2012:
713:
328:
2032:
138:
1008:
protrusions, in which the vehicle can make a U-turn. The wall-to-wall turning circle is greater than the kerb-to-kerb measure for the same vehicle because of the front and rear body overhangs. One can find these two ways of measuring the turning circle used in auto specifications, for example, a van might be listed as having a turning circle (in meters) of 12.1 (C) / 12.4 (W).
784:
36:
2022:
77:
253:
1286:"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1230/2012 of 12 December 2012 implementing Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to type-approval requirements for masses and dimensions of motor vehicles and their trailers and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council"
1024:
turning circle will show the straight-line distance from one side of the circle to the other, through the center. The name "curb-to-curb" indicates that a street would have to be this wide before this car can make a U-turn and not hit a street curb with a wheel. If you took the street curb and built
343:
measures the minimum space needed to turn the vehicle around while the steering is set to its maximum displacement from the central 'straight ahead' position - i.e. either extreme left or right. If a marker pen was placed on the point of the vehicle furthest from the center of the turn, the diameter
1028:
The kerb-to-kerb turning circle can be smaller than the turning circle as it refers to only a partial circle (~180°) with the vehicle alongside one kerb to start with. To perform a U turn in a forward direction only, the centre of the turn is not coincident with the centre of the road - thus a
870:
In practice, the values of turning diameter tend to be listed more frequently in vehicle specifications, so the term turning diameter will therefore be more correct in most cases. The turning diameter will always give a higher number for a given vehicle, and the turning diameter measurement is
1007:
The wall-to-wall turning circle is the minimum distance between two walls, both of which exceed the height of the vehicle, in which the vehicle can make a U-turn. The kerb-to-kerb turning circle is the minimum distance between two raised curbs, both of which are lower than the lowest body
883:
is another term also sometimes used synonymously for the turning diameter. Some argue that turning circle is less ambiguous than turning radius, but "turning circle" may introduce its own ambiguities since the same circle can be defined by multiple measurements, including the radius
559:
851:. For example, the 2017 Audi A4 is specified by the manufacturer as having a turning diameter (curb-to-curb) of 11.6 m (38 ft). Mathematically, the radius of a circle is half the diameter, so the correct turning radius in this example would be
1078:
New
Zealand requires that road vehicles can perform a 360 degrees turn on a circle with a 25 metres (82 ft) diameter, measured wall-to-wall. The only part of the vehicle that may reach over this limitation are collapsible mirrors.
292:. The Oxford English Dictionary describes turning circle as "the smallest circle within which a ship, motor vehicle, etc., can be turned round completely". The term thus refers to a theoretical minimal circle in which for example an
968:
refers to a "curb-to-curb turning circle" of a 2008 Cadillac CTS as 10.82 metres (35.5 ft), but the terminology is not yet settled. AutoChannel.com refers to the "turning radius" of the same car as 10.82 metres (35.5 ft).
1029:
complete circle would not be possible (without driving onto the pavement to complete the manoeuvre). It also does not take into account that part of the vehicle that overhangs the wheels where as 'turning circle' does.
766:
Many conventionally steerable vehicles (only one axle with steerable wheels) can reverse the direction of travel in a space smaller than the stated turning radius by executing a specialized maneuver, such as a
724:. For a rectangular vehicle capable of doing this, the smallest turning circle would be equal to the diagonal length of the vehicle. As an example, some boats can be turned in this way, generally by using
700:. For example, a wheeled vehicle with a very small turning circle may be described as having a "tight turning radius", meaning that it is easier to turn around very tight corners. Wheeled vehicles with
1066:
with an outer radius of 12.5 metres (41 ft) and an inner radius of 5.3 metres (17 ft), measured wall-to-wall. In addition, when entering this annulus, no part of the vehicle can overreach a
687:
365:
934:
960:
600:
902:
825:
805:
351:
The curb-to-curb turning radius, which considers the chassis and wheels only without body protrusions, can be expressed as a simplified function of the
720:
Technically, the minimum possible turning circle for a vehicle would be where it does not move either forwards or backwards while turning and simply
1418:
1360:
1264:
867:= 5.8 m. However, another source lists the turning radius of the same vehicle as also being 11.6 m, which is the turning diameter.
