26:
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underneath separates itself from the above lying layers. This separation process then triggers volcanic activity through either decompression melting, dehydration melting, increases in temperature, or some combination of these processes. Back-arc volcanism in the region started about 25-30 million
519:. Delamination of the crust, hydration-induced melting and magma mixing processes have been used to explain the magma chemistry at Tunupa. It has been proposed that as the lower crust undergoes delamination, certain water-containing minerals such as
575:
produced ages between 1.55 ± 0.01 and 1.40 ± 0.04 million years ago, with even younger dates of 440,000 ± 40,000 years before present. The main edifice developed first, the lava domes were emplaced later. The volcano is considered to be extinct.
1018:
Blard, P.-H.; Lavé, J.; Sylvestre, F.; Placzek, C.J.; Claude, C.; Galy, V.; Condom, T.; Tibari, B. (September 2013). "Cosmogenic 3He production rate in the high tropical Andes (3800 m, 20°S): Implications for the local last glacial maximum".
331:
systems. Three separate stages of glaciation have been inferred at Tunupa, one dating proposal dates the first advance to about 160,000 before present, the second lasts until about 15,000 years/may coincide with the existence of
314:
descended to elevations of 3,650–3,700 metres (11,980–12,140 ft) when they reached their largest extent. Later shorter glaciers reoccupied the same valleys; outwash gravel deposits are found downstream below the
555:
are 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). While they decrease to 0 °C (32 °F) at an elevation of about 4,800 metres (15,700 ft), the dry climate of the region limits the development of
367:. It is likely that evaporation from the lake increased precipitation at Tunupa and thus allowed glaciers to grow to larger sizes than they would have without such evaporation.
1114:
Clapperton, C.M.; Clayton, J.D.; Benn, D.I.; Marden, C.J.; Argollo, J. (January 1997). "Late
Quaternary glacier advances and palaeolake highstands in the Bolivian Altiplano".
1147:
Clayton, Jamie D.; Clapperton, Chalmers M. (1 May 1997). "Broad synchrony of a Late-glacial glacier advance and the highstand of palaeolake Tauca in the
Bolivian Altiplano".
1184:
Martin, L. C. P.; Blard, P. -H.; Lavé, J.; Jomelli, V.; Charreau, J.; Condom, T.; Lupker, M.; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D. L.; Keddadouche, K. (1 November 2020).
1346:"40Ar/39Ar ages and geochemistry of the Intersalar Range of the Bolivian Altiplano: A volcanological transect spanning the arc and reararc of the Central Andean Plateau"
1291:
Anglés, Angélica; He, Qitao; Sánchez García, Laura; Carrizo, Daniel; Rodriguez, Nuria; Huang, Ting; Shen, Yan; Amils, Ricardo; Fernández-Remolar, David C. (2022).
1058:
Clark, Nicola; Wallis, Simon (1 May 2017). "Flamingos, salt lakes and volcanoes: hunting for evidence of past climate change on the high
Altiplano of Bolivia".
844:"Late local glacial maximum in the Central Altiplano triggered by cold and locally-wet conditions during the paleolake Tauca episode (17–15ka, Heinrich 1)"
319:, such as below the Chalchala and Pocolli valleys on the southern flank of the volcano where most glacial landforms are found. Glacial landforms include
1396:
511:
An average magma output of 0.00043–0.00093 cubic kilometres per year (0.00010–0.00022 cu mi/a) has been estimated, which is comparable to
1237:"Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of lavas from Tunupa volcano, Bolivia: Implications for plateau volcanism in the central Andean Plateau"
1406:
363:
are also found at these former shorelines. Over seven separate shoreline stages have been identified at Tunupa, which was part of an island in
1168:
1411:
80:
1401:
656:"VOLCANOLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF AN ENIGMATIC BACKARC VOLCANO ON THE BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO: IMPLICATIONS FOR NON-SUBDUCTION RELATED VOLCANISM"
307:
are found on the northern flank. Erosion and glaciation have generated a deposit of eroded material that surrounds much of the volcano.
588:
legends, Tunupa is personified as a deity with varying attributes and often linked to legends about the origin of the Salar de Uyuni.
