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talks from the point where they stopped with the previous government. We in Turkey are also ready." Assad confirmed, "Turkey's role is important because we have trust in Turkey." Israeli
President Shimon Peres dismissed these calls stating, "The Syrians should be ready to talk. If President al-Assad wants peace, why is he shy? We suggested direct talks many times. He thinks direct talks are a prize for Israel. It's not a prize. It's normal."
755:, Turkey. At least 43 people were killed and 140 more were injured in the attack. The car bombs were left outside Reyhanlı's town hall and post office. The first exploded at around 13:45 local time (10:45 GMT) and the second exploded about 15 minutes later. People attempting to help those injured in the first explosion were caught in the second blast. This attack was the deadliest single act of terrorism to occur on Turkish soil.
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619:, his feeling that "They are not acting in a humane manner. This is savagery." However, at the beginning, the Turkish government refrained from describing the Syrians who fled to Turkey as "refugees" or "asylum-seekers", instead referring to them as guests, and Erdogan, while demanding the implementation of promised reforms by the Syrian government, initially refrained from calling for
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509:'s high-level trade negotiations with Syrian authorities in the 1990s and Erdoğan's own recently successful bid to initiate a Turkish EU accession which would allow Europe, "to extend its reach to the borders Syria, Iraq and Iran." On 3 April 2007, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Syrian President Bashar Al Assad attended the opening ceremony of the
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Turkish
President Gül's 15–17 May official visit to Syria was made at the invitation of Damascus in reciprocation of Syrian President Assad's 2007 official visit to Turkey. A senior Turkish diplomat confirmed that, "The main topic on the agenda and the goal of the visit is the maintenance of momentum
808:
province. The
Turkish government claimed that the authorities meant to kill smugglers and terrorists, not civilians, in search of protecting their borders. Some eyewitness testimonies from refugee families confirmed to the Euro-Med Monitor team that all the ones who were killed by the Turkish guards
813:
control before they got and hid in the northern Aleppo countryside for 15 days. Testimonies collected by the Euro-Med
Monitor team said that a smuggler helped the victims get to Syria's Idlib province. The victims were deceived by the smuggler when he told them that the Turkish borders are safe and
575:
also signed a letter of intent giving the green light for cooperation in the defence industry, on the sidelines of the 9th
International Defence Industry Fair (IDEF'09) that commenced in Istanbul the same day, as a sign of the level of political relations reached between the two states, although a
322:
In 1938, the province declared its independence from France and the following 29 June, the parliament of the newly declared Hatay
Republic voted to join Turkey. This referendum has been labeled both "phoney" and "rigged", and that it was a way for the French to let Turks take over the area, hoping
588:
Shortly before the visit new Syrian
Ambassador to Turkey, Nidal Qablan confirmed that Syria was ready to restart the Turkish mediated peace negotiations with Israel and Gül supported the call, following his meeting with Assad, stating that, "We have heard Syria say it is ready to resume the peace
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went into the former Syrian
Mediterranean province with French approval and expelled most of its Alawite and Christian Arab and Armenian inhabitants. Before this, Arabs and Armenians were the majority of the provincial population. For the referendum, Turkey crossed tens of thousands of Turks into
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downed the plane that breached
Turkish airspace and ignored warnings, as a result of the infringement of the new engagement rules declared by the Republic of Turkey, after Syria shot down a Turkish reconnaissance plane on 22 June 2012. The pilot jumped off the plane according to witness reports.
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and other spokesmen have not confirmed this and emphasized that brief incursions into neighboring airspace by high-speed jets are routine occurrences. Gül stated that "it is not possible to cover over a thing like this. Whatever is necessary will no doubt be done." The
Turkish and Syrian navies
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On 26 April 2009, the two states announced an "unprecedented" three-day military manoeuvre involving ground forces along their mutual border in what was described as "a step further in their ever-expanding cooperation." According to Turkish military sources, "The aim of the exercise is to boost
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Syria condemned the aggression and argued that the plane was following rebels and it did not violate Turkish airspace. However, according to the new engagement rules, two countries could defend themselves if the other come close to their borders, perceiving the action as a threat.
