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Institute and the
Veterans Administration hospital. That year, without debate and against the protests of many African Americans, the state legislature redrew the boundaries of the city, enacting Local Law 140, which created an irregular, 28-sided city boundary that left only ten black voters within the newly defined city, and excluded 420 black voters. Those excluded included the entire professional staff of the Institute and the hospital. No white voters were excluded by the change.
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105:
95:
76:
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1719:(1960); the US Supreme Court ruled against the state's action. The city boundaries were reinstituted, as reflected by the dramatic "increase" of population in the city recorded in 1970. The population in 1960, with the restored borders, was 7,240, according to the 1970 U.S. Census. Because of lack of economic opportunities in the largely rural area, both the city and rural county have lost population since the late 20th century.
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151:
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acts as a legislative body of the city, passing laws and regulations and appointing citizens to the city's various boards. Each member of the city council is elected for a four-year term from one of three geographic single-member districts. Tuskegee has one city council member who is elected at-large
940:
The law was intended to guarantee that minority whites could retain control of the city even if more blacks succeeded in the arduous process of registering to vote. Some 3,000 African-American residents protested passage of the law at a church in
Tuskegee; they also began an economic boycott of white
936:
In 1957, a total of 1000 voters were registered, with the 400 registered black voters nearly equaling the number of white voters. But in the city, African
Americans outnumbered whites on a four-to-one basis; among them were many highly educated, professional African Americans working at the Tuskegee
2051:
In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.5% under the age of 18, 27.8% from 18 to 24, 18.9% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over,
883:
registered. Beginning in 1941, the group reorganized under the name the
Tuskegee Civic Association (TCA). With the group's consistent effort to register more voters, the area's statistics of registered black voters continued to increase. The group and potential voters were often met with obstacles
2047:
living together, 28.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.8% were non-families. 40.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.96.
2003:
of 2010, there were 9,865 people, 3,749 households, and 1,956 families residing in the city. The population density was 636.5 inhabitants per square mile (245.8/km). There were 4,624 housing units at an average density of 298.3 per square mile (115.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.8%
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to which most would return. Teaching was a highly respected calling, as education was a major goal among the freedmen and their children. Washington believed that
African Americans would achieve acceptance by Southern whites when they had raised themselves.
888:. Though the existing support for the TCA was not often vocalized, many black community members wanted to challenge the political system that was present in Macon County. The group shed a light on the disparities in the numbers of black people applying for
941:
businesses in the city. They referred to the boycott as a "selective buying campaign" due to the fact that boycotting was illegal under state law. It lasted about four years, during which twenty-six businesses operated by white proprietors closed down.
1636:
Downtown
Tuskegee includes aspects of history in Tuskegee/Macon County from the time of incorporation to the present. It also has a site serving as the Tuskegee Visitor Center and is home to the Tuskegee Human & Civil Rights Multicultural Center.
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1712:
The table at right shows the effects of the state passing a law in 1957 to redefine the city of
Tuskegee in a way that excluded nearly all black residents, dramatically reducing the population by 1960. The city and other officials were sued under
673:
for self-sufficiency. Washington established a work-study program by which students practiced skills and trades. Over the decades, the programs were expanded. This was later named the
Tuskegee Institute. Graduate courses were added and it became
954:. The law was initially upheld by the US District Court and affirmed by the Appeals Court based in New Orleans. However, it was struck down by the US Supreme Court in 1960, with the ruling implemented in 1961. The court ruled that the
884:
that prevented them from being successful. The surrounding black community showed support and wanted to recognize black leaders in the community. The work of the TCA also had a huge emphasis on educating their communities on various
962:
which states that "states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights." The exclusionary gerrymandering was overturned and the previous boundaries of the city were restored.
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to a four-year term and serves as mayor-pro tem. The duties of the mayor are to promote the city, communicate with residents, and preside over City
Council meetings. As such, the position of mayor in Tuskegee is primarily
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81:
127:
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was the last train to make stops at the station. The
Southern Railway moved the train out in 1970 for a rerouting from an Atlanta-Montgomery-New Orleans itinerary to an Atlanta-Birmingham-New Orleans itinerary.
