47:
286:
91:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
101:
304:
77:
11985:
9693:
Ferraz
Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) .
11949:
10635:
9567:
11937:
10616:
11980:
11944:
11927:
11932:
9889:
11835:
11394:
10594:
9629:
1666:
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and
Reichert (2021).
111:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
9550:
Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.).
119:
11782:
569:
261:
10609:
10629:
11343:
10625:
11975:
10497:
10198:
1183:
851:
11802:
9797:
11207:
10602:
2132:
11757:
11767:
10665:
9564:
11954:
11822:
10887:
141:
9765:
Michael, Lev, Natalia
Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015.
2959:
2497:
2483:
11111:
2182:
132:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Portuguese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
9882:
11777:
11772:
11587:
11196:
3211:
3201:
2350:
2136:
11876:
11500:
9777:
2717:
2528:
1238:
1142:
Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by
Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):
11807:
11787:
10121:
11722:
2248:
2178:
2160:
621:
11762:
11246:
551:
9838:
Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In:
9563:
O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith
Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014.
11797:
11747:
11311:
10906:
10205:
1072:
11911:
2809:
2697:
2346:
2054:
96:
11752:
11638:
11553:
11316:
11096:
10993:
9748:
Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.),
11737:
10299:
10006:
9875:
9638:
1931:
1875:
1304:
2618:
11712:
11707:
11262:
10219:
127:
10348:
10001:
9531:
3673:
1939:
869:
479:
148:
11742:
10725:
10533:
3885:
3844:
3824:
3820:
3720:
1893:
1817:
1004:
602:
574:
3938:
11896:
11856:
11732:
11727:
11717:
11702:
11240:
11168:
11012:
10948:
10926:
10891:
10426:
9952:
2869:
2072:
2062:
1871:
1851:
960:
898:
487:
328:. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of
9714:
9626:
2973:
2913:
1803:
1783:
1771:
11906:
11886:
11871:
11830:
11792:
11577:
11529:
11414:
11141:
11071:
11008:
10569:
10408:
10233:
2676:
2596:
2385:
1605:
1553:
1287:
1218:
1177:
563:
241:
59:
11353:
10827:
10692:
10517:
10080:
9928:
2865:
2837:
2268:
594:
3267:
3239:
3229:
3179:
11881:
11861:
11663:
11597:
11458:
11402:
11251:
10974:
10834:
10487:
10478:
10372:
10353:
10334:
10184:
9996:
4077:
3982:
3958:
3942:
3607:
3197:
3003:
2399:
2238:
1392:
1320:
1244:
1209:
1062:
920:
839:
529:
495:
483:
470:
399:
251:
4020:
4006:
3802:
3784:
3068:
2885:
2258:
11901:
11866:
11840:
11358:
11333:
11226:
11162:
11118:
11067:
11057:
10900:
10752:
10710:
10523:
10436:
10414:
10396:
10358:
10272:
10096:
9991:
3996:
3852:
3836:
3816:
3815:– language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia, especially in the tropical forests on the
3468:
3382:
3136:
3092:
2600:
2466:
2456:
2218:
2168:
1547:
1499:
1413:
1404:
1096:
O'Hagan et al. (2014, 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower
1000:
892:
863:
555:
547:
510:
501:
463:
420:
10538:
3950:
3482:
3249:
3154:
3140:
2592:
2546:
2214:
2058:
590:
11654:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11592:
11534:
11446:
11419:
11321:
11304:
11175:
11151:
11106:
11089:
11052:
11047:
10862:
10745:
10705:
10654:
10506:
10468:
10458:
10323:
10310:
10111:
10036:
9922:
9820:
9676:
3909:
3840:
3832:
3754:
3750:
3625:
3440:
3416:
3320:
3263:
2899:
2192:
1913:
1633:
1622:
1582:
1398:
1386:
1326:
1120:
expanded south along the
Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/
949:
939:
631:
578:
522:
451:
440:
246:
11472:
10869:
10848:
10715:
10446:
10402:
10343:
9973:
9963:
3706:
3472:
3412:
3402:
3378:
3289:
2632:
2520:
2487:
1981:
945:
910:
888:
543:
514:
506:
475:
9852:
3694:
11891:
11812:
11539:
11512:
11479:
11425:
11374:
11290:
11256:
11230:
11202:
11187:
11123:
11029:
11022:
10813:
10760:
10738:
10731:
10674:
10511:
10267:
10253:
10227:
10164:
10145:
10049:
10044:
10031:
10016:
10011:
9668:
9607:
3828:
2228:
2090:
1616:
1475:
1446:
1435:
1380:
1338:
1259:
1164:
1058:
1024:
1014:
914:
857:
582:
427:
416:
407:
290:
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)
231:
226:
123:
32:
634:(PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):
11643:
11610:
11566:
11547:
11493:
11452:
11432:
11348:
11297:
11283:
11276:
11269:
11213:
11129:
11042:
11036:
10987:
10919:
10912:
10855:
10841:
10820:
10786:
10781:
10720:
10681:
10528:
10452:
10420:
10262:
10212:
10178:
10173:
10129:
10105:
10066:
9958:
9946:
9938:
9906:
9898:
9862:
9812:
9785:
9698:
9660:
9597:
3954:
3758:
3746:
3587:
3187:
3124:
2983:
2935:
2741:
2727:
2662:
2542:
2532:
2272:
2164:
2015:
1645:
1639:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1490:
1454:
1440:
1419:
1348:
1296:
1272:
1137:
1041:
1030:
1010:
935:
829:
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.
586:
559:
518:
412:
321:
313:
207:
9586:"Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland"
11669:
11603:
11439:
11383:
11157:
11101:
10954:
10806:
10799:
10792:
10463:
10386:
10316:
10305:
10086:
10074:
9983:
9968:
9915:
9651:
Ferraz
Gerardi, Fabrício; Reichert, Stanislav (2021). "The Tupí-Guaraní language family".
9633:
9571:
3780:
3285:
2833:
2819:
2693:
2338:
2122:
2108:
1991:
1588:
1576:
1535:
1372:
1356:
1281:
1227:
1188:
1097:
981:
977:
878:
598:
538:
459:
455:
256:
202:
11079:
11075:
10700:
9778:
Phylogenetic classification supports a
Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland
3899:
3889:
3875:
3860:
3082:
3054:
2903:
2823:
2795:
2755:
2745:
2578:
1903:
1125:
615:, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
447:
436:
11697:
11676:
11559:
11522:
11486:
10980:
10966:
10942:
10935:
10585:
10560:
10282:
10055:
9719:
9565:
A Computational-phylogenetic
Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread
3972:
3946:
3663:
3653:
3597:
3577:
3551:
3533:
3511:
3293:
3036:
3032:
2993:
2963:
2949:
2895:
2799:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2731:
2707:
2672:
2636:
2550:
2342:
1935:
1917:
1807:
1569:
1559:
1332:
1250:
1203:
1121:
971:
612:
236:
28:
276:
11969:
11465:
11408:
11368:
10292:
10242:
10021:
9824:
9680:
3798:
3702:
3698:
3639:
3629:
3426:
3392:
3364:
3334:
3316:
3175:
3102:
3050:
2413:
2375:
1596:
1541:
1482:
1469:
1460:
1364:
1197:
1117:
1051:
1036:
987:
432:
317:
187:
3461:– spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb, but exact location uncertain. (Unattested.)
10876:
4090:
4071:
4030:
3986:
3621:
3611:
3569:
3555:
3529:
3507:
3225:
3183:
3171:
3128:
3040:
3007:
2654:
2614:
2524:
2417:
2318:
2292:
2288:
2140:
2094:
2086:
2033:
2001:
1113:
627:
9789:
9602:
9585:
9752:, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
2894:– spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the
9798:"Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages"
4100:
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):
3848:
3573:
3537:
3354:
3344:
3132:
2931:
2658:
2574:
2438:
2210:
2150:
1101:
3856:
3728:
3541:
3515:
2948:– language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the
1949:
1889:
9672:
9611:
10364:
9766:
3284:– originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the
2118:
491:
357:
285:
270:
175:
17:
9737:
Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family
9702:
7059:
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):
1105:
9664:
3724:
3710:
371:
329:
325:
191:
1826:– once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.)
27:"Tupi–Guarani" redirects here. For the indigenous people of Brazil, see
9816:
1963:
1109:
1068:
365:
361:
353:
345:
337:
183:
130:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
388:
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:
10191:
9694:
3913:
2036:
and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations.
1847:
1837:
349:
341:
179:
9856:
2878:– once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe. (Unattested.)
2846:– spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambé tribe. (Unattested.)
2653:– spoken by the tribe of beautiful feather workers who lived on the
9867:
9584:
O'Hagan, Zachary; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia; Michael, Lev (2019).
3643:
3540:, now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of
1860:– once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.)
2032:– a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the
9776:
O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019.
9627:
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
3157:, Pará, by the mixed population of diverse origin. (Unattested.)
2412:– language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the
195:
88:
10598:
9871:
3196:– language of a very little known tribe that lived between the
9552:
Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história
2085:– once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from
40:
38:
Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America
2281:– spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe.
1770:
Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by
3638:– language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the
2912:– a Cayapó name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the
2374:– once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the
9739:. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
3049:– extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the
1962:– once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the
2613:– extinct language once spoken on the lower course of the
1888:– once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from
2692:– extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the
1930:– dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the
1836:– once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as
4029:– extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the
3481:– language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe, spoken on the
3039:
in the territory of Amapá, in French Guiana, now on the
1112:
State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the
100:
to this template: there are already 467 articles in the
4108:
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)
80:
a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
9767:
A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní
3455:– spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb. (Unattested.)
