232:
410:
521:
77:
40:
316:, they are trampled by foot, traditionally through the work of extended family groups and their pets. This eliminates what little water is still retained by the potatoes, and removes the skins, enabling subsequent freezing and drying. They remain as they are for over a week, depending on weather conditions.
339:
is obtained by washing the frozen potatoes. The washing may take various forms. In
Bolivia, the potatoes are spread on blankets or straw and constantly sprayed with water to moisten. In Peru, the frozen potatoes are transported to a river, and deposited in pools. This washing typically takes about
319:
During the process of manually squeezing water out of the potatoes via stepping on them, whole families will participate. The previous freeze-drying breaks down cell walls, making it easier to remove water from the potatoes. They build a small pile of potatoes with their feet and then "dance" on the
278:
is made at the beginning of winter during June and July, during which time the temperatures reach around −5 °C (23 °F) at elevations of over 3,800 metres (12,500 ft). After fall harvest (April–May), potatoes are selected for the production of
285:, typically small ones for ease of processing. These small potatoes are spread closely on flat ground, and allowed to freeze with the low night temperatures and dehydrate in the daytime, for about three nights. This process results in natural
320:
pile, removing the skins as they do so. This will not entirely remove the skins, so the remaining skin is removed by hand afterwards. Starting from this basic freeze-dry process, two varieties are obtained:
383:
is obtained directly from the original freezing, trampling, and refreezing process. The product is not washed or exposed to water again; after freezing and trampling, it is simply sun-dried. Black
887:
817:
de Haan, Stef (August 15, 2012). "Effect of production environment, genotype and process on the mineral content of native bitter potato cultivars converted into white chuño".
583:
Timothy Johns: With bitter Herbs They Shall Eat it : Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine, The
University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1990,
679:
1049:
602:
193:
in the 13th century, based on findings that have been made of the product at various archaeological sites. Specifically, they have been found at
998:
969:
937:
713:
147:. It is a five-day process, obtained by exposing a bitter, frost-resistant variety of potatoes to the very low night temperatures of the
1014:
1964:
719:
881:
612:
588:
635:
1979:
1137:
669:
957:
The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except
Orchidaceae)
800:
1042:
929:
1984:
1999:
1989:
1757:
231:
1994:
1187:
951:
1465:
1228:
1102:
423:
Once dried, and with minimal care in storage, the product can last for a very long time, sometimes decades.
1969:
1268:
1035:
1058:
1009:
409:
1974:
1147:
911:
218:
argued that the nighttime sub-freezing temperatures of southern
Peruvian highlands that allowed for
80:
1612:
1496:
1470:
1097:
544:
1323:
1293:
1597:
1388:
674:
261:
1848:
1807:
1792:
1777:
1577:
1383:
1223:
1127:
1092:
994:
965:
933:
877:
834:
709:
608:
584:
539:
205:
2004:
1928:
1787:
1747:
1664:
1415:
1278:
1087:
1082:
826:
436:
163:
103:
701:
395:, and is more likely to be kept and consumed by farmers than the more commercialized white
2009:
1797:
1539:
1513:
1273:
961:
486:
299:
1817:
172:
706:
Spell of the
Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time
1710:
1617:
1607:
1561:
1506:
1361:
1182:
1112:
947:
915:
643:
558:
112:
795:[Chuño, the millennial secret of the Andes to get a potato to last 20 years].
1958:
1892:
1866:
1812:
1734:
1529:
1425:
1308:
1283:
1167:
919:
871:
534:
440:
286:
128:
116:
1858:
1762:
1705:
1582:
1491:
1453:
1448:
1420:
1378:
1370:
1346:
1333:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1117:
1077:
988:
979:
955:
923:
857:
Adventures in Eating: Anthropological
Experiences of Dining from Around the World
1938:
1647:
1637:
1587:
1544:
1524:
1501:
1410:
1405:
1192:
1142:
793:"Chuño, el secreto milenario de los Andes para lograr que una papa dure 20 años"
554:
526:
490:
479:. The other ingredients – wheat, carrots, etc – can be substituted, but not the
225:
190:
1933:
1897:
1843:
1695:
1654:
1627:
1592:
1556:
1443:
1430:
1313:
1233:
1218:
1213:
1177:
1132:
1072:
792:
549:
516:
215:
1943:
1902:
1782:
1772:
1700:
1460:
1351:
1303:
1253:
1248:
1238:
198:
151:
144:
1871:
838:
607:(First ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 144.