992:
There are two methods for measuring the vehicle turning diameter which will give slightly different results. These two methods are called
1890:
1195:
239:
221:
119:
63:
1169:
155:
101:
49:
1915:
1346:
1306:
1219:
608:
572:
which changes its heading at a rate of 3° per second, or 180° in one minute. In this case, the turning radius depends on the
202:
159:
1155:"turning, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/207704. Accessed 15 February 2021.
174:
2061:
1993:
1910:
1827:
1121:
721:
1025:
it higher, as high as the car, and tried to make a U-turn in the street, parts of the car (bumper) would hit the wall.
2056:
1774:
1411:
356:
181:
1976:
1388:
554:{\displaystyle turning\ radius={\frac {wheelbase}{\sin {\left(steering\ angle\right)}}}+{\frac {tire\ width}{2}}}
92:
1070:
by more than 80 centimetres (31 in); this tangent is drawn at the outer, 12.5 m limit of the annulus.
188:
344:
of the circle traced during the turn defines the value of that vehicle's turning diameter. Mathematically, the
1731:
871:
usually preferred by automotive manufacturers. Such mixing of terms can lead to confusion among consumers.
148:
2025:
1285:
170:
1948:
1594:
1404:
1469:
1126:
1063:
828:
1895:
740:
763:
inverse rotation of their left and right wheel sets, effectively giving them "zero" turning radius.
1988:
1882:
1857:
1837:
1789:
1557:
1325:
701:
55:
2031:
743:
as they do not follow a circular path as they turn. In this case the vehicle is referred to as a "
1794:
1668:
569:
565:
907:
835:
Other terms are sometimes used synonymously for turning diameter, which can lead to confusion.
1696:
1427:
1340:
1300:
827:
of a passenger car: The wall-to-wall turning circle is shown at the top and takes the vehicle
289:
285:
87:
1960:
1943:
1736:
1701:
1511:
1501:
1464:
1321:
972:
Turning circle is also sometimes used to refer to the path swept in the manoeuvre, i.e. the
939:
772:
725:
195:
1256:
578:
1905:
1832:
1648:
1577:
1111:
1098:
760:
1231:
2066:
1754:
1658:
1653:
887:
810:
790:
693:
2050:
2015:
1804:
1769:
1764:
1716:
1688:
1663:
1589:
1572:
1521:
1484:
1474:
1456:
977:
752:
573:
284:, respectively) of available space required for that vehicle to make a semi-circular
260:. A vehicle with a smaller turning diameter will be able to perform a sharper U-turn.
564:
Aircraft have a similar minimum turning circle concept, generally associated with a
339:(i.e. one, two or even four wheels at the front capable of steering), the vehicle's
1981:
1938:
1920:
1711:
1706:
1673:
1567:
1562:
1543:
1528:
1516:
1506:
1491:
1479:
1447:
981:
973:
748:
712:
831:
into consideration, while the curb-to-curb turning circle is shown at the bottom.
2035:
1847:
1842:
1779:
1759:
1630:
1131:
1116:
964:
704:
will have a smaller turning radius than vehicles that steer wheels on one axle.
327:
137:
1045:
turning circle denotes how far apart the two walls would have to be to allow a
1809:
1726:
1678:
1625:
1538:
1533:
1093:
744:
736:
297:
17:
1955:
1609:
1582:
1552:
1088:
783:
352:
293:
735:
around their central axis by making all wheels steerable, such as certain
1900:
1784:
1640:
1599:
732:
336:
281:
1721:
1604:
1496:
1067:
1136:
1046:
768:
756:
697:
277:
257:
97:
Needs better sectioning, needs better examples, and clarity in prose.
