1232:
safety regulations applicable at the time. The study foresaw a maximum traffic of 180 freight trains per day, which had to be lowered to about 150 freight trains per day due to logistical inefficiency (the traffic flows between the two countries are asymmetric). A similar analysis for the full year led to a total of about 260 peak days per year. These conditions defined a maximum transport capacity per year of about 20 million tonnes when accounting for inefficiencies, and an absolute limit of about 32 million in "perfect" conditions. Additional traffic limitations stem from the impact of excessive train transit on the population living near the line. Some 60,000 people live within 250 m (820 ft) of the historical line, and would object to the noise from late-night transits. In 2007 the conventional line was used for only one-third of this calculated total capacity. This low use level was in part because restrictions such as an unusually low maximum allowable train height and the very steep gradients (26–30
1504:). Anyway, some experts disagree with the necessity for a new line connecting France and Italy on the Modane corridor, quoting wide margins for increase in traffic on the old line. Rather than as a natural consequence of faster transit times and a lower price for freight shipping (due to reduced energy use thanks to a much flatter profile, but without necessarily taking into account the full construction cost of the new line), they propose to increase rail traffic by coupling additional renovation of the existing rail infrastructure with sufficiently high financial incentives for rail transport and/or sufficiently heavy tolls and taxes on road transport. The political realism of such taxes is however questionable, as France demonstrated in 2013 when its government withdrew a much smaller trucking ecotax after the trucking industry initiated extensive riots (see
987:
31:
1508:). A 2018 study made this specific controversy much less relevant by finding that the existing line actually is close to saturation. This is primarily because updated safety regulations on train crossings in single-tube tunnels have significantly reduced its maximum allowed capacity. The construction of a brand-new line will also allow higher safety standards, and it will make the older infrastructure fully available for regional and suburban services, which is an important consideration near the congested Turin node.
995:
1517:
1249:
1838:
752:
303:
787:
662:
562:
533:
514:
412:
1167:. This initially single-track line was doubled and electrified in the early 20th century, and the Italian side of the line was renovated between 1962 and 1984, and again between 2001 and 2011. This historical line has a low maximum allowed height, and its sharp curves force low speeds. Its very poor profile, with a maximum gradient of 30‰, requires doubling or tripling the locomotives of freight trains.
864:
588:
308:
643:
507:
322:
728:
709:
636:
419:
368:
354:
924:
834:
826:
816:
808:
669:
467:
460:
438:
361:
246:
60:
883:
857:
595:
569:
72:
902:
614:
540:
329:
290:
1780:, and for several months made only very slow progress through it. Tunneling eventually passed this zone in Spring 2017 after injecting 30 tons of reinforcing resin, and resumed at nominal speed. That gallery makes up the first 9 km (5.6 mi) of the South tube of the tunnel, and it was completed in September 2019, in time and within budget.
1872:, high speed train. French opposition to the railway also exists but has been less visible. A 2019 poll in both countries, commissioned by TELT but conducted by respected polling companies, found that opposition to the railway link increases as one approaches the location of the tunnel, but that it was nonetheless a minority view even in the
1912:
1795:
officially asked TELT to stop the launch of tenders for further construction work. A few months later, and just before further delays would have threatened the EU funding of the project, the
Italian government eventually agreed to the publication of calls for tender for the main tunneling work on the
1093:
The project has been criticized for its cost, because traffic (both by motorway and by rail) was decreasing when the project was decided, for potential environmental risks during the construction of the tunnel, and because airplanes will still, after including time to and from the airport and through
1524:
The new railway line will have a maximum gradient of 12.5‰, compared to 30‰ for the old line, a maximum altitude of 580 m (1,900 ft) instead of 1,338 m (4,390 ft), and much wider curves. This will allow heavy freight trains to transit at 100 km/h (62 mph) and passenger
1231:
tunnel. Its high elevation (1,338 m (4,390 ft)), sharp curves, steep gradients, and low tunnel ceilings make this section the limiting factor on the overall capacity of the line. A 2007 study used the CAPRES model to calculate a maximum capacity of 226 trains/day, 350 days/year, under the
1965:
movement generally questions the worthiness, cost, and safety of the project, drawing arguments from studies, experts, and governmental documents from Italy, France, and
Switzerland. It deems the new line useless and too expensive, and decries its realization as driven by construction lobbies. Its
1824:
Drilling and blasting for the 3 km (1.9 mi) Lot 3 section started from the French portal in
December 2022, and a year later had advanced by some 400 meters on each tube. On-going work at the other French work sites prepares for the 2024 arrival of the 5 tunnel boring machines. Those were
1833:
which is the sole
European TBM builder. They were delivered to the Lot 2 and 1 consortia between July 2023 and February 2024 for in-factory tests, and started arriving on-site in July 2024 for their assembly. As of August 2024, 14 of the 115 km (57.5 km times 2 tubes) of the main tunnels had been
1240:
trains of one type must now fully cross before any train of the other type can be allowed in the other direction. The path of the historical line through the deep
Maurienne valley is also exposed to rockfalls, and a major landslide in August 2023 forced its closure for at least a year and a half.