664:, as a convoy of eight or nine Turkish buses was making its way towards Turkey via the Bab Hawa border crossing. The gunfire left two people injured. According to a driver, when told that the passengers were Turks, "Syrian soldiers emerged from behind sandbags and cursed
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Brunner is known to be protected in Syria by armed guards, presumably from the Syrian intelligence services. In the past, our source added, Brunner has done work on behalf of the Syrian intelligence services in training Kurdish guerrillas who operate from Syria against
729:, suspecting it was carrying Russian-made weapons. Inspectors confiscated military communications equipment and items "thought to be missile parts". Syria accused Turkey of "air piracy". On the same day the airline chief said in an interview that Turkey violated the
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friendship, cooperation, and confidence between the two countries land forces, and to increase the ability of border troops to train and work together." The exercise which commenced on 27 April involved teams from each country crossing the border to visit outposts.
700:, Turkey attacked troops in Syria, after a Syrian mortar shell killed five people. Turkish parliament approved cross border operations. Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan announced 5 October "We are not interested in war, but we're not far from it either,"
361:
Euphrates and Tigris are not the only rivers that tangle Turkish-Syrian relations. Water distribution of the Orantes River, which pours into the Mediterranean from the disputed province of Hatay, also causes problems between the two states.
585:
that has built up in bilateral relations within the last decade." The Turkish delegation included Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, Foreign Trade Minister Zafer Çağlayan, Agriculture Minister and Culture and Tourism Minister Ertuğrul Günay.
358:. The project GAP was aimed at reducing the harsh living conditions of the Southeastern provinces of Turkey by building 19 dams on the rivers of Euphrates and Tigris. This project, however, would seriously reduce Syrian water resources.
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In return, Ankara wants from Damascus the complete cleansing of the areas of the (PKK/YPG), the safe return of refugees and the proper completion of political and military integration between the opposition and the government.
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reported that the Syrian leadership was still resisting Russia's efforts to convene a summit between Assad and Erdoğan. This is due to the unwillingness to grant Erdoğan a "victory" that would enhance his chances in the
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summit, and relations between the two countries' intelligence agencies were resumed. Cavusoglu publicly announced this in August 2022 and called for reconciliation between the Syrian government and the opposition.
2011:
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warned the Security Council that the current military escalation in Syria is dangerous to civilians and regional stability, and urged Turkey and the Kurdish-led forces in northern Syria to de-escalate.
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397:, his long-time safe haven. Relations have improved since October 1998, when Öcalan was expelled by Damascus and Syria pledged to stop harbouring the PKK militants and the 1999 signing of the
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reported that the heads of Syrian and Turkish intelligence had met in Damascus in recent weeks. The talks made significant progress and sought to pave the way for meetings at higher levels.
607:, relations between Syria and Turkey greatly deteriorated. The Syrian conflict began to impact Turkey when at least 3,000 Syrian refugees fled Syria as a consequence of such incidents as
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In October 1989, 2 Syrian Mig-21's flew 12 miles (19 km) into Turkish airspace where they shot down a Turkish aircraft. All five of the crew on the Turkish aircraft died.
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On 24 August 2016, Turkey and Turkish backed rebels attacked ISIS positions across the border, from Jarabulus west to Al-Rai, taking a series of towns and taking a hold of a
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975:. In a major breakthrough, on 28 December, both countries' defense ministers and intelligence chiefs met in Moscow, and the talks were described as fruitful.
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Damascus has full control of the strategic transportation M4 highway, located on the line between Aleppo, Latakia, Deir Ezzor and Hasaka in eastern Syria,
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came to power," and "the new Turkish model – trying to mix greater democracy and Islam together – is now the subject of curiosity and not a little envy."
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has once again strained relations between the two countries, leading to the suspension of diplomatic contact. A serious incident occurred with the Syrian
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645:, to Syria to give the government a "tough" message. Erdogan has said that he is becoming impatient with the "savagery" of Bashar al-Assad's government.
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Turkish defence industry source emphasised that, "it does not mean that the two countries will immediately enter into cooperation in arms production."
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gave them the legal permission to cross the borders. Turkish border guards have killed 60 Syrians before as they were trying to cross the border.
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300:. This self-annexation was never recognized by Syria, which continues to show the Hatay Province of Turkey as part of Syria's territory on maps.
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reconnaissance jet near the Turkish-Syrian border. The Syrian military alleges the jet had violated Syrian airspace. However, Turkish president
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also announced that "We are completely suspending all of these trade relations, all agreements between Turkey and Syria have been suspended."