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A view of the Macon County Courthouse from the park in the town square The Main Street Historic District was added to the
633:
had made short-staple cotton profitable to process and it became the chief commodity crop of the Deep South through the 19th century. Short-staple cotton could be cultivated in the upland areas of
625:
Pioneer white planters and other migrants moved into the area, mostly from eastern Southern states. The planters brought or purchased enslaved African Americans to clear woods and develop cotton
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city boundaries as a 28-sided figure that excluded nearly all black voters and residents, and none of the white voters or residents. The city's boundaries were restored in 1961 after the ruling.
75:
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The median income for a household in the city was $ 24,251, and the median income for a family was $ 43,472. Males had a median income of $ 40,653 versus $ 26,631 for females. The
3960:
959:
559:
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1131:, the city has a total area of 17.3 square miles (44.9 km), of which 17.1 square miles (44.2 km) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.7 km), or 1.56%, are water.
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was elected the first black mayor of the city in 1972, and served six consecutive terms in office. Lucenia Williams Dunn was elected the first black woman mayor in 2000.
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to gin up protests calling for the closing of schools that were scheduled to integrate. Wallace subsequently ordered public schools closed across the state and deployed
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Lake Tuskegee is a city-owned recreational area with playgrounds, picnic areas, and some 92 acres of water providing fishing, sailing, and water skiing opportunities.
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opposed compliance with the federal order anywhere in the state on the grounds that it would lead to violence. Behind the scenes, Wallace enlisted the aid of
3965:
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1015:, C.A. (Hardboy) Pruitt, at first opposed the admission of Black students, but worked with other community leaders to comply with the final order of the
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Tuskegee University in the 21st century is a center of excellence for African-American education. The heart of the university has been designated as a
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868:. He was one of the first six African-American doctors to work at the hospital; as director of the complex for 12 years (1946–1958), he achieved
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921:, activists made progress in registering black voters in the city. African Americans in Tuskegee and other Alabama cities had been largely
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was opened in 1923, authorized by Congress. A total of 27 buildings were constructed on the 464-acre campus, which provided housing and a
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continued to work on plantations in the rural area, which was devoted to agriculture, primarily cotton as a commodity crop. In 1881 the
387:
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792:. Those in the study who had syphilis were not told, nor were they informed that treatment was available for their disease, even after
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to develop models for rural schools, to be used with Rosenwald's matching funds to build more schools for black children in the South.
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on September 3, 1963, to block the opening of Tuskegee High School. The school was integrated on September 10, 1963, after President
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program at the hospital. He also worked to ensure accessibility for graduates to good medical positions in the federal government.
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after passage of a new state constitution in 1901, which included requirements that were discriminatory in practice, including a
530:, a former slave whose father, Jesse Adams, a white slave owner had allowed him to be educated. Its first founding principal was
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in the South, when public facilities were racially segregated. Twenty-seven buildings were constructed on the 464-acre campus.
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The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
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Vol. 62, No. 4 (Apr. 1962), pp. 748–751, Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc., accessed January 17, 2015
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and 13 Black students were among only 165 students to begin the school year, against a total enrollment of about 550.
229:
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1973:
1958:
1943:
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1913:
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February 2003, published by Oxford University Press, Inc., copyright 2000 American Council of Learned Societies
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There were 3,749 households, out of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.0% were
1019:, with plans to admit 13 Black students in September 1963 to what had been an all-white high school. But Gov.
807:
farming methods and the development of hundreds of commercial products derived from regional crops, including
669:
on the grounds of a former plantation. It was founded to train teachers for the segregated school system and
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passenger trains made stops at the Western Railway of Alabama Depot. Into the mid-1960s both the Southern's
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473:
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cases, including supporting challenges to Southern states' discriminatory constitutions and practices that
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3065:. Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering (NACSE), based at Oregon State University
2317:, rhythm & blues singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and occasional actor; born in Tuskegee
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A statue of a Confederate soldier in the town square park is shown. The pedestal reads: "Erected by The
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in the same year and it was incorporated in 1843. It is the most populous city in Macon County. At the
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Hann, John H. (Summer 1997). "Late Seventeenth-Century Forebears of the Lower Creeks and Seminoles".
