530:
6297:
6286:
220:
419:
6308:
7210:
6189:
729:
773:
233:
751:
553:
7198:
697:
649:
665:
633:
681:
569:
713:
617:
601:
585:
537:
977:. Every village have distinctive dialects (Midwoyo, Kfarzoyo, `Iwarnoyo, Nihloyo, and Izloyo, respectively). All Turoyo dialects are mutually intelligible with each other. There is a dialectal split between the town of Midyat and the villages, with only slight differences between the individual villages. A closely related language or dialect,
1553:
The
Swedish government's "mother-tongue education" project treated Turoyo as an immigrant language, like Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, and began to teach the language in schools. The staff of the National Swedish Institute for Teaching Material produced a Latin letter-based alphabet, grammar, dictionary,
1509:
Attempts to write down Turoyo have begun since the 16th century, with Jewish Neo-Aramaic adaptions and translations of
Biblical texts, commentaries, as well as hagiographic stories, books, and folktales in Christian dialects. The East Syriac Bishop Mar Yohannan working with American missionary Rev.
1549:
In the 1970s, educator Yusuf Ishaq attempted to systematically incorporate the Turoyo language into a Latin orthography, which resulted in a series of reading books, entitled . Although this system is not used outside of Sweden, other Turoyo speakers have developed their own non-standardized Latin
2307:('to become'). Most modern Aramaic languages have completely abandoned the old tenses and form all tenses from stems based around the old participles. The classical clitics have become incorporated fully into the verb form, and can be considered more like inflections.
1639:. The phonetic value of such reduced vowels differs depending both on the value of original vowel and the dialect spoken. The Miḏyoyo dialect also reduces vowels in pre-stress open syllables. That has the effect of producing a syllabic
846:. The Turoyo-speaking population prior to the Syriac genocide largely adhered to the Syriac Orthodox Church. In 1970, it was estimated that there were 20,000 Turoyo-speakers still living in the area, however, they gradually migrated to
490:, since Surayt is a historical name for the language used by its speakers, while Turoyo is a more academic name for the language used to distinguish it from other Neo-Aramaic languages, and Classical Syriac. However, especially in the
908:). The Swedish government's education policy, that every child be educated in his or her first tongue, led to the commissioning of teaching materials in Turoyo. Yusuf Ishaq thus developed an alphabet for Turoyo based on the
835:. Due to the proximity of Tur Abdin to Edessa, and the closeness of their parent languages, meant that Turoyo bears a greater similarity to Classical Syriac than do Northeastern Neo-Aramaic varieties.
2506:
482:
is commonly used by its speakers, as a general designation for their language, modern or historical. It is also used by the recent EU funded programme to revitalize the language, in preference to
2380:: enclitic copula, independent copula, and emphatic independent copula. In Turoyo, the non-enclitic copula (or the existential particle) is articulated with the use of two sets of particles:
858:, but efforts are still made by Turoyo-speaking communities to sustain the language through use in homelife, school programs to teach Turoyo on the weekends, and summer day camps.
7118:
794:
529:
5539:
3754:
Comparative
Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification
225:
6226:
514:
depending on dialect), meaning "Syriac" in general. Since it has developed as one of western variants of the Syriac language, Turoyo is sometimes also referred to as
3310:"Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic: A Comparative and Diachronic Discussion Based on Ṭūrōyo and the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Hertevin"
6162:
945:(West-Syriac) and Latin script, a foundation for the "Aramaic-Syriac language". A team of AI researchers completed the first translation model for Turoyo in 2023.
3072:"Aramäisch des Tur Abdin schreiben und lesen: Überlegungen, warum die Sprechergemeinschaft des Tur Abdin das Neu-Aramäische nicht als Schriftsprache anerkennt"
3995:
4289:
7010:
6265:
6138:
379:
7255:
5532:
4852:
1001:) characters. The orthography below was the outcome of the International Surayt Conference held at the University of Cambridge (27–30 August 2015).
2534:
6443:
6133:
6073:
4803:
4778:
780:
3709:"The Role of Religious Freedom in the Context of the Accession Negotiations between the European Union and Turkey – The Example of the Arameans"
5860:
4842:
4821:
892:
However, with upheaval in their homeland through the twentieth century, many Turoyo speakers have emigrated around the world (particularly to
854:
communities, Turoyo is usually a second language which is supplemented by more mainstream languages. The language is considered endangered by
4837:
865:) was the written language. In the 1880s, various attempts were made, with the encouragement of western missionaries, to write Turoyo in the
2957:
Talay, Shabo (2015). "Turoyo, the
Aramaic language of Turabdin and the translation of Alice". In Lindseth, Jon A.; Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.).
1517:) used Turoyo to write short texts and songs. The Syriac evangelical movement has also published over 300 Turoyo hymns in a compedium named
6219:
5734:
2018:
7093:
5525:
4872:
4867:
2027:
1542:
762:
687:
877:
script used for West-Syriac
Kthobhonoyo. One of the first comprehensive studies of the language was published in 1881, by orientalists
7235:
6770:
6296:
1510:
Justin
Perkins also tried to write the vernacular version of religious texts, culminating in the production of school-cards in 1836.
5809:
3874:
3840:
3783:
3762:
3741:
3720:
3677:
3651:
3610:
3589:
3511:
3488:
3462:
3436:
3413:
3390:
3342:
3321:
3271:
3248:
3129:
3106:
3083:
3060:
3039:
3016:
2966:
2735:
3775:
Arabic
Borrowings in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo within the Framework of Phonological Correspondences in Comparison with Other Semitic Languages
7152:
6063:
5803:
5797:
4793:
3988:
1954:
1867:
736:
7265:
6438:
6212:
6058:
5845:
5704:
4798:
4788:
4282:
2418:
2166:
1898:
300:
7250:
6833:
6818:
6800:
6776:
6758:
6752:
6681:
6506:
6128:
5778:
5127:
4170:
3369:
2507:"Breakthrough in Syriac school crisis in Zalin (Qamishli) in North and East Syria, Olaf Taw Association explains to SuroyoTV"
2423:
1986:
1557:
There are other efforts to translate famous works of literature, including The
Aramaic Students Association's translation of
6687:
6648:
6562:
6433:
6043:
5638:
4783:
4695:
2408:
1961:
1874:
740:
3429:
Authority and
Control in the Countryside: From Antiquity to Islam in the Mediterranean and Near East (Sixt-Tenth Century)
3028:"Neues Alphabet, neue Sprache, neue Kultur: Was kann die Adaptation der lateinischen Schrift für das Turoyo implizieren?"
2535:"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne"
7245:
7172:
7147:
7083:
6847:
5772:
4862:
4847:
2175:
1926:
1905:
719:
655:
286:
6664:
7240:
7157:
7103:
6966:
6383:
6358:
6352:
6275:
6145:
5962:
5821:
5719:
5713:
5683:
5461:
4857:
4571:
3981:
3954:
3666:"Aramaic, once an International Language, now on the Verge of Expiration: Are the Days of its Last Vestiges Numbered?"
3282:
2143:
2000:
1993:
784:
758:
671:
363:
134:
7167:
6389:
5789:
5689:
5596:
4716:
4709:
4275:
3820:
2191:
2049:
1912:
1788:
1774:
843:
639:
5764:
5652:
5571:
5375:
5138:
4666:
4644:
4628:
4377:
4357:
4322:
1970:
1933:
1670:
387:
144:
129:
6285:
7088:
6626:
6377:
6002:
5866:
5660:
4761:
3889:
2152:
1834:
403:
367:
310:
1554:
school books, and instructional material. Due to religious and political objections, the project was halted.