1239:
A 2018 analysis, by contrast, found the existing line close to saturation, largely because safety regulations now prohibit passenger and freight trains from crossing in a single-tube tunnel. This very significantly reduces the maximum allowed capacity of the 13.7 km long Fréjus tunnel, which
1495:
Promoters of the new line predict that it will about double rail traffic on the Modane corridor compared to the reference scenario (see table above). Traffic predictions of even the early traffic of major rail infrastructures are however intrinsically uncertain, with well-known examples of both
1849:
TELT awarded the contract for the excavation of the 25 km (16 mi) of tunneling on
Italian territory in August 2023 and published in June 2023 a call for tender for the outfitting of the tunnel and its maintenance for the first 7 years of its operations. As of late 2022, the expected
1117:
towards Italy was presented as reconnaissance work because the project had not yet been formally approved, but it was dug at the position of the south tube of the tunnel and at its final diameter. It effectively represents the first 8% of the final tunnel length. As of late 2022, the expected
1080:
to transit between the two countries at 100 km/h (62 mph) and with much reduced energy costs. In spite of the name often used by media (and in the title of this page), the line is not high-speed under the definition used by the
European Commission: its design speed of 220 km/h
1775:
towards Italy. While presented as a reconnaissance gallery because the project had yet to be fully approved, it was dug along the axis of the South tube of the tunnel and at its final diameter. In late 2016, that tunnel encountered a geologically difficult zone of fractured and water-soaked
1796:
French and
Italian sides. 2.8 billion euros of construction contracts had been signed as of June 2020, and contracts worth a further 3 billion euros for the excavation of the 80% of the tunnel located on the French side of the border were signed in September 2021. Those contracts are:
1758:
Civil engineering work started in 2002 with the construction of access points and geological reconnaissance tunneling. Construction of the tunnel itself was at that time planned to start in 2014–2015, but the project was only approved in 2015 for a cost of
1256:(red) and BBT (green), compared to real traffic (blue) and a 2007 estimate of the capacity of existing line (pink); the 2007 capacity estimate pre-dates stricter safety regulations on train crossings in tunnels which have significantly reduced this capacity
1811:
Lot 3 (€228 mn) for 3 km (1.9 mi) between the
Western (French) Portal at Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis and Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte; this lot is the shortest by far, but its difficult geology of fractured and sheared coal-bearing
2636:
1899:, a small French village, residents represented by the 'Association pour la Sauvegarde du Site du Moulin' have opposed the digging of a 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) survey tunnel since 2002 and are in close communication with the
1807:
Lot 2 (€1.43 bn) for 23 km (14.3 mi) between Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte/La Praz and
Villarodin-Bourget/Modane is expected to take 65 months for 3 tunnel boring machines (10 kilometers of the South tube are already
1697:
The path of the Italian section was adopted in August 2011 by the Italian government, after extensive 2006–2011 consultations headed by Government Commissary Mario Virano within the "Italian Technical Observatory". In the
1688:
In January 2024, before a EU deadline for funding, the French national government and various local entities came to a last-minute agreement on their respective funding contributions to the studies of the French section.
1260:
The following table summarizes 2007 predictions (in million tons per year) of the future freight traffic on both the Frejus and Mont-Blanc corridors, from an analysis of then current data and macroeconomic predictions:
3381:
1089:
funds 40% of the tunnel costs, and has indicated its willingness to increase its contribution to 55%, as well as to help fund its French accesses if those go beyond mere adaptations of the existing infrastructure.
1892:, a French town of 1,100 which will be split by the railway, the town council has opposed the plans since 1992 and the 2014-2020 mayor, Marie Chabert, saw the economic uncertainty as damaging for the region.
1999:
Members of the protest movement have summarized their ideas against the construction of the new line in a document containing 150 reasons against it and in a wide number of specific documents and meetings.
1994:
in and around the mountains where the tunnel is bored, though the extensive reconnaissance tunneling has found none to date. Supporters of the tunnel argue that the risk of contamination is overstated or
2973:
1126:
The merits of the new line were the subject of heated debate, primarily in Italy. After violent confrontations between opponents and police during a 2005 attempt to start reconnaissance work near
209:
1977:. A more recent study, though, found the existing rail line close to saturation because toughened safety standards on train crossings in single-tube tunnels have sharply reduced its capacity.
1113:
Civil engineering work started in 2002 with the construction of access points and geological reconnaissance tunneling. A 9 km (5.6 mi) gallery tunneled between 2016 and 2019 from
1783:
The contracting for the bulk of the tunnel construction was then delayed by deep disagreements on the merits of the Turin–Lyon project within the Italian coalition government between the
2841:
1525:
trains at a top speed of 220 km/h (140 mph), while also sharply reducing the energy used. The construction of the full higher-speed line will cut passenger travel time from
1072:
emissions as well as local air pollution and of providing faster passenger transport to reduce air traffic. The new line will considerably shorten the journey times, and its reduced
1746:
and is the major engineering work of the overall future Turin–Lyon line. An underground service and rescue train station is planned around the half-way point of the tunnel, East of
2357:
3925:
2442:
1858:
Ever since plans for the railway line were first mentioned in the 1990s, some residents of most of the 112 towns and villages along its path have been set strongly against it.
3508:
2153:
Nuova linea Torino-Lione parte comune tratta italiana – Progetto in variante – Studio d'impatto ambientale – sintesi non tecnica 9-7-2010 (document PP2 C3C TS3 0105A AP NOT)
2789:
2556:
2491:
202:
3262:; Piazza, Gianni (17 October 2007). "Local contention, global framing: The protest campaigns against the TAV in Val di Susa and the bridge on the Messina Straits".
1130:, an Italian governmental commission was set up in 2006 to study all the issues. The work of the commission between 2007 and 2009 was summarized into seven papers (
2307:
2683:
2618:
1938:
centres, a trade union solidarity project and a social forum. The resistance was spoken about in terms of the partisan resistance to the Nazis in World War II.
3807:
3581:
2768:
3905:
195:
3900:
3434:
2415:
1903:
movement. The mayor, Gilles Margueron, said "after we started looking at the project in details, we soon arrived at a position of complete opposition."
3058:
3910:
2235:
3586:
3915:
3501:
1767:. The ratification of the corresponding international treaty by the parliaments of the two countries concluded with a 26 January 2017 vote of the
1106:
questioned the realism of the costs estimates and traffic forecasts. Opposition to the project is mostly organised under the loose banner of the
2811:
3101:
1673:. That tunnel will eventually have two 23-kilometre (14 mi) long tubes, but it will initially be single-track. The line will then reach
1800:
Lot 1 (€1.47 bn) for 22 km (13.7 mi) between Villarodin-Bourget/Modane and the Italian border is expected to take 72 months for 2
2126:
3648:
2263:
1061:
25 billion, of which €8 billion is for the international section. The latter is the only part of the line where construction has started.