9574:. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.
2496:– extinct language once spoken at the sources of the
9853:
Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words
3723:
and on the San Miguel River, now in the missions of
3449:– spoken south of the Paranawát tribe. (Unattested.)
2000:– once spoken on the island of the same name on the
1952:, but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.)
1626:
1609:
1600:
1494:
1464:
1408:
1342:
1291:
1276:
1213:
1192:
1146:
1065:(Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers)
1054:
1017:
84:
11920:
11849:
11821:
11690:
11652:
11576:
11510:
11393:
11332:
11225:
11185:
11139:
11066:
11006:
10964:
10886:
10774:
10691:
10664:
10644:
10559:
10496:
10477:
10435:
10385:
10333:
10281:
10252:
10163:
10154:
10138:
10120:
10095:
10065:
10030:
9982:
9937:
9905:
4062:
4054:
4049:
269:
220:
201:
169:
164:
9718:
7067:Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)
3697:and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco, in
3693:– spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serranía de
320:. It consists of about fifty languages, including
312:) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the
9796:Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020).
9721:Classification of South American Indian languages
9659:(2). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 151–188.
2812:. (Villa Real 1848, p. 432, only two words.)
2191:– originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the
1870:– once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the
1774:(1968), including names of unattested varieties.
3753:, Bolivia, now by only a few individuals on the
2185:, state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.)
942:(Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers)
513:(numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?),
11986:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)
9554:. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
3031:– originally spoken on the lower course of the
2784:– once spoken to the south of the mouth of the
2541:– originally spoken on the upper course of the
1948:– once spoken in the interior of the states of
952:(Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers)
300:(/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: ;
31:. For indigenous peoples of South America, see
1854:, later on the coast in the state of Maranhão.
618:**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
478:(dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã),
126:accompanying your translation by providing an
71:Click for important translation instructions.
58:expand this article with text translated from
10610:
9883:
2209:– language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the
2143:in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.)
2125:, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.)
1820:in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
8:
9784:, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019.
3429:, east of the Ipoteuate tribe. (Unattested.)
1707:Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
4033:, south of the Condurí tribe. (Unattested.)
10961:
10688:
10661:
10617:
10603:
10595:
10160:
10151:
10135:
9890:
9876:
9868:
9725:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
9624:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
7073:
7062:
4114:
4103:
2864:– spoken by only a few individuals on the
2519:– originally spoken at the sources of the
2153:, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.)
1782:Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by
1777:
1740:Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
10626:Indigenous language families and isolates
9601:
3067:– once spoken on the upper course of the
2441:in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso.
2398:– spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de
2121:, Paraguay, now by a few families on the
2061:region, Argentina, and on the coast near
1980:– once spoken on the lower course of the
984:(Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers)
895:(Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
3210:– language of an unknown tribe from the
1810:, state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
638:
9543:
3123:– spoken by only a few families on the
1912:– dialect spoken at the old mission of
1138:Tupian languages § Jolkesky (2016)
611:*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a
138:{{Translated|pt|Línguas tupi-guaranis}}
4046:
3666:, Loreto province, Peru. (Unattested.)
2958:– extinct language once spoken on the
2930:– extinct language once spoken on the
2832:– once spoken on the left bank of the
2014:– once spoken in the southern part of
1938:, now spoken by a few families in the
161:
105:
9842:. Available online: 1 February 2021.
3391:– spoken on the middle course of the
3363:– spoken on the middle course of the
3204:, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
3101:– spoken by a few individuals on the
2972:– once spoken between the Amazon and
2500:, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
2231:, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
2167:, state of Mato Grosso, later on the
444:
219:
7:
9590:LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas
3995:– once spoken at the sources of the
3779:– spoken on the upper course of the
3656:, Peru. (Tessmann 1930, p. 82.)
3652:– spoken on the lower course of the
3580:; now totally extinct. (Unattested.)
3550:– once spoken from the mouth of the
3343:– once spoken at the sources of the
3262:– spoken on the lower course of the
3091:– once spoken at the sources of the
2291:, Paraguay; and at the mouth of the
1846:– formerly spoken on the coast from
668:*tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero
3957:, in the state of Pará, now on the
3071:, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.)
2986:(cf. Amazonas group). (Unattested.)
2455:– spoken in the same region on the
2384:(tribe with unknown name) – in the
2195:, state of São Paulo. (Unattested.)
768:*pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká);
722:preserved (with some modifications)
4005:– once spoken at the mouth of the
3971:– once spoken at the mouth of the
3839:, between the upper course of the
3731:, province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
3596:– once spoken at the mouth of the
3586:– once spoken at the mouth of the
3568:– spoken on the right bank of the
3467:– spoken at the confluence of the
3377:– spoken at the confluence of the
2992:– once spoken at the mouth of the
2982:– once spoken at the mouth of the
2774:– once spoken at the mouth of the
2754:– once spoken at the mouth of the
2716:– once spoken at the mouth of the
2706:– once spoken at the mouth of the
2171:, state of São Paulo, now extinct.
2111:, Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.)
2041:Guarani (Karani, Abañéem) dialects
1990:– once spoken at the mouth of the
1984:, state of Maranhão. (Unattested.)
25:
3186:, and on the upper course of the
2465:– little known language from the
2437:– spoken by a small tribe on the
2221:, state of Paraná. Dialects are:
2117:– originally spoken south of the
9805:Language and Linguistics Compass
9735:Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998.
3801:in the Campo y Durán and on the
3170:– originally spoken between the
1724:Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
284:
45:
3719:– spoken at the sources of the
3701:and on the upper course of the
3672:– once spoken near the city of
3606:– once spoken in a part of the
3590:(cf. Pará group). (Unattested.)
3425:– spoken on a tributary of the
3248:– spoken at the sources of the
3081:– spoken at the sources of the
2591:– spoken at the sources of the
1994:, state of Ceará. (Unattested.)
3506:– originally spoken along the
2513:– language with two dialects:
2337:– spoken on both banks of the
1902:– once spoken in Bahia on the
136:You may also add the template
1:
11981:Verb–subject–object languages
9790:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791
9603:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791
3518:, now in only a few villages.
3353:– spoken at the mouth of the
3238:– spoken at the mouth of the
2093:, state of Paraná and in the
770:*pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb)
384:Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
8304:*yocey, *ey, *c-ey, *yac-ay
2577:and the lower course of the
2275:, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
2261:, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
2251:, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
2241:, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
2181:, Mato Grosso, later on the
1693:Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
1075:(Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)
375:are of Tupi–Guarani origin.
9863:Publications by Lev Michael
3937:– originally spoken on the
3745:– originally spoken on the
3002:– once spoken in a part of
2826:by an almost unknown tribe.
2631:– spoken originally on the
2177:– originally spoken on the
2159:– originally spoken on the
2149:– extinct dialect from the
1850:as far as the mouth of the
990:(Nheengatu 19,000 speakers)
149:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
108:will aid in categorization.
12002:
11344:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
9532:Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language
8535:*ɨbɨtɨr, *ɨbɨʔam (+ -usu)
4414:< *kuyãʔĩ-mbaʔé ?
4088:
3224:– once spoken between the
3053:and at the sources of the
2794:– once spoken between the
2420:, state of Santa Catarina.
1662:Ferraz and Reichert (2021)
1135:
807:*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero
787:*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero
745:*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero
83:Machine translation, like
26:
10579:
10300:Paulista General Language
3908:– once spoken around the
3510:between the mouth of the
3153:– language spoken on the
2341:, in the central part of
2107:– once spoken around the
1794:Tupi (Abañeénga) dialects
1715:Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
622:Karipuna language (Amapá)
423:(dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
283:
203:Linguistic classification
60:the corresponding article
6562:< *tatá imbúk ?
3674:Santiago de las Montañas
3620:– once spoken along the
3528:– once spoken along the
2345:and at the mouth of the
1432:Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
1020:(Guarayu 5,900 speakers)
706:*tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s
687:*tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s
439:), Tupinambá (dialects:
435:(lingua franca dialect:
3981:– once spoken south of
2469:, state of Mato Grosso.
2213:, Paraguay, and on the
1802:– once spoken from the
1679:Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
1104:, just to the south of
1044:(4.85 million speakers)
147:For more guidance, see
11976:Tupi–Guarani languages
11945:Unclassified languages
9703:10.5281/zenodo.4094642
9639:University of Brasília
9637:. Ph.D. dissertation,
6470:< *po-kutuk ?
4058:Tupi–Guarani languages
4055:Reconstruction of
3624:from the mouth of the
3572:from the mouth of the
3532:from the mouth of the
1932:Paraíba do Norte River
1876:Paraíba do Norte River
1699:Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
1428:Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
825:Michael, et al. (2015)
450:as lingua franca, and
11515:, Bolivia, and Chile)
11336:(west-central Brazil)
9857:Swadesh-list appendix
9665:10.1075/dia.18032.fer
8909:*ab, *c-ab, *c-a-wer
4019:– once spoken on the
3939:Tapajós Mataura River
3757:, a tributary of the
3676:, Peru. (Unattested.)
3662:– once spoken on the
3642:and near the city of
3544:, Peru. (Unattested.)