310:
There is no present-day permanent ice on Tunupa as the region is too dry but the mountain was glaciated in the past, and large valley
408:, but also in the back-arc region. This back-arc volcanism that Tunupa is part of has an uncertain origin; one proposed process is
602:
273:
281:
1186:"Antarctic-like temperature variations in the Tropical Andes recorded by glaciers and lakes during the last deglaciation"
291:
The volcano rises about 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) above the surrounding terrain, the summit of the volcano is heavily
123:
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73:
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altered and its summit crater degraded by erosion, with crags representing remnants of the old lava conduit. Several
343:
The southern slopes of Tunupa are incised by the shorelines of former lakes that occupied the
Altiplano, such as
198:, with most of the volcano constructed by lava flows that erupted between 1.36 and 1.56 million years ago. Later
559:; average precipitation is less than 200 millimetres per year (7.9 in/year) in the southwestern Altiplano.
252:
Volcanism in the backarc of the
Central Andes is represented by several types of volcanoes, including several
234:
25:
568:
429:
389:
has been occurring off the western margin of South
America for the past 200 million years. Presently, the
51:
436:
farther west form a chain of volcanoes known as the Serranía
Intersalar, which lies within the so-called
571:
has yielded ages of 2.5 ± 0.5 and 1.8 ± 0.2 million years ago on samples from Tunupa. Later performed
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is subducting eastward below South
America. The subduction is responsible for the formation of the
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1083:
1040:
871:
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Blard, P.-H.; Lavé, J.; Farley, K.A.; Fornari, M.; Jiménez, N.; Ramirez, V. (December 2009).
1365:
1322:
1304:
1293:"Biospeleothems Formed by Fungal Activity During the Early Holocene in the "Salar de Uyuni""
1256:
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is the only other place in the world where oceanic subduction has generated a high plateau.
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Salisbury, Morgan J.; Kent, Adam J.R.; Jiménez, Néstor; Jicha, Brian R. (1 April 2015).
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where recent volcanism is rare. This chain of volcanoes was active starting from the
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about halfway up and an ancient village at the foot with a modest "salt hotel".
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199705/06)12:3<169::AID-JQS304>3.0.CO;2-S
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731:Чеснокова, O. C.; Радович, М.; Ледесма, Г. Техерина (20 January 2019).
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508:. The lava domes are more silicic than the main volcanic edifice.
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at an elevation of 5,321 m (17,457 ft) on the
Bolivian
432:
has yielded an age of 11.1 ± 0.4 million years ago). Tunupa and
352:
380:
428:
East of Tunupa lie the
Huayrana lavas, which are much older (
327:
deposits are found on the volcano, as are several extensive
1344:
Salisbury, Morgan J.; Jiménez, Néstor; Barfod, Dan (2022).
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before present and the last one occurred during the
225:about 115 kilometres (71 mi) east of the main
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733:"OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LA TOPONIMIA BOLIVIANA"
649:
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404:Volcanism in the Andes occurs in a frontal
632:
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15:
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186:It stands on the northern side of the
1286:"Cerro Tunupa, Bolivia" on Peakbagger
7:
1021:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
705:. Boliviano Petróleo. p. 194.
303:from Tunupa on its eastern flank.
14:
456:Tunupa is formed principally by
129:
122:
24:
1211:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106542
868:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.025
701:Ahlfeld, F; Branisa, L (1960).
603:List of Ultras of South America
274:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
237:municipality, and the towns of
1397:Volcanoes of Potosí Department
229:. It forms a peninsula in the
205:There is a cave with several
130:
1:
1407:Five-thousanders of the Andes
1149:Journal of Quaternary Science
1132:10.1016/S1040-6182(96)00020-1
931:Clayton & Clapperton 1997
904:Clayton & Clapperton 1997
827:Clayton & Clapperton 1997
812:Clayton & Clapperton 1997
379:Tunupa Volcano, Bolivia from
46:5,321 m (17,457 ft)
737:Филологические науки в МГИМО
598:List of volcanoes in Bolivia
249:lie on its southern slopes.
56:1,601 m (5,253 ft)
1412:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
637:"Bolivia Ultra-Prominences"
527:become unstable and enrich
213:Geography and geomorphology
202:developed on the mountain.
194:. Tunupa was active in the
1428:
1402:Stratovolcanoes of Bolivia
1350:Frontiers in Earth Science
1190:Quaternary Science Reviews
1037:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.006
848:Quaternary Science Reviews
282:Los Frailes volcanic field
30:Tunupa and Salar de Uyuni.