7177:
6711:
6699:
6572:
6471:
5947:
5854:
5180:
5117:
4941:
4327:
1919:
1820:
1795:
1781:
799:
6448:
6068:
4898:
607:
399:
6932:
6544:
6346:
6340:
5987:
5972:
5830:
5604:
5585:
4503:
4340:
4317:
4312:
2453:
2353:
2257:
2229:
1977:
1621:
1609:
1595:
1580:
982:
824:
359:
78:
3689:"Quo vadis Turoyo? A Description of the Situation and the Needs of the Neo-Aramaic of Tur-Abdin (Turkey)"
3670:
When
Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence
6556:
6532:
5505:
5077:
4750:
4430:
4416:
4402:
4088:
2403:
2311:
2273:
2075:
2010:
1737:
1728:
1537:
938:
422:
391:
119:
5143:
1529:
3943:
7139:
7125:
7073:
7048:
7038:
7028:
7023:
7018:
6782:
6476:
6307:
6118:
5952:
5927:
5432:
4481:
4039:
2373:
1827:
1692:
623:
575:
444:
7214:
7098:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7043:
6961:
6723:
6632:
6550:
6538:
6486:
6481:
6321:
6301:
6260:
6193:
6167:
6022:
6007:
5967:
5548:
5446:
5084:
5027:
4955:
4916:
4892:
4737:
4552:
4513:
4236:
4149:
4115:
4103:
3099:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
2448:
1892:
1855:
828:
703:
395:
351:
149:
930:
7260:
7113:
7033:
6954:
6927:
6644:
6270:
6078:
5982:
5912:
5626:
4043:
4004:
3713:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
3547:
3232:
3220:
3212:
3159:
3139:
2706:
1665:
591:
358:
region in southeastern Turkey and in northern Syria. Turoyo speakers are mostly adherents of the
5270:
5148:
2349:
978:
6248:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
2473:
The right to get an education in one's native tongue has been established as a legal guarantee.
7108:
7078:
6905:
6856:
6842:
6812:
6693:
6496:
6123:
5887:
5562:
5418:
5212:
5091:
4964:
4725:
4683:
4557:
4350:
4298:
4241:
4034:
3870:
3852:"Towards a Description of Written Ṣurayt/Ṭuroyo: Some Syntactic Functions of the Particle kal"
3836:
3779:
3758:
3737:
3716:
3673:
3647:
3606:
3585:
3507:
3484:
3458:
3432:
3424:
3409:
3386:
3365:
3338:
3317:
3267:
3244:
3125:
3102:
3095:"Forgotten Witnesses: Remembering and Interpreting the Sayfo in the Manuscripts of Tur 'Abdin"
3079:
3056:
3035:
3012:
3002:
2962:
2731:
2698:
2586:
2555:
2438:
2242:
2085:
2037:
1947:
1940:
1809:
1802:
1768:
1747:
1711:
1699:
1677:
962:
383:
124:
6991:
3640:"Interdependence of Classical Syriac and Suryoyo of Tur Abdin (STA): Orthography for the STA"
850:
and elsewhere in the world. The Turoyo-speaking diaspora is now estimated at 250,000. In the
7053:
6638:
6491:
6463:
6369:
6332:
6012:
5937:
5743:
5619:
5556:
5498:
5453:
5439:
5249:
5200:
5163:
5068:
5054:
5020:
4990:
4971:
4936:
4702:
4676:
4650:
4610:
4603:
4543:
4526:
4498:
4474:
4366:
4246:
4231:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4128:
4076:
4064:
4049:
3828:
3539:
3521:
3204:
3177:
2547:
2398:
2315:
1687:
1661:
1656:
1521:
in 2012, as well as translating the four gospels with Mark and John being published so far.
966:
958:
922:
820:
559:
139:
2574:
815:
and the surrounding plain for more than a thousand years since the initial introduction of
6981:
6806:
6596:
6590:
6453:
6408:
6235:
6105:
6088:
5907:
5902:
5579:
5466:
5370:
5344:
5293:
5158:
5098:
5006:
4999:
4983:
4977:
4655:
4531:
4521:
4251:
4226:
4221:
4206:
4191:
4141:
4054:
3958:
3885:
3143:
2433:
2428:
2413:
2356:
is somewhat different from Turoyo. It is virtually extinct; its last few speakers live in
2281:
2065:
1720:
1682:
1436:
974:
954:
866:
862:
808:
185:
111:
92:
70:
7202:
6861:
6788:
6764:
6652:
6423:
6418:
6181:
6048:
6038:
5992:
5932:
5664:
5642:
5426:
5380:
5350:
5327:
5321:
5205:
5153:
5034:
4808:
4637:
4256:
4216:
4093:
4081:
4059:
2443:
2377:
861:
Until recently, Turoyo was a spoken vernacular and was never written down: Kthobonoyo (
847:
407:
178:
1625:
278:
7229:
6971:
6705:
6312:
6290:
6155:
5841:
5700:
5360:
5355:
5265:
5012:
4537:
4134:
3821:"The Turkish Lexical Influence on Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo: A Preliminary Selection of Examples"
3704:
3551:
3472:
3446:
3224:
2277:
2210:
2125:
1632:
994:
3969:
Turoyo is studied and taught at the HSE Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies
6729:
5997:
5957:
5917:
5675:
5286:
4154:
4123:
3624:
2687:""Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered"
2289:
1845:
915:
A series of reading books and workbooks that introduce Ishaq's alphabet are called
909:
882:
189:
6976:
2915:
418:
3864:
3773:
3752:
3731:
3708:
3665:
3639:
3628:
3600:
3577:
3499:
3476:
3450:
3401:
3380:
3353:
3332:
3309:
3259:
3236:
3117:
3094:
3071:
3050:
3027:
3006:
2725:
6614:
6608:
6245:
6017:
4911:
4596:
3165:"Some Observations on the Use of Classical Syriac in the Late Twentieth Century"
2959:
Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece
2222:
2137:
2120:
886:
291:
3832:
3118:"From Tur 'Abdin to Rome: The Syro-Orthodox Presence in Sixteenth-Century Rome"
2623:
6942:
6937:
6735:
5942:
4458:
4409:
3661:
3620:
3543:
3425:"Church Building in the Ṭur 'Abdin in the First Centuries of the Islamic Rule"
3208:
3181:
2551:
2293:
2252:
2215:
2183:
2130:
878:
3932:
3164:
2702:
2590:
2559:
398:, having been separated for over a thousand years; its closest relatives are
7209:
7162:
6996:
6876:
6717:
6658:
6188:
5897:
4423:
3526:
2285:
2236:
2160:
839:
812:
798:
Red markers represent Christian Neo-Aramaic varieties while blue represents
448:
355:
271:
255:
3951:
3297:
3192:"Fortresses of the Tur Abdin and the Confrontation between Rome and Persia"
912:. Silas Üzel also created a separate Latin alphabet for Turoyo in Germany.
3799:
Arabic and Semitic Linguistics Contextualized: A Festschrift for Jan Retsö
2829:
2493:
842:
region in southeastern Turkey. This region is a traditional stronghold of
262:
6947:
6920:
6893:
6881:
6866:
6620:
6567:
6150:
6053:
5892:
5195:
5061:
4465:
4451:
4437:
4069:
3334:
Laut- und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Mīdin im Ṭūr ʻAbdīn
2357:
1636:
1576:
Phonetically, Turoyo is very similar to Classical Syriac. The additional
934:
851:
491:
375:
318:
306:
3216:
3191:
2710:
2686:
6602:
6524:
6404:
5977:
5244:
4617:
4580:
4444:
2314:
much more than any other Aramaic language. In Turoyo, they have become
2297:
1577:
905:
897:
816:
314:
5517:
3602:
Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Ṭur 'Abdin
7182:
6986:
6915:
6888:
6871:
5751:
5472:
4386:
4018:
3973:
2842:
2300:
970:
901:
855:
452:
371:
238:
74:
56:
4267:
3909:
3851:
3807:
3794:
3688:
3451:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Eastern Anatolia and Northwestern Iran"
933:(born in Miden in 1934) who in 2009 finished the translation of the
484:
469:
461:
437:
430:
3560:
3455:
The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective
1643:
in most dialects (in Classical Syriac, the schwa is not syllabic).