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784:, staff cut back on medication to treat the disease and studied the effects of untreated syphilis on
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558:(1960), in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the state legislature had violated the
39:
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In 1963, Tuskegee was to have been the first Alabama community to comply with a federal order to
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In the 1930s, a group of black men from the Tuskegee Men's Club began efforts to get more black
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long occupied this area including a settlement known as Taskigi Town. After Congress passed the
992:" doctrine, and that such districts had to be regularly updated to reflect population changes.
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2059:
for the city was $ 15,471. About 22.2% of families and 31.6% of the population were below the
2056:
989:
873:
765:
619:
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the area was developed for cotton plantations, dependent on enslaved African-American people.
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697:, to prepare them for the agricultural and mechanical work available in the small towns and
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history and highly influential in United States history since the 19th century. Before the
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2825:"The shameful legacy of Tuskegee syphilis study still impacts African-American men today"
1596:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
614:'s goals, most of the Creek bands were removed from their homelands in the Southeast to
534:, who developed a national reputation and philanthropic network to support education of
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1044:
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955:
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812:
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563:
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2188:, there were 9,395 people, 2,936 households, and 1,470 families residing in the city.
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by the U.S. government for their participation, while being unwittingly tested for
773:
729:
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2676:"Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center Celebrates - 85 Years of Service"
545:
was established, initially for the estimated 300,000 African-American veterans of
818:
During World War II, Tuskegee and Tuskegee Institute were also home to the famed
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African Americans also organized a legal challenge to the law, supported by the
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2712:"Tuskegee | Origin and history of Tuskegee by Online Etymology Dictionary"
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goes north from the town. Four miles north up Route 81 is the interchange with
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2678:, press release, Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System (CAVHCS), 2008
2063:, including 40.0% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.
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1073:
led by a four-member city council, a mayor, and an appointed city manager.
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1158:
Climate data for Tuskegee, 1991–2020 simulated normals (453 ft elevation)
3499:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
3012:"Wallace Ends Resistance as Guard Is Federalized; More Schools Integrate"
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1651:(including the Oaks, Grey Columns, and George Washington Carver Museum)
17:
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Built in 1857, Grey Columns now serves as the home of the president of
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222:
2290:, nurse, librarian, and novelist; worked at Tuskegee Institute in 1915
864:
from top schools, such as Dr. Toussaint Tourgee Tildon, a graduate of
689:. The institute became known for stressing a practical education with
2000:
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808:
713:
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Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System East Campus – Locations
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and those who were successful, even going as far as talking to the
2339:, pastor, televangelist, author and entrepreneur; born in Tuskegee
1627:
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341:
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2613:"Tuskegee city, Alabama: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)"
2457:
1590:
Parts of this article (those related to this section) need to be
724:. At the same time, Washington secretly provided funding for its
3406:
3394:
3376:
2032:, and 1.3% from two or more races. 1.3% of the population were
1679:, site of protests against 1957 state gerrymandering of the city
66:
3532:
3315:
772:. 600 African-American men became involved, being offered free
3204:
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437:
2807:
Richard H. Pildes, Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon,
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402:
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A short distance beyond I-85 is the hamlet of Chehaw, where
653:
of rural Macon County, Tuskegee developed as its only city.
958:
of city boundaries was racially motivated and violated the
443:
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The Tuskegee Repertory Theatre/Jessie Clinton Arts Center
1673:
The Tuskegee Human & Civil Rights Multicultural Center
1663:
1652:
484:, laid out the city and founded it in 1833. It became the
3154:
3086:. Cr.nps.gov (June 25, 1957). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
2928:
Gomillion versus Lightfoot: The Tuskegee Gerrymander Case
2786:
Gomillion versus Lightfoot: The Tuskegee Gerrymander Case
2522:
The North Main Street Historic District was added to the
2275:, chief librarian of the Veterans Administration Hospital
852:
to serve the needs of more than 300,000 African-American
803:, whose name is synonymous with innovative research into
440:
425:
80:
The Macon County Courthouse in Tuskegee was added to the
2281:, radio host/personality; born in Tuskegee and went to
2458:
Tuskegee Human & Civil Rights Multicultural Center
3257:(1). National Railway Publication Company. June 1968.