76:
1822:
1767:
1752:
1690:
1674:
1659:
1642:
1549:
1534:
1393:
1298:
1288:
1258:
194:
159:
155:
1923:
1802:
1669:
1519:
1438:
1398:
1318:
1197:
1122:
446:
132:
120:
50:
39:
830:
520:
340:
a week. The final step is drying in the sun. The result is now called
1887:
1827:
1742:
1720:
1715:
1602:
1486:
1243:
1172:
201:, a geographic zone which includes territories of Bolivia and Peru.
162:
of the day (this being the traditional process). The word comes from
108:
64:
17:
461:
is not considered the same as a regular potato. In certain recipes,
426:
Consumption is varied, from desserts to prepared dishes, as well as
925:
Plants of the World: An
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants
1632:
1622:
1341:
1263:
1107:
432:
408:
230:
208:. Due to its portability, long shelf life, and nutritional value,
148:
140:
873:
Chuño and Tunta ; the traditional Andean sun-dried
Potatoes.
1027:
136:
124:
54:
1031:
485:. It is also traditional in southern regions of Peru such as
473:, for example, is not considered the same without the ground
298:– flat areas where the potatoes can be laid out. The term is
171:, meaning 'frozen potato' ('wrinkled' in the dialects of the
702:"Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases"
292:
By the end of this process, the potatoes are taken to
435:, which is an essential ingredient in many dishes of
158:
them, and subsequently exposing them to the intense
204:
It had been described in 1590 by
Spanish chronicler
1911:
1880:
1857:
1836:
1733:
1683:
1570:
1479:
1369:
1360:
1332:
1206:
1065:
870:Peñarrieta, Mauricio; Alvarado, Juan (2012-01-01),
60:
46:
763:
670:"A Space-Age Food Product Cultivated by the Incas"
389:production has less regional variation than white
467:and potatoes should not be used interchangeably.
302:in origin and translates to “the place where the
352:(Spanish for 'dry potatoes'). In Bolivia, white
455:, meat, and vegetables. Especially in Bolivia,
819:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
214:was eaten by Inca soldiers on marches. Indeed
1043:
751:
562:
504:
494:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
427:
414:
396:
390:
384:
378:
369:
359:
353:
347:
341:
334:
325:
310:
303:
293:
280:
273:
254:
248:
242:
219:
209:
184:
166:
92:
8:
259:) is made from the starchy storage roots of
30:
197:, site of a culture which developed in the
1366:
1050:
1036:
1028:
775:
493:. Another soup, this one made using whole
29:
27:South American freeze-dried potato product
739:
663:
661:
576:
509:can be eaten with a variety of sauces.
127:, and is known in various countries of
803:from the original on October 25, 2017.
987:Moesbach, Ernesto Wilhelm de (1992).
850:
848:
812:
810:
786:
784:
682:from the original on October 14, 2016
189:dates back to before the time of the
102:
7:
224:production favoured the rise of the
1015:Revista chilena de historia natural
791:Rosendo, Inma Gil (June 13, 2017).
640:The Cambridge World History of Food
308:is made”. Once they make it to the
25:
668:Romero, Simon (August 10, 2016),
519:
75:
38:
890:from the original on 2017-10-26
859:. University Press of Colorado.
722:from the original on 2018-02-08
445:is one of the most traditional
45:
111:product traditionally made by
1:
1008:Puga Borne, Federico (1921).
993:(in Spanish). Andres Bello.
604:The Potato in the Human Diet
405:Preservation and consumption
930:University of Chicago Press
912:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
2026:
1188:Sweetened potato casserole
990:Botánica indígena de Chile
561:village where traditional
449:soups and it is made with
1965:Quechua words and phrases
752:Kubitzki & Huber 1998
70:
37:
1138:Pâté aux pommes de terre
601:Woolf, Jennifer (1987).
1980:Native American cuisine
764:Christenhusz et al 2017
855:Haines, Helen (2010).
563:
505:
495:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
428:
420:
415:
397:
391:
385:
379:
370:
360:
354:
348:
342:
335:
326:
311:
304:
294:
281:
274:
255:
249:
243:
238:
220:
210:
185:
167:
100:Spanish pronunciation:
93:
1571:Pan- or griddle-fried
1435:Sandwiches and wraps
922:(2017). "Lilkiales".
700:Gade, Daniel (2016).
412:
234:
1103:Jansson's temptation
932:. pp. 141–150.