3536:to the mouth, of the
3514:and the mouth of the
3411:– spoken between the
3315:– spoken between the
3105:, Pará. (Unattested.)
3095:, Pará. (Unattested.)
3057:, Pará. (Unattested.)
2976:Rivers. (Unattested.)
2938:. (only a few words.)
2884:– once spoken on the
2818:– spoken between the
2808:– once spoken on the
2764:– once spoken on the
2671:– once spoken on the
2573:– spoken between the
2267:– spoken between the
2227:– once spoken in the
2131:– once spoken on the
2053:– once spoken on the
2018:, Pará. (Unattested.)
1816:– once spoken on the
1754:Amondava, Urueuwauwau
1751:Parintintin, Tenharim
1696:Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
734:*j > tʃ, ts, s, z
570:Northern Tupi–Guaraní
120:copyright attribution
6404:< *poayán ?
4500:old man, grandfather
4078:Proto-Maweti-Guarani
3983:Tupinambarana Island
3628:to the mouth of the
3608:Tupinambarana Island
3576:to the mouth of the
3554:to the mouth of the
3004:Tupinambarana Island
2870:Cachoeira de Itaboca
2603:, state of Maranhão.
2553:, state of Maranhão.
2535:, state of Maranhão.
2400:Villa Rica, Paraguay
2358:Guaranized languages
2073:San Gabriel, Uruguay
2063:San Lázaro, Paraguay
2055:Martín García Island
1966:River. (Unattested.)
1934:to the mouth of the
1892:to the mouth of the
1874:to the mouth of the
1818:Paraíba do Sul River
1315:Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
1239:Asurini do Tocantins
917:(700-1,500 speakers)
846:Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
765:*tʃ, *ts merged as h
725:*tʃ, *ts merged as h
645:PTG final consonants
575:Anambé of Ehrenreich
11938:Marañón River basin
11803:Tequiraca–Canichana
11783:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
9855:(from Wiktionary's
8128:*tatatiŋ, *catatiŋ
7083:Proto-Tupi-Guarani
3469:Pimenta Bueno River
3383:Pimenta Bueno River
3331:Tupi do rio Machado
2914:Igarapé Sororosinho
2619:São Bento, Maranhão
2551:Acará Pequeno River
2467:7 de setembro River
2071:– once spoken near
1942:, state of Paraíba.
1872:São Francisco River
1852:São Francisco River
11758:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
11691:Proposed groupings
10645:Language families
10002:Gavião of Jiparaná
9817:10.1111/lnc3.12358
9632:2021-04-18 at the
9570:2015-05-03 at the
7740:companion, brother
4124:Proto-Tupi-Guarani
4050:Proto-Tupi–Guarani
3855:, and between the
3787:, Paraguayan Chaco
3709:Valley and around
3705:. Now only in the
2637:Acará Grande River
2388:, state of Paraná.
2386:Serra dos Dourados
2382:Serra dos Dourados
2193:Paranapanema River
1491:Guarani, Classical
1302:Asurini do Xingu:
1108:Island in eastern
632:Proto-Tupi-Guarani
128:interlanguage link
11963:
11962:
11933:Extinct languages
11686:
11685:
11002:
11001:
10770:
10769:
10639:
10592:
10591:
10586:extinct languages
10555:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10376:
10367:
10236:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10201:
10194:
10187:
9715:Loukotka, Čestmír
9522:
9521:
9518:
9517:
7820:*mobɨk, *mobɨbɨk
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
6934:return, come back
5436:scrubland, forest
5387:*ɨrapár/*ɨβɨrapár
4096:Schleicher (1998)
4087:
4086:
4039:
4038:
3912:near the city of
3727:, San Pablo, and
2866:Igarapé do Bacurí
2838:Rebojo de Guariba
2740:– once spoken on
2726:– once spoken on
2353:, state of Goiás.
2269:São Joaquim River
2133:São Antonio River
1992:Jaguaribare River
1840:, state of Bahia.
1676:Guajá–Tenetehara
1522:Guarani Boliviano
1514:Guarani Paraguaio
963:(13,000 speakers)
911:Tocantins Asuriní
820:
819:
624:may be spurious.
295:
294:
160:
159:
72:
68:
16:(Redirected from
11993:
11955:Linguistic areas
11823:Linguistic areas
11365:? Mura–Matanawí
11112:Andoque–Urequena
10962:
10689:
10662:
10633:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10596:
10370:
10363:
10232:
10218:
10211:
10204:
10197:
10190:
10183:
10161:
10152:
10136:
9899:Tupian languages
9892:
9885:
9878:
9869:
9828:
9802:
9753:
9746:
9740:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9711:
9705:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9648:
9642:
9622:
9616:
9615:
9605:
9581:
9575:
9561:
9555:
9548:
8073:*potɨr, *ɨbotɨr
7074:
7063:
4239:other, companion
4115:
4104:
4080:
4047:
3898:– spoken on the
3884:– spoken on the
3874:– spoken on the
3797:– spoken on the
3681:Chiriguano group
3439:– spoken on the
3401:– spoken on the
3333:– spoken on the
3268:Paranatina River
3240:São Manoel River
3230:São Manoel River
3180:São Manoel River
3143:, French Guiana.
3125:Approuague River
2974:Paraná do Urariá
2868:and west of the
2601:Ararandéua River
2482:– spoken on the
2317:– spoken on the
2287:– spoken on the
2257:– spoken in the
2247:– spoken on the
2237:– spoken on the
1804:Cabo de São Tomé
1778:
1737:Akwawa–Tapirapé
1628:
1611:
1602:
1570:Tupinamba-Kokama
1496:
1466:
1410:
1344:
1305:Asurini do Xingu
1293:
1278:
1267:Arawete-Asurini
1233:Akwawa-Tapirape
1215:
1194:
1148:
1056:
1042:Paraguay Guaraní
1019:
639:
446:
314:Tupian languages
311:
310:
309:
307:
288:
279:
162:
139:
133:
107:
106:|topic=
104:, and specifying
89:Google Translate
70:
66:
49:
48:
41:
21:
12001:
12000:
11996:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11991:
11990:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11959:
11916:
11845:
11817:
11778:Mataco–Guaicuru
11773:Katembri–Taruma
11738:Macro-Puinavean
11723:Macro-Otomákoan
11682:
11648:
11588:Mataco–Guaicuru
11572:
11506:
11389:
11328:
11221:
11197:Sechura–Catacao
11186:Pacific coast (
11181:
11140:Pacific coast (
11135:
11062:
10998:
10960:
10882:
10766:
10687:
10660:
10646:
10640:
10638:classification)
10632:
10623:
10593:
10588:
10575:
10561:Proto-languages
10543:
10492:
10473:
10431:
10381:
10329:
10277:
10248:
10150:
10134:
10116:
10091:
10061:
10035:
10026:
9978:
9933:
9901:
9896:
9849:
9835:
9833:Further reading
9800:
9795:
9762:
9757:
9756:
9747:
9743:
9734:
9730:
9713:
9712:
9708:
9692:
9688:
9650:
9649:
9645:
9634:Wayback Machine
9623:
9619:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9572:Wayback Machine
9562:
9558:
9549:
9545:
9540:
9528:
9523:
8972:variety of gnat
8733:*kaŋ, *kaŋ-wer
8576:variety of bird
8106:*roʔɨ, *roʔɨca
7068:
7057:
7052:
5868:*mboβúk/*mboβɨk
5774:bore, perforate
5345:domestic animal
4109:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4045:
4040:
4023:. (Unattested.)
4009:. (Unattested.)
3999:. (Unattested.)
3989:. (Unattested.)
3975:. (Unattested.)
3959:Uaicurapá River
3943:Maué-assú River
3902:. (Unattested.)
3781:Pilcomayo River
3632:. (Unattested.)
3614:. (Unattested.)
3600:. (Unattested.)
3558:. (Unattested.)
3475:. (Unattested.)
3473:Ji-Paraná River
3419:. (Unattested.)
3413:Ji-Paraná River
3405:. (Unattested.)
3403:Ji-Paraná River
3395:. (Unattested.)
3379:Ji-Paraná River
3367:. (Unattested.)
3357:. (Unattested.)
3347:. (Unattested.)
3290:Ji-Paraná River
3288:, later on the
3286:Tocantins River
3252:. (Unattested.)
3232:. (Unattested.)
3214:. (Unattested.)
3198:Tapanhuna River
3035:, later on the
3010:. (Unattested.)
2996:. (Unattested.)
2966:. (Unattested.)
2916:. (Unattested.)
2906:. (Unattested.)
2888:. (Unattested.)
2834:Tocantins River
2820:Tocantins River
2788:. (Unattested.)
2778:. (Unattested.)
2768:. (Unattested.)
2758:. (Unattested.)
2748:. (Unattested.)
2734:. (Unattested.)
2720:. (Unattested.)
2710:. (Unattested.)
2700:. (Unattested.)
2694:Tocantins River
2679:. (Unattested.)
2621:. (Unattested.)
2521:Itapecurú River
2339:Tocantins River
2303:Jeguaká Tenondé
2239:Curupaiña River
2123:Brilhante River
2109:Lagoa dos Patos
2075:. (Unattested.)
2065:. (Unattested.)
2004:. (Unattested.)
1982:Itapecurú River
1940:Baía da Traição
1920:. (Unattested.)
1906:. (Unattested.)
1896:. (Unattested.)