3238:(2). National Railway Publication Company. July 1965.
2582:
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2560:
Butler Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
984:. It ruled that representation in both houses of all
960:
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
452:
434:
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2955:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 162–167.
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2650:Sarah Lawless, Auburn University (June 25, 1957).
2269:, agricultural scientist, died in Tuskegee in 1943
822:. This was the first squadron of African-American
2986:"Alabama Police Prevent Opening of Tuskegee High"
2849:Elizabeth D. Schafer. "Tildon, Toussaint Tourgee"
552:The city was the subject of a civil rights case,
3084:We Shall Overcome –Butler Chapel AME Zion Church
3063:"PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University"
799:One of the most famous teachers at Tuskegee was
1683:Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center
1093:Tuskegee is located in central Macon County at
846:Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center
543:Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center
31:"Tuskegee" redirects here. For other uses, see
2311:that achieved desegregation of the city system
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3327:
2607:
2605:
492:the population was 9,395, down from 9,865 in
8:
3961:Alabama placenames of Native American origin
2921:
2919:
709:, building a wide national network of white
2898:. New York: Vintage: Random House. p.
976:ruled that Tennessee's malapportionment of
667:Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers
3551:
3537:
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3334:
3320:
3312:
3037:"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"
2695:Allen Mendenhall, "Gomillion v. Lightfoot"
2307:, contributing to the more than year-long
1721:
1154:
988:had to be based on population, under the "
54:
2760:"The Booker T. Washington Era (Part 1)",
2345:, civil rights activist; born in Tuskegee
1649:Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
681:Washington was known for his emphasis on
150:
3398:Map of Alabama highlighting Macon County
2794:Vol. 62, No. 4 (Apr. 1962), pp. 748–751
2070:
900:United States Commission on Civil Rights
894:United States Commission on Civil Rights
582:word "Taskeke", meaning "warriors". The
3249:"Western Railway of Alabama, Table 1".
3230:"Western Railway of Alabama, Table 1".
2894:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
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2417:
2244:made stops at the depot. The railway's
1670:and North Main Street Historic District
396:
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313:
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72:
3098:. .va.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
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1657:Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
1619:Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
3010:Sitton, Claude (September 11, 1963).
2885:
2883:
2766:, Library of Congress, March 21, 2008
2392:List of people from Tuskegee, Alabama
385:
363:
330:
305:
297:
276:
273:17.06 sq mi (44.19 km)
268:
265:17.33 sq mi (44.89 km)
260:
244:
227:
215:
120:Thou Pride of the Swift Growing South
7:
2984:Sitton, Claude (September 3, 1963).
2823:Duff-Brown, Beth (January 6, 2017).
2564:National Register of Historic Places
2544:National Register of Historic Places
2524:National Register of Historic Places
2488:National Register of Historic Places
2444:Macon County-Tuskegee Public Library
1069:In the 21st century, Tuskegee has a
839:National Register of Historic Places
82:National Register of Historic Places
3966:Columbus metropolitan area, Georgia
2853:American National Biography Online,
2196:Tuskegee has one weekly newspaper,
1640:Tuskegee area attractions include:
281:0.27 sq mi (0.70 km)
3342:Municipalities and communities of
2926:Richard B. Sobol, "Reviewed Work:
2784:Richard B. Sobol, "Reviewed Work:
1731:
25:
2296:, born in Tuskegee; she became a
2202:, which has operated since 1865.
966:This case was cited in the later
760:was the site of the now-infamous
734:disenfranchised African Americans
578:"Tasquiqui", which came from the
132:Location in Macon County, Alabama
2551:
2531:
2515:
2495:
2478:
2464:
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2436:
2420:
2376:
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1677:Butler Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church
1581:
586:of Tasquique was located on the
418:
149:
142:
126:
103:
93:
74:
3946:Cities in Macon County, Alabama
2506:to the Confederate Soldiers of
860:from World War I. It attracted
574:The name "Tuskegee" comes from
503:Tuskegee has been important in
3971:1833 establishments in Alabama
3251:Official Guide of the Railways
3232:Official Guide of the Railways
2640:. Retrieved: October 3, 2010.