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was a turning point in Syrian-Turkish bilateral relations as Syria's perceptions of Turkey as incapable of acting independently were altered.
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In the aftermath of Syrians attack on Turkish troops, Turkey closed its main border crossings into northwest Syria in July 2024.
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2191:"Deadliest Terror Attack in Turkey's History Might Be Another Attempt to Derail Peace Talks? But Which One? Syria or PKK?"
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The traditionally tense relations between Turkey and Syria had been due to disputes including the self annexation of the
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that they would turn on Hitler. Syrians still consider this land as integral Syrian territory. Syrians call this land
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still haven't forgotten that Turks are their former colonial rulers." "But there's been a thaw, especially since the
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At present, Syrians hold the view that this land is historically Syrian and was illegally ceded in the late 1930s to
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The Turkish pilgrim bus attack occurred on 21 November 2011 when two buses carrying Turkish pilgrims returning from
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In August 2012, Turkey began to hold high level meetings with the USA on plans to replace the Syrian government.
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by France – the mandatory occupying power of Syria (between 1920 and 1946). The Turks remember Syria as a former
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The two countries came to the brink of war when Turkey threatened military action if Syria continued to shelter
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On 18 June, based on information provided by a Euro-Med Monitor team, Turkish border guards have killed eleven
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is seeking a "bilateral normalization effort" with his Syrian counterpart Bashar Al-Assad, according to
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suggests that rockets should be fired from Syria into Turkey to justify military action in retaliation.
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with Syria; various geographic and historical links also tie the two neighbouring countries together.
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164:, the EU, and many other countries. Relations improved greatly after October 1998, when PKK leader
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published 5 conditions set by the Syrian government to resume diplomatic relations, as follows:
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U.S. Embassy Damascus (Eagleton) to Secretary of State, No. 00319, NA, RG 59, N-111. Quoted in
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to seek a solution to the separatist-controlled north of Syria, an issue long at heart for the
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On 9 April 2012, the Syrian envoy to Turkey was summoned after Syrian forces fired across the
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The Syrian government recognized this decision in 2004 and gave up on territorial claims.
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near Turkish-Syrian border. The initial announcement was made by Turkish Prime Minister
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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in 1939). One of the signs reads: "Our blood is sacrificed for the Syrian Arab Sanjak."
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On 23 October 2012, an anti-aircraft shell from Syria hit a health center in Turkey's
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199:. Diplomatic relations between the countries were severed in March 2012, due to the
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Alam, Kamal. "The Assad-Erdogan Relationship: A Mirror into Syrian-Turkish Ties."
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have been a major source of conflict as Turkey has constructed several dams on the
315:
1379:"World : IN BRIEF : TURKEY : 5 Die as Syria MIGs Down Survey Plane"
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160:(abbreviated as ASALA) which has been recognised as a terrorist organisation by
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1135:
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 October 2008.
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2090:"After civilian plane grounded, Syrian minister bashes Turkey's 'air piracy'"
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2139:"Death toll rises to 42 as explosions hit Turkish town on border with Syria"
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468:
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were civilians. Most of the deaths, reached to the borders, ran away from
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2516:"Turkey, Syria, Russia Defence Ministers Meet For First Talks Since 2011"
1846:"Turkey slams Damascus, refrains from calling fleeing Syrians 'refugees'"
744:
521:
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Protests in Damascus by women demonstrators against the secession of the
241:
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Turkish dynasties managed to rule Syria and the region starting from the
192:
184:
2367:"Syrians react furiously to Turkey's call for reconciliation with Assad"
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in June 2011. In June 2011, Turkish prime minister Erdogan described to
176:
in June 2012, resulting in Turkey calling an emergency meeting of NATO.
2484:"Syria resisting Russia's efforts to broker Turkey summit, sources say"
2012:|head "Turkey, U.S. Officials Hold First Operational Meeting On Syria."
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801:
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245:
2384:"Erdoğan Suriye'de 'U' dönüşü yaptı; Esad, Erdoğan'a 5 şart öne sürdü"
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Syria subsequently banned Turkish civilian flights from its airspace.
3120:
2574:"Washington D.C. grows increasingly frustrated with its Turkish ally"
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and other news sites reported that Turkey sent its foreign minister,
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347:
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110:
2542:"Turkey eyes reconciliation with a Syrian regime it tried to topple"
2399:"Exclusive: With a Russian nudge, Turkey and Syria step up contacts"
675:. At least two were killed and many others injured in the incident.