1396:
1322:"Verordnung über die technischen Anforderungen an Strassenfahrzeuge"
1196:"How to safely reduce the radius of your turn—in case you need to"
782:
711:
326:
252:
251:
1062:
Road vehicles must be able to carry out a 360 degrees turn on an
1799:
1400:
1438:
131:
70:
29:
692:
Turning diameter is sometimes used in everyday language as a
276:) of a vehicle defines the minimum dimension (typically the
1383:
755:
have a "round" mode which allows them to spin around their
847:
has been used as equivalent and interchangeable with the
1170:"Why Some Cars Have A Bigger Turning Radius Than Others"
771:
or similar skid, or in a discontinuous motion such as a
335:
On wheeled vehicles with the common type of front wheel
716:
Turning radius of a vehicle depends on the vehicle type
682:{\displaystyle turning\ radius={\frac {v_{t}}{60\pi }}}
1220:
942:
910:
890:
813:
793:
611:
581:
368:
1969:
1931:
1881:
1870:
1820:
1747:
1687:
1639:
1618:
1455:
1446:
162:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
954:
928:
896:
819:
799:
681:
594:
553:
256:Diagram showing the path of a driver performing a
27:Minimum dimension for a vehicle to make a turn
1412:
316:
8:
1384:Vehicle Turning Radius explanation + visuals
315:) can have different meanings; refer to the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1878:
1452:
1419:
1405:
1397:
962:, about 6.28 times as big). For example,
941:
909:
889:
812:
792:
663:
657:
610:
586:
580:
512:
452:
414:
367:
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1232:"Used 2017 Audi A4 Specs & Features"
1148:
980:in the case when the manoeuvre makes a
348:would be half of the turning diameter.
1338:
1298:
1163:
1161:
731:Some wheeled vehicles are designed to
1392:Article about Zero Radius Lawn Mowers
1335:Art. 40 Kreisfahrt und Ausschwenkmass
1265:Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)
7:
2021:
1053:Legal requirements for road vehicles
160:adding citations to reliable sources
1994:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
936:, twice as big), or circumference (
25:
45:This article has multiple issues.
2030:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1437:Part of a series of articles on
1000:(US spelling), or alternatively
568:, in which an aircraft enters a
136:
75:
34:
1257:"§ 32d Kurvenlaufeigenschaften"
1194:Moura, Luis (January 6, 2020).
317:§ Alternative nomenclature
147:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1168:Mees, Huibert (June 1, 2022).
1058:European Union and Switzerland
747:turning radius" vehicle. Some
1:
1828:Approach and departure angles
1361:"Vehicle dimensions and mass"
988:Different measurement methods
1390:Grounds Maintenance Magazine
1295:Article 7, "Manoeuvrability"
1122:Minimum railway curve radius
1049:without scraping the walls.
1891:Automotive light bulb types
839:Turning radius and diameter
331:Diagram of turning vehicle.
95:. The specific problem is:
2083:
1345:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1305:: CS1 maint: postscript (
929:{\displaystyle d=2\cdot r}
722:pivots on its central axis
2006:
1434:
1911:high-intensity discharge
779:Alternative nomenclature
296:, a ground vehicle or a
1595:Stressed member engine
956:
955:{\displaystyle 2\pi r}
930:
898:
832:
821:
801:
717:
696:term rather than with
683:
596:
555:
332:
300:can be turned around.