705:Washington led the school for
52:City in Alabama, United States
27:City in Alabama, United States
1:
3951:Micropolitan areas of Alabama
2590:. United States Census Bureau
1668:Main Street Historic District
1617:The Hangar One Museum at the
1141:Köppen climate classification
1033:National States' Rights Party
764:(1932–1972), started to test
163:Location in the United States
2635:"Pronunciation of Tuskegee."
2504:Daughters of the Confederacy
2409:, an infamous clinical study
2072:Tuskegee Racial Composition
1565:Source: PRISM Climate Group
522:(now Tuskegee University, a
310:550.7/sq mi (212.63/km)
3159:United States Census Bureau
3041:United States Census Bureau
2588:"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"
2263:, actress; born in Tuskegee
1347:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1207:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
897:
3987:
2890:Hamilton, Charles (1992).
1564:
1157:
1071:council–manager government
1065:Tuskegee Municipal Complex
910:
835:National Historic District
780:. With funding cut by the
610:of 1830 in furtherance of
590:just south of present-day
524:historically black college
29:
3570:
3504:
3391:
3356:
2809:Constitutional Commentary
2654:. Encyclopedia of Alabama
2186:2020 United States Census
2102:Black or African American
1987:
1972:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1852:
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1822:
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1162:
1145:humid subtropical climate
1124:(32.431506, −85.706781).
917:Following passage of the
830:for service in that war.
736:. Washington worked with
665:was hired to develop the
171:
137:
125:
117:
89:
73:
64:
33:Tuskegee (disambiguation)
2811:, vol.17, 2000, pp.13–14
2763:African American Odyssey
2735:Southeastern Archaeology
2699:Encyclopedia of Alabama,
2472:Tuskegee Fire Department
2267:George Washington Carver
1696:Tuskegee National Forest
1043:federalized the Alabama
919:Civil Rights Act of 1957
801:George Washington Carver
716:among some of the major
612:President Andrew Jackson
289:463 ft (141 m)
252:Lawrence F. Haygood, Jr.
38:Not to be confused with
3956:County seats in Alabama
3298:32.431506°N 85.706781°W
3133:"U.S. Decennial Census"
2949:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
2938:(subscription required)
2813:Accessed March 10, 2008
2796:(subscription required)
2407:Tuskegee Syphilis Study
2217:pass through Tuskegee.
2052:there were 75.6 males.
907:Voting rights challenge
762:Tuskegee Syphilis Study
756:Beginning in 1932, the
728:of some highly visible
474:Thomas Simpson Woodward
3399:
2829:Stanford Health Policy
2638:thefreedictionary.com.
2542:. It was added to the
2427:Tuskegee Post Office (
2309:Montgomery bus boycott
2273:Sadie Peterson Delaney
1716:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1633:
1625:
1066:
1017:federal district court
951:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
913:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
866:Harvard Medical School
837:and was listed on the
720:of the era, including
555:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
520:Tuskegee Normal School
3397:
3345:Macon County, Alabama
3303:32.431506; -85.706781
3211:. Thetuskegeenews.com
3180:"Explore Census Data"
3155:"U.S. Census website"
2397:Civil Rights Movement
1988:U.S. Decennial Census
1723:Historical population
1703:Kirks Old Farm Museum
1631:
1616:
1112:32.43139°N 85.70667°W
1064:
1013:school superintendent
972:(1964), in which the
948:, in a case known as
333: • Summer (
191:32.43139°N 85.70667°W
84:on November 17, 1987.
3517:United States portal
2934:Columbia Law Review,
2615:. U.S. Census Bureau
2546:on January 11, 1980.
2363:South Berwick, Maine
2325:Good Morning America
796:had been developed.
663:Booker T. Washington
649:. Designated as the
584:Native American town
538:and their children.
532:Booker T. Washington
307: • Density
3294: /
3043:. February 12, 2011
2792:Columbia Law Review
2566:on August 28, 1995.
2540:Tuskegee University
2333:, basketball player
2305:Montgomery, Alabama
2283:Tuskegee University
2073:
1724:
1645:Tuskegee University
1277:Daily mean °F (°C)
1117:32.43139; -85.70667
1108: /
676:Tuskegee University
661:In 1881, the young
629:. Invention of the
588:Chattahoochee River
560:Fifteenth Amendment
514:After the war many
359:36083, 36087, 36088
196:32.43139; -85.70667
187: /
40:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
3400:
3109:"00496492v1p2.pdf"
3016:The New York Times
2990:The New York Times
2490:on March 12, 1984.
