5433:
878:
4096:
4553:
1857:
77:
575:
2527:
139:
2781:
5101:
36:
3337:
924:
and published in 1595—is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate
1126:
The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing or . They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through the nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had
2064:
Old Tupi verbs are divided in two classes. First class are conjugated, with person markers coming at the beginning of the word. In addition, verbs can represent a present, past, or future action because, unlike
Portuguese, they do not express time. (The future, in particular, is done by adding the
3544:
In Old Tupi, there are only numerals from one to four, both cardinal and ordinal, as the need for mathematical precision was small in a primitive economy. Cardinal numerals can either come after or before the noun they refer to, while ordinals only come after. For example, in the case of cardinal
868:
in the interior of Brazil, and these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as a spoken language (used by
Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas
5837:
Old Tupi literature was composed mainly of religious and grammatical texts developed by Jesuit missionaries working among the colonial
Brazilian people. The greatest poet to express in written Tupi language, and its first grammarian was José de Anchieta, who wrote over eighty poems and plays,
1655:
According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight , and Û had a distinct similarity with the voiced stop (possibly via , which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the
3419:
The degrees of the noun (augmentative and diminutive) are made by the suffixes "-'ĩ' or '-'i'", for the diminutive, and "-ûasu' or '-usu'" for the augmentative (these suffixes may suffer several phonetic transformations. Here are some examples with their explanations:
925:
with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in the expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock.
802:, but also encouraged the natives to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in
4335:
Although Tupi verbs were not inflected, a number of pronominal variations existed to form a rather complex set of aspects regarding who did what to whom. That, together with the temporal inflection of the noun and the presence of tense markers like
623:
It belonged to the Tupi–Guarani language family, which stood out among other South
American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of the Brazilian coast, from
928:
Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís
Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by
1706:
The writing system employed by
Anchieta is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce
827:
3723:
They are the same as prepositions, but they come after the term they refer to. They are divided into unstressed postpositions, which are appended to the previous word, and stressed postpositions, which are written separately.
5462:, spoken throughout the country by white and Indian settlers alike until the early 18th century, and still heard in isolated pockets until the early 20th century, Tupi left a strong mark on the Portuguese language of Brazil.
855:
from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane quickly, as few
Brazilians were literate in it. A new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of
5432:
6279:
917:
886:
811:
849:
4491:
tended to be free, as the presence of pronouns made it easy to tell the subject from the object. Nevertheless, native Tupi sentences tended to be quite short, as the
Indians were not used to complex
757:
The first accounts of the Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards – when
1879:, i.e., a distiction between inclusive (including the adressee) and exclusive (excluding the adressee) first-person pronouns. Personal pronouns in Tupi come in two series, each with its own uses.
474:). It also names several plants and animals, and many proper names are tupi names, such as Moacir, Iara, Iracema and Jandaia. It has a rich literature, which includes cathechisms, poems and plays.
2474:
Verbs from the second class are not conjugated and are used only with pronouns of the second series. This is because they are actually adjectives generally indicating a state or characteristic.
877:
5602:, country): palm country. Today this is used to refer to the country of Brazil, but this use (or any other referring to the whole region natives lived in) is not attested in Old Tupi.
528:
It presents a system of vowel symmetry where each of the six phonemic oral vowels has its nasal phonemic counterpart: /i/, /ĩ/; /ɨ/, /ɨ̃/; /u/, /ũ/; /ɛ/, /ɛ̃/; /ɔ/, /ɔ̃/; /a/, /ã/.
1703:
Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that
Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary.
2805:
is always added to the last word in the sentence, independent of its grammatical class. This clitic has other meanings and may then be used as a particle in different positions.
780:, wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken.
8097:
6435:
5625:
8107:
4312:"me" signified the person was not. The two types could be used alone or combined in transitive clauses, and they then functioned like subject and object in English:
451:
throughout Brazil by
Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, its sole living descendant is the
5829:, like the Europeans, cherished traditional names which sometimes had become archaic. Some of such names are Moacir (reportedly meaning "son of pain") and Moema.
6489:
4095:
8092:
430:, "it is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country".
7362:
905:
the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests.
4269:
There is a distinction of nouns in two classes: "higher" (for things related to human beings or spirits) and "lower" (for things related to animals or
4552:
1420:
1680:
It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian
522:
514:
6264:
6242:
6152:
6028:
5944:
5881:
4813:
Tupi plays a huge role in the naming of many South American animals introduced to European knowledge and/or borrowed into their languages:
8102:
7970:
7671:
1377:
98:
4430:
Without proper verbal inflection, all Tupi sentences were in the present or in the past. When needed, tense is indicated by adverbs like
8087:
2537:. The indian shot the jaguar with an arrow. (literally: the indian shot with an arrow it, the jaguar.) This is an example of the object
852:
4296:
Adjectives cannot be used in the place of nouns, neither as the subject nor as the object nucleus (in fact, they cannot be used alone).
6203:
4521:
With respect to the concepts expressed: complex, of pure relation, that is, it expresses material and relational content by means of
6482:
6340:
6314:
6288:
185:
120:
63:
8082:
6594:
1340:
2014:
First series pronouns are generally used alone or along with verbs of the first class (those that are conjugated). For example:
559:
It contains an inclusive first person plural (inclusive "we"), as well as an exclusive one, which does not include the listener.
6457:
356:
7355:
4659:= man (as opposed to woman), Indian or Native-American (as opposed to European), human being (as opposed to the animal world)
3356:
Unlike the Portuguese language, the tense of an action, in old Tupi, is expressed by the noun, not the verb. Such tenses are
49:
1856:
4224:
features (nasal mutation of stop consonants in compounding, the use of some prefixes and suffixes), although Tupi is not a
6451:
7594:
6122:
1446:
The glottal stop is found only between a sequence of two consecutive vowels and at the beginning of vowel-initial words (
6475:
1330:
792:
4401:
The notion of gender was expressed, once again, together with the notion of age and that of "humanity" or "animality".
930:
151:
4304:
grammatical alignment. Verbs were preceded by pronouns, which could be subject or object forms. Subject pronouns like
1794:
1360:
7678:
7628:
6609:
2010:
means this/these or that/those, but it can also be used as a third-person personal pronoun, both singular and plural.
1685:
263:
91:
85:
6332:
6306:
6252:
6230:
5932:
5492:
5205:
4419:
Unlike Indo-European languages, nouns were not implicitly masculine except for those provided with natural gender:
1389:
1282:
1272:
944:
427:
7772:
7479:
7348:
7207:
7197:
5214:
1320:
6856:
6745:
2880:
Tupi verbs are divided into its verbal and its nominal forms. Each division contains its respective verb moods.
893:
When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke
102:
7692:
5858:
meaning "you are my brother", the old Tupi salutation which was adopted as the Brazilian version of the German
1399:
605:
366:
7821:
7474:
7233:
6962:
5904:
908:
The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experienced:
633:
5424:(temptation) have been borrowed, as such concepts would be rather difficult to express with pure Tupi words.
1700:) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language.
823:
822:
1628. In the second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father
8006:
7228:
6841:
6538:
6517:
5437:
1294:
740:
597:
5842:. Later Brazilian authors, writing in Portuguese, employed Tupi in the speech of some of their characters.
2871:
is insterted between the verb and the clitic to avoid consonants meeting, which isn't possible in Old Tupi)
2069:
to the end of the sentence, but this does not change the fact that the verb itself does not express time.)
458:
As the most important native language of Brazil, it is the origin of most city names of indigenous origin (
8077:
7899:
7425:
5469:
A few thousand words (some of them hybrids or corrupted) for animals, plants, fruit and cultural entities.
5445:
4569:
4225:
4217:
4115:
3349:
1838:
1816:
1797:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1350:
1251:
1239:
1229:
1116:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
982:
972:
751:
747:
681:
673:
649:
629:
1847:
are not used to separate the components of compounds except in the dictionary or for didactical purposes.
8042:
7881:
7706:
7083:
6439:
5851:
2048:
1183:
1173:
838:
769:
613:
518:
7990:
7553:
7401:
6808:
6584:
5122:
955:
In Brazil, tupinology is the study of tupi language and literature. It began in 1901, with the work of
4243:(by means of prepositioning subject or object pronouns) but not for tense or mood (the very notion of
574:
7960:
7951:
7845:
7826:
7807:
7657:
7469:
7238:
7212:
7142:
7091:
7027:
6997:
6871:
6760:
6512:
6045:
5741:
5449:
4507:
4255:
4084:
The woman sees that the child doesn't sleep (literally: the woman sees the not sleeping of the child)
1777:
1689:
1661:
1193:
582:
6143:
Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014). "37. Catálogo da fauna brasileira no Século XVI".
