughed
915:artisans
885:Murichaq
811:Nishapur
807:Toquchar
731:Khorasan
699:kurultai
618:and the
592:otchigin
518:Chagatai
407:Nishapur
399:Khorasan
379:Chagatai
285:Borjigin
5629:Huángdì
5616:Chinese
5612:Emperor
5604:Khagans
5594:Before
5532:Wenzong
5512:Renzong
5480:Emperor
5457:Taizong
5451:Ruizong
5325:Boroqul
5320:Guo Kan
5310:Negudar
5295:Subutai
5195: (
5033:Alamut
5006:Serbia
4998:Poland
4982:Thrace
4974:Poland
4910:Alania
4775:Yunnan
4710:Persia
4668:Central
4647:Battles
4554:Bolghar
4549:Bukhara
4534:Almalik
4336:Kheshig
4264:Tarkhan
3998:of the
3945:of the
3821:(ed.).
3784:(ed.).
3269:(ed.).
3183:2 March
3154:Sources
3022:, §272.
1934:Zhenjin
1536:Hachiun
1386:Yesugei
1344:are in
1274:Beijing
1243:Kaifeng
1220:Shaanxi
1076:Siberia
1056:Hachiun
962:Abiward
946:Gurganj
905:Turkmen
819:Taliqan
783:Subutai
763:Bukhara
692:Qutuqtu
684:Kuchlug
662:, both
652:Toghrul
636:Boroqul
588:epithet
542:
533:), and
525:
508:
493:Temüjin
338:of the
170:Tolui (
99: (
83: (
5708:W. Xia
5626::
5624:pinyin
5618::
5596:Kublai
5507:Wuzong
5476:Khagan
5437:Kublai
5305:Muqali
5279:Ghazan
5274:Arghun
5264:Hulegu
5154:Tolui
5130:People
5091:(1262)
5049:Syria
5043:(1258)
5008:(1291)
4960:(1242)
4952:(1242)
4868:Europe
4851:India
4832:Burma
4818:(1293)
4807:Burma
4785:Japan
4766:Tibet
4749:Korea
4609:Tabriz
4579:Qarshi
4539:Avarga
4385:Topics
4289:Jarlig
4249:Jinong
4244:Khanum
4239:Khatun
4229:Khagan
4221:Titles
4064:Regent
4045:Regent
4026:Regent
3996:Khagan
3943:Regent
3918:
3901:Tolui
3885:
3854:
3802:
3769:
3736:. 2015
3710:
3680:
3648:
3638:Oxford
3616:
3606:
3581:
3543:
3515:
3505:
3473:
3445:
3435:
3395:
3368:
3345:
3308:
3283:
3253:
3245:
3207:
3174:
1840:Hulagu
1832:Kublai
1823:Möngke
1669:Ögedei
1543:Temüge
1355:Hoelun
1330:Family
1156:regent
1121:Merkit
1062:, and
1060:Temüge
974:Jajarm
972:, and
910:sortie
787:Termez
707:Datong
676:Hulagu
672:Kublai
668:Möngke
648:Kereit
535:Ögedei
476:–1227)
409:, and
364:Hulagu
356:Kublai
352:Möngke
344:Ögedei
336:regent
301:Mother
291:Father
109:Spouse
5652:Shang
5642:成吉思皇帝
5592:Note:
5497:Shizu
5446:Taizu
5350:Kadan
5345:Bayan
5330:Jelme
5269:Abaqa
5259:Kebek
5239:Toqta
5234:Berke
5214:Jochi
5207:Khans
4844:South
4816:Java
4569:Majar
4511:Wings
4331:Tümen
4311:Yassa
4294:Örtöö
4259:Noyan
3920:Died:
3913:Born:
3817:. In
3614:JSTOR
3513:JSTOR
3443:JSTOR
3251:S2CID
3243:JSTOR
3205:JSTOR
2040:Notes
2020:Temür
1814:Güyük
1685:Tolui
1654:Jochi
1529:Hasar
1513:Börte
1255:Henan
1113:Yisui
1052:Qasar
995:malik
981:Herat
950:Zozan
897:Kushk
815:Balkh
753:—the
747:Otrar
650:khan
612:poem
584:Tuluy
572:Толуй
562:ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠢ
552:Alaqa
501:Jochi
497:Börte
458:Güyük
411:Herat
375:Jochi
360:khans
328:Börte
313:Tolui
280:House
165:Names
129:Issue
42:ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠢ
38:Tolui
18:Tului
5724:Qing
5720:Ming
5716:Yuan
5704:Song
5700:Liao
5692:Tang
5656:Zhou
5427:Yuan
5300:Jebe
5254:Duwa
4723:East
4660:Asia
4614:Ukek
4564:Dadu
4372:Life
4299:Orda
4234:Khan
4062:(as
4043:(as
4024:(as
3922:1232
3915:1191
3883:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3831:2023
3800:ISBN
3767:ISBN
3742:2022
3708:OCLC
3678:ISBN
3646:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3503:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3393:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3185:2022
3172:ISBN
2054:khan
1346:bold
1133:khan
1105:The
966:Nasa
901:Merv
841:Merv
781:and
779:Jebe
674:and
582:and
580:Toli
464:Life
442:khan
403:Merv
354:and
326:and
101:1233
97:1232
94:Died
85:1191
74:Born
5732:PRC
5728:ROC
5712:Jīn
5688:Sui
5672:Jìn
5664:Han
5660:Qin
5648:Xia
5486:of
5340:Aju
3425:doi
3335:doi
3235:doi
1218:in
1090:in
970:Tus
944:at
864:of
745:at
516:),
181:or
61:'s
5747::
5730:/
5726:→
5722:→
5718:→
5714:→
5710:/
5706:/
5702:/
5698:→
5694:→
5690:→
5686:→
5682:/
5678:→
5674:/
5670:→
5666:→
5662:→
5658:→
5654:→
5650:→
5622:;
5620:皇帝
4078:/
3877::
3846:.
3798:.
3794::
3790:.
3765:.
3732::
3728:.
3706:.
3676:.
3672::
3668:.
3644:.
3640::
3612:.
3602:.
3577:.
3569:.
3561:;
3539:.
3511:.
3501:.
3497::
3493:.
3457:;
3441:.
3431:.
3423:.
3419::
3415:.
3364:.
3341:.
3333:.
3304:.
3279:.
3249:.
3241:.
3231:45
3229:.
3223:.
3199:.
3006:;
2072:^
1326:.
1102:.
1058:,
1054:,
976:.
968:,
964:,
952:.
825:.
713:.
603:c.
570::
566:,
558::
544:c.
540:b.
527:c.
523:b.
510:c.
506:b.
471:c.
460:.
405:,
377:,
370:.
317:c.
78:c.
5640:(
5614:(
5556:元
5478:-
5411:e
5404:t
5397:v
5199:)
4190:e
4183:t
4176:v
4066:)
4047:)
4028:)
3988:e
3981:t
3974:v
3891:.
3860:.
3833:.
3808:.
3775:.
3744:.
3714:.
3686:.
3654:.
3620:.
3587:.
3549:.
3519:.
3479:.
3449:.
3427::
3401:.
3374:.
3351:.
3337::
3314:.
3289:.
3257:.
3237::
3211:.
3187:.
3010:.
2374:.
2056:.
1208:)
1034:.
537:(
520:(
503:(
315:(
270:)
266:宗
263:睿
240:帝
237:皇
234:襄
231:景
220:帝
217:皇
214:武
211:英
192:)
188:壘
185:圖
177:雷
174:拖
103:)
87:)
20:)
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