1878:. (Unattested.)
1787:
1768:
1763:
1664:
1659:
1574:Kokama-Omagua:
1140:
1134:
1132:Jolkesky (2016)
1094:
827:
769:
731:*pj > tʃ, ts
609:
573:(Group VIIIb):
542:(Group VIIIa):
386:
381:
305:
303:
302:
301:
291:
275:
171:
156:
155:
154:
137:
131:
73:
67:(November 2020)
50:
46:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11999:
11997:
11989:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11968:
11967:
11961:
11960:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11950:Classification
11947:
11942:
11941:
11940:
11930:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11853:
11851:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11843:
11838:
11836:Mamoré–Guaporé
11833:
11827:
11825:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11815:
11810:
11808:Wamo–Chapakura
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11788:Moseten–Chonan
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11713:Macro-Chibchan
11710:
11708:Macro-Arawakan
11705:
11700:
11694:
11692:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11680:
11673:
11666:
11660:
11658:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11607:
11600:
11595:
11583:
11581:
11574:
11573:
11571:
11570:
11563:
11556:
11551:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11537:
11526:
11518:
11516:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11497:
11490:
11483:
11476:
11469:
11462:
11455:
11450:
11443:
11436:
11429:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11405:
11399:
11397:
11395:Mamoré–Guaporé
11391:
11390:
11388:
11387:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11371:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11339:
11337:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11308:
11301:
11294:
11287:
11280:
11273:
11266:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11236:
11234:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11218:
11217:
11210:
11199:
11193:
11191:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11172:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11147:
11145:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11133:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11093:
11085:
11083:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11033:
11026:
11018:
11016:
11004:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10991:
10984:
10977:
10971:
10969:
10959:
10958:
10951:
10946:
10939:
10932:
10931:
10930:
10923:
10916:
10903:
10897:
10895:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10845:
10838:
10831:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10784:
10778:
10776:
10775:Eastern Brazil
10772:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10756:
10749:
10742:
10735:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10697:
10695:
10686:
10685:
10678:
10670:
10668:
10659:
10658:
10650:
10648:
10642:
10641:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10599:
10590:
10589:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10565:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10514:
10509:
10503:
10501:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10490:
10484:
10482:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10442:
10440:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10424:
10417:
10412:
10405:
10400:
10392:
10390:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10368:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10340:
10338:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10320:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10296:
10288:
10286:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10259:
10257:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10239:
10238:
10237:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10195:
10188:
10176:
10170:
10168:
10158:
10149:
10148:
10142:
10140:
10133:
10132:
10126:
10124:
10122:Maweti–Guarani
10118:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10101:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10077:
10071:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10052:
10047:
10041:
10039:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9988:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9949:
9943:
9941:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9919:
9911:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9895:
9894:
9887:
9880:
9872:
9866:
9865:
9860:
9848:
9847:External links
9845:
9844:
9843:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9793:
9774:
9773:15(2):193–221.
9761:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9750:Tupi studies I
9741:
9728:
9706:
9686:
9643:
9617:
9576:
9556:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9534:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9468:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9457:
9454:
9450:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9427:
9424:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9344:
9340:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9311:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9295:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9248:
9245:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8922:
8921:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8898:*pir, *piruer
8896:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8746:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8662:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8651:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8581:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8293:*ɨpab, *ɨupab
8291:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8250:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7311:stomach, liver
7309:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:we (inclusive)
6867:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:we (exclusive)
6084:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:eat (intrans.)
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4043:Proto-language
4041:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4021:Bararatí River
4010:
4007:Maricauá River
4000:
3990:
3976:
3973:Arapiuns River
3962:
3947:Arapiuns River
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3903:
3893:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3847:, between the
3831:, between the
3829:Yapacaní River
3823:, between the
3806:
3803:Parepetí River
3788:
3785:Parapití River
3762:
3761:, Mato Grosso.
3732:
3714:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3664:Tiputini River
3657:
3654:Huallaga River
3647:
3633:
3615:
3601:
3598:Auacachi River
3591:
3581:
3559:
3545:
3519:
3492:
3491:
3490:Amazonas group
3487:
3486:
3476:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3430:
3420:
3406:
3396:
3386:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3324:
3302:
3297:
3294:Marmelos River
3271:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3215:
3205:
3191:
3190:, Mato Grosso.
3164:
3163:
3162:Southern group
3159:
3158:
3144:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3072:
3069:Araguarí River
3058:
3044:
3037:Oiapoque River
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2994:Auacachi River
2987:
2977:
2967:
2964:Araguaia River
2960:Vermelho River
2953:
2939:
2917:
2907:
2889:
2886:Tacaiuna River
2879:
2873:
2847:
2841:
2840:, now extinct.
2827:
2813:
2803:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2735:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2673:Araguaia River
2666:
2663:Turiassú River
2640:
2622:
2604:
2582:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2507:
2506:
2505:Northern group
2502:
2501:
2498:Tapirapé River
2491:
2490:, Mato Grosso.
2484:Tapirapé River
2476:
2475:
2474:Tapirapé group
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:, Mato Grosso.
2442:
2427:
2426:
2425:Kamayurá group
2422:
2421:
2403:
2389:
2379:
2378:, now extinct.
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2343:Bananal Island
2324:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2262:
2259:Serra do Diabo
2252:
2249:Dourados River
2242:
2232:
2196:
2186:
2179:Dourados River
2172:
2161:Dourados River
2154:
2144:
2126:
2112:
2098:
2076:
2066:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1967:
1953:
1943:
1936:Parnaiba River
1921:
1918:Rio de Janeiro
1907:
1897:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1811:
1808:Angra dos Reis
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1629:
1612:
1592:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1531:
1517:
1509:
1486:
1473:
1450:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1349:Kawahib-Kayabi
1345:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:(Tupi-Guarani)
1228:Akwawa-Arawete
1224:
1223:
1222:
1181:
1175:Ava-Canoeiro:
1168:
1151:
1133:
1130:
1122:Araguaia River
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1033:(910 speakers)
1021:
1008:
1007:(500 speakers)
993:
992:
991:
985:
966:
964:
953:
943:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:(560 speakers)
918:
906:
904:
903:
902:
901:(120 speakers)
896:
884:
875:
874:
873:
867:
866:(800 speakers)
861:
860:(280 speakers)
843:
842:(600 speakers)
831:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:partially lost
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
790:*pw > hw, h
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
716:
715:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
694:
691:
690:*pw > kw, k
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
675:
674:*pj > tʃ, ʃ
672:
671:*pw > kw, k
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
613:mixed language
608:
607:
606:
605:
566:
546:(of Cairarí),
535:
525:
498:
467:
424:
404:
390:
385:
382:
380:
379:Classification
377:
293:
292:
289:
281:
280:
273:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
222:
218:
217:
216:
215:
205:
199:
198:
173:
167:
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
145:
134:
112:
109:
97:adding a topic
92:
81:
74:
55:
54:
53:
51:
44:
37:
33:Guaraní people
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11998:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11935:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11925:
11923:
11919:
11913:
11912:French Guiana
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11848:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11768:Je–Tupi–Carib
11766:
11764:
11763:Hibito–Cholon
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11743:Macro-Warpean
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11679:
11678:
11674:
11672:
11671:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11651:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11613:
11612:
11608:
11606:
11605:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11590:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11575:
11569:
11568:
11564:
11562:
11561:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11525:
11524:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11502:
11498:
11496:
11495:
11491:
11489:
11488:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11477:
11475:
11474:
11470:
11468:
11467:
11463:
11461:
11460:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11448:
11444:
11442:
11441:
11437:
11435:
11434:
11430:
11428:
11427:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11410:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11398:
11396:
11392:
11386:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11376:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11309:
11307:
11306:
11302:
11300:
11299:
11295:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11286:
11285:
11281:
11279:
11278:
11274:
11272:
11271:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11247:Hibito–Cholon
11245:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11216:
11215:
11211:
11209:
11208:Cañari–Puruhá
11206:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11173:
11171:
11170:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11153:
11149:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11138:
11132:
11131:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11010:
11005:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10989:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10944:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10928:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10879:
10878:
10874:
10872:
10871:
10867:
10865:
10864:
10860:
10858:
10857:
10853:
10851:
10850:
10846:
10844:
10843:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10832:
10830:
10829:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10818:
10816:
10815:
10811:
10809:
10808:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10750:
10748:
10747:
10743:
10741:
10740:
10736:
10734:
10733:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10694:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10666:Je–Tupi–Carib
10663:
10657:
10656:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10643:
10637:
10636:Campbell 2012
10631:
10630:South America
10627:
10620:
10615:
10613:
10608:
10606:
10601:
10600:
10597:
10587:
10583:
10578:
10572:
10571:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10558:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10519:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10495:
10489:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10476:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10434:
10428:
10427:Xingu Asurini
10425:
10423:
10422:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10398:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10384:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10366:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10280:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10240:
10235:
10231:
10230:
10229:
10226:
10221:
10220:West Bolivian
10217:
10214:
10210:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10199:East Bolivian
10196:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10153:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:Aweti–Guarani
10137:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10123:
10119:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10068:
10064:
10058:
10057:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10033:
10029:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10007:Guariba Arára
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9985:
9981:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9920:
9918:
9917:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9893:
9888:
9886:
9881:
9879:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9864:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9832:
9826:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9799:
9794:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9759:
9751:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9732:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9690:
9687:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9647:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9621:
9618:
9613:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9580:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9560:
9557:
9553:
9547:
9544:
9537:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9525:
9513:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9459:*eko, *ekobe
9458:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9397:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9381:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9370:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9326:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9063:*mobok, *bok
9062:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8557:*eta, *c-eta
8556:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8512:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8315:*ape-kũ, *kũ
8314:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5787:fall (object)
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:*apoʔá/*apuʔá
4606:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4064:Reconstructed
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:Curauaí River
3994:
3993:Igapuitariara
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:Itonama River
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:Quimore River
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:Ichillo River
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:Itiyuro River
3796:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:Guaporé River
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:Paragúa River
3744:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:Bermejo River
3700:
3699:Sara Province
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3640:Ucayali River
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:Tapajós River
3585:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:Machado River
3424:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:Machado River
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:Machado River
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:Machado River
3332:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:Madeira River
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:Tapajós River
3185:
3181:
3178:, now on the
3177:
3176:Juruena River
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:Coureni River
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:Maecurú River
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:Inipucú River
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:Tapajós River
2981:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:Jacundá River
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:Marajó Island
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:Marajó Island
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:Jacundá River
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:, now on the
2634:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2545:, now on the
2544:
2543:Pindaré River
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:Pindaré River
2530:
2527:, now on the
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:Culiseú River
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:Uruguai River
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:Amambaí River
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:Serra Amambaí
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:Igatimí River
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:Aguapeí River
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:Itaparé River
2166:
2165:Amambaí River
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:Marajó Island
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:Tupinambarana
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:Asurini Xingu
1733:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:Avá–Wayampí?