548:
2948:
2361:
3402:
937:
3895:
3494:
1681:
mountains. The separate freight line will divert the freight traffic away from Aix-les-Bains and Chambéry, and from the shores of the
1161:
connects Turin with Lyon via the 13.7 km (8.5 mi)-long high-altitude (maximum tunnel altitude 1,338 metres (4,390 ft))
910:
2696:
2654:
2336:"Dichiarazioni alla stampa del Presidente Monti al termine della riunione sui lavori di realizzazione della Tav tratto Torino-Lione"
3229:
3203:
298:
2739:
2386:
2163:
1930:
movement began in 1990, with actions to inform local people affected by the plans, supported by the mayors of the valley and the
1025:
networks and will be 270 km (170 mi) long. The core of the project is its international section, which will cross the
3920:
1685:
where a freight accident on the existing lakeside line could catastrophically pollute this major natural freshwater reservoir.
1556:. Its ongoing construction is managed by Tunnel Euralpin Lyon Turin (TELT SAS), a joint venture of RFI and SNCF which replaced
986:
945:
393:
2521:
2499:
1771:. Starting in 2016, and therefore before the ratification of the treaty, a 9 km (5.6 mi) gallery was tunneled from
3633:
3628:
1830:
1702:, this path sidesteps through additional tunneling the strong opposition to a previous planned path on the left bank of the
3536:
3308:
1619:
2210:
227:
3044:
2099:
2078:
30:
2058:
3367:
3129:
2711:
2038:
1842:
1739:
1553:
1030:
998:
Map of the French (green and blue) and international (red) route of the new line compared to the existing one (black)
737:
2688:
2637:"Éboulement en Maurienne : la voie ferrée et la RD1006 ne rouvriront pas « avant une petite année »"
2193:"The European Commission welcomes the agreement between France and Italy to move ahead with the Lyon-Turin project"
1953:, a land squat called the 'Presidio' is situated next to where the survey tunnel was originally planned to be dug.
3653:
3087:
2192:
3880:
3833:
3576:
3517:
2249:
2073:
2048:
2020:
1942:
1591:
1019:
3643:
1603:
The French section of the new line is planned with eventually separate paths for passengers and freight between
1158:
1068:
project, the line has twin aims of transferring freight traffic across the Alps from trucks to rail to reduce CO
682:
480:
1772:
1738:, and it is the only part of the line on which major construction has started. The 57.5 km (35.7 mi)
1114:
1103:
1015:
990:
Map of the Italian (blue) and international (red) route of the new line compared to the traditional one (black)
1658:
line from its TGV traffic. This would remove traffic at mismatched speeds, and therefore would free many more
1533:
from seven hours to four, becoming time-competitive with plane travel for city-centre to city-centre travel.
3623:
3188:
3059:"TELT Lyon Turin • les entreprises signent les 3 milliards de contrats pour le creusement du tunnel de base"
2053:
1723:
1674:
1564:
1545:
1541:
1050:
622:
143:
3658:
3828:
3696:
3691:
3546:
2063:
2043:
2033:
1868:
1557:
1253:
3551:
2974:""Ligne ferroviaire Lyon-Turin : malgré les tensions, Rome valide le lancement des appels d'offres""
389:
3618:
3259:
1817:
1801:
1146:
1142:
1081:(137 mph) is 12% below the 250 km/h (155 mph) threshold used by the commission to define
1974:
1163:
994:
2790:"Laurent Wauquiez : " On n'est pas passé loin de la catastrophe, mais on a sauvé le Lyon-Turin ""
2619:"TRANSPORTS. Lyon-Turin : le tunnel actuel est pratiquement saturé, selon Réseau ferré de France"
3823:
3706:
3271:
3143:
2603:
Quaderno 1 – p. 35. Data are from 2007, while capacity was reduced by the 2007–10 modernization work.
2443:""Telt annonce le percement de la section du tunnel de base entre Saint-Martin-la-Porte et La Praz ""
1670:
1054:
3174:
3160:
2335:
1837:
3735:
2819:
2008:
1516:
2903:
1949:
construction site, while other networks organise communal dinners, discussions and flash mobs. In
3287:
1896:
1784:
1665:
The freight line will start from a connection to the future Lyon rail freight bypass, follow the
1082:
165:
3750:
3701:
3566:
381:
259:
2416:"Manuel Valls inaugure le tunnelier Federica au chantier du Lyon-Turin à Saint-Martin-La-Porte"
2267:
3774:
3769:
3561:
3428:
2692:
2308:"What is happening with the Lyon Turin high-speed line? Euronews traces the route to find out"
3483:. Osservatorio Ministeriale per il collegamento ferroviario Torino-Lione, Rome, December 2007
3355:
2468:
1722:
The international section of the Lyon–Turin line spans about 70 km (43 mi) between
3409:
3279:
3022:
307:
3001:
1973:
Low level of saturation on the Frejus rail tunnel and stable or decreasing traffic also on
1248:
3869:
3718:
3453:
3115:
1022:
3477:. Osservatorio Ministeriale per il collegamento ferroviario Torino-Lione, Rome, June 2007
3189:"Publication d'un nouvel appel d'offres de 3 milliards d'euros pour le tunnel Lyon-Turin"
2522:"Covid-19 : retour à la normalité sur les chantiers du Lyon-Turin • TELT Lyon-Turin"
1743:
1662:
for much needed additional local trains than the number of TGVs shifted to the new line.
3471:. Osservatorio Ministeriale per il collegamento ferroviario Torino-Lione, Rome, May 2007
3275:
2925:
3796:
3725:
3531:
2743:
2390:
2167:
1792:
1682:
1572:
1505:
1497:
1134:). An eighth summary paper focused on cost–benefit analysis was unveiled in June 2012.