2327:; born in Tuskegee
2071:
1722:
1692:Tuskegee City Lake
1634:
1626:
1129:U.S. Census Bureau
1067:
986:state legislatures
978:election districts
890:voter registration
752:Early 20th century
608:Indian Removal Act
509:American Civil War
299: • Total
278: • Water
262: • Total
44:Tuscumbia, Alabama
3941:Cities in Alabama
3936:Tuskegee, Alabama
3923:
3922:
3526:
3525:
3207:The Tuskegee News
2930:by Bernard Taper"
2870:Hamilton, Charles
2788:by Bernard Taper"
2562:was added to the
2526:on March 7, 1985.
2199:The Tuskegee News
2182:
2181:
2057:per capita income
1992:
1991:
1611:
1610:
1569:
1568:
1143:, Tuskegee has a
1139:According to the
1127:According to the
990:one man, one vote
874:medical residency
657:Late 19th century
620:Mississippi River
592:Columbus, Georgia
526:) was founded by
411:
410:
270: • Land
157:Tuskegee, Alabama
59:Tuskegee, Alabama
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2343:Sammy Younge Jr.
2303:in the 1950s in
2241:Piedmont Limited
2230:Southern Railway
2141:Pacific Islander
2074:
2026:Pacific Islander
2010:African American
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687:self-improvement
616:Indian Territory
505:African-American
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2402:Tuskegee Airmen
2382:
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2355:
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2323:, news anchor,
2257:
2208:
2194:
2115:Native American
2069:
2045:married couples
2018:Native American
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1041:John F. Kennedy
1001:
923:disenfranchised
915:
909:
826:trained in the
820:Tuskegee Airmen
790:sexual partners
754:
718:philanthropists
691:work experience
659:
600:
572:
460:) is a city in
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403:tuskegeealabama
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3510:Alabama portal
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911:Main article:
908:
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813:sweet potatoes
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3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3350:United States
3347:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3215:September 20,
3210:
3208:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3117:September 20,
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:0-684-80916-8
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:9780679743132
2905:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2834:September 27,
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2718:September 20,
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2658:September 20,
2653:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2350:Sister cities
2349:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:Robin Roberts
2319:
2316:
2315:Lionel Richie
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:Ajiona Alexus
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2223:Interstate 85
2220:
2216:
2215:U.S. Route 80
2212:
2211:U.S. Route 29
2205:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:of any race.
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1602:February 2010
1593:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1419:precipitation
1415:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:(abbreviated
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:Supreme Court
971:
970:
969:Baker v. Carr
964:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
914:
906:
904:
901:
895:
891:
887:
882:
877:
875:
871:
870:accreditation
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:U.S. Military
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:legal defense
723:
719:
715:
712:
711:industrialist
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:
550:
548:
544:
541:In 1923, the
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:United States
467:
463:
459:
458:
448:
415:
406:
400:
392:
389:
381:
379:
372:
369:
367:
357:
355:
347:
343:
340:
336:
326:
322:
319:
317:
309:
301:
288:
280:
272:
264:
251:
249:
246: •
236:
233:
231:
224:
221:
219:
212:United States
211:
209:
200:
172:Coordinates:
145:
129:
106:
96:
83:
77:
68:
63:
56:
50:
45:
41:
34:
19:
3894:
3860:Russellville
3750:Guntersville
3560:County seats
3486:Warriorstand
3481:Society Hill
3471:Little Texas
3384:
3365:
3364:
3279:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3206:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3135:. Census.gov
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:
2979:
2951:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2893:
2873:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:
2818:
2808:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2770:September 3,
2768:, retrieved
2762:
2755:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2706:
2698:
2656:. Retrieved
2645:
2637:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2592:. Retrieved
2508:Macon County
2337:Bill Winston
2324:
2298:civil rights
2288:Nella Larsen
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2209:
2197:
2195:
2183:
2061:poverty line
2054:
2050:
2042:
2028:, 0.3% from
1998:
1714:
1711:
1708:Demographics
1639:
1635:
1599:
1591:
1421:inches (mm)
1148:
1138:
1126:
1092:
1078:city council
1075:
1068:
1049:
1027:members and
1025:Ku Klux Klan
1002:
997:
982:civil rights
967:
965:
949:
943:
939:
935:
916:
886:civic duties
878:
843:
832:
817:
798:
774:medical care
755:
730:civil rights
704:
680:
660:
624:
618:west of the
604:Creek people
601:
573:
553:
551:
540:
513:
502:
462:Macon County
413:
412:
49:
3845:Phenix City
3810:Monroeville
3640:Centreville
3605:Bay Minette
3451:Creek Stand
3438:communities
3360:County seat
3301: /
3189:December 8,
2874:Black Power
2866:Ture, Kwame
2701:May 2, 2011
2594:October 29,
2154:Other/Mixed
2067:2020 census
2030:other races
1995:2010 census
1661:Moton Field
1659:@ Historic
1623:Moton Field
1573:Attractions
1486:(1,353.31)
1115: /
1051:Johnny Ford
1005:desegregate
794:antibiotics
699:rural areas
651:county seat
639:Mississippi
637:. Alabama,
627:plantations
562:in 1957 by
547:World War I
528:Lewis Adams
490:2020 census
486:county seat
194: /
3930:Categories
3885:Tuscaloosa
3865:Scottsboro
3850:Prattville
3815:Montgomery
3790:Livingston
3770:Huntsville
3760:Hayneville
3745:Grove Hill
3740:Greenville
3735:Greensboro
3720:Fort Payne
3695:Enterprise
3660:Columbiana
3630:Carrollton
3610:Birmingham
3461:Fort Davis
3456:Cross Keys
3446:Boromville
3289:85°42′24″W
3286:32°25′53″N
2652:"Tuskegee"
2572:References
2331:Rory White
2294:Rosa Parks
2279:Tom Joyner
2184:As of the
1999:As of the
1103:85°42′24″W
1100:32°25′53″N
1083:ceremonial
1057:Governance
898:(See also
788:and their
766:treatments
742:architects
631:cotton gin
472:. General
390:feature ID
294:Population
241:Government
182:85°42′24″W
179:32°25′53″N
3890:Tuscumbia
3875:Talladega
3840:Pell City
3780:LaFayette
3705:Evergreen
3670:Dadeville
3580:Andalusia
3575:Abbeville
3495:Footnotes
3420:Notasulga
3164:August 1,
3069:March 16,
3047:April 23,
2741:(1): 69.
2619:March 28,
1493:dew point
1481:(134.95)
1476:(106.38)
1461:(110.46)
1456:(125.08)
1451:(113.96)
1441:(112.36)
1436:(130.74)
1431:(124.04)
1426:(123.74)
1089:Geography
1029:neo-Nazis
998:Gomillion
980:violated
841:in 1974.
683:education
643:Louisiana
570:Etymology
478:Creek War
378:FIPS code
366:Area code
354:ZIP codes
316:Time zone
286:Elevation
3915:Wetumpka
3895:Tuskegee
3855:Rockford
3755:Hamilton
3715:Florence
3595:Ashville
3585:Anniston
3476:Milstead
3466:Hardaway
3415:Franklin
3385:Tuskegee
3367:Tuskegee
3021:March 5,
2995:March 5,
2971:32739924
2872:(1966).