261:
1727:Windshield/windscreen
1363:. NZ Transport Agency
1127:Overhang (automotive)
957:
931:
899:
822:
807:and turning diameter
802:
786:
715:
684:
597:
595:{\displaystyle v_{t}}
556:
330:
255:
2062:Engineering concepts
1896:Daytime running lamp
940:
908:
888:
843:The automotive term
811:
791:
609:
579:
366:
156:improve this article
102:improve this article
91:to meet Knowledge's
1858:Weight distribution
1790:Omniview technology
1326:Swiss Confederation
1261:Gesetze im Internet
702:four-wheel steering
2057:Vehicle technology
1977:Registration plate
976:, or the circle's
952:
926:
894:
833:
817:
797:
718:
679:
592:
566:standard rate turn
551:
355:, tire width, and
333:
262:
2044:
2043:
2002:
2001:
1866:
1865:
1697:Glass run channel
1631:Trunk/boot/dickie
1428:Automotive design
1137:U-turn (maneuver)
897:{\displaystyle r}
820:{\displaystyle d}
800:{\displaystyle r}
726:azimuth thrusters
698:numerical figures
677:
635:
549:
529:
507:
484:
392:
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
224:
206:
130:
129:
122:
93:quality standards
84:This article may
68:
16:(Redirected from
2074:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1961:Window deflector
1944:Side-view mirror
1879:
1502:Continental tire
1465:Backbone chassis
1453:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1283:European Union:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1099:Wheeled vehicles
961:
959:
958:
953:
935:
933:
932:
927:
903:
901:
900:
895:
866:
864:
863:
860:
857:
849:turning diameter
826:
824:
823:
818:
806:
804:
803:
798:
773:three-point turn
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
676:
668:
667:
658:
633:
601:
599:
598:
593:
591:
590:
570:coordinated turn
560:
558:
557:
552:
550:
545:
527:
513:
508:
506:
505:
504:
500:
482:
444:
415:
390:
341:turning diameter
270:turning diameter
268:(alternatively,
245:
238:
227:
220:
216:
213:
207:
205:
171:"Turning radius"
164:
140:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
1998:
1965:
1927:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1833:Breakover angle
1816:
1743:
1683:
1635:
1614:
1442:
1430:
1425:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1112:Breakover angle
1107:
1085:
1055:
1035:
1014:
1004:(UK spelling).
990:
938:
937:
906:
905:
886:
885:
877:
861:
858:
855:
854:
852:
841:
809:
808:
789:
788:
787:Turning radius
781:
710:
669:
659:
607:
606:
602:(in knots) as:
582:
577:
576:
514:
457:
453:
445:
416:
364:
363:
325:
246:
235:
234:
233:
228:
217:
211:
208:
165:
163:
153:
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
99:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1932:Other elements
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1853:Turning radius
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Bumper sticker
1751:
1749:
1748:Other elements
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1378:External links
1376:
1374:
1373:
1352:
1312:
1276:
1247:
1223:
1212:
1186:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1031:
1013:
1010:
989:
986:
951:
948:
945:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
893:
881:turning circle
876:
875:Turning circle
873:
845:turning radius
840:
837:
829:front overhang
816:
796:
780:
777:
749:camera dollies
709:
706:
690:
689:
675:
672:
666:
662:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
589:
585:
562:
561:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
526:
523:
520:
517:
511:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
456:
451:
448:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
357:steering angle
346:turning radius
324:
321:
274:turning circle
266:turning radius
248:
247:
230:
229:
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Turning circle
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1869:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Hood ornament
1768:
1766:
1765:Front-end bra
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Quarter glass
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Quarter panel
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Body-on-frame
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1319:Switzerland:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1263:(in German).
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
985:
983:
982:complete turn
979:
978:circumference
975:
970:
967:
966:
949:
946:
943:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
891:
882:
874:
872:
868:
850:
846:
838:
836:
830:
814:
794:
785:
778:
776:
774:
770:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:film industry
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
673:
670:
664:
660:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
605:
604:
603:
587:
583:
575:
574:true airspeed
571:
567:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
524:
521:
518:
515:
509:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
454:
449:
446:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
362:
361:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
342:
338:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
254:
244:
241:
226:
223:
215:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173: –
172:
168:
167:Find sources:
161:
157:
151:
150:
145:This article
143:
139:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
103:
98:
94:
90:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1982:vanity plate
1921:trafficators
1852:
1732:washer fluid
1712:Power window
1707:Opera window
1619:Compartments
1507:Crumple zone
1492:Cabrio coach
1436:
1389:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1330:. Retrieved
1328:. 1995-06-19
1315:
1290:. Retrieved
1288:. 2012-12-21
1279:
1268:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1174:The Autopian
1173:
1151:
1077:
1061:
1043:wall-to-wall
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:Wall-to-wall
1027:
1022:curb-to-curb
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:Curb-to-curb
1006:
1002:kerb-to-kerb
1001:
998:curb-to-curb
997:
994:wall-to-wall
993:
991:
971:
963:
904:, diameter (
880:
878:
869:
848:
844:
842:
834:
765:
761:synchronized
759:by allowing
751:used in the
730:
719:
691:
563:
350:
345:
340:
334:
312:
308:
304:
302:
273:
269:
265:
263:
236:
218:
209:
199:
192:
185:
178:
166:
154:Please help
149:verification
146:
116:
107:
100:Please help
96:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1916:sealed beam
1848:Roll center
1843:Ride height
1780:Japan black
1775:Instruments
1760:Curb feeler
1626:Hood/bonnet
1236:Edmunds.com
1132:Ride height
1117:Dubins path
1083:Common uses
1074:New Zealand
965:Motor Trend
741:wheelchairs
694:generalized
303:The terms (
104:if you can.