1127:
1086:
843:
690:
135:
2655:"Éboulement sur la voie ferrée : la ligne vers Modane ne réouvrira pas cet hiver"
3889:
3674:
3335:
3291:
2713:
TGV Est 11 millions de voyageurs en un an : la SNCF en avance sur ses objectifs
1768:
1666:
1643:
1077:
1073:
339:
2842:"L'accord franco-italien pour la ligne ferroviaire Lyon-Turin définitivement adopté"
1862:
is an Italian movement against the construction of the line, named from the Italian
3866:– The company responsible for the Turin–Lyon line, owned 50% by RFI and 50% by RFF.
3792:
3745:
3679:
3638:
3389:
Parte Comune Italo-francese. Revisione del Progetto Definitivo, CUP C11J05000030001
2881:
1826:
1703:
302:
271:
100:
3382:"Progetto preliminare in variante – Chiarimenti ed integrazioni (Richiesta N° 11)"
1816:
is ill-suited for tunnel boring machines; it instead is being bored entirely by
1536:
The line is divided into three sections constructed under separate managements:
1174:(see References) divides the international and Italian sides into four sections:
3571:
2717:
1923:
1873:
1764:
1699:
1647:
1623:
1615:
1583:
1034:
267:
107:
3762:
3740:
3730:
3283:
1678:
1659:
446:
3757:
3486:
3045:"Attribution de marchés pour plus de 250 millions d'euros • TELT Lyon-Turin"
2859:
1946:
1877:
1788:
1731:
1711:
1608:
1579:
1549:
1233:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1042:
3002:""Avis de marchés lancés pour la construction du tunnel de base en France""
1076:
and much wider curves compared to the existing line will also allow heavy
188:
3686:
3556:
2978:
2769:"Liaison Lyon-Turin : pourquoi le Smmag financera 1 million d'euros"
1991:
1935:
1889:
1735:
1655:
1038:
148:
3023:""Lyon-Turin : les avis de marché publiés pour le tronçon italien""
2236:"L'Union européenne confirme une participation accrue sur le Lyon-Turin"
3541:
2338:[Press conference by president Mario Monti]. Italian Government
1987:
1934:(mountainous community). From 2000 onwards, there were demonstrations,
1501:
1006:
is an international rail line under construction between the cities of
2127:"Italy agrees to resume controversial Turin-Lyon high-speed rail link"
1926:
in Italy have been resisting the railway project since the 1990s. The
1677:
through a second 20 to 23 km (12 to 14 mi) tunnel under the
933:
761:
678:
476:
377:
255:
1950:
1813:
1777:
1747:
1727:
1707:
1651:
1587:
1179:
1138:
1046:
65:
3088:"Une année de creusement du tunnel de base à Saint-Julien-Montdenis"
2949:"Italy's prime minister halts project to build train line to France"
2100:"Future of Turin-Lyon high-speed railway: is the line still viable?"
1911:
1236:) and sharp curves in its high valley sections discourage its use.
3802:
3713:
1910:
1836:
1635:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1247:
1213:
1170:
The characteristics of the line vary widely along its length. The
1099:
1095:
1007:
993:
985:
488:
170:
77:
2250:"Lyon-Turin : vers les 55 % de contribution européenne"
3175:"Contrat attribué pour l'excavation du tunnel de base en Italie"
1760:
1639:
1604:
1568:
1065:
1058:
1026:
1011:
3490:
2926:"Realisation des 9 premiers Km du tunnel de base du Lyon-Turin"
1945:, but some protests have turned violent. Catholics pray at the
1149:
is used for the corresponding 5 km (3.1 mi) section.
3863:
3336:"Railway Related Impacts: THE TURIN-LYON HIGH-SPEED RAIL CASE"
3102:"Lyon-Turin : le premier tunnelier sera terminé fin juin"
2068:
1049:. At 57.5 kilometres (35.7 mi), that tunnel will be the
3368:
4 km de sondages a la Maddalena : pas de trace d’amiante
1669:, and will pass South of Chambéry through a tunnel under the
3130:"Le tunnelier qui traversera la frontière a été réceptionné"
1137:
Test drilling found some fractured and sheared coal-bearing
2904:""SMP4: Federica creuse avec des pics de 15/19 m par jour""
2007:
movement, by contrast, characterize it as a typical NIMBY (
2015:
emission elimination benefits of the tunnel. In response,
1654:. The line may also be used to offload the saturated Lyon–
1845:(excavated sections in blue, sections in progress in red)
1520:
Geothermal profile of the Turin-Lyon railway base tunnel
3144:"Le cinquième tunnelier du Lyon-Turin a été réceptionné"
1141:
close to the French portal that are poorly suited for a
3454:
http://www.notavtorino.org/documenti/inglese/indice.htm
2358:"Situation et perspectives des finances publiques 2012"
2011:) movement and point out the pollution reduction and CO
2681:
Flyvbjerg, B.; Buzelius, N.; Rothengatter, W. (2003).
1244:
Traffic predictions on Frejus and Mont-Blanc corridors
3857:
3851:
3230:"Un sondage indique une forte adhésion au Lyon-Turin"
2330:
2328:
1986:
Health concerns, due to the hypothesized presence of
16:
Rail line under construction between Italy and France
3816:
3785:
3667:
3611:
3595:
3524:
3161:"Les grandes technologies arrivent sur le chantier"
1791:parties, and in March 2019, Italy's Prime Minister
164:
156:
142:
106:
96:
88:
83:
53:
45:
40:
23:
2469:"Un nouveau front de percement pour le Lyon-Turin"
1980:Economical feasibility in doubt due to high costs.
1622:) and the central Lyon stations to both Italy and
2763:
2761:
1650:will be almost 45 minutes, and almost an hour to
3881:TAV Turin–Lyon planned line in Google Earth/Maps
3309:"Jail for Italy high-speed rail link protesters"
2215:Official Journal L 235 , 17/09/1996 P. 0006-0024
1834:dug, as well as 23.5 km of auxiliary galleries.
2613:
2611:
2609:
2437:
2435:
2433:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3155:
3153:
3116:"Cinq tunneliers en construction en Allemagne"
3082:
3080:
2463:
2461:
2459:
1850:completion date for the base tunnel was 2032.