5640:
Among the many Tupi loanwords in Portuguese, the following are noteworthy for their widespread use:
3259:
All nouns in old Tupi end in a vowel. In the case of a verb or adjective substantivized, the suffix
7996:
7909:
7887:
7869:
7831:
7745:
7569:
7464:
7192:
7137:
7096:
7002:
6836:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6730:
6692:
6687:
6624:
6498:
5186:
4934:
4822:
939:
921:
765:
589:
506:
488:
399:
226:
216:
8011:
7017:
6094:
971:
has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant
7979:
7941:
7931:
7796:
7783:
7584:
7509:
7395:
7264:
7050:
6982:
6972:
6891:
6788:
6644:
6576:
6324:
6298:
6274:
6185:
4719:= Portuguese (neologism, from "Pero", old variant of "Pedro" = "Peter", a common Portuguese name)
4540:
4529:
4301:
4290:
4263:
4240:
1681:
1203:
657:
578:
535:
404:
160:
55:
7919:
7875:
7816:
7446:
7436:
7162:
7117:
7101:
6957:
6886:
6876:
6851:
6750:
6715:
6639:
5573:
761:
4360:
Tupi had no means to inflect words for gender, so used adjectives instead. Some of these were:
7984:
7740:
7726:
7700:
7637:
7618:
7522:
7517:
7504:
7489:
7484:
7299:
7254:
7147:
7127:
7040:
6977:
6939:
6916:
6901:
6896:
6881:
6846:
6798:
6702:
6654:
6649:
6619:
6614:
6599:
6336:
6310:
6284:
6260:
6238:
6148:
6067:
6024:
5940:
5871:
5611:
5473:
5190:
4671:= Frenchman (the name of a mythological figure that the Indians associated with the Frenchmen)
4565:
4251:
4221:
1868:
1801:
1754:
1693:
1160:
1150:
1145:
834:
732:
685:
677:
669:
230:
1593:
This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G (
985:. It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12).
434:
8001:
7925:
7893:
7735:
7685:
7651:
7646:
7602:
7578:
7539:
7431:
7419:
7411:
7379:
7371:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7132:
7122:
7035:
6949:
6906:
6866:
6793:
6783:
6775:
6755:
6740:
6720:
6677:
6664:
6634:
6604:
6589:
6550:
6533:
6384:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1955. (3ª ed.: Livraria São José, Rio de Janeiro, 1967)
6177:
6057:
5791:
5182:
1697:
1140:
979:
956:
898:
894:
815:
758:
728:
724:
720:
478:
438:
423:
407:
258:
6211:
2526:
7936:
7859:
7789:
7778:
7559:
7547:
7456:
7441:
7388:
7329:
7319:
7294:
7274:
7259:
7172:
7167:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7012:
6992:
6967:
6861:
6831:
6765:
6735:
6710:
6682:
6629:
5519:
4942:
4836:
4232:
2550:
1222:
1155:
1020:). It is also a double pun because Brazil has not had a king for more than two centuries.
976:
743:
569:
459:
442:
250:
6924:
5876:
5118:
1519:
According to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler:
2765:(to kill), the incorporated object is absorbed by the verb since it already begins with
818:
was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published
138:
8058:
8033:
7755:
7528:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7202:
7157:
7152:
7058:
6934:
6725:
6555:
6389:
6168:
Simpson, George Gaylord (February 1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals".
5117:
Here are some basic phrases in Old Tupi, some of which were attested by europeans like
4677:= foreigner, white man (literally means "spirit of a dead person"). Means also prophet.
4561:
4244:
3365:
1621:
1491:
1412:
959:. An individual who dedicates themselves to the field of tupinology is a tupinologist.
282:
346:
8071:
7715:
7494:
7007:
6672:
5850:
Tupi is also remembered as distinctive trait of nationalism in Brazil. In the 1930s,
5539:
4533:
2569:-, etc.) in first class verbs, but before the root. For an example of incorporation:
2553:
in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to the verb: either before, after or
689:
547:
543:
447:
6445:
5749:
It is interesting, however, that two of the most distinctive Brazilian animals, the
746:. One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi
6929:
5458:
5441:
4514:
4484:
1824:
1773:
1617:) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization.
1305:
937:
published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859. The most recent dictionary is the
934:
777:
419:
289:
2780:
665:
6018:
4539:
With respect to the degree of cohesion of the semantic elements of the sentence:
5126:
4259:
2608:, even if the object is present elsewhere in the phrase. Monosyllabic verbs use
1739:
1625:
902:
653:
637:
411:
531:
Its consonantal inventory, on the other hand, is considered "relatively small".
27:
Extinct Tupian language native to the indigenous peoples of southeastern Brazil
6116:
5563:
5481:
5444:
in 1500. They quickly found natives and tried to communicate, all recorded by
5100:
4488:
3906:
Just like in Portuguese or English, some verbs require certain postpositions:
3308:
The same occurs when a noun and an adjective are in composition. In this way:
1459:
1167:
505:
The following is a summary of the main characteristics of Classical Tupi, its
471:
6412:
Descripción del tupinambá en el período colonial: el arte de José de Anchieta
6071:
550:, rather displaying features of each, with none significantly more prevalent.
7837:
6987:
5689:(a carnivorous fish, also slang for immoral women) literally: "toothed fish"
5664:
5648:
1876:
1758:
1476:
1371:
1314:
1265:
881:
713:
693:
601:
592:, who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in
452:
339:
302:
241:
6062:
5533:
4680:
17:
5825:
Some names of distinct Indian ancestry have obscure etymology because the
4273:). The usual manifestation of the distinction was the use of the prefixes
3336:
830:. By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the
325:
318:
311:
6046:"Os nomes de origem indígena dos municípios paulistas: uma classificação"
5705:
5605:
5549:
4964:
4877:
4496:
4492:
3400:
3341:
2601:
1828:
913:
865:
845:
784:
736:
709:
697:
661:
645:
539:
467:
374:
362:
1652:) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects.
1458:, etc.). When it is indicated in writing, it is generally written as an
1008:(king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say
6545:
6235:
Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos
6189:
5685:
5502:
5477:
4270:
3399:= forest that was (place where there is no more forest; hence the word
1844:
1216:
933:, a well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a
861:
705:
641:
625:
609:
463:
370:
6467:
4289:
meant "the eye of an animal". Some authors argue that it is a type of
3563:
are equivalent terms, meaning "two pigeons". In the case of ordinals,
719:
It is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi,
7664:
7269:
6416:
Colóquio sobre a descrição das línguas ameríndias no período colonial
5750:
5677:
3368:, of Portuguese. They are indicated, respectively, by the adjectives
3357:
2799:
783:
In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all
593:
415:
6181:
4528:
With respect to the manner in which such concepts are expressed: a)
4308:"I" expressed the person was in control, while object pronouns like
7340:
5681:(a type of badminton game played with bare hands) literally: "slap"
4404:
The notion of plural was also expressed by adjectives or numerals:
6147:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Arquivos do NEHiLP. pp. 248–300.
5754:
5099:
4886:
4868:
4551:
4522:
4094:
3335:
2832:
for expressing the future always goes at the end of the sentence.)
1735:
909:
876:
773:
573:
477:
The names Old Tupi or Classical Tupi are used for the language in
5673:(a type of small frog, also slang for vulva), literally: "hopper"
2600:
When the object is not incorporated, then in it is replaced by a
1503:
The actual pronunciation of ŷ is the corresponding semivowel for
723:
and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the
5557:
4901:
4235:
did not follow the same conventions of Indo-European languages:
3361:
2841:. The night shall be cold (there is no verb "to be" in Old Tupi)
857:
701:
441:
spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early
7344:
6471:
6257:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
5937:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
5709:(a tidal phenomenon in the Amazon firth) literally: "confusion"
3376:. These, when in composition with the noun, receive the suffix
887:
Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil
837:
of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the
989:
132:
70:
29:
3984:
Used to negate verbs in the indicative mood. Before a vowel,
2557:
into it. In the las case, it comes after the person markers (
795:
and with other early colonists who had adopted the language.
636:. Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of
5768:
A significant number of Brazilians have Tupi names as well:
581:(1534–1597), the first grammarian of Tupi, as envisioned by
4517:'s categories, Old Tupi could be characterized as follows:
4502:
Most of the available data about Old Tupi are based on the
1597:), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG (
791:
variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the
4343:
Word order played a key role in the formation of meaning:
373:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6280:
Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil
3340:
Although the martial art is of African origin, the word "
2029:
Second series pronouns are used in many different cases:
1833:
1789:
1628:, which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like
6462:
5854:
used it as the source of most of its catchphrases (like
4437:
Adjectives and nouns, however, had temporal inflection:
1660:. As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in
553:
There is no number, case or gender distinction in nouns.
5701:(originally meaning "bald", now a slang term for penis)
156:
5765:, despite being named in English with Tupi loanwords.
4506:
dialect, spoken in what is now the Brazilian state of
4454:
That was often used as a semantic derivation process:
4182:
Negates verbs in the imperative and permissive moods.
3974:
There are many ways to negate a sentence in Old Tupi.
329: – Old Tupi (this code has been merged into
6118:
CURSO DE TUPI ANTIGO PELA INTERNET – LIÇÃO 8, parte 1
5323:
Nossa comida, a que é de cada dia, dá hoje para nós,
4731:= slave (also the term for non-Tupi speaking Indians)
2023:
1471:
Some authors remark that the actual pronunciation of
996:(have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as the words
6354:
Tupis e Guaranis, Estudos de Etnonímia e Lingüística
5472:
Multiple names of locations, including states (e.g.
4325:= me catch, "Someone has caught me" or "I'm caught".
3364:
and a time called "unreal", which is similar to the
1656:
labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written
8032:
7969:
7950:
7908:
7858:
7806:
7754:
7725:
7636:
7627:
7611:
7593:
7568:
7538:
7503:
7455:
7410:
7378:
7247:
7221:
7185:
7110:
7082:
7049:
7026:
6948:
6915:
6807:
6774:
6701:
6663:
6575:
6566:
6526:
6505:
6370:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Brasiliana, 1969. 304 p.
6368:
Estudos tupi e tupi-guaranis: confrontos e revisões
6259:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Global.
6237:(in Portuguese) (3rd ed.). São Paulo: Global.
5939:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Global.
5319:
Oré remi'u, 'ara îabi'õndûara, eîme'eng kori orébe.
4340:"today," made up a fully functional verbal system.
4102:: no more will I love the Demon, from Anchieta's
3388:= forest that will be (that has not yet been born;
1482:. Also, most sources describe some dialects having
491:). It has previously been known, in Portuguese, as
337:
330:
300:
295:
279:
247:
236:
222:
212:
202:
6356:. Salvador: Museu do Estado da Bahia, 1947. 220 p.
5757:, are best known in Portuguese by non-Tupi names,
4350:(village + man + tiny) = tiny man from the village
4203:Let they not see the sun anymore. (from Anchieta,
3410:= tree that would be (if it had not been cut down)
2824:. We shall eat what fattens us. (The verb here is
2798:To express something happening in the future, the
6363:. Bahia: Livraria Progresso Editora, 1958. 157 p.
6145:Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus
3263:is added, if it does not already end in a vowel.
208:Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi, Classical Tupi, Tupinambá
5907:, there was no exact translation for "four", so
5419:
5413:
4830:
4075:Negates verbs in the infinitive or gerund form.
798:The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak
492:
482:
418:, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in
5899:
5897:
4532:, b) symbolic or of internal inflection (using
4247:is absent). All verbs are in the present tense.
5663:(small or juvenile) as in "escoteiro-mirim" ("
776:stories into the language. Another foreigner,
517:language but was influenced by its Portuguese
7356:
6483:
5326:Our food, which is every day, give us today,
4122:Used to negate a noun, pronoun or an adverb.
3348:, which means "forest that was". Painting by
481:and by modern scholars (it is referred to as
8:
6283:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
6044:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (23 July 2021).
4146:Negates sentences in the future. The clitic
2040:with verbs of the second class (see below):
992:about this language, that native Brazilians
6425:. São Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1987. 360 p.
6335:(2nd ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
6309:(2nd ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
5488:Some municipalities which have Tupi names:
4536:of syllables, functionally differentiated).
1605:), probably because it does not regard MB (
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7633:
7624:
7608:
7363:
7349:
7341:
6572:
6490:
6476:
6468:
6400:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1970.
6393:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1956.
6377:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1951.
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5384:Não nos deixes tu fazer cair em tentação,
5059:= barren, contaminated, unhealthy, unlucky
3957:
3948:
3939:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3888:
3875:
3856:
3843:
3823:
3810:
3791:
3778:
3759:
3746:
3701:
3684:
3669:
3656:
3641:
3628:
3613:
3600:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
1507:. It may not have existed in all dialects.
199:
6061:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
4510:, but there were other dialects as well.
4110:(to love) is a transitive verb requiring
3918:(Peter is afraid of his mother; the verb
901:priests who accompanied them) set out to
426:. In the words of Brazilian tupinologist
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
8098:Languages attested from the 16th century
6418:. Ibero-amerikanisches Institut, Berlim.
5591:): salty lagoon (literally: "small sea")
5465:Tupi has given the Portuguese language:
5431:
4483:With respect to syntax, Tupi was mostly
3726:
3583:
3422:
2882:
2815:. The indian will go to the woods today.
2779:
2645:is incorporated and becomes a diphthong.
2525:
2071:
1881:
1855:
1134:
1027:
84:This article includes a list of general
6407:. Separata de "Letras". Curitiba, 1953.
6013:
6011:
6009:
5924:
5893:
5862:, or the Roman "Ave") and terminology.
5695:(popcorn) literally "explosion of skin"
5387:Don't let us you fall into temptation,
5380:Oré mo'arukar umẽ îepé "tentação" pupé,
4114:incorporation. Portrait of Anchieta by
3947:(The father looks at his son; the verb
3344:" comes from Tupi, more precisely from
2366:We (inclusive) eat/ate, walk/walked...
2315:We (exclusive) eat/ate, walk/walked...
1439:
897:. The Portuguese (and particularly the
367:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6050:Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978)
5361:as we also have forgiven our debtors.
5246:as the one hallowed your name may be.
5243:como o que é louvado teu nome esteja.
4665:= Frenchman (literally "yellow heads")
4039:The same rule applies for adjectives:
1800:, a spelling convention common in the
5882:List of Brazil state name etymologies
2417:You (plural) eat/ate, walk/walked...
869:would last for over a century still.
398:
240:16th century-present; developed into
7:
6361:O caráter da segunda conjugação tupi
3090:You (pl.) kill me (subject: peîepé)
2631:(literally: the fish, I it poke) or
6125:from the original on 26 August 2022
5570:): bad to navigation or "bad river"
5436:Painting portraying the arrival of
5335:Nde nhyrõ oré angaîpaba resé orébe,
5106:Catechism in the Brasílica Language
4564:, red river. It is the river where
4331:= I-him-catch, "I have caught him".
4191:Don't kill people! (from Anchieta,
3900:Postposition with several meanings
3479:was added later by the colonizers)
3218:(we (incl.)) killing/burying Pedro
3204:(we (excl.)) killing/burying Pedro
1620:Santos Gomes also remarks that the
556:There are no marks of definiteness.
509:and other distinguishing features.
410:which was spoken by the indigenous
8093:Extinct languages of South America
6463:TuLaR (Tupian Languages Resources)
6398:Pequeno vocabulário Português-Tupi
6382:Pequeno vocabulário Tupi–Português
6375:Pequeno Vocabulário Tupi–Português
6023:. Editora Contexto. 2 April 2024.
5911:and its variants were little used.
5412:Notice that two Portuguese words,
5204:Literal Portuguese translation by
4963:= grass, ivy (from which the word
3294:(noun): the going, the going away.
3232:(you (pl.)) killing/burying Pedro
3176:(you (sg.)) killing/burying Pedro
1802:languages of the Iberian Peninsula
1684:and the close Guarani correlates (
841:held a near monopoly of literacy.
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
6093:Gabriel Collares (8 March 2023).
5651:, literally: "fruit with thorns")
5403:but free us you from bad things.
5400:mas livra-nos tu das coisas más.
5390:And lead us not into temptation,
4254:by means of suffixing the aspect
4100:N'a-s-aûsu benhẽ-î xûé Anhanga-ne
3572:means "first son (of a man)" and
1419:
1398:
1388:
1376:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1304:
1293:
1281:
1271:
1250:
1238:
1228:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
943:(2013), by the Brazilian scholar
828:a new and more complete catechism
787:coming to Brazil would learn the
588:Old Tupi was first spoken by the
150:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
45:This article has multiple issues.