386:. It is classified as a vulnerable language. Most speakers use the
6910:
6898:
6794:
6204:
6111:
5922:
5755:
2879:
2513:(Interview). Interviewed by Jacob Mirza. Zalin, Syria: SyriacPress
2361:
1640:
998:
942:
893:
417:
82:
60:
2727:
Modern Aramaic-English/English-Aramaic: Dictionary and Phrasebook
2575:"SÜRYANİCE ANADİLİNDE EĞİTİM HAKKI: SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ"
832:
6208:
5521:
4271:
3977:
3733:Šlomo Surayt: An Introductory Course in Surayt Aramaic (Turoyo)
1631:
The most distinctive feature of Turoyo phonology is its use of
1513:
In 1970s Germany, members of the Aramean evangelical movement (
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2372:
Turoyo has three sets of particles that take the place of the
3968:
2980:
2978:
2272:
The verbal system of Turoyo is similar to that used in other
3672:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. 222–234.
2724:
Awde, Nicholas; Lamassu, Nineb; Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (2007).
362:, but there are also some Turoyo-speaking adherents of the
3477:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background"
929:. Another old teacher, writer and translator of Turoyo is
317:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2931:
2929:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
921:, or "Come Let's Read!" This project has also produced a
459:
Aramaic). Other, more general names for the language are
3963:
3944:
Semitisches Tonarchiv: Dokumentgruppe "Aramäisch/Turoyo"
3584:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 263–277.
2292:
respectively, and other tenses were formed by using the
1628:) mostly only appear in loanwords from other languages.
3052:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
819:
to the region. However, it has also been influenced by
3561:"Neo-Aramaic Studies: A Survey of Recent Publications"
3532:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3457:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 190–236.
3408:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 697–707.
728:
1524:
The alphabet as used in a forthcoming translation of
2756:
2754:
927:
Svensk-turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo
916:
772:
37:
7138:
7009:
6841:
6832:
6745:
6674:
6581:
6522:
6505:
6462:
6403:
6368:
6331:
6320:
6253:
6098:
6031:
5880:
5840:
5819:
5788:
5763:
5733:
5699:
5674:
5651:
5618:
5595:
5570:
5555:
5417:
5336:
5313:
5306:
5258:
5237:
5228:
5221:
5188:
5179:
5172:
5125:
5116:
5046:
4954:
4929:
4885:
4830:
4771:
4760:
4749:
4664:
4627:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4512:
4491:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4338:
4305:
4179:
4163:
4114:
4027:
4011:
3801:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 554–568.
3646:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 169–192.
3101:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 327–346.
3078:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 215–250.
3034:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 203–214.
802:
and purple represents both spoken in the same town.
285:
269:
253:
248:
205:
200:
175:
108:
98:
88:
66:
52:
45:
21:
3897:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
3814:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 100–109.
3525:
3190:
3163:
2961:. Vol. I: Essays. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll.
2540:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
2533:
443:, meaning 'mountain', thus designating a specific
3827:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 69–99.
3644:Neue Aramäische Studien: Geschichte und Gegenwart
3633:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht's Verlag.
3076:Neue Aramäische Studien: Geschichte und Gegenwart
3032:Neue Aramäische Studien: Geschichte und Gegenwart
1550:script to use the language on digital platforms.
750:
226:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
3858:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 29–52.
3406:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
3124:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 277–287.
2573:Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (2021-06-30).
811:colloquial varieties that have been spoken in
425:, including Turoyo (represented in red colour)
6220:
5533:
4283:
3989:
3910:"The Aramaic Language and its Classification"
3266:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 189–199.
3243:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 181–188.
8:
6244:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
3316:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 89–103.
3144:"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature"
32:
3890:"Turoyo Neo-Aramaic in Northern New Jersey"
2610:
390:for literature and worship. Turoyo is not
6838:
6519:
6328:
6227:
6213:
6205:
6163:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
5760:
5648:
5567:
5540:
5526:
5518:
5310:
5234:
5225:
5185:
5176:
5122:
4768:
4757:
4585:
4576:
4391:
4382:
4290:
4276:
4268:
3996:
3982:
3974:
3630:Der neu-aramaeische Dialekt des Ṭûr 'Abdîn
3506:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 3–26.
3500:"An Annotated Bibliography of Neo-Aramaic"
3431:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 176–209.
3260:"Turoyo – from Spoken to Written Language"
2579:Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
2348:The other Central Neo-Aramaic dialect, of
18:
3715:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 157–170.
3605:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3578:"Endangered Languages of the Middle East"
2866:
2310:Turoyo has also developed the use of the
1561:, the Nisbin Foundation's translation of
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
378:. The language is also spoken throughout
3527:"Recent Studies in Neo-Aramaic Dialects"
3354:"Passive Formation in Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥsô"
2691:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2201:
2114:
2112:Turoyo has the following set of vowels:
1650:
1534:Sfar mele surtoṯoyo – Picture dictionary
1397:
1003:
969:. The main dialect of Turoyo is that of
925:-Turoyo dictionary of 4500 entries: the
552:
6134:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
3757:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.
3483:. London: Routledge. pp. 266–289.
3055:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
2984:
2830:https://omniglot.com/writing/turoyo.htm
2817:
2793:
2494:https://omniglot.com/writing/turoyo.htm
2486:
2466:
311:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5861:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
3856:Neo-Aramaic and its Linguistic Context
3825:Neo-Aramaic and its Linguistic Context
2902:
2805:
2660:
2630:. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. 2022
823:, which itself was the variety of the
3812:Neo-Aramaic in Its Linguistic Context
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2772:
2760:
2672:
2648:
2505:Elissa, Jalinos (23 September 2021).
1698:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1655:
354:language traditionally spoken in the
7:
3914:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
3290:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
3122:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context
993:Turoyo is written both in Latin and
953:Turoyo has borrowed some words from
827:spoken farther west, in the city of
494:, the language is frequently called
347:
339:
331:
33:
2276:. In Classical Syriac, the ancient
973:(Mëḏyoyo), in the east of Turkey's
186:Syriac alphabet (West Syriac Serṭo)
5504:Languages between parentheses are
3933:Turoyo alphabets and pronunciation
3869:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3385:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3337:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
14:
6266:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
6139:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
5810:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
3011:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
2730:. New York City, NY: Hippocrene.
2241:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2151:
2142:
2084:
2074:
2048:
2036:
2026:
2017:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1873:
1866:
1844:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1515:Aramäische Freie Christengemeinde
696:
648:
7256:Endangered Afroasiatic languages
7208:
7196:
7153:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
6306:
6295:
6284:
6187:
5804:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
5798:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
4082:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3778:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.
1543:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
771:
749:
727:
711:
695:
679:
664:
663:
647:
631:
615:
599:
583:
568:
567:
551:
535:
528:
231:
218:
4094:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)
3026:Bednarowicz, Sebastian (2018).
2419:Bible translations into Aramaic
2303:or shortened forms of the verb
632:
451:in southeastern part of modern
370:, especially from the towns of
6819:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
6682:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
6129:Assyrian independence movement
5779:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
5508:of the language on their left.
4171:Levantine Arabic Sign Language
3736:. Glane: Bar Hebraeus Verlag.
3116:Borbone, Pier Giorgio (2017).
2424:Bible translations into Syriac
2329:feminine singular: i malëkṯo (
838:The homeland of Turoyo is the
712:
616:
600:
584:
536:
1:
6563:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
3808:"Neologisms in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo"
3582:Language Diversity Endangered
3559:Mengozzi, Alessandro (2011).