2051:Categories
1702:Greenhouse
1367:2023-07-20
1332:2023-07-20
1292:2023-07-19
1270:2023-07-19
1241:2017-08-18
1205:30 January
1179:26 January
1144:References
1094:Watercraft
1089:Aeroplanes
737:lawnmowers
708:Exceptions
323:Definition
298:watercraft
212:April 2021
182:newspapers
110:April 2021
50:improve it
1956:Tow hitch
1874:equipment
1800:Tire/tyre
1659:Gull-wing
1649:Butterfly
1610:Trunk lid
1553:Monocoque
1457:Framework
1254:Germany:
1200:Air Facts
1037:The name
947:π
921:⋅
879:The term
674:π
450:
353:wheelbase
319:section.
294:aeroplane
56:talk page
2016:Category
1901:Headlamp
1883:Lighting
1872:Exterior
1838:Overhang
1821:Geometry
1805:run-flat
1785:Nerf bar
1600:Subframe
1568:Platform
1558:Overhang
1470:Beltline
1341:cite web
1301:cite web
1105:See also
337:steering
309:diameter
290:skidding
288:without
282:diameter
86:require
2026:Commons
1722:Sunroof
1674:Suicide
1669:Sliding
1664:Scissor
1605:Tonneau
1590:Spoiler
1497:Chassis
1068:tangent
1064:annulus
865:
853:
196:scholar
88:cleanup
2036:Portal
1906:hidden
1654:Canopy
1563:Pillar
1544:shaker
1529:Grille
1522:skirts
1517:ponton
1512:Fender
1485:Dagmar
1480:Bumper
1047:U-turn
856:11.6 m
769:J-turn
757:z axis
634:
528:
483:
391:
313:circle
305:radius
286:U-turn
278:radius
258:U-turn
198:
191:
184:
177:
169:
2067:Radii
1989:Theft
1970:Legal
1949:power
1810:spare
1795:Parts
1737:wiper
1689:Glass
1641:Doors
1539:scoop
311:, or
203:JSTOR
189:books
1939:Horn
1679:Swan
1583:rack
1578:Roof
1534:Hood
1448:Body
1439:cars
1347:link
1307:link
1207:2023
1181:2023
1039:wall
1018:curb
996:and
745:zero
739:and
733:spin
264:The
175:news
1041:or
1020:or
974:arc
447:sin
280:or
272:or
158:by
2053::
1343:}}
1339:{{
1324:.
1303:}}
1299:{{
1259:.
1234:.
1198:.
1172:.
1160:^
1016:A
984:.
775:.
728:.
671:60
359::
307:,
59:.
1420:e
1413:t
1406:v
1370:.
1349:)
1309:)
1273:.
1244:.
1209:.
1183:.
950:r
944:2
924:r
918:2
915:=
912:d
892:r
862:2
859:/
815:d
795:r
665:t
661:v
655:=
652:s
649:u
646:i
643:d
640:a
637:r
631:g
628:n
625:i
622:n
619:r
616:u
613:t
588:t
584:v
547:2
543:h
540:t
537:d
534:i
531:w
525:e
522:r
519:i
516:t
510:+
502:)
498:e
495:l
492:g
489:n
486:a
480:g
477:n
474:i
471:r
468:e
465:e
462:t
459:s
455:(
442:e
439:s
436:a
433:b
430:l
427:e
424:e
421:h
418:w
412:=
409:s
406:u
403:i
400:d
397:a
394:r
388:g
385:n
382:i
379:n
376:r
373:u
370:t
243:)
237:(
225:)
219:(
214:)
210:(
200:·
193:·
186:·
179:·
152:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