6446:An elementary course of Old Tupi
6329:Poemas: lírica portuguesa e tupi
5396:oré pysyrõte îepé mba'eaíba suí.
5339:Perdoa tu nossos pecados a nós,
4159:I won't go to your village today
4080:Kunhã osepyîak pitanga ker-e'yma
2717:: Saint Peter pulled the sword (
912:, which they had studied in the
137:
75:
34:
6331:(in Portuguese). Translated by
6305:(in Portuguese). Translated by
5530:): where bamboo knives are made
5329:Give us today our daily bread.
5230:Our father, the one in heaven,
4450:"he who shall be a man someday"
4319:= I-fly, "I can fly", "I flew".
3190:(he/she) killing/burying Pedro
2073:First class intransitive verbs
1127:at least seven known dialects.
53:or discuss these issues on the
6095:"Modos verbais em tupi antigo"
6020:O português e o tupi no Brasil
5310:as the doing of it in heaven!
5239:i moetepyramo nde rera t'oîkó.
5227:Nosso pai, o que está no céu,
3006:WITH STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS
2900:WITH STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS
2754:: you (pl.) killed the jaguar.
920:—written by the Jesuit priest
1:
8108:Subject–object–verb languages
6002:Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo
5608:("pirá" + "caia"): fried fish
5358:as for those who mistreat us
5342:Forgive you our sins for us,
5307:como o fazer-se dela no céu!
5192:Catecismo na língua brasílica
4525:and word order, respectively.
4193:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
4104:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
3246:(they) killing/burying Pedro
3153:(ixé) gûi-gûatábo / gûi-nhana
2742:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
2715:São Pedro itangapema o-s-ekyî
2468:They eat/ate, walk/walked...
2264:He eats/ate, walks/walked...
895:very closely related dialects
612:, but it was adopted by many
596:. It is quite different from
6436:Tupi Swadesh-vocabulary list
6423:O Tupi na Geografia Nacional
6410:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna.
6403:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna.
5636:): where the cacti will grow
5355:como aos que nos tratam mal
5271:T'onhemonhang nde remimotara
5210:Literal English translation
5104:The Lord's Prayer as in the
4427:"woman/girl"; for instance.
4356:= man from the small village
4281:for low-class ones, so that
3897:The father looks at his son
3853:inside, with (instrumental)
3803:The Indian speaks to Maria.
3771:The leader left the village
3212:(we (incl.)) walking/running
3198:(we (excl.)) walking/running
3167:(endé) gûi-guatábo / e-nhana
3145:GERUND (INTRANSITIVE VERBS)
3034:You kill me (subject: îepé)
2970:(today) we (incl.) walk/run
2956:(today) we (excl.) walk/run
2695:The monosyllabic nasal verb
2616:close to nasals) instead of
2586:is the first-person marker,
2213:You eat/ate, walk/walked...
1103:
1076:
1042:
994:não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei
6333:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6307:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6253:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6231:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6121:(in Brazilian Portuguese),
5933:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
5814:, "lord of the trees/lance"
5733:(a kind of poisonous snake)
5528:itá + takûara + kesé + tyba
5303:ybakype i nhemonhanga îabé!
5197:
4239:Verbs are "conjugated" for
3415:Augmentative and diminutive
3226:(you (pl.)) walking/running
3215:(îandé) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3170:(you (sg.)) walking/running
2984:(today) you (pl.) walk/run
2928:(today) you (sg.) walk/run
1837:to represent the semivowel
1795:voiceless palatal fricative
437:language family, and has a
8124:
8088:Cultural history of Brazil
6452:Another course of Old Tupi
5779:Bartira, Potira (female):
5428:Presence of Tupi in Brazil
5406:but deliver us from evil.
5345:And forgive us our debts,
5041:= brilliant, gleamy, shiny
4155:N'asóî xué nde tápe korine
3173:(endé) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3162:(I) killing/burying Pedro
3148:GERUND (TRANSITIVE VERBS)
3112:INFINITIVE (OR NOUN FORM)
3076:we (incl.) kill you (pl.)
3062:we (excl.) kill you (pl.)
2995:(kori) îandé gûatá / nhaní
2967:(kori) îandé gûatá / nhaní
2942:(today) he/she walks/runs
2162:I eat/ate, walk/walked...
1863:excludes those listening,
945:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
567:
8052:
7773:Paulista General Language
7208:Paulista General Language
5536:("itá + una"): black rock
5142:(Where do you come from?)
4277:for high-class nouns and
4250:Nouns are "declined" for
4023:: we (incl.) didn't speak
4017:: we (excl.) didn't smoke
3927:requires the preposition
3591:
3588:
3444:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3274:: the going out, the exit
3243:(a'e) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3229:(peẽ) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3201:(oré) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3187:(a'e) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3181:(a'e) o-gûatábo / o-nhana
3147:
3144:
3111:
3108:
3005:
3002:
2998:(today) we they walk/run
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2819:Oro'u onhemongyraba'erama
2790:: I will sleep at night.
1411:
1370:
1313:
1215:
1166:
1137:
918:the first grammar of Tupi
750:by the glottal fricative
727:, in the same sense that
396:Portuguese pronunciation:
353:
207:
6405:Morfologia do Verbo Tupi
6366:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6359:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6352:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6000:Eduardo Navarro (2005),
5840:Lírica Portuguesa e Tupi
5351:oré rerekomemûãsara supé
5275:Que se faça tua vontade
5223:Oré rub, ybakype tekoar,
4849:= parrot, lory, lorykeet
4262:) but not for gender or
4220:with moderate degree of
4199:Tosepîaky bé umẽ kûarasy
3963:code: tpw is deprecated
3954:code: tpw is deprecated
3945:code: tpw is deprecated
3934:code: tpw is deprecated
3925:code: tpw is deprecated
3916:code: tpw is deprecated
3894:code: tpw is deprecated
3881:code: tpw is deprecated
3865:code: tpw is deprecated
3849:code: tpw is deprecated
3838:Unstressed postposition
3832:code: tpw is deprecated
3816:code: tpw is deprecated
3800:code: tpw is deprecated
3784:code: tpw is deprecated
3768:code: tpw is deprecated
3752:code: tpw is deprecated
3707:code: tpw is deprecated
3690:code: tpw is deprecated
3675:code: tpw is deprecated
3662:code: tpw is deprecated
3647:code: tpw is deprecated
3634:code: tpw is deprecated
3619:code: tpw is deprecated
3606:code: tpw is deprecated
3579:code: tpw is deprecated
3570:code: tpw is deprecated
3561:code: tpw is deprecated
3552:code: tpw is deprecated
3184:(he/she) walking/running
2981:(kori) peẽ gûatá / nhaní
2953:(kori) oré gûatá / nhaní
2867:. The night will fall. (
2624:instead. Some examples:
1807:The use of the digraphs
988:This led to a Brazilian
433:Old Tupi belongs to the
163:may contain suggestions.
148:may need to be rewritten
8083:Agglutinative languages
6518:Brazilian Sign Language
5727:(the Brazilian vulture)
5278:May your will be done,
5262:May your kingdom come!
5249:hallowed be your name,
5003:= tree, (piece of) wood
4467:"skull" (of a skeleton)
4444:"he who was once a man"
4285:meant "human eye", and
3958:
3949:
3941:Tuba oma'ẽ o a'yra resé
3940:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3890:Tuba oma'ẽ o a'yra resé
3889:
3876:
3868:The boy is in the boat
3857:
3844:
3824:
3811:
3792:
3779:
3760:
3747:
3702:
3685:
3670:
3657:
3642:
3629:
3614:
3601:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3195:oro-gûatábo / oro-nhana
3159:(ixé) Pedro îukábo/tyma
2911:(kori) xe gûatá / nhaní
2884:Verb moods in Old Tupi
2850:. The frog will begin (
2655:: you visit us (excl.).
2620:, and a few others use
2020:Abápe morubixaba? – Ixé
1867:includes them. (Father
824:João Filipe Bettendorff
598:Indo-European languages
322: – Tupiniquim
105:more precise citations.
8103:Tupi–Guarani languages
6458:Ancient Tupi Home Page
6204:"Curso de Tupi Antigo"
6063:10.21165/el.v50i2.2865
5807:, a type of black bird
5509:): bad, fishless water
5453:
5420:
5414:
5233:Our Father in heaven,
5185:in Tupi, according to
5176:
5109:
4946:
4938:
4840:
4831:
4826:
4573:
4570:independence of Brazil
4530:fusional-agglutinative
4226:polysynthetic language
4218:agglutinative language
4163:Kunimĩ n'okuruki xuéne
4119:
4116:Oscar Pereira da Silva
4029:: you (pl) didn't swim
3380:, as explained above.
