604:(a copy from the late 1930s according to the text published in the Official Gazette no. 222-224) describes a campaign of archaeological excavations 4 decades after the fortress was abandoned. Bolliac's observations and actions from the fortress of Turnu concluded that this was in fact the Roman fortress of Romula. From his description we notice two aspects: the fact that Cezar Bolliac is one of the first, if not the first archaeologist who demolished the old tower and that, although "I could not find anything around it", he could undo it on all sides so that " its outline is taken." In fact, the material used to build the first phase of the fortress, during the period of Mircea the Elder, was brought from the former Roman camp at Oescus, located south of the Danube, as
432:
499:
45:
371:, collect accurate information about the state of affairs and act in case of need. The armed forces cantons here were especially prepared to intervene at the slightest sign of disobedience. In addition, they have the advantage of being directly supported by the Turkish naval fleet. To each raya there was added more or less extensive territories, comprising several villages, which had the task of maintaining the garrisons. For example,
288:
424:
early 1462 at
Nicopolis-Turnu, but they did not succeed because the Wallachian army was waiting on the left bank. After they passed, the Ottomans attacked Vlad Tepes' army, but they were repulsed. The Romanians counterattacked but were stopped by the fire supported by the 120 bombs. Țepeș ordered a withdrawal and adopted the tactic of leaving the Ottomans to starve and thirst and attacking them by surprise.
29:
563:
thickness of 3 m. It stored ammunition and grain and was covered with tiles. The wall had an irregular polygonal route, and its thickness varied between 4 and 5 meters. On it there were placed massive bastions. The wall that bordered the interior of the defense ditch was 1.50–2 m thick and included an access area from which a drawbridge descended. There was a counter-escarpment on the outside.
272:
52:
554:, the Turnu fortress was demolished, burned, and the territory of the former raya was incorporated into Wallachia. After the demolition in 1829, the ruins of the fortress were used as construction material for locals and local authorities. The settlements of Turnu raya are embedded in the Olt County.
490:
The campaign of harassment of the Turks from the north of the Danube led to the
Ottoman withdrawal in the cities along the river, where, taking advantage of the stationing of Ottoman troops in the winter camps in the Belgrade area, the Romanians attacked the Giurgiu and Turnu fortresses and managed
423:
Pasha, a direct participant in the events, presents a very well-organized force, equipped with armed men with shining armor. Vlad has been gathering his troops on the Danube since May 15, aiming to prevent
Ottoman troops from entering the country. The Ottoman troops attempted to cross the river in
315:. In the context of his anti-Ottoman struggle Mircea the Elder participates personally with an army corps at the Nicopolis crusade. The Wallachian army, made up of light cavalry was not invited to take part of the first attack along with the heavy cavalry and withdraws without entering the battle.
383:
about 50 villages. Because they were located in very good commercial areas, the rayas were used for trade between the
Romanian countries (almost monopolized by the Ottomans) and the Ottoman Empire. Here taxes were collected or goods were being stored. The Wallachian rulers held a diplomatic agent
262:
aimed on removing Vlad and replacing him with Mircea on the throne of
Wallachia succeeded only into conquering the fortress of Turnu. A faithful garrison to the king was left in the city, which disturbed his Wallachian ally. In this context, the first attestation of the city, dating back to 1397,
427:
In front of a superior army, the
Wallachian ruler withdraws the people to the mountains and forests, and attracts the Ottomans inside the country through continuous harassment. His objective was to find a good place for the surprise attack, which will take place near Târgovişte on June 17, 1462.
407:
and in the context of his conflict with the
Ottoman Empire, the Turnu fortress is for a short time under Romanian rule. Vlad Țepeș organizes a surprise campaign south of the Danube in the winter 1461/1462 when the Nicopolis fortress was conquered and over 20,000 Turks were killed by Wallachians.
562:
Archaeological research has shown that the fortress consisted of a central tower, an enclosure wall that surrounded the tower about 6 m away from it and a defense ditch bordered on the inside by a wall and on the outside by an escarpment. The central tower had a diameter of 17.40 m and a wall
586:" in Greek has the form Pyrgos), identifying with the fortress of Turnu. Gh. I. Cantacuzino, suggests that he designates the fortress of Pirgos on the right bank of the Danube. In foreign documents up to the 16th century, the fortress appears exclusively called "
491:
to release civil settlements. In
January 1595 all the left bank of the river was under Romanian control. Turnu remained under Wallachian command during Michael the Brave's reign. The fortress fell under Turkish control after the death of Michael the Brave on the
364:, along with all the territory within a 15 km radius around the tower. Turnu raya was established after 1419 and included the Turnu fortress and the villages of Flămânda, Măgurele, Odăile, Ciuperceni, Craba and Gârla.
221:
against the
Turkish peril. At the end of the reign of Mircea the Elder, under unclear circumstances, it came under Ottoman occupation to return to the possession of Wallachia only in 1829 when it was burned and demolished.
