Armenians in Turkey - Knowledge (XXG)

1255:, and increasing due to immigrants from Armenia looking for work (who are entirely Christian), and Crypto-Armenians who decide to identify openly as Armenians and convert to Christianity. However, most of that growth is not reflected in official data, because Crypto-Armenians are not listed as part of the recognized Armenian minority due to Turkish laws on the officially recognized (Armenians, Greeks, and Jews) minorities, which doesn't allow newly identified Armenians to change their Turkish identities they were given at birth. As for Armenian immigrants, most are unable to join the minority because they are illegal immigrants. Due to those factors, the 1460:(or Amida/Tigranakert) has three operating Armenian churches as of 2015– one Apostolic, one Catholic, and one Protestant- The largest amount for any city in Turkey excluding Istanbul. The city's modern Armenian community was established in the 1920s and 30s when all the Armenians that still lived in the surrounding areas consolidated by moving to Amida, forming a community consisting of 30 families in the 1980s in Sur, the historic district of Diyarbakir. It could also be assumed that many Crypto Armenians have been living here as well, because when the 192: 1857: 981:, were able to return to their homes to gather things or search for loved ones. After the fall of French Cilicia, Some of those returnees attempted to stay permanently after the Turks gained the territory back, but were all driven away by the early 1930s due to various reasons. Those who left the Mandate ended up in Syria, France, Armenia, the Americas and the rest of Europe, in that order. The Armenian population suffered a final blow with ongoing massacres and atrocities throughout the period 1920–1923, during the 2218: 1438:

for a Turk" as a result of the century-long uneasy relationship between the two countries, by 2010, there were between 22,000 and 25,000 Armenian citizens living illegally in Istanbul alone, according to Turkish officials, and an estimated total amount of 100,000. Many of them are employed in Turkish households to provide domestic services, such as cooking and cleaning. According to a 2009 interview poll of 150 Armenian work migrants, the majority are women. In 2010, amid Armenia's push for the recognition of the

2554: 1553:, masquerading as Muslims, while many genuinely practice Islam. Most Cryptos who later identify as Armenians are Christian as well, with a common practice among those who confess their ethnicity being to have a Christian baptism performed. Still, some who confess do not change their religion, and continue on as Muslims. Others even practice both faiths depending on where they are. That may just be due to a lack of churches, and for identified Armenians who are Muslim, a fear of Turkish extremists. 3635:

sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".

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allowed to attend local Armenian minority schools, but as they are not Turkish citizens, they do not receive diplomas at the end of the school term. According to the researcher Alin Ozinian number of Armenians living illegally in Turkey (in 2009) is 12,000 to 13,000 and not 70,000 to 100,000 as has previously been estimated. Aris Nalci, a journalist working for the newspaper Agos, gave a little bit higher numbers, between 12,000 and 14,000 (in 2010).

2726: 786: 5660: 1613:(ARA) and other Armenian guerrilla organizations played in targeting Turkish diplomats and interests worldwide at the height of their anti-Turkish campaign in the 1970s and 1980s. The fears of the Turkish Armenians were justified with the fact that at many times, Turkish-Armenian institutions and even religious centers were targeted by threats and actual bombings in retaliation of the acts of ASALA, JCAG, ARA and others. 1562: 1206:

Christian Armenians are in most cases part of the recognized minority, but can also include Crypto Armenians who are not legally recognized as Armenian but identify as both Armenian and Christian, and Armenian immigrants to Turkey. Crypto Armenians are Armenians who are legally identified as Turks and are either Christian and openly recognize their identity, hide their identity and either practice

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or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

1802: 1877: 1287: 1848:, while receiving numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists. At his funeral, one hundred thousand mourners marched in protest of the assassination, chanting "We are all Armenians" and "We are all Hrant Dink". Criticism of Article 301 became increasingly vocal after his death, leading to parliamentary proposals for repeal of the law. 1663:'s civilian prison on January 30, 1983. He had been sentenced to death in September 1982 after having confessed that he had carried out the airport attack with another gunman on behalf of ASALA, and despite the fact that he publicly condemned violent acts during his own trial and appealed to the Armenian militants to stop the violence. 1801: 798: 1935:(officially Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople) is, since 1461, the religious head of the Armenian community in Turkey. The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople has exerted a very significant political role earlier and today still exercises a spiritual authority, which earns it considerable respect among 1437:

The Christian Armenian presence in Turkey is reinforced by a constant flow of mostly illegal immigrants from Armenia who settle in Turkey in search of better job opportunities, where the difference in pay can be quite significant. Despite a negative public opinion in Armenia of "an Armenian who works

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Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion

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Nevertheless, the Western Armenian language is still spoken by a small minority of the present-day Armenian community in Turkey. However, only 18 percent of the Armenian community speaks Western Armenian, while 82 percent of the Armenian community speaks Turkish. This percentage is even lower among

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threatened to deport the illegal immigrants back to Armenia, however the situation gradually thawed. Some Armenian immigrants do not discuss ever returning to their homeland having adapted to life in Turkey. Beginning in 2011, children of the Armenian citizens living illegally in Istanbul have been

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Due to the Armenian Genocide and other events in Turkey during the last century, Turkish Armenians were killed, forced into hiding, and forcibly converted to Islam, which therefore split them into different groups. There are three groups- Armenian Christians, Crypto Armenians, and Muslim Armenians.

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The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to

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Turkey's Armenian community faces educational problems due to the steadily decreasing number of students every school year and lack of funding. The number of Armenian schools decreases year by year. This number has fallen from 47 to 17 today with currently 3,000 Armenian students, down from 6,000

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In addition to local ethnic Armenians who are Turkish citizens, there are also many recent immigrants from Armenia in Istanbul. There is also an unknown number of officially Muslim citizens of the Republic of Turkey who have recently started to identify as Armenians based on their Armenian roots,

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Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to

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had devastating effect on the ethnic minorities of Turkey, and most importantly the Armenian community. The law came under harsh criticism, as property holders had to sell a lot of their assets at greatly deflated prices or such assets were confiscated by the authorities. The unpopular law was

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or Islam, Openly identify as Armenian but are Muslim, or don't know about their ethnicity at all. The combined total of all Armenians in Turkey is unknown, because the number of people who are Crypto Armenian is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from as low as 30,000 to several million

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Turkey has hundreds of Armenian churches. However, the majority of them are either in ruins or are being used for other purposes. Armenian churches still in active use belong to various denominations, mainly Armenian Apostolic, but also Armenian Catholic and Armenian Evangelical Protestant.

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in the Turkish system and has its own religious, cultural, social and educational institutions along with a distinct media. The Turkish Armenian community struggles to keep its own institutions, media and schools open due to diminishing demand from emigration and quite considerable economic

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finally became part of the Ottoman Empire, financial support was given to the Apostolic Church by the Sultan, so it could build churches in the city, which prior to that the Byzantines refused as they viewed the church as heretical. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were viewed as a separate

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depending on how broad the standards were to be considered Crypto Armenian in the studies made. However, the combined total of immigrant Armenians and those in the recognized minority would be estimated at 150–170,000. Another statistic could be the number of people who are members of the

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before Christmas. The first, fourth and seventh weeks of Hisnag are periods of vegetarian fast for church members and every Saturday at sunset a new purple candle is lit with prayers and hymns. On the second day of Christmas, 7 January, families visit graves of relatives and say prayers.

3000:(Armenian: Ակօս, "Furrow") is a bilingual Armenian weekly newspaper published in Istanbul in Turkish and Armenian. It was established on 5 April 1996. Today, it has a circulation of around 5,000. Besides Armenian and Turkish pages, the newspaper has an on-line English edition as well. 1565:

Garo Paylan (Armenian: Կարօ Փայլան, born 1972) is a Turkish politician of Armenian descent. He is a Member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) representing Istanbul. He became one of the first Armenian members of Turkey's parliament in

2798:. Hayko Tataryan is also well known for singing in Turkish, Armenian and Greek, so is his son Alex Tataryan. Very recently the Turkish-Armenian singer Sibil Pektorosoğlu (better known by her mononym Sibil) has become popular winning pan-Armenian music prizes for her recordings. 2756:

cultural and musical formation, in addition to performing a rich selection of Turkish, Kurdish, Georgian, Arabic and gypsy musical numbers, also includes a number of beautiful interpretation of Armenian traditional music in its repertoire. It gave sold-out concerts in

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manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.