2353:"Turkey's Cavusoglu says he met Syrian foreign minister in October"
2292:"Turkish border guards use lethal force with Syrian asylum seekers"
1729:"Gül begins three-day visit to Syria, Israel talks on the agenda".
211:(OIC) while Syria's membership was suspended due to the civil war.
4574:
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had taken the path of easing economic sanctions against Syria, as
889:
805:
757:
482:
The Turkish Parliament's refusal to cooperate militarily with the
402:
263:
99:
2122:"UPDATE 1-Shell from Syria hits Turkish health center – CNN Turk"
1714:"Gül to urge Syria to contribute to Palestinian unity in visit".
1436:"NATO to hold emergency meet over Turkish jet shot down by Syria"
1202:
Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems
374:, which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by
1121:
Syria: Turkish embassy closed, senior intel officer assassinated
661:
497:
to Ankara in January 2004. In late 2004, Turkish Prime Minister
379:
161:
4429:
4329:
3136:
3091:
2654:
2482:
Gebeily, Maya; Coskun, Orhan; Bassam, Laila (2 December 2022).
1367:. Air Force Judge Advocate General's School. 1990. p. 200.
1229:
The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
656:
came under fire from Syrian soldiers. The attack occurred at a
531:
In 2008, Turkey was, as a sign of mutual trust in Damascus and
2616:
Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Syria
1859:
BBC News – Syria unrest: Turkey presses Assad to end crackdown
690:
conducted a search for Turkish airmen downed by the incident.
638:
432:
253:
28:
2213:"Turkey Blames Syria's Assad for Its Deadliest Terror Attack"
2165:"Blasts kill dozens in Turkish town Reyhanli on Syria border"
1617:"Syrian President looks forward to Sezer's visit to Damascus"
535:, invited to play the role of facilitator between Syria and
439:
claims that Syria was "for years a bitter foe" as "Turkey's
405:, envisaged security cooperation between the two countries.
248:
until late 12th century. In 1516, Syria was annexed by the
1962:"Turkey Vows to Take Action After Downing of Jet by Syria"
1774:"Assad: Syria has total confidence in Turkish mediation".
1677:"Turkey, Syria conduct military drill, Israel disturbed".
1415:"The Stanford Daily 23 October 1989 — The Stanford Daily"
633:
Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War
2327:"Syrians attack Turkish troops after anti-migrant riots"
2450:"UN envoy: Military escalation in Syria is 'dangerous'"
2104:"Syria bans Turkey civilian flights over its territory"
1858:
1655:"Turkey, Syria to forge defense industry cooperation".
1205:(Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130.
945:
over several towns in northern Syria, a week after the
386:
to train Kurdish militants for attacks against Turkey.
2133:
2131:
1806:"Syrian town empties as government tanks mass outside"
920:
Turkey provides diplomatic support to Syria regarding
1831:"Turkish PM warns Syria against second Hama massacre"
168:
was expelled by the Syrian authorities. However, the
2378:
2376:
2044:"Turkey, Seeking Weapons, Forces Syrian Jet to Land"
1935:"Syrian military says it downed Turkish fighter jet"
1462:"The Pantagraph from Bloomington, Illinois · Page 8"
1123:. Al Bawaba (26 March 2012). Retrieved 23 June 2012.
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1986:Jonathon Burch & Erika Solomon (23 June 2012).
1759:"Turkey urges Israel to accept Syria's overtures".
1349:Interview with Erdogan in Forward Magazine (Syria)
910:Opening a commercial corridor between Damascus and
82:
2397:Coskun, Orhan; Bassam, Laila (15 September 2022).
1254:
731:Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation
158:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1861:. Bbc.in (9 August 2011). Retrieved 23 June 2012.
1291:(Fourth ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 349-350.
2502:"Turkey, Syria Defense Ministers Meet in Moscow"
2417:"Turkey launches airstrikes over northern Syria"
1988:"Turkish, Syrian forces seek downed Turkish jet"
1909:"Turkey Protests as Syrians Open Fire at Border"
1789:"Peres urges Syria to join direct peace talks".
1744:"Syria says ready to resume talks with Israel".
1593:Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity
1317:; Timothy Naftali; Robert Wolfe (4 April 2005).