1371:10.3389/feart.2022.917488
1310:10.3389/fmicb.2022.913452
1297:Frontiers in Microbiology
476:suite. The rocks contain
116:
23:
1116:Quaternary International
551:Average temperatures at
412:, whereby the lowermost
299:were emplaced on top of
235:Salinas de Garci-Mendoza
1029:2013E&PSL.377..260B
221:, at the centre of the
916:Clapperton et al. 1997
892:Clapperton et al. 1997
800:Clapperton et al. 1997
759:Clapperton et al. 1997
569:Potassium-argon dating
430:Potassium-argon dating
383:
1006:Salisbury et al. 2015
994:Salisbury et al. 2015
982:Salisbury et al. 2015
967:Salisbury et al. 2015
950:Salisbury et al. 2015
719:Salisbury et al. 2015
686:Salisbury et al. 2015
378:
254:monogenetic volcanoes
217:Tunupa is located in
96:19.83250°S 67.64583°W
101:-19.83250; -67.64583
1362:2022FrEaS..10.7488S
1253:2015Lsphe...7...95S
1202:2020QSRv..24706542M
1161:1997JQS....12..169C
1124:1997QuInt..38...49C
1072:2017GeolT..33..101C
860:2009QSRv...28.3414B
703:Geologia de Bolivia
654:Salisbury, Morgan.
92: /
788:Martin et al. 2020
776:Martin et al. 2020
573:argon-argon dating
397:high plateau; the
384:
36:Highest point
1080:10.1111/gto.12186
305:Pyroclastic flows
177:Potosí Department
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157:Potosí Department
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563:Eruption history
179:of southwestern
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1280:External links
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1155:(3): 169–182.
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1008:, p. 102.
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739:(in Spanish).
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293:hydrothermally
231:Salar de Uyuni
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778:, p. 6.
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639:Peaklist.org
583:
566:
550:
510:
468:, forming a
466:trachydacite
455:
427:
410:delamination
406:volcanic arc
403:
385:
361:river deltas
351:. Crusts of
345:Lake Minchin
342:
309:
290:
262:Cerro Tuzgle
251:
227:volcanic arc
216:
204:
185:
168:
167:
1241:Lithosphere
506:plagioclase
496:, uncommon
492:, uncommon
478:phenocrysts
452:Composition
425:years ago.
422:lithosphere
391:Nazca Plate
270:ignimbrites
196:Pleistocene
99: /
74:Coordinates
1391:Categories
1196:: 106542.
1066:(3): 104.
619:References
613:Tittivilla
525:phlogopite
517:Parinacota
446:Quaternary
434:Sillajhuay
387:Subduction
365:Lake Tauca
349:Lake Tauca
334:Lake Tauca
301:lava flows
297:lava domes
286:Morococala
268:and large
87:67°38′45″W
84:19°49′57″S
52:Prominence
1380:2296-6463
1319:1664-302X
1271:1941-8264
1228:224936121
1220:0277-3791
1177:1099-1417
1140:1040-6182
1096:133683379
1088:1365-2451
1045:0012-821X
876:0277-3791
743:(14): 77.
580:Mythology
521:amphibole
482:amphibole
470:potassium
442:Oligocene
395:Altiplano
325:ice drift
223:Altiplano
192:Altiplano
112:Geography
42:Elevation
1337:35814676
592:See also
567:Initial
557:glaciers
541:titanium
458:andesite
438:Pica gap
317:moraines
312:glaciers
266:Uturunku
260:such as
200:glaciers
153:Location
1358:Bibcode
1328:9260512
1249:Bibcode
1198:Bibcode
1157:Bibcode
1120:Bibcode
1107:Sources
1068:Bibcode
1025:Bibcode
856:Bibcode
547:Climate
533:niobium
494:olivine
486:biotite
444:to the
371:Geology
329:moraine
243:Coquesa
219:Bolivia
207:mummies
181:Bolivia
175:in the
173:volcano
161:Bolivia
143:Bolivia
62:Listing
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586:Aymara
537:tantal
513:Lascar
502:oxides
472:-rich
247:Jirira
169:Tunupa
137:Tunupa
19:Tunupa
1224:S2CID
1092:S2CID
553:Oruro
531:with
529:magma
418:crust
414:mafic
353:algae
278:Galán
272:like
239:Ayque
67:Ultra
1376:ISSN
1333:PMID
1315:ISSN
1267:ISSN
1216:ISSN
1173:ISSN
1136:ISSN
1084:ISSN
1041:ISSN
872:ISSN
539:and
523:and
515:and
504:and
464:and
420:and
359:and
347:and
323:and
284:and
245:and
1366:doi
1323:PMC
1305:doi
1257:doi
1206:doi
1194:247
1165:doi
1128:doi
1076:doi
1033:doi
864:doi
584:In
480:of
381:ISS
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