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
989:
986:
983:
979:
976:
975:
974:
973:
969:
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
922:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
905:
900:
899:Xingú Asurini
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
883:
882:
881:
880:
876:
872:(14 speakers)
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
854:
853:
849:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
832:
830:
824:
816:*j preserved
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
796:*j preserved
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:*j preserved
775:
773:*pj preserved
772:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
714:
712:*pj preserved
711:
709:*pw preserved
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
695:
693:*pj preserved
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
635:
633:
629:
628:Sound changes
625:
623:
619:
616:
614:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Xingú Asuriní
549:
545:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
438:
434:
431:(Group III):
430:
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
395:
392:
391:
389:
383:
378:
376:
374:
373:
368:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:South America
315:
308:
306:pronunciation
299:
287:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
188:French Guiana
185:
181:
177:
174:
168:
163:
150:
146:
143:
135:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
103:
102:main category
99:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
75:
69:
63:
62:in Portuguese
61:
56:You can help
52:
43:
42:
34:
30:
19:
11798:Saparo–Yawan
11748:Arutani–Sape
11733:Macro-Panoan
11728:Macro-Paesan
11718:Macro-Jibaro
11703:Macro-Andean
11675:
11668:
11639:Lule–Vilelan
11609:
11602:
11565:
11558:
11546:
11521:
11499:
11492:
11485:
11478:
11471:
11464:
11457:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11424:
11407:
11382:
11373:
11312:Saparo–Yawan
11303:
11296:
11289:
11282:
11275:
11268:
11261:
11241:Pano–Tacanan
11239:
11212:
11174:
11167:
11150:
11144:and Ecuador)
11128:
11088:
11035:
11028:
11021:
10986:
10979:
10953:
10941:
10934:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10907:Arutani–Sape
10875:
10868:
10861:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10833:
10826:
10819:
10812:
10805:
10798:
10791:
10759:
10751:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10680:
10673:
10653:
10647:and isolates
10581:
10570:Proto-Tupian
10568:
10524:Urubu–Kaapor
10516:
10445:
10419:
10409:Ararandewara
10407:
10395:
10371:
10349:Avá-Canoeiro
10322:
10315:
10298:
10291:
10241:
10234:Pai Tavytera
10156:Tupi–Guarani
10155:
10104:
10079:
10054:
9951:
9921:
9914:
9839:
9808:
9804:
9781:
9770:
9760:Bibliography
9749:
9744:
9736:
9731:
9720:
9709:
9689:
9656:
9652:
9646:
9625:
9620:
9593:
9589:
9579:
9559:
9551:
9546:
7146:align, braid
7058:
7055:Lemle (1971)
6947:grass, weeds
6258:*ptáŋ/*mitáŋ
5813:manioc plant
5449:grass, weeds
5397:dust, powder
4773:crack, split
4317:eat (trans.)
4213:fall (human)
4099:
4091:Proto-Tupian
4072:Proto-Tupian
4031:Amazon River
4026:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3987:Amazon River
3978:
3968:
3964:
3955:Tracuá River
3951:Arichi River
3934:
3930:
3926:
3905:
3900:Mamoré River
3895:
3890:Mamoré River
3886:Grande River
3881:
3876:Mamoré River
3871:
3866:
3861:Mamoré River
3845:Grande River
3825:Blanco River
3821:Grande River
3812:
3808:
3794:
3790:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3721:Blanco River
3716:
3690:
3686:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3635:
3622:Amazon River
3617:
3612:Amazon River
3603:
3593:
3583:
3570:Amazon River
3565:
3561:
3556:Japura River
3547:
3530:Amazon River
3525:
3521:
3508:Amazon River
3503:
3499:
3495:
3483:Embira River
3478:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3437:Bocas Pretas
3436:
3432:
3422:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3326:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3259:
3255:
3250:Barati River
3245:
3235:
3226:Arinos River
3221:
3217:
3207:
3193:
3184:Ronuro River
3172:Arinos River
3167:
3155:Curipi River
3150:
3146:
3141:Araoua River
3129:Camopi River
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3083:Maracá River
3078:
3075:Paikipiranga
3074:
3064:
3060:
3055:Maracá River
3046:
3041:Maroni River
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:Guiana group
3008:Amazon River
2999:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2955:
2946:Caras Pretas
2945:
2942:Tacumandícai
2941:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2904:Pacajá River
2891:
2881:
2875:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2829:
2824:Pacajá River
2815:
2805:
2796:Pacajá River
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2756:Pacajá River
2751:
2746:Anajás River
2737:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2689:
2668:
2655:Gurupi River
2650:
2646:
2642:
2628:
2624:
2615:Mearim River
2610:
2606:
2593:Bujarú River
2589:Ararandeuára
2588:
2584:
2579:Gurupí River
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2547:Capiro River
2538:
2529:Grajaú River
2525:Mearim River
2516:
2510:
2493:
2479:
2462:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2430:
2418:Iguasú River
2409:
2406:Notobotocudo
2405:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2347:Crixás River
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:Monday River
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:, Argentina.
2293:Iguasú River
2289:Acaray River
2284:
2278:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2215:Aracaí River
2206:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2174:
2156:
2146:
2141:Chopim River
2128:
2114:
2104:
2100:
2095:Serra do Mar
2087:Porto Alegre
2082:
2078:
2068:
2059:Martín Chico
2050:
2046:
2034:Amazon River
2030:Lingua Geral
2029:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2002:Amazon River
1997:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1927:
1923:
1909:
1904:Abaeté River
1899:
1894:Grande River
1885:
1881:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1843:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1799:
1769:
1721:Avá-Canoeiro
1672:Tupí-Guaraní
1671:
1665:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1606:Tupi Austral
1604:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1558:
1554:Pai Tavytera
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1303:
1295:
1288:Ararandewara
1286:
1280:
1271:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1226:
1219:Urubu-Kaapor
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1178:Ava-Canoeiro
1176:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1155:Tupí-Guaraní
1154:
1144:
1141:
1126:Paraná River
1124:towards the
1114:Amazon River
1102:Xingu Rivers
1095:
1023:
995:
970:
955:
930:
877:
870:Avá-Canoeiro
850:
845:
835:Tupí-Guaraní
834:
828:
626:
620:
617:
610:
599:Urubú–Kaapor
568:
564:Ararandewara
537:
528:
527:
505:(Group VI):
500:
480:Avá-Canoeiro
474:(Group IV):
469:
448:Língua Geral
437:Tupí Austral
426:
411:(Group II):
406:
398:
394:Tupí–Guaraní
393:
387:
370:
336:
334:
298:Tupi–Guarani
297:
296:
221:Subdivisions
213:Tupi–Guarani
212:
172:distribution
165:Tupi–Guarani
124:edit summary
115:
95:
65:
57:
18:Tupi–Guaraní
11793:Quechumaran
11753:Bora–Witoto
11653:Far South (
11554:Uru–Chipaya
11530:Quechumaran
11415:Nambikwaran
11097:Bora–Witoto
10994:Ticuna–Yuri
10534:Wayampipukú
9997:Cinta Larga
9840:Diachronica
9653:Diachronica
9596:: e019018.
9478:you (sing.)
9005:black, dark
8997:*un, *c-un
8469:*aib, *aɨb
7589:*karamemwã
7424:*yemocaray
7278:grandfather
6739:old (woman)
6425:sing, dance
5686:*kɨtĩ/*kɨti
4916:run (water)
4825:play, amuse
4672:*(t)atá-tíŋ
4555:*apé ~ *peé
4411:*akʷaimbaʔé
3910:Laguna Jorá
3849:Piray River
3841:Ivari River
3833:Ivari River
3783:and on the
3755:Verde River
3751:Tarbo River
3626:Cafua River
3604:Papateruana
3578:Juruá River
3574:Purus River
3552:Juruá River
3538:Purus River
3534:Jutaí River
3512:Juruá River
3485:, Amazonas.