2747:40713051
2429:ZIP code
2370:See also
2301:activist
2247:Crescent
2238:and its
2235:Crescent
2167:Hispanic
2034:Hispanic
1647:and the
1495:°F (°C)
1491:Average
1471:(81.14)
1466:(93.35)
1446:(97.11)
1417:Average
927:poll tax
854:veterans
850:hospital
805:Southern
786:patients
778:syphilis
695:students
671:freedmen
580:Muskogee
536:freedmen
516:freedmen
414:Tuskegee
382:01-77304
18:Tuskegee
3910:Wedowee
3830:Opelika
3825:Oneonta
3820:Moulton
3795:Luverne
3725:Gadsden
3710:Fayette
3675:Decatur
3665:Cullman
3655:Clayton
3650:Clanton
3615:Brewton
3590:Ashland
3564:Alabama
3426:Shorter
3139:June 6,
2431::36083)
2414:Gallery
2109:94.34%
2024:, 0.0%
2020:, 0.5%
2016:, 0.1%
2012:, 1.9%
1592:updated
1560:(12.0)
1545:(12.8)
1540:(18.5)
1535:(21.2)
1530:(21.5)
1525:(19.7)
1520:(15.6)
1515:(10.7)
1412:(11.3)
1397:(11.7)
1392:(18.0)
1387:(20.9)
1382:(21.2)
1377:(19.5)
1372:(15.2)
1367:(10.2)
1342:(17.7)
1332:(12.5)
1327:(18.3)
1322:(24.0)
1317:(26.6)
1312:(27.0)
1307:(25.4)
1302:(21.7)
1297:(17.2)
1292:(13.4)
1272:(24.1)
1267:(15.1)
1262:(19.4)
1257:(25.0)
1252:(30.0)
1247:(32.3)
1242:(32.7)
1237:(31.3)
1232:(28.3)
1227:(24.3)
1222:(20.4)
1217:(16.2)
1212:(13.8)
1135:Climate
1031:of the
862:doctors
856:in the
809:peanuts
770:disease
768:of the
746:college
744:at the
707:decades
635:Georgia
598:History
576:Spanish
466:Alabama
398:Website
393:0128211
223:Alabama
208:Country
3905:Vernon
3805:Mobile
3800:Marion
3785:Linden
3775:Jasper
3765:Heflin
3730:Geneva
3680:Dothan
3645:Chatom
3635:Centre
3625:Camden
3620:Butler
3600:Athens
2969:
2959:
2906:
2745:
2178:1.13%
2171:Latino
2161:1.85%
2148:0.04%
2135:0.63%
2122:0.19%
2106:8,863
2096:1.82%
2083:Perc.
2038:Latino
2001:census
1968:−16.7%
1948:11,846
1933:12,257
1918:13,327
1903:11,028
1833:−11.7%
1788:−23.9%
1728:Census
1555:(4.4)
1550:(7.2)
1510:(6.6)
1505:(3.9)
1500:(2.5)
1407:(2.8)
1402:(5.6)
1362:(6.4)
1357:(3.1)
1352:(1.4)
1337:(9.0)
1287:(9.6)
1282:(7.6)
1163:Month
1011:. The
881:voters
872:for a
824:pilots
758:school
714:donors
230:County
3870:Selma
3835:Ozark
3700:Eutaw
3407:Towns
3112:(PDF)
2743:JSTOR
2365:, USA
2192:Media
2128:Asian
2089:White
2080:Num.
2077:Race
2022:Asian
2014:White
2006:Black
1983:−4.8%
1978:9,395
1963:9,865
1953:−3.4%
1938:−8.0%
1923:20.8%
1908:52.3%
1888:7,240
1878:70.5%
1873:6,712
1863:18.8%
1858:3,937
1848:33.9%
1843:3,314
1828:2,475
1818:29.2%
1813:2,803
1803:20.4%
1798:2,170
1783:1,803
1768:2,370
1753:1,563
1484:53.27
1202:Year
996:Post-
946:NAACP
858:South
647:Texas
457:-ghee
342:UTC-5
321:UTC-6
302:9,395
248:Mayor
235:Macon
218:State
3880:Troy
3690:Elba
3377:City
3217:2017
3191:2021
3166:2015
3141:2013
3119:2017
3071:2023
3049:2011
3023:2021
2997:2021
2967:OCLC
2957:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2836:2020
2772:2008
2720:2017
2660:2017
2633:See
2621:2022
2596:2021
2558:The
2213:and
2175:106
2158:174
2093:171
1974:2020
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1944:2000
1929:1990
1914:1980
1899:1970
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1459:4.35
1454:4.92
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1444:3.82
1439:4.42
1434:5.15
1429:4.88
1424:4.87
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1350:34.5
1340:63.9
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1330:54.5
1325:64.9
1320:75.2
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1235:88.3
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1215:61.2
1210:56.8
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494:2010
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