279:
Throughout the following year, in 1396, the struggles for the removal of Vlad, supported by the Turks, continue, being interrupted only by the King's participation with his vassals, including Mircea the Elder, at the
391:; they constituted territories owned by high-ranking state officials. Thus, in the 17th century Giurgiu was given the command of the Danube fleet of war; Turnu was in the possession of a member of the
307:, reclaimed the citadel at Turnu, and crossed the Danube to Nicopolis to take part in the crusade. It is likely, due to its proximity, that the fortress played a significant role during the
511:
In 1809, Iancu Jianu's outlaws raided the
Turkish citadels on south of the Danube when Vidin and Plevna were being burned, killing the Turkish population in response to the actions of the
267:"After our accession to (Wallachia), we flew the Romanians and the Turks with their captains and took the blood of the Nicopolis minor fortress, located in Wallachia, with great bloodshed."
284:. During this expedition the territory of Wallachia was bypassed, given the important Wallachian and Ottoman military force stationed here. Instead, the Danube route was chosen.
337:
The Turnu fortress played an important role in the defensive system of Wallachia, especially during the reign of Mircea the Elder, when the ruler raised the shield against the
345:
from a chain of fortifications along the Danube. In 1417, towards the end of the reign of Mircea the Elder, the Turnu fortress will become Ottoman, being transformed into a
827:
593:
The Turnu fortress is recorded by August Treboniu Laurian in the Historical Store for Dacia from 1846 stating that the fortress was built on the ruins of a Roman tower.
895:
673:
550:
was to be fixed on the Danube, so that the fortress of Turnu, together with the Braila and Giurgiu rayas, definitively returned to Wallachia. Upon returning to
452:. The accession of Wallachia to the "Holy League" led to the outbreak on 13 November 1594 of an anti-Ottoman rebellion that resulted in the killing of all the
326:
invaded Walachia, deserted it, took the fortress of Nicopolis minor (Turnu fortress) from Prince Mircea by force and left his troops as a garrison.
768:
129:
498:
329:
Other documents from Sigismund's time, written between 1406 and 1408, mention the battles for the little Nicopolis from 1394 to 1395.
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311:
on September 25, 1396, when a Franco-Wallachian Army commanded by Sigismund of Luxembourg was defeated by the Turkish army led by
44:
526:
Jianu's Oltenians destroy the Turnu fortress, which had become the incursion base when Osman Pazvantoglu attacked Wallachia.
416:. The Sultan went to Wallachia in April 1462 with an army of 80,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The official scribe of the great
259:
122:
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448:" was created as an alliance between the Christian countries struggling to stop the expansion of the Ottoman Empire to
539:
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346:
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appears in a diploma by Sigismund of Luxembourg, when the battles carried here between 1394 and 1395 are mentioned:
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258:(1394–1396) with Turkish help. As a result, in July 1395, a Hungarian expedition led by the Hungarian king
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Within the rayas, the Turks had established garrisons by which they constantly supervise Wallachia and
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409:
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308:
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769:"Raialele şi paşalâcurile pe teritoriul ţărilor române în a doua jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea"
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445:
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404:
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threat in the south of the Danube. This fortress along with Giurgiu, Turtucaia and
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at a distance of 3 km from the city and 1 km from the confluence of the
28:
229:. Starting in October 2018, it is in a process of restoration and consolidation.
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691:. Vol. I. Bucharest: Fundația pentru Artă și Literatură. pp. 470–473.
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rivers in today's Romania. The fortress is documented during the reign of
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570:". The same name appears in 1531 in a map of Johann Homann in the form "
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408:
Following the raids of the Wallachian army south of the Danube, sultan
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417:
392:
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The rayas in Wallachia do not seem to have been turned into military
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578:. A document of Alexandru Aldea from 1432 mentions the fortress of
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Nikopolis and Turnu fortresses by Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1726)
497:
430:
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286:
270:
180:
590:", as a pendant of the fortress on the other bank of the Danube.
388:
238:
First attestation (1394–1395) and the Battle of Nicopolis (1396)
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attacking the Ottoman fortresses on both sides of the Danube (
813:
Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova
384:
called capuchehaie in each raya of the country's territory.
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took place, Mircea the Elder was removed from the throne of
217:(1394) and was built on the Danube line for the defense of
291:
Plan of the medieval fortress Holavnic (Nicopolis minor)
303:
voivode, together with Mircea go to Wallachia, defeated
412:
decided to attack Wallachia and headed a large army to
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In a document found and dated 1397-1398 it is called "
440:
Michael the Brave conquers the fortress (1594–1595)
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121:
111:
101:
87:
77:
72:
21:
644:. Bucharest: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică.
845:. Casa de Editură și Librărie "Nicolae Bălcescu".
627:Domnii scurte dar însemnate în istoria românilor
225:It is part of the historical monuments list in
703:"Bătălia de la Nicopole (25 septembrie 1396),
444:In the context of the Ottoman Power rising a "
798:Enciclopedia bătăliilor din istoria românilor
640:Giurescu, Constantin; Giurescu, Dinu (1977).