3479:Catuquinarú
3443:, Rondônia.
3441:Anarí River
3417:Maiçí River
3355:Muqui River
3345:Zinho River
3321:Maiçí River
3305:Parintintin
3266:and on the
3264:Verde River
3222:Aipé-Chichi
3212:Peixe River
3202:Peixe River
3133:Inini River
3033:Xingú River
3000:Papateruana
2950:Xingú River
2932:Iriri River
2900:Freso River
2896:Xingú River
2800:Anapú River
2786:Anapú River
2776:Xingú River
2766:Anapú River
2732:Mapuá River
2718:Curuá River
2708:Xingú River
2665:, Maranhão.
2659:Guama River
2595:and on the
2581:, Maranhão.
2575:Capim River
2439:Ferro River
2410:Pihtadyouai
2351:Peixe River
2321:, Paraguay.
2211:Jejuy River
2151:Serra Geral
2137:Peixe River
2057:and in the
1988:Jaguaribára
1914:São Barnabé
1614:Tupinamba:
1393:Parintintin
1149:= extinct)
950:Parintintin
810:*pw > kw
793:*pj > ts
754:*j > dʒ
728:*pw > kw
603:Wayampipukú
534:(Group VII)
490:(dialects:
242:Teneteharan
29:Tupí people
11970:Categories
11664:Qawasqaran
11598:Guaicuruan
11567:Mapudungun
11403:Chapacuran
11317:Peba–Yagua
11252:Cahuapanan
11169:Yurumanguí
10753:Chiquitano
10726:Maxakalian
10634:(based on
10455:(Jau-Navo)
10359:Tenetehara
10335:Tenetehara
10213:Paraguayan
9953:Kepkiriwát
9538:References
9481:*ne, *ene
9346:fingernail
9338:*oyepeteĩ
9324:intestines
8983:past tense
8653:we (incl.)
8642:we (excl.)
8598:nose, beak
7996:*yacɨtata
7831:*akakuwab
7553:corn drink
7479:*pe, *ape
7248:*ɨbɨrapar
6833:*yačɨ-tatá
6385:fingernail
5894:*(mbo)mbór
5673:*kɨtíŋ-ʔók
5566:get burned
5400:*-ɨtiʔmbór
5205:*iye, *iče
5049:*embi-rekó
4724:*(mbo)ayán
4435:humid, wet
4330:3rd person
4138:*ʔá; *ɨʔβa
4089:See also:
3921:Mawé group
3857:Beni River
3743:Warádu-nëe
3707:Carandaiti
3687:Chiriguano
3630:Tefé River
3542:Yurimaguas
3516:Napo River
3218:Raipé-Sisi
3051:Jarí River
2936:Novo River
2910:Mudzyetíre
2898:, and the
2684:Pará group
2677:Mojú River
2633:Turi River
2597:Mojú River
2511:Tenetehara
2488:Naja River
2376:Ivaí River
2008:Nhengahiba
1950:Pernambuco
1830:Tupiniquin
1500:Chiriguano
1414:Uruewauwau
1405:Tukumanfed
1321:Tenetehara
1257:Tapirape:
1171:Kaapor-Ava
1136:See also:
1073:Chiriguano
931:Peripheral
813:*pj > s
751:*pj > s
748:*pw > ɸ
494:, Tembé),
488:Tenetehára
471:Tenetehara
335:The words
170:Geographic
11928:Languages
11897:Venezuela
11857:Argentina
11850:Countries
11841:Amazonian
11453:Mosetenan
11447:Canichana
11359:Katukinan
11354:Harákmbut
11305:Tequiraca
11176:Esmeralda
11163:Barbacoan
11119:Guajiboan
11058:Jirajaran
11013:Venezuela
10949:Otomacoan
10901:Yanomaman
10892:Venezuela
10828:Pankararú
10746:Rikbaktsá
10584:indicate
10518:Takunyapé
10507:Emerillon
10469:Uru-Pa-In
10459:Kagwahiva
10365:Guajajara
10324:Potiguara
10311:Nheengatu
10112:Munduruku
10097:Munduruku
10081:Maritsauá
9929:Karitiâna
9923:Kabixiana
9825:210985305
9681:228872841
9673:0176-4225
9612:2177-7160
9489:you (pl.)
9316:*mocapɨr
9228:*kwaracɨ
8788:*yaẽpopo
8422:left hand
8403:*maniʔok
8271:*enɨpɨʔã
8257:alligator
8183:*tubicab
7974:*emireko
7886:*kwatiar
7688:*tanimuk
7204:*tapiʔir
6885:*(mbo)yár
6843:crocodile
6559:*tanimbúk
6112:(re)count
5881:*mbočapɨr
5452:*kaʔapiʔí
5296:*ɨβák-tíŋ
4164:*ʔáβ/*ʔáw
4066:ancestors
3867:Dialects:
3739:Moperecoa
3695:Aguarugue
3670:Jibitaona
3650:Cocamilla
3522:Yurimagua
3423:Jabotiféd
3409:Apairandé
3399:Ipoteuate
3389:Tukumaféd
3375:Tacuatepe
3351:Paranawát
3300:Dialects:
3109:Emerillon
2850:Tapirauha
2752:Camarapim
2629:Turiguara
2567:Wazaizara
2517:Guajajára
2255:Yvytyiguá
2245:Avahuguai
2157:Apapocúva
2119:Apa River
2022:Nheéngatu
1960:Miarigois
1924:Potiguara
1844:Tupinamba
1766:Varieties
1712:Northern
1634:Emerillon
1631:Wayampi:
1623:Tupinamba
1583:Kokamilla
1533:Eastern:
1519:Western:
1511:Central:
1488:Guarani:
1452:Siriono:
1399:Piripkura
1378:Kawahib:
1327:Guajajara
1270:Arawete:
1118:Tupinambá
1098:Tocantins
1025:Guaranian
988:Tupinambá
956:Diasporic
940:Emerillon
784:preserved
762:preserved
742:preserved
703:preserved
595:Takunyapé
579:Emerillon
523:Uru-Pa-In
492:Guajajara
464:Tupinikin
452:Potiguára
441:Nheengatu
403:(Group I)
358:jacaranda
271:Glottolog
176:Argentina
142:talk page
94:Consider
11907:Suriname
11887:Paraguay
11872:Colombia
11634:Huarpean
11629:Charruan
11624:Zamucoan
11619:Mascoyan
11593:Matacoan
11535:Quechuan
11459:Yuracaré
11426:Cayubaba
11420:Bororoan
11375:Matanawí
11322:Zaparoan
11291:Taushiro
11263:Candoshi
11257:Jivaroan
11152:Chibchan
11142:Colombia
11107:Witotoan
11090:Tucanoan
11072:Colombia
11053:Timotean
11048:Tiniguan
11009:Colombia
10835:Tarairiú
10814:Katembri
10782:Karirian
10721:Krenakan
10706:Jabutian
10693:Macro-Jê
10655:Arawakan
10498:Northern
10488:Kamayurá
10479:Kamayurá
10453:Karipuna
10373:Turiwára
10354:Tapirapé
10293:Old Tupi
10268:Pauserna
10050:Puruborá
10037:Ramarama
10032:Puruborá
9717:(1968).
9630:Archived
9568:Archived
9526:See also
9492:*pe- -ẽ
9393:*ceboʔi
9349:*pwã-pẽ
9283:*cɨkɨye
9272:*takwar
9184:*pwerab
9140:*kuwaab
9118:*paranã
8865:*potiʔa
8678:*ɨbatiŋ
8667:*pɨcacu
8480:*kunumĩ
8337:*-mɨrɨb
8260:*yakare
8161:*pɨcãpẽ
8040:*ʔɨtarõ
7941:*moayan
7567:*ɨbɨkoy
7512:*kapiʔi
7212:tightten
7102:accident
7002:*yukɨrɨ́
6937:*ye-βɨ́r
6638:*tuβiyáβ
6573:*tapiʔír
6504:tie (up)
6428:*poračéy
6362:*pó/*mbó
5998:*mombeʔú
5855:*mbaraká
5660:*(pi)kɨr
5348:*(e)ɨmbá
5101:*enɨpɨʔã
4929:pull off
4682:mountain
4490:*amõ-ité
4174:to stand
4161:lie down
3969:Aripuana
3805:, Chaco.
3777:Parapiti
3773:Yanaygua
3735:Pauserna
3711:Tarabuco
3594:Awakachi
3459:Sanenäre
3447:Jaguarúb
3371:Takwatíp
3313:Itoehebe
3309:Nakazetí
3282:Kawahíwa
3278:Cabahyba
3246:Pariuaia
3194:Tapañuna
3151:Calipurn
3147:Caripuna
3117:Emereñon
3065:Coussani
2990:Auacachi
2970:Zapucaya
2920:Tacuñapé
2882:Tacayuna
2858:Kupẽ-rob
2854:Cupelobo
2816:Parakanã
2782:Mamayaná
2625:Turiwára
2480:Tapirapé
2435:Camayura
2431:Kamayurá
2392:Guayaquí
2327:Canoiero
2279:Tembecua
2235:Paiguasú
2225:Baticola
2129:Bituruna
2105:Arechane
2101:Arachane
2091:Antonina
2026:Niangatú
2012:Ingahiva
1970:Cahicahi
1956:Tobajara
1928:Petigare
1910:Maromomi
1886:Anaupira
1882:Amoipira
1824:Temimino
1784:Loukotka
1772:Loukotka
1745:Kawahib
1731:Central
1684:Guaraní
1617:Nhengatu
1447:Pauserna
1390:(Tupi);
1387:Karipuna
1381:Amondawa
1370:Kayabi:
1354:Apiaka:
1339:Turiwara
1260:Tapirape
1245:Parakanã
1236:Akwawa:
1210:Takuñape
1165:Kamayura
1160:Kamayura
1116:, Proto-
1015:Pauserna
996:Southern
921:Tapirapé
915:Parakanã
852:Northern
840:Kamaiurá
530:Kamayurá
521:, ?