1626:. It will connect near Chambéry to the Annecy
1118:completion date for the base tunnel was 2032.
3502:
3475:Quaderno 2: Scenari di traffico – Arco Alpino
3204:"Italy Divided Over Rail Line Meant to Unite"
2684:Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition
203:
8:
3469:Quaderno 1: Linea storica – Tratta di valico
3303:
3301:
2197:Mobility and Transport – European Commission
3926:High-speed railway lines under construction
3481:Quaderno 3: Linea storica – Tratta di valle
2492:"Progressing the Lyon-Turin base rail link"
1763:25 billion, of which €8 billion is for the
1094:security, be slightly faster over the full
1053:, ahead of the 57.1 km (35.5 mi)
3854:– owner of the Italian rail infrastructure
3509:
3495:
3487:
3452:For specific documentation in English see
2187:
2185:
1630:Aix les Bains and the Bourg Saint-Maurice
1057:. The estimated total cost of the line is
235:
210:
196:
177:
3860:– owner of the French rail infrastructure
2306:Montalto Monella, Lillo (26 March 2019).
1970:Better to update existing infrastructure.
3873:documents against the project in English
3356:Feu vert au projet de variante en Italie
3334:Marina Clerico; et al. (May 2015).
3074:October 2021 (Volume 177 No 10) pp 40-43
2557:École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
1263:
2848:. 26 January 2017 – via Le Monde.
2410:
2408:
2381:
2379:
2091:
1706:, which would have needed a viaduct in
1189:(Frejus tunnel and high valley section)
193:
179:
3433:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3426:
3228:THIERS, Frédéric (24 September 2019).
3202:Povoledo, Elisabetta (17 March 2014).
1941:The movement advocates the tactics of
1634:Albertville lines. The time gain from
20:
7:
3358:, 29 juillet 2017, site tel-sas.com.
1820:, and is expected to take 70 months.
833:
825:
815:
807:
3380:Commissione VIA (5 December 2010).
2882:""A SMP4 la faille a ete franchie""
751:
3906:High-speed railway lines in France
2264:"OFT - Trafic à travers les Alpes"
1983:Danger of environmental disasters.
1614:The passenger line will link the
1540:the international section between
1441:Heavy vehicles (thousand per year)
35:Status at the end of December 2018
14:
3901:High-speed railway lines in Italy
2553:CAPacité des RESéaux ferroviaires
786:
661:
561:
532:
3911:Proposed railway lines in France
3343:Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
2947:Bellamy, Daniel (9 March 2019).
2125:Bellamy, Daniel (27 July 2019).
1227:The first section comprises the
1051:longest rail tunnel in the world
922:
900:
881:
862:
855:
832:
824:
814:
806:
785:
750:
726:
707:
667:
660:
641:
634:
612:
593:
586:
567:
560:
538:
531:
513:
512:
505:
465:
458:
436:
417:
411:
410:
366:
359:
352:
327:
320:
306:
301:
288:
244:
70:
58:
29:
3916:Proposed railway lines in Italy
3852:RFI – Rete Ferroviaria Italiana
1618:(through a connection South of
1500:) and underestimates (e.g. the
863:
587:
506:
321:
3649:LGV Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
1153:The present high-altitude line
938:Turin–Milan high-speed railway
727:
708:
635:
418:
367:
353:
1:
3537:LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire
3072:Railway Gazette International
2860:"SMLP : en route !"
1014:. It is intended to link the
1004:Turin–Lyon high-speed railway
923:
668:
642:
623:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne Arvan
466:
459:
437:
360:
245:
219:Turin–Lyon high-speed railway
24:Turin–Lyon high-speed railway
3858:RFF – Réseau Ferré de France
2818:(in Italian). Archived from
1966:main stated objections are:
1829:, a German company based in
1578:the Italian section between
1102:route. A 2012 report by the
882:
856:
594:
568:
160:220 km/h (140 mph)
3668:Operators and rolling stock
2211:"EUR-Lex – 31996L0048 – EN"
2059:List of tunnels by location
2019:activists talk about LULU (
1563:the French section between
901:
613:
539:
328:
289:
3942:
3612:Planned or projected lines
2689:Cambridge University Press
1620:Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry
3896:Railway lines in Piedmont
3834:Transmission Voie-Machine
3786:Adjacent high-speed lines
3634:Paris – Normandy new line
3629:LGV Montpellier–Perpignan
3577:LGV Sud Europe Atlantique
3518:High-speed rail in France
3284:10.1080/09644010701634257
2074:Rete Ferroviaria Italiana
2049:High-speed rail in Europe
2021:Locally unwanted land use
1943:non-violent direct action
1854:Opposition to the project
931:
916:
909:
894:
890:
875:
871:
849:
842:
798:
794:
779:
759:
744:
735:
720:
716:
701:
676:
654:
650:
628:
621:
606:
602:
580:
576:
554:
549:Chambéry-Challes-les-Eaux
547:
525:
521:
499:
474:
452:
445:
430:
426:
404:
375:
346:
336:
314:
297:
282:
253:
238:
176:
92:271 km (168 mi)
28:
2039:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
1907:No TAV movement in Italy
1843:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
1773:Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte
1740:Mont d'Ambin base tunnel
1554:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
1496:overestimates (e.g. the
1122:Pre-construction studies
1115:Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte
1031:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
738:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
3596:Line under construction
3582:LGV Perpignan–Barcelona
2054:List of longest tunnels
1742:is being dug under the
1724:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1675:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1565:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1542:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1407:Modane corridor – Total
1320:Modane corridor – Total
3921:2032 in rail transport
3829:TGV track construction
3624:LGV Interconnexion Sud
3547:LGV Interconnexion Est
3315:. AFP. 27 January 2015
3264:Environmental Politics
3260:Porta, Donatella Della
2729:Quaderno 2 – pp. 36-39
2594:Quaderno 1 – pp. 33–34
2079:Réseau Ferré de France
2044:Lyon Turin Ferroviaire
2034:Mediterranean Corridor
1919:
1846:
1802:tunnel boring machines
1558:Lyon Turin Ferroviaire
1521:
1424:Modane corridor – Rail
1337:Modane corridor – Rail
1257:
1217:(metropolitan section)
999:
991:
299:Lyon Saint-Exupéry TGV
3659:LGV Toulouse–Narbonne
3654:LGV Bordeaux–Toulouse
3587:LGV Nîmes–Montpellier
2742:. LTF. Archived from
2389:. LTF. Archived from
2166:. LTF. Archived from
1914:
1840:
1818:drilling and blasting
1754:Construction progress
1718:International section
1567:and the outskirts of
1519:
1252:Traffic prevision by
1251:
1147:drilling and blasting
1143:tunnel boring machine
1104:French Court of Audit
997:
989:
3644:LGV Poitiers–Limoges
3391:(in Italian): 21–22.