459:and the entire Ottoman garrison stationed in
8:
874:Cândrea, Ionel (2009). "SERIA ARHEOLOGIE".
861:Raiaua Turnu (1419-1829). Studiu monografic
662:. Vol. I. Bucharest. pp. 248–249.
672:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
18:
542:established that the border between the
246:offensive in the fall of 1394, when the
843:Haiducul Iancu Jianu: adevăr și legendă
617:
471:starts a general offensive against the
333:Transformation into Turkish Raya (1417)
896:Historic monuments in Teleorman County
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275:Battle of Nikopolis, 25 September 1396
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876:Buletinul Muzeului Județean Teleorman
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201:) is located in the southern part of
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660:Monumente epigrafice și sculpturale
515:Osman Pazvantoglu who had attacked
16:Fortress in Turnu Măgurele, Romania
322:in 1404, Sigismund also tells how
14:
435:Battle of Giurgiu – Woodcut(1596)
687:GIURESCU, Constantin C. (1946).
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43:
27:
540:Adrianople Peace Treaty of 1829
463:. On this background, known as
399:The Battle of Turnu (June 1462)
159:
735:Dicționar de sociologie rurală
506:
1:
530:Returning to Wallachia (1829)
507:Iancu Jianu's outlaws (1809)
658:Tocilescu, Grigore (1902).
519:and burned the villages of
922:
828:"Mihai Viteazul şi Vlaşca"
33:Turnu fortress – now ruins
642:Istoria Românilor, Vol. 2
625:Ciobanu, Tiberiu (2007).
38:
26:
598:Archaeological Excursion
349:like a niyabet from the
711:enciclopediaromaniei.ro
318:In another document by
260:Sigismund of Luxembourg
64:Location within Romania
796:Marcu, George (2011).
574:", with the notation:
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436:
292:
276:
269:
859:Maxim, Liviu (2006).
800:. Bucharest: Meronia.
705:Enciclopedia României
608:would later suggest.
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434:
290:
274:
265:
145:43.71944°N 24.86250°E
841:Barbu, Paul (1998).
811:Rezachevici (2001).
403:During the reign of
242:Following the great
754:"Raialele turceşti"
558:Archeological facts
536:Russian-Turkish War
495:on August 9, 1601.
356:, subjected to the
309:Battle of Nicopolis
297:Stibor of Stiboricz
141: /
73:General information
538:of 1828/1829, the
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437:
293:
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150:43.71944; 24.86250
733:Bădulescu, Ilie.
689:ISTORIA ROMANILOR
469:Michael the Brave
282:Nicopolis crusade
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167:
164:late 14th century
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901:Forts in Romania
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375:had 3 villages,
254:and replaced by
248:battle of Rovine
227:Teleorman County
215:Mircea the Elder
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737:. Mica Valahie.
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596:The manuscript
576:Nicopolis Minor
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826:Ancu, Damian.
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588:Little Nicopol
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544:Ottoman Empire
534:Following the
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473:Turkish Empire
450:Western Europe
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191:also known as
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777:. Retrieved
773:crispedia.ro
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714:. Retrieved
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629:. Zamolsara.
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465:The Long War
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347:Turkish raya
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174:fortress of
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102:Town or city
513:Vidin pasha
446:Holy League
414:Targovishte
148: /
123:Coordinates
890:Categories
779:2019-01-10
716:2019-01-14
612:References
600:(1869) by
410:Mahomed II
405:Vlad Ţepeş
178:(English:
136:24°51′45″E
133:43°43′10″N
767:norbert.
668:cite book
548:Wallachia
487:, etc.).
467:, prince
461:Bucharest
457:creditors
454:levantine
351:Nicopolis
324:Baiazid I
313:Bayezid I
295:In 1396,
252:Wallachia
219:Wallachia
161:Completed
572:Cholonic
568:Holavnic
552:Muntenia
485:Silistra
395:family.
393:sultan's
379:25, and
362:Silistra
198:Holavnic
172:medieval
88:Location
82:Fortress
521:Oltenia
517:Craiova
481:Hârşova
477:Giurgiu
377:Giurgiu
369:Moldova
339:Ottoman
244:Ottoman
233:History
189:: Kule,
186:Turkish
116:Romania
112:Country
580:Pirgos
421:Mahmud
418:vizier
381:Brăila
354:sanjak
343:Brăila
305:Vlad I
299:, the
256:Vlad I
211:Danube
584:Tower
389:feuds
373:Turnu
358:pasha
181:tower
176:Turnu
674:link
546:and
209:and
170:The
78:Type
360:of
207:Olt
892::
851:^
788:^
771:.
743:^
725:^
709:.
670:}}
666:{{
650:^
582:("
523:.
483:,
479:,
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878:.
863:.
830:.
815:.
782:.
756:.
719:.
707:"
676:)
183:,
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