3353:
3350:Johann Moritz Rugendas
3240:(they) walking/running
2939:(kori) o gûatá / nhaní
2925:(kori) i gûatá / nhaní
2795:
2662:The monosyllabic verb
2546:
2042:nde ma'enduar ixé resé
2033:alongside adjectives:
1872:
1804:but unusual elsewhere.
1787:The use of the letter
1730:Its key features are:
931:Antônio Gonçalves Dias
890:
812:the first Tupi grammar
725:Tupian language family
585:
501:Linguistic description
497:"Brazilian language".
493:
483:
355:This article contains
315: – Tupinambá
7213:Portunhol fronteiriço
6440:Swadesh-list appendix
5852:Brazilian Integralism
5776:, "mother of the day"
5739:(the common name for
5546:): small black jaguar
5456:As the basis for the
5435:
5259:Que venha teu Reino!
5103:
4973:= plant, wood, forest
4628:= rock, stone, metal,
4555:
4212:Grammatical structure
4167:The boy won't grumble
4098:
4005:: you (sg.) didn't go
3912:Pedo osykyîé o sy suí
3339:
3284:: the jump, the leap.
3223:pe-gûatábo / pe-nhana
3209:îa-gûatábo / îa-nhana
2783:
2529:
2049:genitive construction
1871:preaching to natives)
1859:
880:
839:Roman Catholic Church
634:Río de la Plata basin
577:
445:, Tupi was used as a
6390:Curso de Tupi antigo
6170:Journal of Mammalogy
5742:Melipona scutellaris
5450:Manuel I of Portugal
5438:Pedro Álvares Cabral
5313:as it is in heaven.
5148:(Where do you live?)
4385:= girl, young female
4135:(I'm not the jaguar)
3835:I went to Nhoesembé
2604:third-person pronoun
2505:(we forgive) (incl.)
1662:Brazilian Portuguese
853:expelled the Jesuits
616:born in Brazil as a
521:toward the latter's
6499:Languages of Brazil
6438:(from Wiktionary's
5598:, "palm tree", and
5281:your will be done,
5265:your kingdom come,
5154:(What's your name?)
4068:
4064:(he/she isn't tall)
4052:(I'm not beautiful)
4011:: he/she didn't eat
3728:
3585:
3581:means "third day".
3511:Little child, baby
3424:
3315:: beautiful woman (
3237:o-gûatábo / o-nhana
3070:may we (incl.) walk
3056:may we (excl.) walk
2914:(today) I walk/run
2885:
2810:Abá kori ka'ape osó
2732:(to pull) requires
2688:: I hide the arrow.
2074:
1884:
940:Old Tupi Dictionary
768:began to translate
217:Coastline of Brazil
7475:Gavião of Jiparaná
6963:Gavião of Jiparaná
6527:Regional languages
6421:Sampaio, Teodoro.
6396:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6387:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6380:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6373:Lemos Barbosa, A.
5810:Ubirajara (male):
5803:Janaína (female):
5544:îagûara + 'í + una
5454:
5255:T'our nde "Reino"!
5140:Mamõ suípe ereîur?
5110:
4574:
4302:split-intransitive
4133:Na îagûara ruã ixé
4120:
3727:
3584:
3423:
3354:
3140:tyma (the burial)
3137:îuká (the killing)
3084:may you (pl.) walk
3028:may you (sg.) walk
2883:
2845:Kururu opererekypy
2796:
2547:
2072:
2044:, you remember me.
1883:Personal pronouns
1882:
1873:
1698:Paraguayan Guarani
1624:shifted easily to
1256:⟨ŋg⟩
1244:⟨nd⟩
1234:⟨mb⟩
1198:⟨nh⟩
891:
658:Mato Grosso do Sul
586:
579:Joseph of Anchieta
453:Nheengatu language
8065:
8064:
8059:extinct languages
8028:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8019:
7849:
7840:
7709:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7338:
7337:
7181:
7180:
6867:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
6506:Official language
6325:Anchieta, José de
6299:Anchieta, José de
6275:Anchieta, José de
6266:978-85-260-1933-1
6244:978-85-260-1058-1
6154:978-85-7506-230-2
6052:(in Portuguese).
6030:978-85-7244-472-9
5946:978-85-260-1933-1
5872:Jesuit Reductions
5556:): valley of the
5410:
5409:
5160:(Good afternoon!)
4548:Sample vocabulary
4379:= boy, young male
4291:gender inflection
4035:: they don't fear
3999:: I didn't arrive
3904:
3903:
3885:for, in favor of
3716:
3715:
3712:
3695:
3537:
3536:
3474:means river; the
3250:
3249:
3134:walk (you (pl.))!
3120:walk (you (sg.))!
2752:pe-îuká îagûareté
2740:. From Anchieta,
2576:(I poke the fish)
2499:(we fail) (excl.)
2493:(she gives birth)
2487:(you cough) (sg.)
2472:
2471:
2003:
2002:
1755:circumflex accent
1436:
1435:
1425:⟨r⟩
1404:⟨ŷ⟩
1394:⟨î⟩
1382:⟨û⟩
1365:⟨h⟩
1355:⟨g⟩
1345:⟨x⟩
1335:⟨s⟩
1325:⟨b⟩
1299:⟨k⟩
1287:⟨t⟩
1277:⟨p⟩
1268:
1225:
1208:⟨ŋ⟩
1188:⟨n⟩
1178:⟨m⟩
1124:
1123:
967:The phonology of
850:Marquis of Pombal
835:national language
806:(which he called
793:Indigenous people
688:), as well as in
678:Rio Grande do Sul
583:Antônio Parreiras
381:
380:
363:rendering support
359:phonetic symbols.
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
152:quality standards
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
8115:
7843:
7836:
7705:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7634:
7625:
7609:
7372:Tupian languages
7365:
7358:
7351:
7342:
6573:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6469:
6346:
6320:
6294:
6270:
6248:
6216:
6215:
6210:. Archived from
6208:www.fflch.usp.br
6200:
6194:
6193:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6065:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6015:
6004:
5998:
5951:
5950:
5929:
5912:
5901:
5838:compiled at his
5817:Ubiratã (male):
5792:lady of the lake
5786:Iara (female): '
5772:Araci (female):
5594:Pindorama (from
5584:): dangerous sea
5440:and his crew at
5423:
5417:
5198:
5152:Marãpe nde rera?
5075:= bad, old, dead
4834:
4585:= yellow, golden
4271:inanimate beings
4129:(I'm the jaguar)
4058:(he/she is tall)
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3895:
3892:
3882:
3879:
3866:
3863:
3850:
3847:
3833:
3830:
3817:
3814:
3801:
3798:
3785:
3782:
3769:
3766:
3761:Morubixaba osem
3753:
3750:
3729:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3676:
3673:
3663:
3660:
3648:
3645:
3635:
3632:
3620:
3617:
3607:
3604:
3592:Ordinal numbers
3589:Cardinal numbers
3586:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3425:
3126:nhana (the run)
3123:gûatá (the walk)
3109:IMPERATIVE MOOD
3081:peẽ t'e pe-gûatá
3067:îandé t'îa-gûatá
3048:he/she kills me
3025:endé t'ere-gûatá
3003:PERMISSIVE MOOD
2897:INDICATIVE MOOD
2886:
2551:transitive verbs
2545:close to nasals.
2522:Transitive verbs
2511:(you moan) (pl.)
2075:
2037:, I'm beautiful.
1885:
1840:
1818:
1799:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1580:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1515:Alternative view
1508:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1444:
1426:
1423:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1221:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1028:
984:
980:rhotic consonant
977:multiple vibrant
974:
957:Theodoro Sampaio
922:José de Anchieta
808:lingua Brasilica
766:José de Anchieta
753:
749:
590:Tupinambá people
496:
494:língua brasílica
486:
424:Southeast Brazil
402:
397:
349:
332:
328:
321:
314:
305:
285:
253:
200:
191:
184:
173:
170:
164:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8123:
8122:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8048:
8034:Proto-languages
8016:
7965:
7946:
7904:
7854:
7802:
7750:
7721:
7623:
7607:
7589:
7564:
7534:
7508:
7499:
7451:
7406:
7374:
7369:
7339:
7334:
7243:
7217:
7177:
7106:
7078:
7045:
7022:
6944:
6911:
6803:
6770:
6697:
6659:
6568:
6562:
6522:
6501:
6496:
6454:(in Portuguese)
6448:(in Portuguese)
6432:
6349:
6343:
6323:
6317:
6297:
6291:
6273:
6267:
6251:
6245:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6214:on 25 May 2009.