2920:Surayt-Aramaic Online Project
2532:Akbulut, Olgun (2023-10-19).
2409:Central Neo-Aramaic languages
2322:masculine singular: u malko (
680:
193:
7173:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
7148:Assyrian Democratic Movement
3884:Weaver, Christina Michelle;
3863:Waltisberg, Michael (2016).
3638:Saadi, Abdul-Massih (2018).
3423:Keser-Kayaalp, Elif (2019).
2922:. Free University of Berlin.
2063:
2008:
1890:
1853:
1766:
1718:
981:, spoken in two villages in
917:
807:Turoyo has evolved from the
485:
470:
462:
438:
431:
38:
16:Central Neo-Aramaic language
7158:Assyrian Universal Alliance
6384:Assyrian Church of the East
6359:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
6353:Assyrian Evangelical Church
6276:Terms for Syriac Christians
6146:Terms for Syriac Christians
5963:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
5822:Assyrian Church of the East
5720:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
5714:Assyrian Evangelical Church
5684:Assyrian Church of the East
3382:Lehrbuch der Ṭuroyo-Sprache
3283:"The Tûrôyo Language Today"
364:Assyrian Church of the East
7282:
7168:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
6390:Ancient Church of the East
5690:Ancient Church of the East
3833:10.31826/9781463236489-006
3730:Talay, Shabo, ed. (2017).
3170:Journal of Semitic Studies
1201:
844:Syriac Orthodox Christians
447:of the mountain region of
7236:Eastern Aramaic languages
7191:
6282:
6242:
6176:
5748:(active 1st century–1601)
5490:
3952:The Turoyo language today
3795:"Arabic or Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo"
3544:10.1017/S0041977X00026045
3209:10.1017/S0066154617000047
3189:Comfort, Anthony (2017).
2552:10.1163/15718115-bja10134
2336:plural common: am malke (
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2025:
2023:
1982:
1966:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1841:
1816:
1814:
1793:
1786:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1735:
1733:
1710:
1705:
1660:
1653:
1620:) and a few instances of
1486:
1431:
1421:
1403:
1359:
1258:
1205:
1163:
1062:
1009:
985:, is now deemed extinct.
885:, who classified it as a
402:and western varieties of
388:Classical Syriac language
297:
31:
26:
6688:Muslim conquest of Syria
6378:Chaldean Catholic Church
6003:Dionysius of Vattasseril
5867:Believers Eastern Church
5661:Chaldean Catholic Church
5501:or historical languages.
3576:Owens, Jonathan (2007).
3498:Krotkoff, Georg (1990).
3258:Ishaq, Yusuf M. (1990).
3008:The History of Tur Abdin
3003:Barsoum, Ignatius Aphram
2880:"Syriac.IO - Translator"
404:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
368:Chaldean Catholic Church
7215:Christianity portal
7178:Syriac Military Council
6777:Massacres of Diyarbekir
6712:Principality of Antioch
6665:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
6472:Assyrian folk/pop music
6194:Christianity portal
5948:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
5855:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
5735:Saint Thomas Christians
3599:Palmer, Andrew (1990).
3379:Jastrow, Otto (2002) .
3358:Israel Oriental Studies
3331:Jastrow, Otto (1993) .
3182:10.1093/jss/XXXIV.2.363
2611:Weaver & Kiraz 2016
1567:Little Red Riding Hood.
334:), also referred to as
7266:Languages of Kurdistan
6933:Al-Hasakah Governorate
6771:Massacres of Badr Khan
6545:Middle Assyrian Empire
6347:Syriac Catholic Church
6341:Syriac Orthodox Church
5988:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
5973:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
5831:Chaldean Syrian Church
5605:Syriac Orthodox Church
5586:Syriac Catholic Church
3908:Yildiz, Efrem (2000).
3850:Tomal, Maciej (2015).
3687:Saouk, Joseph (2015).
3504:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
3400:Jastrow, Otto (2011).
3352:Jastrow, Otto (1996).
3314:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
3308:Jastrow, Otto (1990).
3296:: 7–16. Archived from
3281:Jastrow, Otto (1987).
3264:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
3241:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
2841:Sibille, Jean (2011).
2454:Romanization of Syriac
2352:and Ansha villages in
2312:demonstrative pronouns
2284:had started to become
1526:New Peshitta in Turoyo
941:and Yahkup Bilgic, in
937:Bible in Turoyo, with
825:Eastern Middle Aramaic
426:
360:Syriac Orthodox Church
299:This article contains
79:Al-Hasakah Governorate
7251:Neo-Aramaic languages
6801:Independence movement
6557:Post-imperial Assyria
6533:Early Assyrian period
4696:Christian Palestinian
4417:Ancient North Arabian
3806:Tezel, Sina (2015b).
3793:Tezel, Sina (2015a).
3093:Birol, Simon (2018).
3070:Bilgic, Zeki (2018).
3049:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
2867:Prym & Socin 1881
2404:Neo-Aramaic languages
2364:and in the diaspora.
2274:Neo-Aramaic languages
423:Neo-Aramaic languages
421:
392:mutually intelligible
6477:Music of Mesopotamia
6424:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
6419:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
6119:Assyrian nationalism
6064:Koy Sanjaq Christian
6049:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
6039:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
5953:Dionysius bar Salibi
5928:Philoxenus of Mabbug
5781:(West Syriac) (1932)
5775:(East Syriac) (1665)
4794:Koy Sanjaq Christian
4482:Pre-classical Arabic
4040:Circassian languages
3819:Tezel, Aziz (2015).
3772:Tezel, Sina (2011).
3751:Tezel, Aziz (2003).
2685:Kim, Ronald (2008).
2628:Endangered Languages
795:class=notpageimage|
445:Neo-Aramaic language
435:comes from the word
7246:Languages of Turkey
6783:Rise of nationalism
6724:Jalayirid Sultanate
6551:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6539:Old Assyrian period
6482:Syriac sacral music
6302:Aramean-Syriac flag
6261:Assyrian continuity
6168:Syriac sacral music
6023:Baselios Paulose II
6008:Geevarghese Ivanios
5968:Abraham of Angamaly
5773:Syro-Malabar Church
5549:Syriac Christianity
4638:Ashurian and Hatran
4180:Immigrant languages
4116:Varieties of Arabic
4104:Western Neo-Aramaic
3964:Syriac Turoyo-Bible
3402:"Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥsô"
3233:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
3160:Brock, Sebastian P.
3140:Brock, Sebastian P.
2449:Syriac Christianity
2354:Diyarbakır Province
2204:
1400:
1006:
396:Western Neo-Aramaic
352:Central Neo-Aramaic
207:Recognised minority
150:Central Neo-Aramaic
104:250,000 (2017)
7241:Languages of Syria
7203:History portal
6645:Church of the East
6434:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
6271:Chaldean Catholics
6044:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
5983:Abraham Koorilos I
5913:Severus of Antioch
5846:Eastern Protestant
5705:Eastern Protestant
5633:"Nestorian Church"
5627:Church of the East
5259:Harari–East Gurage
4710:Jewish Palestinian
4028:Minority languages
4005:Languages of Syria
3957:2007-09-25 at the
3693:Parole de l'Orient
2987:, p. 697–707.
2905:, p. 554-568.
2663:, p. 363–375.
2651:, p. 361-377.