1256:"Robert Fisk: US power games in the Middle East"
668:... Then they suddenly opened fire at the bus."
3039:International reactions to the Syrian civil war
2632:"Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Checkered History"
1895:Turkish Muslim pilgrims' bus 'shot at in Syria'
1194:
1192:
1190:
725:, in Turkish airspace and forced it to land at
505:, in the follow-up to former Turkish President
2076:"Turkey: Syrian plane was carrying ammunition"
2062:"Turkey: Syrian plane was carrying ammunition"
1876:Turkish pilgrims attacked as four die in Syria
370:Turkey has condemned Syria for supporting the
3103:
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2215:. Bloomberg News. 11 May 2013. Archived from
1804:Chulov, Martin; Hassan, Nidaa (7 June 2011).
1635:"Syria's Assad meets Erdogan for peace talks"
539:to solve their dispute over control over the
174:downing of a Turkish military training flight
8:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1650:
1648:
1232:(Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335.
68:
2265:"Turkish Armed Forces shot down Syrian jet"
2239:"Turkish Armed Forces shot down Syrian jet"
2064:. San Francisco Chronicle. 11 October 2012.
1116:
1114:
907:Customs crossing to the Syrian authorities,
599:Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
467:look at the secular state which buried the
156:(abbreviated as PKK) and the now-dissolved
4437:
4426:
4340:
4326:
4231:
3950:
3640:
3465:
3154:
3147:
3133:
3110:
3096:
3088:
2673:
2659:
2651:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1484:
1482:
888:The return of the government's control of
864:In October 2021, Turkish Foreign Minister
547:in August, following the deterioration in
1397:"Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers"
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
449:close relationship with the United States
4707:Relations of colonizer and former colony
2078:. The Associated Press. 12 October 2012.
1890:
1888:
580:2009 Turkish Presidential visit to Syria
2092:. The Times of Israel. 11 October 2012.
1110:
623:'s departure, although he later would.
2313:"Sur la piste des commandos d'Erdogan"
1532:"Warm welcome for Assad's Turkey trip"
524:, despite U.S. objections, during the
401:, following his subsequent capture in
67:
941:On 19 November 2022, Turkey launched
228:in the late 9th century, followed by
7:
3033:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
2621:Syria-Turkey Economical Relationship
1085:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
489:The first ever visit to Turkey by a
376:a number of states and organizations
1554:Chapter 8: Euro-Turks and Europeans
678:On 22 June 2012, Syria shot down a
209:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
179:Syria had maintained an embassy in
2522:. Dow Jones. AFP. 28 December 2023
789:campaign. Turkey claimed that two
765:-controlled territory (green) and
276:(and its joining of Turkey as the
25:
1844:SEVİL KÜÇÜKKOŞUM (10 June 2011).
1695:"Turkish PM Erdoğan slams Israel"
990:. Earlier, US Secretary of State
868:met with Syrian Foreign Minister
777:shot down a Syrian combat jet in
567:Visiting Syrian Defense Minister
203:. Turkey is a full member of the
3185:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3119:
2738:
2682:
1267:from the original on 26 May 2022
1044:
1030:
1016:
828:In recordings released in 2014,
593:Friction due to Syrian Civil War
327:rather than the Turkish name of
104:
93:
74:
33:
1319:U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis
895:Transfer the management of the
821:. Turkey called this operation
4540:European Court of Human Rights
3496:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2193:. The Istanbulian. 11 May 2013
553:2008–2009 Israel-Gaza conflict
183:and two consulates–general in
152:, and Syria's support for the
1:
4702:Bilateral relations of Turkey
4642:Diplomatic missions of Turkey
4441:Peace Agreements and Treaties
4378:Organization of Turkic States
2606:Embassy of Turkey in Damascus
2329:. 3 July 2024. Archived from
1289:A Modern History of the Kurds
1253:Robert Fisk (19 March 2007).
994:and Turkish Foreign Minister
571:and Turkish Defense Minister
445:application for EU membership
352:Southeastern Anatolia Project
150:Southeastern Anatolia Project
4697:Bilateral relations of Syria
4563:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
4551:International infrastructure
3057:Diplomatic missions of Syria
3020:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
1960:Stack, Liam (23 June 2012).
1941:. BBC. Reuters. 23 June 2012
1833:. Dünya Bülteni. 2 May 2011.