6202:
6201:
6197:
6182:10.2307/1374677
6167:
6166:
6162:
6155:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6128:
6126:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6097:(in Portuguese)
6092:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6017:
6016:
6007:
5999:
5954:
5947:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5868:
5848:
5835:
5622:): "fish water"
5520:Itaquaquecetuba
5516:): devil's rock
5430:
5371:nós perdoamos.
5367:oré nhyrõ îabé.
5206:Eduardo Navarro
5179:
5170:Tiá nde pytuna!
5166:(Good morning!)
5164:Tiá nde ko'ema!
5158:Tiá nde karuka!
5115:
5098:
4952:
4915:= game (animal)
4855:= macaw, parrot
4640:= earth, ground
4550:
4397:= female animal
4373:= woman, female
4233:parts of speech
4214:
4180:
4150:is still used.
4144:
4093:
4073:
4046:(I'm beautiful)
4015:n'oro-petymbu-î
3982:
3972:
3962:
3953:
3944:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3896:
3893:
3880:
3867:
3864:
3848:
3834:
3831:
3820:in, to (place)
3815:
3802:
3799:
3783:
3770:
3767:
3751:
3721:
3709:
3706:
3692:
3689:
3674:
3661:
3646:
3633:
3618:
3605:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3526:Mountain range
3478:
3417:
3408:ybyrá-rambûer-a
3334:
3290:(verb): to go.
3257:
3131:(peẽ) pe-gûatá!
3117:(endé) e-gûatá!
3101:xe oro-îuká a'e
3053:oré t'oro-gûatá
3042:may he/she walk
2964:We walk (incl.)
2950:We walk (excl.)
2878:
2778:
2666:(to visit) has
2590:means fish and
2524:
2062:
1969:We (inclusive)
1954:We (exclusive)
1854:
1776:indicating the
1678:
1622:stop consonants
1517:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1470:
1466:
1445:
1441:
1424:
1403:
1393:
1381:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1298:
1286:
1276:
1255:
1243:
1233:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1133:
1026:
965:
953:
875:
848:Prime Minister
744:language family
614:Luso-Brazilians
572:
570:History of Tupi
566:
503:
460:Pindamonhangaba
443:colonial period
439:written history
428:Eduardo Navarro
408:Tupian language
400:[tuˈpi]
395:
361:Without proper
345:
324:
323:
317:
316:
310:
309:
301:
286:
281:
275:
254:
251:Language family
249:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
168:
165:
155:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
97:Please help to
96:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8121:
8119:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8070:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7987:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7923:
7915:
7913:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7890:
7885:
7878:
7873:
7865:
7863:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7841:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7769:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7649:
7643:
7641:
7631:
7622:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7606:
7605:
7599:
7597:
7595:Maweti–Guarani
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7574:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7550:
7544:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7392:
7384:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7285:Haitian Creole
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7229:Brazilian Sign
7225:
7223:
7222:Sign languages
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7189:
7187:
7186:Interlanguages
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6431:
6430:External links
6428:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6321:
6315:
6295:
6289:
6271:
6265:
6249:
6243:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6195:
6160:
6153:
6135:
6108:
6084:
6056:(2): 733–752.
6036:
6029:
6005:
5952:
5945:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5867:
5864:
5847:
5844:
5834:
5831:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5784:
5777:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5668:
5658:
5652:
5638:
5637:
5623:
5609:
5603:
5592:
5587:Paraná-mirim (
5585:
5571:
5561:
5547:
5537:
5531:
5517:
5510:
5500:
5499:): great river
5486:
5485:
5470:
5429:
5426:
5418:(Kingdom) and
5408:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5146:Mamõpe ereîkó?
5143:
5137:
5136:(Who are you?)
5114:
5111:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5076:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4895:
4894:= snake, cobra
4889:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4634:= water, river
4629:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4526:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4434:, "this day".
4417:
4416:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4267:
4248:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4187:Eporapiti umẽ!
4179:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4050:Na xe porang-i
4047:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4021:n'îa-nhe'eng-i
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3937:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3886:
3883:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3851:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3821:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3789:
3788:to (a person)
3786:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3756:from (origin)
3754:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3699:
3696:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3664:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3366:future perfect
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:xe îuká peîepé
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:îandé opo-îuká
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:You (pl.) walk
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:îandé îa-guatá
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:You (sg.) walk
2920:
2919:endé ere-gûatá
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:Nominal forms
2890:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2859:
2842:
2833:
2816:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2699:(to hide) has
2690:
2689:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2653:ere-îo-sub oré
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2633:a-î-kutuk pirá
2629:pirá a-î-kutuk
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2578:
2577:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:(they breathe)
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2038:
2018:: I ate well.
2016:ixé a-karukatu
2012:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1875:Tupi features
1869:Antônio Vieira
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1805:
1785:
1770:
1751:
1677:
1676:Writing system
1674:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1492:free variation
1464:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
964:
961:
952:
949:
874:
871:
739:belong to the
686:Espírito Santo
682:Rio de Janeiro
674:Santa Catarina
630:Santa Catarina
568:Main article:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
534:It is neither
532:
529:
526:
502:
499:
392:Classical Tupi
379:
378:
365:, you may see
351:
350:
343:
335:
334:
306:
298:
297:
296:Language codes
293:
292:
287:
283:Writing system
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
272:
271:
257:
255:
248:
245:
244:
238:
234:
233:
224:
220:
219:
214:
213:Native to
210:
209:
205:
204:
194:
193:
176:
175:
169:September 2024
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8120:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8078:Tupi language
8076:
8075:
8073:
8060:
8056:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7900:Xingu Asurini
7898:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7694:
7693:West Bolivian
7690:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7672:East Bolivian
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:Aweti–Guarani
7610:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Guariba Arára
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7361:
7359:
7354:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6565:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6344:
6342:85-336-1956-1
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6316:85-336-2142-6
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6290:85-15-00171-3
6286:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6136:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6112:
6109:
6096:
6088:
6085:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5905:Lemos Barbosa
5903:According to
5900:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5821:, "hard wood"
5820:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5796:Jaci (both):
5795:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:paranã + mirĩ
5586:
5583:
5582:paranã + aíba
5579:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5524:takûakesétyba
5521:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5183:Lord's Prayer
5177:Lord's Prayer
5172:(Good night!)
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:Yves d'Évreux
5120:
5113:Basic phrases
5112:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4933:= armadillo (
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:= young woman
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4591:= blue, green
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4568:declared the
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:reduplication
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4513:According to
4511:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:= male animal
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:na pe-'ytab-i
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3988:just becomes
3987:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3793:Abá onhe'eng
3790:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:Postposition
3731:
3730:
3725:
3719:Postpositions
3718:
3711:(little used)
3704:
3703:(oîo)irundyka
3700:
3697:
3694:(little used)
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3575:'ara mosapyra
3567:
3558:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:means stone)
3492:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:Augmentative
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3392:means forest)
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3323:, beautiful;
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3300:: beautiful.
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3104:They kill us
3103:
3100:
3098:may they walk
3097:
3095:a'e t'o-gûatá
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:a'e t'o-gûatá
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3011:ixé t'a-gûatá
3010:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:oré oro-gûatá
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2889:Verbal forms
2887:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:Pytuna i ro'y
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2707:incorporated.
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2670:incorporated.
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2531:Abá îagûara o
2528:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:xe ma'endurar
2477:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:indicating a
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1586:
1583:
1581:), u, ĩ, ỹ, ũ
1576:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
981:
978:
970:
962:
960:
958:
950:
948:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
926:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
889:
888:
883:
879:
873:Tupi research
872:
870:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Luís Figueira
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
755:
745:
742:
741:Indo-European
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:French Guiana
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
618:lingua franca
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
580:
576:
571:
563:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:polysynthetic
545:
544:agglutinative
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
500:
498:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:
448:lingua franca
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
401:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
352:
348:
344:
342:
341:
336:
327:
320:
313:
307:
304:
299:
294:
291:
288:
284:
278:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
260:
256:
252:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
206:
201:
198:
190:
187:
172:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
8054:
8043:Proto-Tupian
8041:
7997:Urubu–Kaapor
7989:
7918:
7892:
7882:Ararandewara
7880:
7868:
7844:
7822:Avá-Canoeiro
7795:
7788:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7714:
7707:Pai Tavytera
7629:Tupi–Guarani
7577:
7552:
7527:
7424:
7394:
7387:
7248:Non-official
7234:Ka'apor Sign
6817:Akwẽ-Xerénte
6610:Enawenê-Nawê
6422:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6328:
6302:
6278:
6256:
6234:
6223:Bibliography
6212:the original
6207:
6198:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6144:
6138:
6127:, retrieved
6117:
6111:
6099:. Retrieved
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6053:
6049:
6039:
6019:
6001:
5936:
5927:
5908:
5877:Língua Geral
5859:
5855:
5849:
5839:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5748:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5660:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5615:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5553:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5506:
5496:
5487:
5464:
5459:língua geral
5457:
5455:
5442:Porto Seguro
5411:
5395:
5379:
5374:we forgive.