1689:. The unprecedented apology was initiated by a group of 200 Turkish academics, journalists, writers and artists disagreeing with the official Turkish version of what many historians consider the first genocide of the 20th century. Their petition, entitled " 4568:

Nitekim 1942 yılında yürürlüğe giren Varlık Vergisi, Ermenilerin, Rumların ve Yahudilerin ekonomideki liderliğine son vermeyi hedeflemiştir...Seçim dönemleri CHP ve DP'nin Varlık Vergisi'nin geri ödeneceği yönündeki vaatleri ise seçim propagandasından

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In movie acting, special mention should be made of Vahi Öz who appeared in countless movies from the 1940s until the late 1960s, Sami Hazinses (real name Samuel Agop Uluçyan) who appeared in tens of Turkish movies from the 1950s until the 1990s and

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in front of his newspaper offices on January 19, 2007, turned into an occasion for expression of national grief throughout Turkey and the rallying of great support for the concerns of the Armenian community in Turkey by the general Turkish public.

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at a date later than most of the Christians, on 6 January rather than 25 December. The reason for this is historical; according to Armenians, Christians once celebrated Christmas on 6 January, until the 4th century. 25 December was originally a

1670:(TARC) was set up in July 2001 a joint project of a number of Turkish and Armenian intellectuals and political experts to discuss various aspects of the Turkish-Armenian relations and approving a set of recommendations to the governments of 5326: 2006:

holiday that celebrated the birth of the sun. Many members of the church continued to celebrate both holidays, and the Roman church changed the date of Christmas to be 25 December and declared January 6 to be the date when the

829:, but were not usually mistreated until later in the empire's history. Many Armenians gained significant positions in the empire in professions such as banking, which they almost had a monopoly in. The oldest Turkish company, 1317:. Other factors included the Patriarchate having its headquarters in the city, and the city's economy and quality of life attracting Armenian immigrants which allowed for the community to keep stable numbers in the face of 2861:

A number of Turkish writers – such as Sait Faik, Kemal Tahir and Ahmed Hamdi Tanpinar – also represented Armenians in their work and, in the case of Tanpinar, actually had Armenian friends and taught in Armenian schools.

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had carved himself a position of that of a very prominent figure for conveying the ideas and aspirations of the Armenian community in Turkey not only for Turkish-Armenians but for many Armenians worldwide. His newspaper

2545:. Usage continued in Armenian church gatherings specially for those who were Turkophones rather than Armenophones. Many of the Christian spiritual songs used in certain Armenian churches were also in Armeno-Turkish. 1538:. Ways in which they were converted included orphans being taken in by Muslim families, Armenian women being taken as wives by soldiers, and entire families converting by joining communities that accepted them. 1652:, and his stance was reflected by the Turkish mass media as a protest of most Turkish-Armenians against such attacks. Nine people had been killed and more than 70 wounded in the attack on the Turkish airport. 863:

followed in 1915–1916 until 1918, during which the Ottoman government of the time ordered the deportation. These measures affected an estimated 75–80% of all the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire during

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quote: "Jazo Uzal, a villager from the province of Mus, goes to church in Istanbul, where he spends the winters, but when he returns home during the summer he observes the Muslim rites of worship, including

1340:. Kumkapi is the location of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, and is known for its many fish restaurants and historic Churches. One of the main differences between the areas is that Kumkapi is 1738:

The Armenians in Turkey used to be active in Turkish politics. The Turkish-Armenian Sarkis "Aghparik" Cherkezian and Aram Pehlivanyan (Nickname: Ahmet Saydan) played a pivotal role in the founding of the

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in all these areas (Europe, Americas, Middle East) was formed in the 19th and early 20th century by Armenian populations from the Ottoman Empire, which is where Western Armenian was historically spoken.

2070:, according to whom there were some 1,000 children of Armenian immigrants in Turkey at that time. However, as they are not Turkish citizens, at the end of the school term, they do not receive diplomas. 1526:

to describe people in Turkey "of full or partial ethnic Armenian origin who generally conceal their Armenian identity from wider Turkish society." They are descendants of Armenians in Turkey who were

1574:, a Turkish tax levied on the non-Muslim citizens of Turkey by a law enacted on November 11, 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into 1472:

after most of the residents of Sur were forced to leave, and the district was occupied by the Turkish Army. This part of the district is being rebuilt and resold to Turkish and foreign investors.