2199:. 22 September 2016.
2164:"The Alpine tunnels"
1671:Chartreuse Mountains
1571:will be built under
1460:Without the new line
1267:Without the new line
1203:(low valley section)
1159:Turin–Modane railway
1145:, and old-fashioned
1055:Gotthard Base Tunnel
683:Culoz–Modane railway
481:Culoz–Modane railway
3808:Perpignan–Barcelona
3370:, site tel-sas.com.
3276:2007EnvPo..16..864P
2716:, Simon Barthélémy
2502:on 12 December 2021
2393:on 22 February 2012
2387:"Close-up on works"
2064:Treno Alta Velocità
2009:Not In My Back Yard
1922:Some people in the
1869:Treno Alta Velocità
1083:high-speed railways
3619:LGV Bordeaux–Spain
3208:The New York Times
2822:on 12 January 2014
2746:on 12 January 2014
2671:Quaderno 2 – p. 18
2659:www.ledauphine.com
2641:www.ledauphine.com
2623:www.ledauphine.com
2585:Quaderno 1 – p. 32
2576:Quaderno 1 – p. 31
2567:Quaderno 1 – p. 30
2543:Quaderno 1 – p. 16
2534:Quaderno 1 – p. 17
2496:www.tunneltalk.com
2170:on 31 October 2006
2104:Railway Technology
1975:Fréjus Road Tunnel
1920:
1897:Villarodin-Bourget
1884:Local French views
1847:
1785:Five Star Movement
1522:
1258:
1164:Fréjus Rail Tunnel
1000:
992:
911:Torino Porta Nuova
49:Under construction
3842:
3841:
3775:Frecciarossa 1000
3770:Trenitalia France
3441:Pro Natura Torino
2792:. Dauphine Libere
2740:"The base tunnel"
2481:Quaderno 1 – p. 4
2270:on 6 October 2013
1493:
1492:
1477:With the new line
1354:With the new line
984:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
951:
950:
774:
773:
696:
695:
494:
493:
399:
398:
277:
276:
3933:
3879:
3552:LGV Méditerranée
3525:Lines in service
3511:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3408:. Archived from
3407:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3256:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:. Archived from
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2360:. Archived from
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2266:. Archived from
2260:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2096:
1932:Comunità Montana
1918:protests in 2005
1710:and a tunnel in
1512:New railway line
1264:
1157:Since 1872, the
934:
926:
925:
904:
903:
885:
884:
866:
865:
859:
858:
836:
835:
828:
827:
818:
817:
810:
809:
789:
788:
762:
754:
753:
730:
729:
711:
710:
679:
671:
670:
664:
663:
645:
644:
638:
637:
616:
615:
597:
596:
590:
589:
571:
570:
564:
563:
542:
541:
535:
534:
516:
515:
509:
508:
477:
469:
468:
462:
461:
440:
439:
421:
420:
414:
413:
390:LGV Méditerranée
378:
370:
369:
363:
362:
356:
355:
331:
330:
324:
323:
310:
305:
292:
291:
256:
248:
247:
236:
212:
205:
198:
189:
178:
151:
138:
132:
130:
129:
125:
122:
114:
97:Number of tracks
76:
74:
73:
64:
62:
61:
33:
21:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3864:TELT Lyon–Turin
3848:
3843:
3838:
3812:
3781:
3719:Renfe Class 100
3663:
3607:
3591:
3567:LGV Rhône-Alpes
3520:
3515:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3415:on 12 July 2014
3412:
3405:
3403:"Archived copy"
3401:
3400:
3396:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3234:Dauphine Libere
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2982:. 11 March 2019
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2029:
2014:
2003:Critics of the
1959:
1909:
1886:
1856:
1756:
1720:
1695:
1693:Italian section
1601:
1514:
1454:
1367:
1280:
1246:
1223:(urban section)
1155:
1124:
1071:
1064:Like the Swiss
1023:high-speed rail
946:Milano Centrale
927:
905:
886:
867:
860:
838:
837:
830:
829:
820:
819:
812:
811:
790:
755:
731:
712:
672:
665:
646:
639:
617:
598:
591:
572:
565:
543:
536:
517:
510:
470:
463:
441:
422:
415:
382:LGV Rhône-Alpes
371:
364:
357:
332:
325:
293:
260:LGV Rhône-Alpes
249:
230:
221:
220:
216:
183:
157:Operating speed
149:
144:Electrification
134:
127:
123:
120:
118:
117:4 ft
116:
112:
71:
69:
59:
57:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3846:External links
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3797:Channel Tunnel
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:TGV Atlantique
3733:
3726:SNCF Voyageurs
3723:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:ICE 3 Velaro D
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3603:LGV Lyon–Turin
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:LGV Rhin-Rhône
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:LGV Atlantique
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3394:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3326:
3297:
3270:(5): 864–882.