5366:
5350:
5334:
5318:
5302:
5286:
5270:
5254:
5238:
5222:
5191:
5181:This is the
5180:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5119:Jean de Léry
5116:
5105:
5096:Sample texts
5088:
5084:
5081:= many, much
5078:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5025:
5019:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4960:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4818:
4812:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4557:
4515:Edward Sapir
4512:
4503:
4501:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4230:
4216:Tupi was an
4215:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4141:na ... i xué
4140:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4107:
4106:. Note that
4103:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4038:
4033:n'o-sykyîé-î
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3905:
3859:
3858:Kunumĩ oîkó
3827:Nhoesembé-pe
3826:
3794:
3762:
3722:
3686:(oîo)irundyk
3557:pykasu mokõî
3548:mokõî pykasu
3543:
3532:, mountain)
3529:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3475:
3471:
3470:Big river ('
3465:
3461:Little bird
3456:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3418:
3407:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3355:
3345:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:Kunhãporanga
3312:
3307:
3304:: the beauty
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3251:
3059:oré opo-îuká
3031:xe îuká îepé
3017:ixé oro-îuká
2975:peẽ pe-guatá
2936:He/she walks
2879:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2794:means night.
2791:
2786:
2784:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2663:
2652:
2642:
2641:The pronoun
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2574:a-pirá-kutuk
2573:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:incorporated
2554:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2481:(I remember)
2478:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2111:Translation
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2026:? - I (am).
2022:: who's the
2019:
2015:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:Translation
1874:
1864:
1860:
1832:
1825:intervocalic
1820:
1812:
1808:
1788:
1781:
1774:acute accent
1766:
1762:
1747:
1743:
1740:nasalisation
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1679:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1592:
1526:p, t, k, ' (
1523:Consonants:
1518:
1499:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1223:prenasalized
1125:
1105:
1078:
1044:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
968:
966:
954:
938:
935:chrestomathy
927:
907:
892:
885:
843:
831:
819:
807:
803:
799:
797:
788:
782:
778:Jean de Lery
772:prayers and
762:André Thévet
756:
754:in Guarani.
718:
622:
617:
587:
519:superstratum
504:
476:
457:
446:
435:Tupi–Guarani
432:
391:
388:Ancient Tupi
387:
383:
382:
354:
338:
268:
264:Tupi–Guarani
197:
182:
166:
157:You can help
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
8007:Wayampipukú
7470:Cinta Larga
7260:Vlax Romani
7239:Terena Sign
7203:Macarrônico
7084:Nambikwaran
6842:Djeoromitxí
6176:(1): 1–17.
6077:7 September
5634:ũbu + arama
5568:pará + aíba
5554:paka + embu
5514:itá + añãgá
5512:Itanhangá (
5134:Abápe endé?
5127:XVI century
5125:during the
5065:= beautiful
4707:= young man
4705:kunumĩgûasu
4646:= air, wind
4367:= man, male
4354:taba-im abá
4348:taba abá-im
4300:Tupi had a
4260:Nominal TAM
4127:Îagûara ixé
3497:Kunumĩgûasu
3428:Diminutive
3397:ka'a-pûer-a
3370:-ram, -pûer
3346:ka'a-pûer-a
3332:Noun tenses
3280:: to jump.
3270:: to exit.
3156:(I) walking
3045:xe îûká a'e
3020:I kill you
2989:a'e o-guatá
2933:a'e o-gûatá
2905:ixé a-gûatá
2862:Pytuna o'ar
2854:) to jump (
2785:Aker pytuna
2736:instead of
2549:Objects of
2503:îandé nhyrõ
2497:oré rambûer
1891:2nd series
1738:indicating
1664:often have
1626:nasal stops
916:. In fact,
903:proselytise
654:Mato Grosso
484:tupi antigo
412:Tupi people
369:instead of
333:since 2022)
103:introducing
18:Tupi Antigo
8072:Categories
7928:(Jau-Navo)
7832:Tenetehara
7808:Tenetehara
7686:Paraguayan
7426:Kepkiriwát
7198:Lanc-Patuá
7097:Nambikwara
7028:Chapacuran
7003:Tenetehara
6877:Mẽbêngôkre
6837:Chiquitano
6746:Pará Arára
6731:Hixkaryana
6567:Indigenous
6539:Pomeranian
6513:Portuguese
5919:References
5846:Recurrence
5833:Literature
5812:ybyrá îara
5800:, the moon
5783:, "flower"
5721:(anaconda)
5540:Jaguariúna
5294:on earth,
5291:na terra,
5033:Adjectives
4935:Portuguese
4874:ka'apiûara
4823:Portuguese
4711:morubixaba
4614:Substances
4558:Y-pirang-a
4493:rhetorical
4489:word order
4479:"teenager"
4423:"man" and
4415:= many men
4090:na ... ruã
4062:N'i puku-î
4003:n'ere-só-î
3860:ygara pupé
3795:Maria supé
3513:(Child is
3501:Young man
3386:ka'a-ram-a
3014:may I walk
2876:Verb moods
2719:itangapema
2602:pleonastic
2491:i membyrar
2055:, her son.
1984:You (pl.)
1924:You (sg.)
1888:1st series
1831:), and of
1780:syllable:
1668:for Î and
1613:) and NG (
1584:e, o, õ, ẽ
1460:apostrophe
1131:Consonants
1004:(law) and
951:Tupinology
846:Portuguese
632:, and the
606:morphology
513:Tupi is a
489:Portuguese
308:Variously:
231:Tupiniquim
111:March 2017
86:references
50:improve it
8057:indicate
7991:Takunyapé
7980:Emerillon
7942:Uru-Pa-In
7932:Kagwahiva
7838:Guajajara
7797:Potiguara
7784:Nheengatu
7585:Munduruku
7570:Munduruku
7554:Maritsauá
7402:Karitiâna
7396:Kabixiana
7265:Hungarian
6988:Nheengatu
6983:Munduruku
6973:Kagwahiva
6892:Rikbaktsa
6789:Kashinawa
6645:Wapishana
6585:Asháninka
6569:languages
6129:26 August
6072:1413-0939
5860:Sieg Heil
5827:tupinambá
5819:ybyrá-atã
5805:îandá una
5665:Boy Scout
5649:pineapple
5578:paranãíba
5574:Paranaíba
5297:on earth
5213:English (
5201:Old tupi
5028:= village
4821:= sloth (
4693:kunhãmuku
4687:kunhãtã'ĩ
4541:synthetic
4508:São Paulo
4504:tupinambá
4465:akangûera
4329:A-î-pysyk
4323:Xe pysyka
4044:Xe porang
4009:n'o-karuî
3997:n'a-syk-i
3956:requires
3566:ta'yr-ypy
3545:numbers,
3522:Ybytyrusu
3489:Pebbles (
3327:, suffix)
3319:, woman;
2992:They walk
2728:The verb
2682:a-nho-mim
2612:(or also
2541:becoming
2509:pe poasem
2065:particle
2053:i membyra
2035:xe porang
1877:clusivity
1823:(to make
1811:(for Ŷ),
1759:semivowel
1547:m, n, ñ (
1477:retroflex
1372:Semivowel
1315:Fricative
1266:voiceless
1000:(faith),
969:tupinambá
963:Phonology
882:Facsimile
844:When the
804:tupinambá
800:tupinambá
789:tupinambá
785:colonists
714:Argentina
694:Venezuela
666:São Paulo
602:phonology
536:isolating
405:classical
340:Glottolog
303:ISO 639-3
242:Nheengatu
227:Tupinambá
223:Ethnicity
161:talk page
56:talk page
7971:Northern
7961:Kamayurá
7952:Kamayurá
7926:Karipuna
7846:Turiwára
7827:Tapirapé
7766:Old Tupi
7741:Pauserna
7523:Puruborá
7510:Ramarama
7505:Puruborá
7300:Romanian
7255:Japanese
7148:Katawixi
7143:Kanamarí
7092:Mamaindê
7051:Tukanoan
6998:Tapirapé
6897:Tapayúna
6872:Maxakalí
6847:Kaingang
6809:Macro-Jê
6799:Yaminawa
6761:Ye'kuana
6678:Jamamadí
6650:Warekena
6620:Mehinaku
6615:Mapidian
6600:Barawana
6577:Arawakan
6327:(2004).