2202:
1538:Benjamin Bar Shabo
1432:Syriac vowel mark
1398:
1004:
939:Benjamin Bar Shabo
516:Western Neo-Syriac
427:
7223:
7222:
7134:
7133:
6850:
6828:
6827:
6795:Assyrian genocide
6694:Abbasid Caliphate
6516:
6399:
6398:
6202:
6201:
6124:Assyrian homeland
6112:Assyrian genocide
5888:Ephrem the Syrian
5876:
5875:
5790:Oriental Orthodox
5729:
5728:
5614:
5613:
5597:Oriental Orthodox
5563:Church of Antioch
5515:
5514:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5302:
5301:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
4950:
4949:
4925:
4924:
4881:
4880:
4853:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
4645:Jewish Babylonian
4566:
4565:
4299:Semitic languages
4265:
4264:
4012:Official language
3866:Syntax des Ṭuroyo
3197:Anatolian Studies
2439:Syriac literature
2316:definite articles
2265:
2264:
2200:
2199:
2105:
2104:
1714:
1708:
1559:The Little Prince
1530:Yuhanun Bar Shabo
1507:
1506:
1396:
1395:
831:, today known as
384:Assyrians/Syriacs
325:
324:
307:rendering support
303:phonetic symbols.
135:Northwest Semitic
7273:
7213:
7212:
7201:
7200:
7199:
6846:
6839:
6813:Post-Saddam Iraq
6639:Nestorian schism
6633:Christianization
6605:(132 BCE–244 CE)
6599:(247 BCE–224 CE)
6559:(609 BCE–240 CE)
6520:
6510:
6370:East Syriac Rite
6333:West Syriac Rite
6329:
6310:
6299:
6288:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6206:
6192:
6191:
6079:Syriac Malayalam
6013:Coorilos Paulose
5938:Isaac the Syrian
5765:Eastern Catholic
5761:
5744:Malankara Church
5653:Eastern Catholic
5649:
5572:Eastern Catholic
5568:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5519:
5311:
5235:
5226:
5186:
5177:
5123:
4991:northern dialect
4769:
4758:
4611:Biblical Aramaic
4604:Imperial Aramaic
4586:
4577:
4475:Nabataean Arabic
4392:
4383:
4358:Canaano-Akkadian
4292:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4144:
4137:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3948:
3921:
3904:
3894:
3886:Kiraz, George A.
3880:
3859:
3846:
3815:
3802:
3789:
3768:
3747:
3726:
3700:
3683:
3657:
3634:
3616:
3595:
3572:
3565:Folia Orientalia
3555:
3529:
3517:
3494:
3481:The Syriac World
3468:
3442:
3419:
3396:
3375:
3348:
3327:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3277:
3254:
3237:"Written Turoyo"
3228:
3194:
3185:
3167:
3155:
3135:
3112:
3089:
3066:
3045:
3022:
2988:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2954:
2939:
2938:, p. 29-52.
2933:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2613:, p. 19-36.
2608:
2595:
2594:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2474:
2471:
2399:Aramaic language
2360:in northeastern
2282:imperfect tenses
2259:
2245:
2231:
2205:
2194:
2178:
2169:
2155:
2146:
2115:
2088:
2078:
2052:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1877:
1870:
1848:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1651:
1637:closed syllables
1623:
1611:
1597:
1582:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1401:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1007:
920:
863:Classical Syriac
821:Classical Syriac
775:
774:
753:
752:
731:
730:
715:
714:
699:
698:
683:
682:
667:
666:
651:
650:
635:
634:
619:
618:
603:
602:
587:
586:
571:
570:
560:Hertevin dialect
555:
554:
539:
538:
532:
488:
473:
465:
441:
434:
349:
341:
333:
281:
265:
258:
237:
235:
234:
224:
222:
221:
209:language in
181:
114:
81:in northeastern
73:of southeastern
41:
36:
35:
19:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7207:
7197:
7195:
7187:
7130:
7005:
6982:Mardin Province
6845:
6824:
6807:Simele massacre
6741:
6670:
6635:(1st to 3rd c.)
6617:(64 BCE–637 CE)
6611:(66 BCE–217 CE)
6597:Parthian Empire
6591:Seleucid Empire
6583:
6577:
6573:Assyrian tribes
6541:(2025–1364 BCE)
6535:(2600–2025 BCE)
6514:
6512:
6509:
6501:
6458:
6411:
6395:
6364:
6323:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6280:
6249:
6238:
6236:Assyrian people
6233:
6203:
6198:
6186:
6180:* Defunct with
6172:
6106:Assyrian people
6094:
6027:
5908:Jacob of Serugh
5903:Jacob Baradaeus
5872:
5836:
5815:
5784:
5749:
5747:
5740:
5738:
5725:
5695:
5670:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5610:
5591:
5580:Maronite Church
5560:
5551:
5546:
5516:
5511:
5478:
5401:
5332:
5298:
5254:
5238:Amharic–Argobba
5230:
5217:
5168:
5129:
5104:
5042:
4946:
4921:
4877:
4826:
4822:Urmia Christian
4763:
4752:
4745:
4660:
4623:
4562:
4522:Egyptian Arabic
4508:
4504:Modern Standard
4487:
4372:
4334:
4301:
4296:
4266:
4261:
4175:
4159:
4140:
4133:
4110:
4023:
4019:Standard Arabic
4007:
4002:
3959:Wayback Machine
3946:
3929:
3924:
3907:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3818:
3805:
3792:
3786:
3771:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3729:
3723:
3703:
3686:
3680:
3660:
3654:
3637:
3619:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3575:
3558:
3520:
3514:
3497:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3422:
3416:
3399:
3393:
3378:
3372:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3307:
3300:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3257:
3251:
3231:
3188:
3158:
3148:ARAM Periodical
3138:
3132:
3115:
3109:
3092:
3086:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3025:
3019:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2598:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2434:Syriac alphabet
2429:Syriac language
2414:Aramaic studies
2394:
2378:nominal clauses
2370:
2340:), am malkoṯe (
2270:
2110:
1694:
1672:
1649:
1574:
1437:mater lectionis
1433:
991:
975:Mardin Province
951:
867:Syriac alphabet
809:Eastern Aramaic
805:
804:
803:
797:
791:
790:
789:
788:
776:
768:
767:
766:
754:
746:
745:
744:
732:
724:
723:
722:
716:
708:
707:
706:
700:
692:
691:
690:
684:
676:
675:
674:
668:
660:
659:
658:
652:
644:
643:
642:
636:
628:
627:
626:
620:
612:
611:
610:
604:
596:
595:
594:
588:
580:
579:
578:
572:
564:
563:
562:
556:
548:
547:
546:
540:
524:
416:
382:, among modern
305:Without proper
277:
261:
254:
244:
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
210:
208:
201:Official status
194:Turoyo alphabet
188:
182:
177:
171:
145:Eastern Aramaic
130:Central Semitic
115:
112:Language family
110:
101:
100:Native speakers
93:Syriac/Assyrian
71:Mardin Province
17:
12:
11:
5:
7279:
7277:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7228:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7205:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7111:
7109:United Kingdom
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6862:Nineveh Plains
6853:
6851:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6789:Adana massacre
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6765:Schism of 1552
6762:
6759:Ottoman Empire
6756:
6753:Safavid Empire
6749:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6700:Emirs of Mosul
6697:
6691:
6685:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6587:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6547:(1363–912 BCE)
6542:
6536:
6529:
6527:
6517:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6318:
6317:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6184:
6182:schism of 1552
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5993:Cyril VI Tanas
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Thomas of Cana
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5849:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5769:
5767:
5758:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5708:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5687:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5583:
5576:
5574:
5565:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5353:
5348:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5192:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5024:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4766:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4687:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4618:Middle Aramaic
4614:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4590:
4583:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4514:Dialect groups
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4346:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4164:Sign languages
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3928:
3927:External links
3925:
3923:
3922:
3905:
3881:
3875:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3705:Sommer, Renate
3701:
3684:
3678:
3658:
3652:
3635:
3617:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3573:
3556:
3538:(2): 214–223.