3246:
3220:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3149:
3135:
3121:
3107:
3093:
3076:
3064:
3050:
3036:
3014:
2993:
2965:
2939:
2917:
2895:
2873:
2851:
2833:
2803:
2781:
2757:
2731:
2722:
2704:
2697:
2673:
2664:
2646:
2628:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2513:
2483:
2474:
2455:
2429:
2404:
2375:
2364:on 8 July 2012
2349:
2324:
2281:
2255:
2241:
2227:
2202:
2181:
2155:
2143:
2117:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1958:
1955:
1908:
1905:
1885:
1882:
1855:
1852:
1822:
1821:
1809:
1805:
1793:Giuseppe Conte
1755:
1752:
1719:
1716:
1694:
1691:
1683:Lac du Bourget
1600:
1599:French section
1597:
1596:
1595:
1576:
1561:
1513:
1510:
1506:Bonnets Rouges
1498:Channel tunnel
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1245:
1242:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1154:
1151:
1123:
1120:
1087:European Union
1078:freight trains
1069:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
941:
940:
930:
928:
921:
919:
917:
914:
913:
908:
906:
899:
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
887:
880:
878:
876:
873:
872:
870:
868:
861:
854:
852:
850:
847:
846:
841:
839:
831:
823:
822:
821:
813:
805:
804:
803:
801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
791:
784:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
767:
766:
758:
756:
749:
747:
745:
742:
741:
734:
732:
725:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
713:
706:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
693:
686:
685:
675:
673:
666:
659:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
647:
640:
633:
631:
629:
626:
625:
620:
618:
611:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
599:
592:
585:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
573:
566:
559:
557:
555:
552:
551:
546:
544:
537:
530:
528:
526:
523:
522:
520:
518:
511:
504:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:
484:
483:
473:
471:
464:
457:
455:
453:
450:
449:
444:
442:
435:
433:
431:
428:
427:
425:
423:
416:
409:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
385:
384:
374:
372:
365:
358:
351:
349:
347:
344:
343:
335:
333:
326:
319:
317:
315:
312:
311:
296:
294:
287:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
274:
263:
262:
252:
250:
243:
241:
239:
232:
231:
226:
223:
222:
218:
217:
215:
214:
207:
200:
192:
185:
184:
181:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
146:
140:
139:
136:standard gauge
110:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3938:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Eurostar e320
3695:
3693:
3692:Eurostar e300
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:Deutsche Bahn
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2698:0-521-00946-4
2694:
2690:
2687:. Cambridge:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2106:. 24 May 2019
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1995:non-existent.
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1776:coal-bearing
1774:
1770:
1769:French Senate
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Aix-les-Bains
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:includes the
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:Annual growth
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:Annual growth
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:Annual growth
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
996:
988:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
955:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
935:
929:
920:
918:
915:
912:
907:
898:
896:
893:
888:
879:
877:
874:
869:
853:
851:
848:
845:
840:
802:
800:
797:
792:
783:
781:
778:
769:
768:
764:
763:
757:
748:
746:
743:
740:
739:
733:
724:
722:
719:
714:
705:
703:
700:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
680:
674:
658:
656:
653:
648:
632:
630:
627:
624:
619:
610:
608:
605:
600:
584:
582:
579:
574:
558:
556:
553:
550:
545:
529:
527:
524:
519:
503:
501:
498:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
478:
472:
456:
454:
451:
448:
443:
434:
432:
429:
424:
408:
406:
403:
395:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
373:
350:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:Lyon Perrache
334:
318:
316:
313:
309:
304:
300:
295:
286:
284:
281:
273:
269:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
251:
242:
240:
237:
234:
233:
229:
225:
224:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
180:
175:
172:
171:ERTMS Level 2
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
113:1,435 mm
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
67:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3878:(in Italian)
3870:
3824:TGV stations
3793:High Speed 1
3639:LGV Picardie
3602:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3448:
3440:
3417:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3397:
3388:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3342:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3312:
3267:
3263:
3239:24 September
3237:. Retrieved
3233:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3207:
3197:
3183:
3169:
3163:(in French).
3146:(in French).
3138:
3132:(in French).
3124:
3118:(in French).
3110:
3104:(in French).
3096:
3071:
3067:
3053:
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:
2942:
2932:24 September
2930:. Retrieved
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2815:
2812:"Calendario"
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2734:
2725:
2712:
2707:
2682:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2516:
2506:14 September
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2486:
2477:
2448:18 September
2446:. Retrieved
2420:. Retrieved
2395:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2366:. Retrieved
2362:the original
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:the original
2258:
2244:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2196:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2158:
2151:(in Italian)
2146:
2136:10 September
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2110:10 September
2108:. Retrieved
2103:
2094:
2016:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1962:
1960:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1866:acronym for
1863:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1827:Herrenknecht
1823:
1782:
1757:
1744:Mont d'Ambin
1721:
1704:Dora Riparia
1696:
1687:
1667:A43 Motorway
1664:
1631:
1627:
1613:
1602:
1535:
1523:
1494:
1373:Alps – Total
1286:Alps – Total
1259:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1172:Osservatorio
1171:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1063:
1033:between the
1029:through the
1003:
1001:
736:
337:
101:Double track
18:
3572:LGV Sud-Est
3025:(in French)
2846:Le Monde.fr
2816:ltf-sas.com
2774:10 February
2720:6 juin 2008
2220:3 September
1924:Susa Valley
1841:Profile of
1765:base tunnel
1700:Susa valley
1660:train paths
1616:LGV Sud-Est
1584:Susa valley
1575:management;
1573:SNCF Réseau
1390:Alps – Rail
1303:Alps – Rail
1035:Susa Valley
268:LGV Sud-Est
150:25 kV 50 Hz
108:Track gauge
89:Line length
3890:Categories
3751:TGV Réseau
3741:TGV Duplex
3463:References
2796:29 January
2555:, Rivier,
1679:Belledonne
1455:2004–2030
1368:2004–2030
1281:2004–2030
1221:Turin node
1110:movement.
447:Avressieux
166:Signalling
3758:TGV Lyria
3313:The Local
3292:145761725
3213:9 October
2368:22 August
1957:Arguments
1947:Chiomonte
1880:valleys.