684:, have an estimated population of 40,000 to 50,000 today, down from a population of over 2 million Armenians between the years 1914 and 1921. Today, the overwhelming majority of Turkish Armenians 4268: 938:

are "converted Armenians." He reported in 2012 that over 200 families in Tunceli have declared their Armenian descent, but others are afraid to do so. In April 2013, Aram Ateşyan, the acting

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The "Sayat-Nova" choir was founded in 1971 under the sponsorship of the St. Children's Church of Istanbul performs traditional Armenian songs and studies and interprets Armenian folk music.

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is the largest in Turkey, a catalyst being due to the fact that it was the only place that Armenian Christians were at least somewhat protected at the time of the creation of Turkey post

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By the end of the 1920s, only a sprinkling of non-converted Armenians left in Turkey were scattered sparsely throughout the country, with the only viable Armenian population remaining in

5322: 2977:(Armenian: Մարմարա) (sometimes "Nor Marmara" – New Marmara) is an Armenian-language daily newspaper published since 1940 in Istanbul, Turkey. It was established by Armenian journalist 2811:

who appeared in more than 400 movies. Movie actor and director Kenan Pars (real name Kirkor Cezveciyan) and theatre and film actress Irma Felekyan (aka Toto Karaca), who was mother of

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Another turbulent point for the Armenian community of Turkey was the highly publicized public trial of the Armenian gunman and one of the perpetrators of the attack, the 25-year-old

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in publications) are Sunni Muslims of Armenian origin and culture who converted to Islam during Ottoman and earlier rule, and mostly live in the Hopa and Borçka counties of Turkey's

4642: 3106:. Usually named "Bolsahay Miutyun"s (Istanbul-Armenian Associations), they can be found in their new adopted cities of important Turkish-Armenian populations. Among them are the " 2490:

edition of the official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, called "Frat" (Turkish and Arabic for the Euphrates) contained a Turkish section of laws printed in Armenian alphabet.

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means "Armenian high school". The Armenian schools apply the full Turkish curriculum in addition to Armenian subjects, mainly Armenian language, literature and religion.

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Many Cryptos are totally unaware of their Armenian ethnicity, living as Turks or Kurds, while many know they are Armenian but hide it out of fear of discrimination.

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One of the darkest events in Turkish history was the Wealth Tax, levied discriminatory against non-Muslims in 1942, hobbling Armenians with the most punitive rates.

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Armenians living in Turkey today are a remnant of what was once a much larger community that existed for thousands of years, long before the establishment of the

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was restored in 2011 after years of abandonment, several thousand people came to celebrate mass there, including diasporans. In 2017, the Southeastern third of

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quote: “I am happy to see my father getting back in touch with his Armenian identity. However, I am afraid not only of the state but also of militant groups.”

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border. It is home to a community of about 130 Turkish-Armenians, and around 300 people who are from the village who come back to visit during the summer.

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was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007. Hrant Dink's son

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a memorial stone with bronze letters (third of its kind after the Polish and Dutch similars) to the memory of eight Turkish citizens killed during the

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is published six times a week (except on Sundays). The Friday edition contains a section in Turkish as well. Circulation is reported at 2000 per issue.

3192: 2717:), between 1942 and 1960. He held his position and continued his research in linguistics at the Turkish Language Association until his death in 1979. 2051:

Armenian students in 1981. Schools are kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12), kindergarten through 8th grade (K-8) or 9th grade through 12th (9–12).

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Turkish Armenian novelists, poets, essayists and literary critics continue to play a very important role particularly in the literary scene of the

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Protests in Istanbul during the funeral of murdered journalist Hrant Dink where more than 100,000 people marched. Protesters hold banners saying "

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also have a long tradition of keeping alive the Turkish Armenian literature, which is an integral part of the Western Armenian language and

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Smith, Thomas W. (September 2, 2001). "Constructing A Human Rights Regime in Turkey: Dilemmas of Civic Nationalism and Civil Society": 4.

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younger people of whom only 8 percent speaks Western Armenian and 92 percent speaks Turkish. Turkish is replacing Western Armenian as a

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Istanbul was home to a number of long-running and influential Armenian publications. Very notable now-defunct daily newspapers included

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It was widely adopted in literary Armenian writing and in Armenian media published in the Ottoman Empire, as well as large parts of the

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meaning time) is a long-running Armenian language daily newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey. The daily was established in 1908 by

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The Western Armenian dialect was developed in the early part of the 19th century, based on the Armenian dialect of the Armenians in

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used by many Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was not only the Bible versions printed in Armenian, but also at times the translated

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denominations. The religion of others and those not officially part of the minority is elaborated on in the Demographics section.