519:Karipúna
496:Turiwára
484:Tapirapé
433:Old Tupi
417:Pauserna
372:capoeira
330:Paraguay
326:Old Tupi
277:tupi1276
262:Northern
252:Kamayurá
192:Paraguay
118:provide
11882:Ecuador
11862:Bolivia
11813:Amerind
11611:Payaguá
11580:–Pampas
11548:Puquina
11540:Aymaran
11511:Andes (
11494:Irantxe
11433:Itonama
11298:Urarina
11284:Waorani
11277:Munichi
11270:Omurano
11214:Mochica
11203:Chimuan
11158:Chocoan
11130:Puinave
11124:Nadahup
11037:Andaquí
11007:Andes (
10975:Sáliban
10913:Arutani
10888:Orinoco
10675:Cariban
10582:Italics
10529:Wayampi
10437:Kawahíb
10415:Araweté
10397:Amanayé
10273:Sirionó
10263:Guarayu
10254:Guarayu
10185:Chiripá
10179:Guarani
10165:Guarani
10106:Kuruaya
9992:Aruáshi
9959:Makurap
9947:Akuntsu
9503:*weʔen
9426:*pɨtaŋ
9415:*piraŋ
9371:*epyak
9360:*ɨbɨtu
9206:*aʔɨ̃y
9151:*yukɨr
9104:breathe
9096:*apuʔa
9085:*karãy
9008:*picun
8931:*pocɨy
8920:*etɨmã
8906:feather
8832:*ɨbɨra
8799:*ayuru
8755:*upiʔa
8711:*yawar
8689:*ɨbɨ̃y
8612:*pɨtun
8491:*abati
8433:husband
8389:command
8282:*momor
8216:*bubur
8205:*ɨpaʔũ
8150:*kutuk
8139:*petɨm
8136:tobacco
8029:*yeʔeŋ
8007:*(i)ce
7985:*puʔam
7963:*kɨtɨk
7908:*mokõy
7842:*meʔeŋ
7776:*cɨrɨk
7721:*eʔɨ̃y
7718:scratch
7699:*kwati
7666:*pɨter
7578:*yoʔok
7391:*bebɨy
7369:*eɨmab
7333:stomach
7322:stomach
7226:*pɨcɨk
7223:squeeze
7215:*momyk
7171:*apɨtĩ
7116:*aemee
7105:*memwã
7015:*yukɨ́r
6895:to play
6882:tighten
6846:*yakaré
6807:*yaʔwár
6520:*pʷeráβ
6467:*potuká
6454:*potɨ́r
6441:*potiʔá
6415:*počɨ́y
6388:*po-apẽ
6310:*pɨčɨ́k
6297:*pɨčačú
6180:*petɨ́m
6177:tobacco
6151:you all
6128:*paranã
5995:recount
5956:husband
5946:*membɨr
5920:*-mbukú
5764:*kurumĩ
5647:*(a)kɨr
5634:*čɨkɨyé
5478:*kaʔmbú
5374:*ɨpɨtún
5244:*ɨʔɨtíŋ
5033:to live
5020:to pull
4981:scratch
4942:to bite
4841:*čeβoʔí
4828:*-čaráy
4659:*(t)atá
4203:*ʔapɨtĩ
4027:Maraguá
4003:Curiato
3985:on the
3965:Arapiyú
3872:Tirinié
3809:Siriono
3769:Kurukwá
3765:Tapieté
3729:Yaguarú
3717:Guarayo
3646:, Peru.
3618:Paguana
3610:on the
3562:Ibanoma
3548:Aizuare
3526:Yoriman
3500:Campeua
3465:Majubim
3433:Dawahib
3327:Wiraféd
3323:, Pará.
3296:, Pará.
3274:Kawahyb
3208:Timaóna
3089:Calayua
3085:, Pará.
3047:Tamacom
3029:Guayapi
3006:on the
2892:Asurini
2862:Jandiaí
2844:Caranbú
2806:Jacunda
2744:on the
2730:on the
2690:Camboca
2669:Pocheti
2611:Amanaye
2563:Guaxara
2494:Ampaneá
2463:Arawiné
2372:Yvaparé
2335:Tiäbezä
2315:Cahygua
2285:Chiripá
2265:Apiteré
2207:Montese
2203:Painguá
2199:Kainguá
2189:Oguaíva
2175:Tañyguá
2047:Chandri
1974:Caicaze
1964:Camocim
1890:Cabrobó
1834:Margaya
1814:Ararape
1640:Wayampi
1548:Ñandeva
1528:Tapiete
1506:Chiripa
1476:Guarani
1455:Siriono
1441:Guarayu
1436:Guarayu
1420:Wirafed
1297:Arawete
1273:Amanaye
1128:basin.
1069:Tapiete
1063:Ñandeva
1011:Guarayu
1001:Sirionó
936:Wayampi
893:Araweté
879:Central
864:Ka'ápor
657:PTG *j
654:PTG *pj
651:PTG *pw
648:PTG *tʃ
587:Wayampi
556:Araweté
548:Amanayé
511:Kawahíb
502:Kawahíb
421:Sirionó
413:Guarayu
408:Guarayu
400:Guaraní
366:carioca
362:anhinga
354:tapioca
346:piranha
338:petunia
322:Guarani
247:Kawahib
232:Guarayu
227:Guarani
184:Bolivia
140:to the
122:in the
64:.
11902:Guyana
11867:Brazil
11670:Yaghan
11644:Chonan
11604:Guachí
11473:Aikanã
11440:Movima
11384:Trumai
11349:Arawan
11334:Amazon
11227:Amazon
11080:Vaupés
11076:Japurá
11068:Amazon
11043:Paezan
10955:Yaruro
10863:Xukurú
10807:Baenan
10800:Gamela
10793:Taruma
10787:Purían
10716:Karajá
10711:Kamakã
10682:Tupian
10500:(VIII)
10464:Kayabi
10447:Apiaká
10403:Anambé
10344:Akwáwa
10317:Omagua
10306:Cocama
10192:Jopara
10087:Xipaya
10075:Juruna
10067:Yuruna
9974:Wayoró
9969:Tupari
9964:Mekens
9939:Tupari
9916:Arikem
9907:Arikem
9823:
9811:(12).
9782:LIAMES
9771:LIAMES
9695:Zenodo
9679:
9671:
9610:
9470:*bebe
9437:*(ʔ)ẽ
9269:bamboo
9261:*ipib
9250:*kɨʔa
9239:*peyu
9217:*apɨk
9159:saliva
9129:*puka
9107:*pɨtu
9082:scrape
9052:*uway
9041:*akub
8986:*pwer
8975:*piʔũ
8953:*akwa
8950:person
8942:*ayur
8887:*pira
8873:breast
8821:*wɨra
8810:*pwan
8796:parrot
8777:*yaʔẽ
8763:father
8744:*enub
8722:*nami
8708:jaguar
8686:hollow
8656:*yane
8623:*pɨca
8590:*ɨtab
8579:*mɨtũ
8568:*kuyã
8546:*mɨ̃y
8524:*manõ
8513:*cuʔu
8502:*akɨm
8458:*kaʔa
8447:*yuka
8400:manioc
8392:*pway
8378:mother
8359:*kaʔi
8356:monkey
8348:*yacɨ
8323:smooth
8312:tongue
8238:*paʔũ
8227:*ruru
8202:island
8172:*ʔarõ
8147:pierce
8084:*tata
8070:flower
8062:*uʔɨb
8051:*poʔi
8018:*kɨce
7850:finger
7809:*kupe
7787:*kɨtĩ
7762:string
7754:*puku
7743:*ʔirũ
7677:*aman
7633:*etun
7611:*enõy
7600:*ɨbak
7586:basket
7556:*kawĩ
7446:*akaŋ
7435:*kwar
7402:*katu
7380:*yuru
7366:animal
7347:*nupã
7336:*ebek
7314:*pɨʔa
7303:*yanɨ
7281:*amõy
7270:*pepo
7182:*pwar
7157:yellow
7094:*pɨpe
7091:to, in
6999:yellow
6973:rotten
6960:yellow
6924:*yeʔéŋ
6898:*-yarú
6872:*yande
6820:*yačɨ́
6804:jaguar
6768:*weʔén
6742:*waiwĩ
6690:*upiʔá
6664:*uʔɨ́β
6622:father
6612:*-tɨ́k
6546:*rurúk
6533:*roʔɨ́
6451:flower
6346:breath
6336:*pɨtér
6323:*pɨpír
6245:*pirér
6115:*papár
6011:*nambí
5985:*mokõy
5972:*miyár
5969:animal
5933:*meʔéŋ
5842:*mbaʔé
5816:*mandí
5777:*kutúk
5725:*kočúβ
5696:tongue
5683:to cut
5530:*karãy
5527:scrape
5501:breast
5462:monkey
5413:*kʷaáβ
5322:*ɨβɨtú
5309:*ɨβɨrá
5231:*ɨ-upá
5179:*-etún
5166:*etɨmã
5127:*epʸák
5088:*endúβ
5072:saliva
5023:*ekɨ́y
4984:*eʔɨ̃y
4971:*eʔɨ́m
4919:*čɨrɨ́
4903:smooth
4864:mother
4763:*βeβúy
4737:*ayurú
4734:parrot
4685:*atɨ́r
4620:*apuʔá
4451:*-akúβ
4438:*akɨ́m
4398:*aimbé
4372:*aβatí
4356:person
4346:*aʔɨ̃y
4281:*ʔɨtáβ
4268:*ʔɨčár
4200:tie up
4190:*ʔapɨk
4187:to sit
4127:notes
4017:Sacopé
4013:Sapupé
3979:Andirá
3953:, and
3914:Baures
3636:Cocama
3584:Tapajó
3566:Bonama
3504:Carari
3496:Omagua
3361:Mialat
3341:Pauaté
3256:Kayabí
3236:Makirí
3168:Apiacá
3139:, and
3121:Marêyo
3079:Parixi
3061:Cusari
3025:Wayapí
3021:Oyampi
2980:Tapajó
2956:Jauari
2830:Anambé
2792:Pacajá
2762:Uanapú
2704:Apehou
2661:, and
2651:Gavião
2643:Kaapor
2607:Manoxo
2585:Manajé
2139:, and
2115:Itatin
2083:Carijó
2069:Topare
1978:Caicai
1946:Viatan
1900:Abaete
1858:Tupina
1848:Camamu
1838:Camamu
1800:Tamoyo
1786:(1968)
1748:Kayabi
1687:Warazu
1594:Tupi:
1589:Omagua
1577:Kokama
1536:Kayowa
1480:Ache:
1373:Kayabi
1362:Juma:
1357:Apiaka
1282:Anambe
1189:Anambe
1184:Kaapor
1106:Marajó
1059:Kaiowá
982:Kokama
978:Omagua
946:Kayabí
889:Anambé
544:Anambé
515:Kayabí
507:Apiacá
476:Akwáwa
460:Omagua
456:Cocama
445:a.k.a.