954:United Nations special envoy
860:Syrian-Turkish normalization
787:2014 Turkish local elections
511:Aleppo International Stadium
288:became independent from the
4651:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4399:Central Treaty Organization
4351:International organizations
3126:Foreign relations of Turkey
2124:. Reuters. 23 October 2012.
2027:Turkey-Syria border tension
1065:Foreign relations of Turkey
516:In 2005, Turkish President
501:flew to Damascus to sign a
451:have long been regarded in
256:in the early 20th century.
205:Union for the Mediterranean
195:and a consulate–general in
191:. Turkey had an embassy in
4723:
2689:Foreign relations of Syria
2636:Middle East Policy Council
2611:Embassy of Syria in Ankara
1323:Cambridge University Press
1060:Foreign relations of Syria
857:
819:strip 5 to 20 km deep
767:Turkish-occupied territory
630:
596:
471:and think 'betrayal'; and
125:are the relations between
4624:Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey
4436:
4425:
4339:
4325:
3146:
3132:
2736:
1595:. Routledge. p. 81.
847:against the Syrian army.
417:2003–2011 diplomatic thaw
116:
103:
92:
73:
42:This article needs to be
4602:Trans-Anatolian pipeline
4580:Northern Cyprus pipeline
4460:Treaty of Constantinople
3175:Central African Republic
2579:. Accessed 3 April 2023.
1897:, BBC, 21 November 2011.
1364:The Air Force Law Review
1287:McDowall, David (2021).
964:In early December 2022,
903:border crossing and the
747:exploded in the town of
463:with intense suspicion.
154:Kurdistan Workers' Party
69:Syrian–Turkish relations
18:Turkish-Syrian relations
1199:Jack Kalpakian (2004).
880:The official newspaper
845:Operation Spring Shield
839:In 2020, following the
785:in a speech during the
727:Ankara Esenboğa Airport
549:Turkey-Israel relations
290:French mandate of Syria
4692:Syria–Turkey relations
4597:Tabriz–Ankara pipeline
4568:Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline
4366:Accession negotiations
4099:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1848:. Hurriyet Daily News.
1090:Operation Olive Branch
770:
637:On 9 August 2011, the
350:rivers as part of the
319:Alexandretta to vote.
286:Sanjak of Alexandretta
281:
272:in 1938 to become the
270:Sanjak of Alexandretta
123:Turkey–Syria relations
3190:Republic of the Congo
3010:Arab–Israeli conflict
1157:Chapter 9: Crossroads
952:On 29 November 2022,
947:2022 Istanbul bombing
769:(red) in October 2019
761:
609:Syrian army operation
484:2003 invasion of Iraq
354:- GAP to develop the
267:
135:longest common border
4465:Border with Bulgaria
3929:United Arab Emirates
2893:United Arab Emirates
1226:Robert Fisk (2007).
1095:Syria–Turkey barrier
978:In late March 2023,
874:Non-Aligned Movement
830:Turkish intelligence
783:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
743:On 11 May 2013, two
717:, flight RB442 from
703:On 10 October 2012,
666:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
559:Military cooperation
503:free trade agreement
499:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
378:, including the US,
325:Liwaaa aliskenderuna
220:Turkish rule pre-WWI
133:. Turkey shares its
131:Syrian Arab Republic
4523:Montreux Convention
4482:Border with Armenia
3501:Trinidad and Tobago
3050:Diplomatic missions
2290:Monitor, Euro-Med.
2143:Hurriyet Daily News
1882:, 22 November 2011.
1100:Syria–Turkey border
973:June 2023 elections
932:In September 2022,
922:US and EU sanctions
843:, Turkey initiated
673:Syria–Turkey border
603:Since the start of
148:resulting from the
144:to Turkey in 1939,
70:
65:Bilateral relations
4499:Treaty of Lausanne
4409:Second Balkan Pact
3486:Dominican Republic
3015:Lebanese Civil War
2638:. 24 February 1955
2110:. 14 October 2012.
2050:. 10 October 2012.
1966:The New York Times
1591:Özlem Tür (2016).
1385:. 22 October 1989.
1313:Richard Breitman;
773:On 23 March 2014,
771:
518:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
409:Helicopter downing
366:Support to the PKK
282:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4504:Border with Syria
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4404:First Balkan Pact
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4292:
4291:
4223:
4222:
3942:
3941:
3632:
3631:
3457:
3456:
3195:Equatorial Guinea
3085:
3084:
2386:. 17 August 2022.