1758:Brændende kærlighed
1471:Triple-cooked chips
1269:Papa a la Huancaína
1098:Hasselback potatoes
1010:"El chuno de ligtu"
980:additional excerpts
960:. Berlin, Germany:
545:List of dried foods
256:chuño de concepción
34:
1598:Lyonnaise potatoes
1439:California burrito
1389:Chili cheese fries
1173:Potatoes au gratin
675:The New York Times
421:
262:Alstroemeria ligtu
239:
236:Alstroemeria ligtu
1985:Argentine cuisine
1952:
1951:
1808:Mince and tatties
1793:Hachis Parmentier
1729:
1728:
1578:Bubble and squeak
1384:Carne asada fries
1229:Bryndzové halušky
1148:Pommes boulangère
1128:Lancashire hotpot
1093:Gratin dauphinois
1000:978-956-13-0970-8
971:978-3-540-64060-8
939:978-0-226-52292-0
831:10.1002/jsfa.5589
825:(10): 2098–2105.
715:978-3-319-20849-7
540:Food preservation
183:The existence of
107:) is a preserved
89:
88:
16:(Redirected from
2017:
2000:Peruvian cuisine
1990:Bolivian cuisine
1788:Duchess potatoes
1748:Bangers and mash
1665:Spanish omelette
1613:Potatoes O'Brien
1497:Pommes soufflées
1480:Other deep-fried
1416:Halal snack pack
1367:
1279:Papas chorreadas
1207:Boiled or stewed
1088:Funeral potatoes
1083:Fondant potatoes
1066:Baked or roasted
1052:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1004:
975:
943:
898:
897:
896:
895:
867:
861:
860:
852:
843:
842:
814:
805:
804:
788:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
697:
691:
690:
689:
687:
665:
656:
655:
653:
651:
642:. Archived from
636:"Potato (white)"
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
598:
592:
581:
566:
529:
524:
523:
508:
498:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
437:Peruvian cuisine
431:
418:
400:
394:
388:
382:
373:
363:
357:
351:
346:, also known as
345:
338:
329:
314:
312:chuñochinapampas
307:
297:
295:chuñochinapampas
284:
277:
258:
252:
246:
223:
213:
188:
170:
106:
104:[ˈtʃuɲo]
101:
96:
81:Media: Chuño
79:
61:Main ingredients
42:
35:
33:
21:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1995:Chilean cuisine
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1907:
1876:
1853:
1832:
1798:Himmel und Erde
1725:
1679:
1618:Potato pancakes
1566:
1540:Pommes dauphine
1514:Potato doughnut
1475:
1356:
1328:
1274:Papas arrugadas
1202:
1061:
1056:
1026:
1007:
1001:
986:
972:
962:Springer-Verlag
954:, eds. (1998).
948:Kubitzki, Klaus
946:
940:
916:Fay, Michael F.
910:
906:
901:
893:
891:
884:
869:
868:
864:
854:
853:
846:
816:
815:
808:
790:
789:
782:
776:Puga Borne 1921
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
725:
723:
716:
699:
698:
694:
685:
683:
667:
666:
659:
649:
647:
634:
633:
629:
619:
617:
615:
600:
599:
595:
582:
578:
574:
525:
518:
515:
503:. More simply,
407:
375:
358:is also called
331:
271:
181:
119:communities of
99:
85:
47:Place of origin
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1849:Shepherd's pie
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1684:Other or mixed
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1608:Patatas bravas
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1562:Tornado potato
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:Crisp sandwich
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Kripik kentang
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Älplermagronen
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:Rumbledethumps
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Kouign patatez
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1005:
999:
984:
970:
952:Huber, Herbert
944:
938:
920:Chase, Mark W.
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:
882:
862:
844:
806:
799:(in Spanish).
780:
768:
766:, p. 145.
756:
744:
732:
714:
708:. p. 86.