369:, and
350:ipecac
342:jaguar
208:Tupian
180:Brazil
11921:Lists
11877:Chile
11831:Chaco
11677:Chono
11655:Chile
11578:Chaco
11560:Kunza
11523:Culle
11501:Arara
11487:Kwazá
11480:Kanoê
11369:Muran
11102:Boran
11082:area)
11030:Camsá
11023:Cofán
10981:Betoi
10943:Guamo
10936:Warao
10849:Wamoé
10761:Guató
10739:Ofayé
10732:Jaikó
10512:Guajá
10481:(VII)
10387:Xingu
10285:(III)
10228:Kaiwá
10146:Awetï
10056:Urumi
10017:Suruí
10012:Mondé
9984:Mondé
9821:S2CID
9801:(PDF)
9677:S2CID
9514:*irõ
9500:vomit
9404:*waŋ
9382:*obɨ
9379:green
9327:*ɨʔe
9313:three
9305:*pab
9294:*ɨbɨ
9258:dirty
9247:dirty
9195:*kaŋ
9173:*uwɨ
9170:blood
9162:*enɨ
9126:laugh
9115:river
9093:round
9074:*apo
9060:split
9030:*apɨ
9019:*kay
8994:black
8964:*kɨb
8961:louse
8928:heavy
8876:*kam
8862:chest
8854:*ita
8829:stick
8700:*eca
8675:cloud
8645:*ore
8620:night
8609:night
8565:woman
8455:woods
8436:*men
8425:*acu
8326:*cɨm
8279:throw
8235:space
8224:swell
8213:swell
8194:*aba
8180:large
8125:smoke
8114:fruit
8059:arrow
8026:speak
8015:knife
7982:stand
7952:*pin
7930:*aʔe
7919:*ker
7916:sleep
7872:tooth
7864:*ʔab
7853:*pwã
7798:*ape
7765:*cam
7710:*moy
7707:snake
7696:coati
7685:ashes
7655:*ʔak
7644:*atĩ
7630:smell
7622:*por
7531:house
7523:*oʔo
7509:grass
7501:*ɨar
7498:canoe
7487:field
7468:*ʔar
7457:*ʔab
7413:*tiŋ
7410:white
7388:float
7377:mouth
7358:*ɨʔu
7355:drink
7292:*kab
7259:*ʔɨb
7201:tapir
7193:*ata
7160:*yub
7138:*amõ
7124:water
7113:sharp
7080:gloss
7041:*yurú
7038:mouth
6989:*yuká
6950:*yuʔũ
6921:speak
6908:laugh
6781:*wɨrá
6765:vomit
6755:*-wáŋ
6729:*uwáy
6716:*uwɨ́
6713:blood
6661:arrow
6651:*tuyá
6583:white
6570:tapir
6556:ashes
6543:swell
6507:*pʷár
6494:*pukú
6481:*puká
6478:laugh
6464:clean
6438:chest
6412:heavy
6401:*poán
6398:twist
6375:*poʔí
6349:*pɨtú
6307:catch
6284:*pɨʔá
6281:liver
6255:child
6232:*pirá
6193:*peyú
6167:*pepó
6125:river
6073:house
6050:*oβɨ́
6047:green
6034:flesh
6024:*nupã
5943:child
5907:*mbóy
5904:snake
5891:throw
5829:*manõ
5803:*kuyã
5800:woman
5751:*kupé
5738:*kuʔí
5722:ashes
5670:clean
5644:green
5621:*kɨčé
5618:knife
5605:louse
5595:*kɨʔá
5592:dirty
5579:sleep
5556:*katú
5543:*karú
5465:*kaʔí
5439:*kaʔá
5426:*kʷár
5371:night
5332:belly
5293:cloud
5283:*ɨβák
5270:*ɨβɨ́
5267:earth
5254:drink
5215:water
5189:stone
5176:smell
5153:*-etá
5114:*enõy
5075:*endɨ
5062:*endé
4997:*eβék
4994:belly
4955:black
4945:*čuʔú
4906:*čɨ́m
4893:*čɨ́β
4880:*čɨ́β
4877:clean
4799:float
4786:swell
4760:float
4750:*βeβé
4708:tooth
4669:smoke
4617:round
4604:short
4581:*apũy
4568:*apɨ́
4503:*amõy
4474:other
4464:*amán
4425:*akáŋ
4395:sharp
4265:canoe
4255:*ʔɨ́β
4242:*ʔirũ
4135:fruit
4121:gloss
3935:Mague
3931:Mauhé
3896:Yandé
3882:Ñeozé
3813:Chori
3795:Chané
3791:Izozo
3725:Yotaú
3691:Camba
3644:Nauta
3453:Hamno
3260:Parua
3099:Apama
2924:Eidum
2836:near
2772:Coaní
2738:Anajá
2724:Mapua
2714:Aratú
2647:Urubú
2617:near
2571:Ayaya
2559:Guajá
2539:Tembé
2453:Aweti
2449:Auetö
2445:Awití
2364:Shetá
2311:Caiua
2307:Bwihá
2299:Mbyhá
2079:Cariú
2051:Yarri
1868:Caité
1864:Caeté
1704:Tupi
1560:Sheta
1333:Tembe
1251:Surui
1204:Guaja
961:Tembé
858:Guajá
642:Group
630:from
583:Guajá
539:Xingu
257:Xingu
85:DeepL
11892:Peru
11698:Duho
11513:Peru
11466:Leco
11409:Mure
11231:Peru
11188:Peru
11011:and
10988:Hodï
10967:Duho
10927:Máku
10920:Sapé
10870:Yaté
10856:Xokó
10842:Tuxá
10821:Natú
10539:Zo'é
10439:(VI)
10421:Aurá
10337:(IV)
10283:Tupi
10256:(II)
10243:Xeta
10206:Mbyá
10174:Aché
10130:Mawé
10045:Karo
10022:Zoro
9669:ISSN
9608:ISSN
9467:ffly
9456:live
9448:*ur
9445:come
9434:pour
9390:worm
9357:wind
9291:land
9280:fear
9236:blow
9203:seed
9181:heal
9137:know
9071:root
9049:tail
9027:burn
9016:burn
8939:neck
8895:skin
8884:fish
8851:rock
8843:*pɨ
8840:foot
8818:bird
8807:pass
8766:*ub
8741:hear
8730:bone
8634:*er
8631:name
8601:*tĩ
8587:swim
8554:many
8543:move
8532:hill
8510:bite
8488:corn
8444:kill
8414:*po
8411:hand
8381:*cɨ
8370:*yɨ
8345:moon
8301:wash
8290:lake
8268:knee
8249:*co
8169:like
8158:claw
8117:*ʔa
8103:cold
8095:*ob
8092:leaf
8081:fire
8048:thin
8037:full
7993:star
7971:wife
7938:push
7897:*ar
7883:draw
7875:*ãy
7839:give
7828:grow
7806:back
7795:back
7773:flow
7751:long
7732:*ʔu
7674:rain
7663:suck
7652:horn
7641:horn
7619:full
7608:call
7545:*pe
7542:bark
7534:*ok
7520:meat
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