2017:, 23 August 2012.
1538:. 6 January 2004.
1383:Los Angeles Times
1239:978-1-4000-7517-1
1080:Syrians in Turkey
841:Balyun airstrikes
791:Turkish Air Force
705:Turkish Air Force
680:Turkish Air Force
473:Arab nationalists
441:secular democracy
294:Republic of Hatay
120:
119:
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
4714:
4663:Diplomatic corps
4516:Border with Iran
4453:Border with Iraq
4448:Treaty of Ankara
4438:
4427:
4341:
4327:
4232:
3951:
3877:Kurdistan Region
3641:
3466:
3155:
3148:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3028:Syrian civil war
2826:Kurdistan Region
2742:
2718:Sahrawi Republic
2687:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2033:, 4 October 2012
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1683:. 28 April 2009.
1674:
1663:
1662:
1661:. 27 April 2009.
1652:
1643:
1642:
1641:. 5 August 2008.
1631:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1522:
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1458:
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1411:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1315:Norman J.W. Goda
1309:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1196:
1185:
1184:
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1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1004:Turkish republic
996:Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
866:Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
823:Euphrates Shield
605:Syrian Civil War
526:Cedar Revolution
491:Syrian President
260:Hatay annexation
201:Syrian civil war
170:Syrian civil war
108:
107:
97:
96:
78:
71:
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
4722:
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4717:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4630:
4546:
4528:Turkish Straits
4511:Treaty of Zuhab
4432:
4413:
4387:
4335:
4313:
4288:
4267:
4263:Solomon Islands
4251:
4219:
4173:
4139:Northern Cyprus
4134:North Macedonia
4082:
4021:
3980:
3938:
3828:
3762:
3721:
3680:
3628:
3562:
3536:
3505:
3453:
3362:
3341:
3305:
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3142:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3086:
3081:
3065:
3045:
2998:
2902:
2769:
2743:
2734:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2627:, December 2009
2602:
2588:
2586:Further reading
2583:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2454:Washington Post
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2421:Washington Post
2415:
2414:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2315:. 16 June 2018.
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:. 23 March 2014
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:. 23 March 2014
2237:
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2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
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2189:
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2184:
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2137:
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2120:
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2102:
2101:
2097:
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2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
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2059:
2055:
2042:
2041:
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2025:
2021:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
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1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
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1901:
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1693:
1692:
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1676:
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1654:
1653:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:. 7 April 2005.
1615:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1530:
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1455:
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1429:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:Chicago Tribune
1395:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1352:fw-magazine.com
1348:
1344:
1333:
1325:. p. 161.
1312:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1261:The Independent
1252:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1151:
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1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1052:Politics portal
1050:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1012:
862:
856:
647:Ahmet Davutoğlu
643:Ahmet Davutoğlu
635:
629:
621:Bashar al-Assad
613:Jisr ash-Shugur
601:
595:
582:
561:
495:Bashar al-Assad
419:
411:
399:Adana agreement
391:Abdullah Öcalan
368:
337:
314:. In 1938, the
262:
222:
217:
166:Abdullah Öcalan
109:
105:
98:
94:
66:
59:
53:
50:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4648:
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4614:Rail transport
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4520:
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4495:
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4489:
4484:
4477:Treaty of Kars
4474:
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4457:
4456:
4455:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4430:
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4412:
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4406:
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4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4383:United Nations
4380:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4361:European Union
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4330:
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4111:
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4096:
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4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:United Kingdom
4075:
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4055:
4050:
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4040:
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4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
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4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Czech Republic
3957:
3955:
3948:
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3940:
3939:
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3921:
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3809:Philippines
3712:South Korea
3707:North Korea
3651:Afghanistan
3276:South Sudan
3022:(1976–2005)
2984:Switzerland
2858:North Korea
2642:17 February
2467:30 November
2434:19 November
1907:Muir, Jim.
1880:thenews.com
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2275:23 March
2249:23 March
2169:BBC News
2108:BBC News
2031:Guardian
1939:BBC News
1913:BBC News
1700:Hürriyet
1621:Hurriyet
1265:Archived
1010:See also
988:Le Monde
897:Reyhanlı
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461:Damascus
447:and its
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226:Tulunids
207:and the
193:Damascus
185:Istanbul
129:and the
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