1878:Maurienne
1825:built by
1732:Bussoleno
1712:Bussoleno
1609:Maurienne
1590:is under
1580:Bussoleno
1550:Bussoleno
1208:Avigliana
1200:Avigliana
1194:Bussoleno
1186:Bussoleno
1074:gradients
1043:Maurienne
394:Marseille
182:Route map
84:Technical
3707:TGV PBKA
3687:Eurostar
3557:LGV Nord
3429:cite web
3419:24 April
2986:11 March
2979:Le Monde
2953:Euronews
2910:8 August
2866:12 April
2718:L'Alsace
2422:1 August
2312:Euronews
2131:euronews
2027:See also
1992:asbestos
1936:squatted
1890:Chimilin
1831:Schwanau
1736:Piemonte
1656:Grenoble
1648:Chambéry
1624:Chambéry
1611:valley.
1607:and the
1132:Quaderni
1039:Piedmont
131: in
41:Overview
3763:TGV 2N2
3746:TGV POS
3731:TGV 2N2
3702:TGV PBA
3542:LGV Est
3272:Bibcode
3029:17 July
2750:5 March
2397:2 March
2342:9 March
2174:2 March
1988:uranium
1814:schists
1778:schists
1502:TGV Est
1139:schists
1016:Italian
126:⁄
3871:No TAV
3290:
3007:21 May
2888:5 July
2826:24 May
2695:
2274:24 May
2017:No TAV
2005:No TAV
1963:No TAV
1951:Venaus
1928:No TAV
1916:No TAV
1901:No TAV
1860:No TAV
1748:Modane
1728:Savoie
1708:Venaus
1652:Annecy
1588:Torino
1586:) and
1546:Savoie
1229:Fréjus
1180:Modane
1108:No TAV
1085:. The
1047:Savoie
1020:French
952:
775:
765:France
697:
691:Modane
495:
400:
278:
228:Legend
75:
68:&
66:France
63:
54:Locale
46:Status
3817:Other
3803:HSL 1
3795:(via
3714:Renfe
3439:from
3413:(PDF)
3406:(PDF)
3385:(PDF)
3339:(pdf)
3319:2 May
3288:S2CID
2958:2 May
2928:. LTF
2906:. LTF
2884:. LTF
2862:. LTF
2418:. LTF
2317:2 May
2086:Notes
1808:dug).
1636:Paris
1531:Paris
1527:Milan
1489:1.9%
1486:2,447
1483:2,244
1480:1,485
1472:2.9%
1469:3,121
1466:2,791
1463:1,485
1436:7.2%
1419:3.9%
1402:3.9%
1399:130.7
1396:111.4
1385:2.8%
1382:293.4
1379:264.5
1376:144.0
1349:3.6%
1332:3.1%
1315:3.3%
1312:112.5
1298:2.8%
1295:293.4
1292:264.5
1289:144.0
1214:Turin
1100:Paris
1096:Milan
1008:Turin
932:
770:Italy
760:
677:
489:Culoz
475:
376:
272:Paris
254:
78:Italy
3435:link
3421:2013
3321:2019
3241:2019
3215:2017
3031:2019
3009:2019
2988:2019
2960:2019
2934:2019
2912:2017
2890:2017
2868:2017
2828:2013
2798:2024
2776:2024
2752:2012
2693:ISBN
2508:2020
2450:2019
2424:2016
2399:2012
2370:2012
2344:2012
2319:2019
2276:2013
2222:2021
2176:2012
2138:2019
2112:2019
1990:and
1961:The
1876:and
1874:Susa
1789:Lega
1787:and
1730:and
1640:Lyon
1605:Lyon
1569:Lyon
1548:and
1450:2030
1447:2025
1444:2004
1433:39.4
1430:29.5
1416:76.5
1413:63.5
1410:28.5
1393:48.0
1363:2030
1360:2025
1357:2004
1346:16.4
1343:15.8
1329:63.8
1326:58.1
1323:28.5
1309:97.7
1306:48.0
1276:2030
1273:2025
1270:2004
1128:Susa
1066:NRLA
1041:and
1027:Alps
1018:and
1012:Lyon
1010:and
1002:The
844:Susa
392:and
270:and
3280:doi
2069:TGV
2023:).
1895:In
1888:In
1864:TAV
1734:in
1726:in
1646:or
1642:to
1638:or
1632:via
1628:via
1592:RFI
1544:in
1529:to
1427:6.5
1340:6.5
1254:LTF
1045:in
1037:in
944:to
689:to
487:to
388:to
338:to
266:to
3892::
3431:}}
3427:{{
3387:.
3341:.
3311:.
3300:^
3286:.
3278:.
3268:16
3266:.
3249:^
3232:.
3206:.
3152:^
3079:^
2976:.
2951:.
2844:.
2814:.
2760:^
2691:.
2657:.
2639:.
2621:.
2608:^
2494:.
2458:^
2432:^
2407:^
2378:^
2327:^
2310:.
2284:^
2213:.
2195:.
2184:^
2129:.
2102:.
1750:.
1714:.
133:)
3799:)
3510:e
3503:t
3496:v
3443:.
3437:)
3423:.
3345:.
3323:.
3294:.
3282::
3274::
3243:.
3217:.
3191:.
3177:.
3090:.
3061:.
3047:.
3033:.
3011:.
2990:.
2962:.
2936:.
2914:.
2892:.
2870:.
2830:.
2800:.
2778:.
2754:.
2701:.
2661:.
2643:.
2625:.
2524:.
2510:.
2471:.
2452:.
2426:.
2401:.
2372:.
2346:.
2321:.
2278:.
2252:.
2238:.
2224:.
2178:.
2140:.
2114:.
2013:2
1804:.
1761:€
1594:;
1582:(
1560:.
1234:‰
1211:–
1197:–
1183:–
1098:–
1070:2
1059:€
211:e
204:t
197:v
128:2
124:1
121:+
119:8
115:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