692:
657:
646:on 11 May 2011
627:
613:
593:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
530:
514:
511:
406:
403:
374:
366:
330:
322:
270:
267:
250:chuño de liuto
206:José de Acosta
199:Collao Plateau
180:
177:
143:and Northwest
87:
86:
84:
83:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Potato dishes
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Kartoffelkäse
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Gamja-ongsimi
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Olivier salad
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Ragda pattice
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:Potato wedges
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1324:Szilvásgombóc
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Salt potatoes
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Poutine râpée
1292:
1290:
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1284:Papet Vaudois
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1168:Potato waffle
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1059:Potato dishes
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753:
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36:
19:
1918:
1818:Skomakarlåda
1706:Batata harra
1583:German fries
1502:Potato chips
1492:Papa rellena
1466:Three-in-One
1454:Mitraillette
1449:French tacos
1421:Lomo saltado
1379:Cheese fries
1371:French fries
1347:Rewena bread
1163:Potato skins
1158:Potato scone
1153:Potato babka
1078:Baked potato
1019:
1013:
989:
977:
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924:
904:Bibliography
892:, retrieved
872:
865:
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822:
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771:
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747:
735:
724:. Retrieved
705:
695:
684:, retrieved
673:
648:. Retrieved
644:the original
639:
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618:. Retrieved
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182:
173:Junín Region
131:, including
91:
90:
1975:Dried foods
1939:Potato cake
1778:Cottage pie
1648:Reibekuchen
1638:Llapingacho
1588:Hash browns
1525:Batata vada
1411:Curly fries
1406:Chorrillana
1193:Tartiflette
1143:Pommes Anna
620:23 November
555:Ocra (Peru)
527:Food portal
413:Maize with
349:papas secas
226:Inca Empire
191:Inca Empire
1959:Categories
1934:Munini-imo
1898:Gamja-tang
1844:Homity pie
1696:Aloo chaat
1655:Pyttipanna
1628:Gamja-jeon
1593:Home fries
1557:Tater tots
1444:Chip butty
1431:Salchipapa
1314:Selat solo
1234:Carapulcra
1219:Aloo tikki
1214:Aloo gosht
1178:Rappie pie
1133:Panackelty
1073:Baeckeoffe
1022:: 313–320.
894:2019-11-17
726:2018-02-10
591:, p. 82-84
572:References
550:Pachamanca
269:Production
241:A form of
216:Carl Troll
1944:Potatonik
1903:Sayur sop
1783:Croquette
1773:Colcannon
1701:Aloo gobi
1461:Spice bag
1352:Wrap roti
1304:Raspeball
1254:Lobscouse
1249:Kroppkaka
1239:Cepelinai
419:and chili
152:Altiplano
145:Argentina
1823:Stamppot
1768:Clapshot
1753:Brandade
1691:Aloo pie
1675:Truffade
1643:Patatnik
1550:Vada pav
1535:Perkedel
1520:fritters
1394:Kapsalon
1299:Raclette
1289:Pitepalt
1259:Nikujaga
888:archived
839:22278409
801:Archived
720:Archived
686:March 1,
680:archived
567:are made
513:See also
487:Arequipa
447:Bolivian
195:Tiwanaku
160:sunlight
156:freezing
65:Potatoes
2005:Quechua
1924:Gnocchi
1803:Hutspot
1670:Trinxat
1518:Potato
1399:Poutine
1319:Stovies
1198:Yapchik
1123:Kugelis
650:22 July
559:Quechua
501:jakonta
179:Origins
164:Quechua
133:Bolivia
121:Bolivia
113:Quechua
51:Bolivia
2010:Aymara
1888:Ajiaco
1872:Szałot
1859:Salads
1828:Stoemp
1743:Aligot
1735:Mashed
1721:Tombet
1716:Samosa
1603:Maluns
1244:Coddle
997:
968:
936:
880:
837:
712:
611:
587:
564:chuños
470:Chairo
442:Chairo
377:Black
368:Black
333:White
324:White
300:Aymara
168:ch'uñu
149:Andean
117:Aymara
109:potato
74:
1919:Chuño
1912:Other
1881:Soups
1763:Champ
1660:Rösti
1633:Latke
1623:Boxty
1530:Bonda
1362:Fried
1342:Lefse
1334:Bread
1264:Ocopa
1118:Kugel
1108:Knish
506:chuño
499:, is
496:chuño
482:chuño
476:chuño
464:chuño
458:chuño
452:chuño
433:flour
429:chuño
416:chuño
398:chuño
392:chuño
386:chuño
380:chuño
371:chuño
361:tunta
355:chuño
343:chuño
336:chuño
327:chuño
305:chuño
282:chuño
275:Chuño
244:chuño
221:chuño
211:chuño
186:chuño
141:Chile
94:Chuño
32:Chuño
18:Tunta
1837:Pies
1711:Péla
1545:Vada
995:ISBN
966:ISBN
934:ISBN
878:ISBN
835:PMID
710:ISBN
688:2017
652:2013
622:2019
609:ISBN
585:ISBN
557:, a
491:Puno
489:and
137:Peru
125:Peru
123:and
115:and
55:Peru
53:and
827:doi
797:BBC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