6301:(2006).
6277:(1990).
6255:(2013).
6233:(2005).
6123:archived
5935:(2013).
5866:See also
5753:and the
5706:pororoca
5671:perereca
5657:(caiman)
5630:ũbuarama
5626:Umuarama
5606:Piracaia
5600:(r)etama
5550:Pacaembu
5507:y panema
5446:Pero Vaz
5421:tentação
5187:Anchieta
5053:= little
5051:mirĩ, 'í
5009:= flower
4965:capybara
4927:= toucan
4919:tapi'ira
4878:capybara
4861:= jaguar
4790:(t)etimã
4736:The body
4729:tapy'yîa
4725:= mother
4562:Ipiranga
4497:literary
4222:fusional
4070:-e'ym(a)
3979:na ... i
3970:Negation
3825:Ixé asó
3763:taba suí
3738:Example
3735:Meaning
3671:mosapyra
3540:Numerals
3406:Unreal:
3401:capoeira
3384:Future:
3374:-rambûer
3342:capoeira
3282:Perereka
2678:a-îo-mim
2594:to poke.
2425:(they*)
2096:(sleep)
1852:Pronouns
1829:unvoiced
1793:for the
1778:stressed
1690:Nhandéva
1682:Nhengatu
914:seminary
862:diamonds
832:de facto
774:biblical
770:Catholic
737:Sanskrit
733:Romanian
710:Paraguay
698:Colombia
650:Amazonas
638:Maranhão
540:fusional
507:typology
468:Botucatu
384:Old Tupi
375:Help:IPA
347:tupi1287
8055:Italics
8002:Wayampi
7910:Kawahíb
7888:Araweté
7870:Amanayé
7746:Sirionó
7736:Guarayu
7727:Guarayu
7658:Chiripá
7652:Guarani
7638:Guarani
7579:Kuruaya
7465:Aruáshi
7432:Makurap
7420:Akuntsu
7325:Chinese
7315:Turkish
7310:Tagalog
7305:Russian
7193:Cafundó
7138:Kadiwéu
7133:Irantxe
7123:Arutani
7036:Oro Win
6917:Nadahup
6907:Xavante
6902:Timbira
6857:Kĩsêdjê
6827:Arikapú
6822:Apinajé
6794:Shipibo
6784:Amawaka
6756:Sikiana
6741:Macushi
6721:Bakairi
6703:Cariban
6693:Zuruahá
6688:Paumarí
6635:Tariana
6625:Palikúr
6590:Atorada
6551:Italian
6546:Hunsrik
6190:1374677
6101:10 July
5909:irundyk
5781:Ybotyra
5686:piranha
5645:abacaxi
5632:, from
5580:, from
5564:Paraíba
5526:, from
5503:Ipanema
5482:Paraíba
5189:in his
5063:poranga
5022:= house
5014:Society
5007:ybotyra
4997:= plant
4991:= fruit
4921:= tapir
4859:îagûara
4809:Animals
4780:= heart
4750:= mouth
4713:= chief
4683:= woman
4675:karaíba
4609:= black
4603:= white
4566:Pedro I
4523:affixes
4477:abárama
4448:abárama
4442:abáûera
4413:abá-etá
4411:= man;
4383:kuñãtãĩ
4365:apyŷaba
3658:mosapyr
3530:ybytyra
3515:pitanga
3507:Pitangĩ
3457:Gûyra'ĩ
3302:Poranga
3278:Pererek
2856:pererek
2485:nde u'u
2456:pererek
2405:pererek
2354:pererek
2303:pererek
2252:pererek
2201:pererek
2150:pererek
2102:(jump)
2100:pererek
2090:(walk)
2024:cacique
1939:He/she
1845:Hyphens
1672:for Û.
1609:), ND (
1574:Vowels
1217:Plosive
1161:Glottal
1151:Palatal
1146:Coronal
1036:Central
975:or the
884:of the
759:Jesuits
729:English
721:Guarani
706:Bolivia
610:grammar
564:History
479:English
472:Jacareí
464:Ubatuba
403:) is a
371:Unicode
99:improve
7973:(VIII)
7937:Kayabi
7920:Apiaká
7876:Anambé
7817:Akwáwa
7790:Omagua
7779:Cocama
7665:Jopara
7560:Xipaya
7548:Juruna
7540:Yuruna
7447:Wayoró
7442:Tupari
7437:Mekens
7412:Tupari
7389:Arikem
7380:Arikem
7330:Slovak
7320:Korean
7295:Polish
7275:French
7270:Arabic
7173:Xukuru
7168:Ticuna
7163:Pirahã
7118:Aikanã
7111:Others
7102:Sabanê
7074:Wanano
7069:Tuyuca
7064:Tukano
7013:Xipaya
6993:Omagua
6968:Juruna
6958:Akwáwa
6950:Tupian
6887:Panará
6862:Krenak
6852:Karajá
6832:Bororo
6776:Panoan
6766:Waiwai
6751:Salumá
6736:Ikpeng
6716:Apalaí
6711:Amonap
6683:Kulina
6665:Arawan
6640:Terêna
6630:Paresi
6595:Baniwa
6556:Talian
6534:German
6339:
6313:
6303:Teatro
6287:
6263:
6241:
6188:
6151:
6070:
6027:
5943:
5788:y îara
5774:ara sy
5751:jaguar
5719:sucuri
5715:(crab)
5699:piroca
5693:pipoca
5678:peteca
5655:jacaré
5534:Itaúna
5497:y ûasú
5493:Iguaçu
5474:Paraná
5287:ybype,
5108:(1618)
5079:(s)etá
5057:panema
5047:= good
5039:beraba
4985:= leaf
4983:(s)oba
4979:= pine
4967:comes)
4961:ka'api
4955:Plants
4943:French
4925:tukana
4909:= fish
4837:French
4804:= face
4802:(t)obá
4798:= nose
4784:(t)esá
4774:= foot
4768:= hand
4744:= head
4742:akanga
4699:kunumĩ
4689:= girl
4651:People
4622:= fire
4620:(t)atá
4595:pirang
4589:(s)oby
4577:Colors
4499:uses.
4487:, but
4461:"head"
4459:akanga
4432:ko ara
4377:kunumĩ
4317:A-bebé
4264:number
4256:marker
4241:person
4205:Teatro
4056:I puku
3921:sykyîé
3741:Notes
3643:mokõîa
3528:(from
3466:Ygûasu
3395:Past:
3358:future
3352:(1835)
3321:porang
3298:Porang
2908:I walk
2828:, but
2800:clitic
2792:Pytuna
2776:Future
2515:i pytu
2374:(you)
2221:(he*)
2170:(you)
2108:(run)
2084:(eat)
2078:Pron.
1694:Kaiowá
1577:i, y (
1558:), î (
1540:s, x (
1168:Nasals
1141:Labial
1024:Vowels
899:Jesuit
864:, and
826:wrote
810:) and
735:, and
712:, and
684:, and
670:Paraná
608:, and
594:Europe
416:Brazil
259:Tupian
159:. The
88:, but
7985:Guajá
7954:(VII)
7860:Xingu
7758:(III)
7701:Kaiwá
7619:Awetï
7529:Urumi
7490:Suruí
7485:Mondé
7457:Mondé
7290:Greek
7280:Dutch
7158:Ninam
7153:Kwaza
7128:Guató
7059:Cubeo
7041:Wariʼ
6978:Kaiwá
6940:Nadëb
6935:Kakwa
6882:Ofayé
6726:Carib
6655:Waurá
6186:JSTOR
5888:Notes
5856:Anaûé
5755:tapir
5737:uruçu
5731:urutu
5725:urubu
5661:mirim
5612:Piraí
5596:pindó
5558:pacas
5415:Reino
5091:= big
5069:pûera
5001:ybyrá
4947:tatou
4892:mboîa
4887:coati
4883:koati
4869:Tayra
4865:heira
4853:arara
4847:aîuru
4832:aígue
4792:= leg
4786:= eye
4762:= ear
4760:nambi
4756:= arm
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