3522:Macuch, Rudolf
3518:
3512:
3495:
3489:
3473:Khan, Geoffrey
3469:
3463:
3447:Khan, Geoffrey
3443:
3437:
3420:
3414:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3349:
3343:
3328:
3322:
3305:
3303:on 2020-07-15.
3278:
3272:
3255:
3249:
3229:
3186:
3176:(2): 363–375.
3156:
3136:
3130:
3113:
3107:
3090:
3084:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3023:
3017:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2967:
2940:
2925:
2916:"Did you know"
2907:
2895:
2871:
2859:
2833:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2796:, p. 697.
2777:
2765:
2750:
2736:
2716:
2697:(3): 505–531.
2677:
2675:, p. 268.
2665:
2653:
2641:
2615:
2596:
2581:(in Turkish).
2565:
2524:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Syriac studies
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2369:
2366:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2327:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1633:reduced vowels
1573:
1570:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1487:Pronunciation
1484:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1360:Pronunciation
1357:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1259:Syriac letter
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:Pronunciation
1161:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1063:Syriac letter
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
990:
987:
950:
947:
848:Western Europe
793:
792:
778:
777:
770:
769:
756:
755:
748:
747:
734:
733:
726:
725:
718:
717:
710:
709:
702:
701:
694:
693:
686:
685:
678:
677:
670:
669:
662:
661:
654:
653:
646:
645:
638:
637:
630:
629:
622:
621:
614:
613:
606:
605:
598:
597:
590:
589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
541:
534:
533:
527:
526:
525:
523:
520:
415:
412:
323:
322:
309:, you may see
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
275:
267:
266:
259:
251:
250:
249:Language codes
246:
245:
242:
241:
228:
214:
213:
211:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
190:Latin alphabet
183:
179:Writing system
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
118:
116:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
68:
64:
63:
54:
53:Native to
50:
49:
47:
43:
42:
29:
28:
27:Surayt/Suryoyo
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7278:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7204:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7114:United States
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6706:Buyid amirate
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6627:Roman Assyria
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:(911–609 BCE)
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6521:
6518:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6454:Syriac script
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6314:
6313:Chaldean flag
6309:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6291:Assyrian flag
6287:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6156:Phoenicianism
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5745:
5736:
5732:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Ethio-Semitic
5178:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4942:Judeo-Aramaic
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:Siculo-Arabic
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3876:9783447107310
3872:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3842:9781463236489
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3785:9789155480585
3781:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3764:9789155455552
3760:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3743:9789050470667
3739:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3722:9783643902689
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3679:9780814209134
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3653:9783631731314
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3625:Socin, Albert
3622:
3618:
3614:
3612:9780521360265
3608:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3591:9783110170504
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3513:9781555404307
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3490:9781138899018
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3464:9783110421743
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:9789004386549
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3415:9783110251586
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3392:9783447032131
3388:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3344:9783447033343
3340:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3323:9781555404307
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3273:9781555404307
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3250:9781555404307
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3131:9789042931640
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3108:9781463207304
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3085:9783631731314
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3062:9783525535738
3058:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3041:9783631731314
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3018:9781593337155
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:9781584563310
2964:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2885:
2884:www.syriac.io
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2739:
2737:9780781810876
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:(aop): 1–24.
2545:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:future tenses
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:Kole Ruhonoye
1516:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:Latin letter
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:Latin letter
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:Latin letter
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
796:
786:
782:
764:
760:
742:
738:
721:
705:
689:
673:
657:
641:
625:
609:
593:
577:
561:
545:
531:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
481:
476:
474:
472:
466:
464:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
433:
424:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
342:), or modern
337:
329:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
257:
252:
247:
240:
229:
227:
216:
215:
212:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
174:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
117:
113:
107:
103:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
46:Pronunciation
44:
40:
30:
25:
20:
6730:Qara Qoyunlu
6593:(312–63 BCE)
6428:
6324:Christianity
6091:(Liturgical)
6083:
5998:Elias Mellus
5958:Bar Hebraeus
5918:Paul the Jew
5742:
5632:
5625:
5559:, legacy of
5494:
5471:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5343:
5320:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5005:
4998:
4989:
4982:
4970:
4963:
4904:
4897:
4868:Urmia Jewish
4736:
4731:
4724:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4665:
4643:
4636:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4553:Mesopotamian
4536:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4403:Proto-Arabic
4401:
4365:
4356:
4349:
4339:
4150:Mesopotamian
4098:
3936:
3917:
3913:
3900:
3896:
3865:
3855:
3824:
3811:
3798:
3774:
3753:
3732:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3669:
3643:
3629:
3601:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3535:
3531:
3503:
3480:
3454:
3428:
3405:
3381:
3361:
3357:
3333:
3313:
3298:the original
3293:
3289:
3263:
3240:
3200:
3196:
3173:
3169:
3151:
3147:
3121:
3098:
3075:
3051:
3031:
3007:
2985:Jastrow 2011
2958:
2919:
2910:
2898:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:
2836:
2825:
2818:Barsoum 2008
2813:
2801:
2794:Jastrow 2011
2768:
2741:. Retrieved
2726:
2719:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2627:
2618:
2585:(44): 3–35.
2582:
2578:
2568:
2543:
2539:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2510:
2500:
2489:
2469:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2309:
2304:
2271:
2111:
1630:
1624:(the Arabic
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1435:
992:
952:
931:Yuhanun Üzel
926:
918:Toxu Qorena!
914:
910:Latin script
891:
883:Albert Socin
874:
870:
860:
837:
806:
735:Koy Sanjaq (
543:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
483:
479:
477:
468:
460:
456:
436:
428:
343:
335:
327:
326:
298:
270:
154:
120:Afro-Asiatic
7089:New Zealand
7084:Netherlands
6848:Settlements
6761:(1555–1917)
6738:(1453–1501)
6732:(1375–1468)
6726:(1335–1432)
6720:(1258–1335)
6714:(1098–1268)
6675:Middle ages
6615:Roman Syria
6609:Syrian Wars
6246:Middle East
6018:Thoma Darmo
5881:Key figures
5820:Nestorian (
5622:, legacy of
5620:East Syriac
5557:West Syriac
5433:Hadramautic
5419:Old Arabian
5356:West Gurage
5266:East Gurage
4912:Neo-Mandaic
4690:Palestinian
4597:Old Aramaic
3947:(in German)
3920:(1): 23–44.
3662:Sabar, Yona
3621:Prym, Eugen
3203:: 181–229.
3154:(1): 11–23.
2903:Tezel 2015a
2806:Palmer 1990
2661:Brock 1989b
2294:participles
2203:Lax vowels
2011:Approximant
1005:Consonants
887:Neo-Aramaic
800:Jewish ones
457:Turabdinian
313:instead of
7230:Categories
6972:Diyarbakır
6943:Tell Tamer
6938:Al-Hasakah
6834:By country
6746:Modern era
6736:Aq Qoyunlu
6708:(945–1055)
6702:(905–1383)
6696:(750–1258)
6511:(including
6487:Folk dance
5943:John Maron
5842:Protestant
5701:Protestant
5462:Rijal Alma
5447:Qatabanian
5085:Himyaritic
5028:Phoenician
4589:Historical
4558:Peninsular
4459:Taymanitic
4410:Old Arabic
4395:Historical
4237:Portuguese
3699:: 361–377.
3571:: 233–265.
3371:9004106464
2936:Tomal 2015
2889:2023-05-06
2773:Tezel 2003
2761:Talay 2017
2673:Owens 2007
2649:Saouk 2015
2481:References
2342:the queens
2298:pronominal
2268:Morphology
1647:Consonants
1563:Cinderella
983:Diyarbakır
879:Eugen Prym
875:Estrangelo
779:Sanandaj (
7261:Tur Abdin
7163:Dawronoye
7094:Palestine
7024:Australia
6997:Tur Abdin
6877:Tel Keppe
6797:(1914–20)
6785:(19th c.)
6767:(16th c.)
6755:(1508–55)
6718:Ilkhanate
6667:(502–628)
6661:(226–651)
6659:Asoristan
6629:(116–118)
6584:antiquity
6582:Classical
6515:contexts)
6412:languages
6032:Languages
5898:Nestorius
5739:legacy of
5676:Nestorian
5506:varieties
5497:indicate
5376:Sebat Bet
5126:Eastern (
5078:Deir Alla
4956:Canaanite
4863:Trans-Zab
4848:Inter-Zab
4772:Christian
4726:Palmyrene
4717:Samaritan
4684:Nabataean
4572:Northwest
4527:Levantine
4499:Classical
4424:Dadanitic
4142:Damascene
4129:Levantine
4044:Kabardian
3552:162559782
3475:(2019b).
3449:(2019a).
3364:: 49–57.
3225:164455185
3162:(1989b).
3142:(1989a).
2743:17 August
2703:0003-0279
2591:1300-2929
2560:1385-4879
2338:the kings
2331:the queen
2286:preterite
1893:Fricative
1856:Affricate
1572:Phonology
889:dialect.
869:, in the
840:Tur Abdin
813:Tur Abdin
781:Christian
759:Christian
737:Christian
704:Trans-Zab
656:Inter-Zab
449:Tur Abdin
414:Etymology
356:Tur Abdin
346:(Turoyo:
338:(Turoyo:
330:(Turoyo:
272:Glottolog
256:ISO 639-3
89:Ethnicity
7140:Politics
7011:Diaspora
6992:Mazıdağı
6948:Qamishli
6921:Sanandaj
6894:Shaqlawa
6882:Bartella
6867:Qaraqosh
6843:Homeland
6641:(5th c.)
6623:(15–116)
6621:Adiabene
6568:Arameans
6523:Ancient
6497:Clothing
6439:Hertevin
6254:Identity
6151:Arameans
6108:/Syriac
6099:See also
6059:Hertevin
6054:Garshuni
5893:Aphrahat
5454:Awsanian
5337:Tt-group
5213:Tigrinya
5092:Samalian
5069:Galilean
5062:Ugaritic
5007:Medieval
5000:Mishnaic
4984:Biblical
4965:Ammonite
4858:Sanandaj
4843:Betanure
4816:Chaldean
4813:Assyrian
4799:Qaraqosh
4789:Hértevin
4703:Galilean
4677:Lebanese
4532:Maghrebi
4492:Literary
4466:Thamudic
4452:Safaitic
4438:Hasaitic
4431:Dumaitic
4351:Akkadian
4306:Branches
4242:Japanese
4135:Aleppine
4070:Kurmanji
4035:Armenian
3955:Archived
3937:Omniglot
3903:: 19–36.
3888:(2016).
3707:(2012).
3664:(2003).
3627:(1881).
3524:(1990).
3235:(1990).
3217:26571543
3005:(2008).
2847:Sorosoro
2843:"Turoyo"
2711:25608409
2634:30 April
2624:"Turoyo"
2517:14 April
2511:SuroyoTV
2392:See also
2358:Qamishli
2324:the king
1713:emphatic
1673:alveolar
1666:Alveolar
1578:phonemes
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1427:W/U w/u
1424:Y/I y/i
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
989:Alphabet
963:Armenian
949:Dialects
935:Peshitta
852:diaspora
672:Betanure
576:Qaraqosh
492:diaspora
380:diaspora
376:Qamishli
366:and the
350:), is a
319:Help:IPA
279:turo1239
7126:Uruguay
7119:Detroit
7074:Lebanon
7054:Germany
7049:Georgia
7039:Finland
7029:Belgium
7019:Armenia
6967:Hakkari
6821:(2014–)
6815:(2003–)
6803:(1919–)
6773:(1840s)
6603:Osroene
6525:Assyria
6513:related
6507:History
6492:Cuisine
6464:Culture
6405:Aramaic
6392:(1968–)
6386:(1692–)
6380:(1552–)
6361:(1940–)
6355:(1870–)
6349:(1662–)
5978:Thoma I
5499:extinct
5495:Italics
5440:Minaean
5365:Endegen
5314:N-group
5275:Inneqor
5250:Argobba
5245:Amharic
5201:Dahalik
5173:Western
5164:Soqotri
5144:Ḥarsusi
5139:Baṭḥari
5130:Arabian
5055:Amorite
5021:Moabite
4972:Edomite
4937:Armazic
4917:Western
4893:Central
4838:Barzani
4764:eastern
4753:Aramaic
4667:Western
4651:Mandaic
4629:Eastern
4581:Aramaic
4544:Maltese
4445:Hismaic
4378:Central
4367:Eblaite
4323:Central
4247:Russian
4232:Chinese
4212:Italian
4202:Spanish
4197:Punjabi
4187:English
4089:Aramaic
4077:Turkish
4065:Kurdish
4050:Chechen
2995:Sources
2852:30 July
2301:clitics
2278:perfect
2211:Central
2126:Central
1769:Plosive
1700:Glottal
1693:Pharyn-
1678:Palatal
1671:Palato-
1612:(as in
1598:(as in
1583:(as in
1399:Vowels
967:Turkish
959:Kurdish
923:Swedish
906:Germany
898:Lebanon
873:and in
817:Aramaic
757:Urmia (
640:Barzani
522:History
512:Süryoyo
508:Sŭryoyo
500:Suryoyo
471:Suryoyo
455:(hence
344:Suryoyo
315:Unicode
140:Aramaic
125:Semitic
7183:Sutoro
7104:Sweden
7099:Russia
7079:Mexico
7069:Jordan
7064:Israel
7059:Greece
7044:France
7034:Canada
6987:Mardin
6977:Elazığ
6962:Turkey
6955:Khabur
6916:Salmas
6889:Ankawa
6872:Alqosh
6809:(1933)
6791:(1909)
6779:(1895)
6690:(630s)
6684:(630s)
6449:Mlaḥsô
6444:Senaya
6429:Turoyo
6409:Syriac
6343:(518–)
6322:Syriac
6089:Syriac
6084:Turoyo
6074:Senaya
6069:Mlaḥsô
5869:(2017)
5863:(1961)
5857:(1852)
5833:(1701)
5812:(1772)
5806:(1912)
5800:(1665)
5752:Kerala
5722:(1940)
5716:(1870)
5692:(1968)
5686:(1552)
5588:(1662)
5473:Sabaic
5467:Razihi
5371:Mesqan
5345:Mesmes
5294:Harari
5281:Wolane
5278:Ulbare
5271:Siltʼe
5231:versal
5229:Trans-
5159:Shehri
5149:Hobyot
5128:Modern
5099:Sutean
5047:Others
5013:Modern
4978:Hebrew
4930:Others
4905:Turoyo
4899:Mlaḥsô
4886:Others
4831:Jewish
4804:Senaya
4784:Bohtan
4779:Barwar
4762:North-
4738:Siryon
4732:Syrian
4656:Syriac
4387:Arabic
4252:Danish
4227:Arabic
4222:Hebrew
4207:German
4192:French
4099:Turoyo
4055:Domari
3873:
3839:
3782:
3761:
3740:
3719:
3676:
3650:
3609:
3588:
3550:
3510:
3487:
3461:
3435:
3412:
3389:
3368:
3341:
3320:
3270:
3247:
3223:
3215:
3128:
3105:
3082:
3059:
3038:
3015:
2965:
2734:
2709:
2701:
2589:
2558:
2374:copula
2368:Syntax
2350:Mlahsô
2108:Vowels
1688:Uvular
1662:Dental
1657:Labial
995:Syriac
979:Mlaḥsô
971:Midyat
965:, and
955:Arabic
902:Sweden
856:UNESCO
829:Edessa
785:Jewish
763:Jewish
741:Jewish
720:Barwar
624:Alqosh
608:Mlaḥsô
592:Bohtan
544:Turoyo
504:Surayt
496:Surayt
486:Ṭuroyo
480:Surayt
463:Surayt
453:Turkey
432:Ṭuroyo
400:Mlaḥsô
372:Midyat
348:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
336:Surayt
328:Turoyo
292:Turoyo
239:Turkey
236:
223:
155:Turoyo
75:Turkey
67:Region
57:Turkey
39:Turoyo
22:Turoyo
6928:Syria
6911:Urmia
6899:Zakho
5923:Maron
5756:India
5631:(the
5607:(512)
5582:(685)
5427:Faifi
5394:Gyeto
5388:Gumer
5381:Chaha
5351:Muher
5328:Soddo
5322:Gafat
5307:Outer
5222:South
5206:Tigre
5196:Geʽez
5189:North
5154:Mehri
5118:South
5035:Punic
4873:Zakho
4809:Suret
4328:South
4257:Dutch
4217:Hindi
4155:Najdi
4124:Shawi
4060:Greek
3893:(PDF)
3548:S2CID
3301:(PDF)
3286:(PDF)
3221:S2CID
3213:JSTOR
2707:JSTOR
2461:Notes
2362:Syria
2296:with
2223:Close
2138:Close
2121:Front
2066:Trill
1721:Nasal
1707:plain
1683:Velar
1641:schwa
1596:/t͡ʃ/
1581:/d͡ʒ/
999:Serto
943:Serto
894:Syria
871:Serto
688:Zakho
478:Term
429:Term
408:Suret
406:like
394:with
340:ܣܘܪܝܬ
332:ܛܘܪܝܐ
83:Syria
61:Syria
34:ܛܘܪܝܐ
6906:Iran
6857:Iraq
6653:1552
5741:the
5665:1552
5643:1552
5624:the
5561:the
5391:Gura
5385:Ezha
5361:Inor
4751:Neo-
4341:East
4318:West
4313:East
3871:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3717:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3586:ISBN
3508:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3339:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3036:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2854:2022
2745:2012
2732:ISBN
2699:ISSN
2636:2017
2587:ISSN
2556:ISSN
2519:2022
2384:and
2288:and
2280:and
2253:Open
2216:Back
2184:Open
2131:Back
1695:geal
1622:/ðˤ/
1565:and
1536:and
1434:(or
1419:O o
1416:Ë ë
1413:E e
1410:Ä ä
1407:A a
1254:Ṯ ṯ
1251:T t
1248:Č č
1245:Š š
1242:R r
1239:Q q
1236:Ṣ ṣ
1233:F f
1230:P p
1227:C c
1224:S s
1221:N n
1218:M m
1215:L l
1212:X x
1209:K k
1167:, ∅
1058:Y y
1055:Ḍ ḍ
1052:Ṭ ṭ
1049:Ḥ ḥ
1046:Ž ž
1043:Z z
1040:W w
1037:H h
1034:Ḏ ḏ
1031:D d
1028:J j
1025:Ġ ġ
1022:G g
1019:V v
1016:B b
904:and
881:and
833:Urfa
502:(or
439:ṭuro
374:and
6649:410
5750:in
5639:410
5287:Zay
3935:at
3901:237
3829:doi
3540:doi
3205:doi
3178:doi
2695:128
2548:doi
2386:kit
2382:kal
2376:in
2305:hwā
2237:Mid
2161:Mid
1635:in
1626:ẓāʾ
1618:ure
1610:/ʒ/
1594:),
1540:'s
1528:by
510:or
467:or
301:IPA
287:ELP
263:tru
7232::
5754:,
3918:14
3916:.
3912:.
3899:.
3895:.
3854:.
3835:.
3823:.
3810:.
3797:.
3711:.
3697:40
3695:.
3691:.
3668:.
3642:.
3623:;
3580:.
3569:48
3567:.
3563:.
3546:.
3536:53
3534:.
3530:.
3502:.
3479:.
3453:.
3427:.
3404:.
3362:16
3360:.
3356:.
3312:.
3292:.
3288:.
3262:.
3239:.
3219:.
3211:.
3201:67
3199:.
3195:.
3174:34
3172:.
3168:.
3150:.
3146:.
3120:.
3097:.
3074:.
3030:.
2977:^
2943:^
2928:^
2918:.
2882:.
2845:.
2780:^
2753:^
2705:.
2693:.
2689:.
2626:.
2599:^
2583:26
2577:.
2554:.
2544:-1
2542:.
2538:.
2509:.
2388:.
2344:).
2318::
2089:)
2086:rˤ
2041:)
2038:lˤ
1948:ðˤ
1941:sˤ
1875:dʒ
1868:tʃ
1810:dˤ
1803:tˤ
1751:)
1748:nˤ
1608:)
1605:ch
1603:ur
1601:ch
1590:dg
1546:.
1532:,
1503:/
1500:/
1440:)
1353:ܬ݂
1341:ܫ݂
1311:ܦ݂
1269:ܟ݂
1133:ܙ݅
1109:ܕ݂
1091:ܓ݂
1079:ܒ݂
1013:'
961:,
957:,
900:,
896:,
783:,
761:,
739:,
518:.
506:,
498:,
475:.
410:.
77:;
59:,
6655:)
6651:-
6647:(
6407:/
6228:e
6221:t
6214:v
5848:)
5844:(
5824:)
5737:,
5707:)
5703:(
5667:)
5663:(
5645:)
5641:–
5637:(
5635:)
5541:e
5534:t
5527:v
5132:)
4291:e
4284:t
4277:v
4046:)
4042:(
3997:e
3990:t
3983:v
3879:.
3845:.
3831::
3788:.
3767:.
3746:.
3725:.
3682:.
3656:.
3615:.
3594:.
3554:.
3542::
3516:.
3493:.
3467:.
3441:.
3418:.
3395:.
3374:.
3347:.
3326:.
3294:1
3276:.
3253:.
3227:.
3207::
3184:.
3180::
3152:1
3134:.
3111:.
3088:.
3065:.
3044:.
3021:.
2971:.
2892:.
2869:.
2856:.
2820:.
2808:.
2775:.
2763:.
2747:.
2713:.
2638:.
2593:.
2562:.
2550::
2521:.
2333:)
2326:)
2258:ă
2243:ə
2230:ŭ
2192:a
2176:o
2167:e
2153:u
2144:i
2083:(
2076:r
2050:j
2035:(
2028:l
2019:w
2001:h
1994:ʕ
1987:ħ
1978:ɣ
1971:x
1962:ʒ
1955:ʃ
1934:z
1927:s
1920:ð
1913:θ
1906:v
1899:f
1846:ʔ
1835:q
1828:ɡ
1821:k
1796:d
1789:t
1782:b
1775:p
1745:(
1738:n
1729:m
1664:/
1616:z
1614:a
1592:e
1588:u
1586:j
1480:ܘ
1474:ܝ
1468:ܳ
1462:ܷ
1456:ܶ
1450:ܱ
1444:ܰ
1347:ܬ
1335:ܫ
1329:ܪ
1323:ܩ
1317:ܨ
1305:ܦ
1299:ܥ
1293:ܣ
1287:ܢ
1281:ܡ
1275:ܠ
1263:ܟ
1157:ܝ
1151:ܜ
1145:ܛ
1139:ܚ
1127:ܙ
1121:ܘ
1115:ܗ
1103:ܕ
1097:ܔ
1085:ܓ
1073:ܒ
1067:ܐ
997:(
787:)
765:)
743:)
321:.
196:)
192:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.