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depicted an impossible love story between two young people coming from two different communities amidst hostility and adversity.

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to send their children to schools of the Turkey's Armenian community. This move came as a result of lobbying of Deputy Patriarch

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had played an important role in presenting Armenian historical grievances through publishing of articles and opinions in the

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community, or those who immigrated from Armenia. Nevertheless, Western Armenian is the primary dialect of Armenian found in

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Considering the advanced nature of Crypto Armenians, they cannot be classified as either Muslim or Christian. Some practice

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ended up there as well. Armenians deported from areas that were under allied control by 1918, particularly the short lived

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The Armenian alphabet was also used alongside the Arabic alphabet on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, written in

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neighbors. According to Mihran Prgiç Gültekin, the head of the Union of Dersim Armenians, around 75% of the population of

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in 1816 as the superintendent of the imperial printing press, which notably published the first Turkish daily newspaper,

1743:. There used to be Armenian activists in many other Turkish political parties as well. In 2015, three Turkish-Armenians, 6039: 5994: 5989: 5131: 3076: 2771:

In classical opera music and theatre, Toto Karaca was a major figure on the stage. In the folk tradition, the effect of

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Contesting Armenianness: plurality, segregation and multilateral boundary making among Armenians in contemporary Turkey

2599:(1810–1891), known as the "Turkish Gutenberg", established a printing press in Istanbul that operated from 1839 until 3182: 3079:

also declared intention to publish official government advertisements in minority newspapers including Armenian ones.

1974: 1940: 1914: 1791: 1610: 1461: 1240: 982: 868:. Many died directly, while others died as a result of dehydration, disease, and starvation during the death marches. 810: 771: 767: 701: 595: 475: 470: 160: 3606:"The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 3023:) is a trilingual periodical publication in Armenian, Turkish and English languages and is the official organ of the 2673: 922:). Through the 20th century, an unknown number of Armenians living in the mountainous region of Dersim converted to 5590: 1936: 1469: 1468:

was leveled due to being occupied by Kurdish Insurgents. The Armenian Church was raided by what is suspected to be

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was part of Syria, and is why that area still has some established and officially recognized Armenian communities.

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From the early 18th century until around 1950, and for almost 250 years, more than 2000 books were printed in the

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had already separated from the Roman church at that time, the date of Christmas remained unchanged for Armenians.

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in the decade before World War I range between 1.3 (official Ottoman data) and 3 million (independent estimates).

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Despite leaving their homes in Turkey, the Turkish Armenians traditionally establish their own unions within the

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paid a breakthrough landmark visit to Armenia that he said "promises hope for the future" for the two countries.

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The traditional Armenian political parties were known to be very active in Ottoman political life, including the

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veritably became the cultural and literary center of the Western Armenians in the 19th and early 20th century.

2175: 2115: 1598:. Ethnic-based political parties as well as religious-based political parties are prohibited in Turkey by law. 1352:, and Yesilköy is mostly Armenian Catholic, Roman Catholic and Syriac Orthodox. Kumkapi is also located in the 1345: 1236: 697: 466: 156: 2783: 2753: 2678: 2570: 900: 5348:"Berlin'in haber sitesi ha-ber.com Almanya ve Türkiye'den gazete manşetleri. Berlin news. Berlin Nachrichten" 6189: 6113: 5742: 5691: 5676: 5239: 2584: 2328: 2217: 1816: 1443: 1267: 822: 724: 614: 546: 528: 397: 321: 5540: 3908: 3502: 2553: 2091: 1694: 6289: 6238: 6152: 6128: 5800: 4813: 4444: 4416: 2596: 2533:

Great collection of Armeno-Turkish could be found in Christian Armenian worship until the late 1950s. The

2445: 2242:– pronounced Sourp Pergitch or St Saviour). It also has its media information bulletin called "Surp Prgiç" 2235: 2221: 1025: 522: 392: 368: 191: 4366:"After 12 years, Turkey closes the door on American church volunteer – Christian News on Christian Today" 3794: 3571:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities" 3323:

https://tr.euronews.com/2019/04/08/ermeniler-neden-turkiyeyi-terk-ediyor-turkiye-de-ne-kadar-ermeni-kaldi

2697:, meaning "language opener", which he gladly accepted. In return, Agop Martayan openly proposed the name 2085: 6316: 6311: 6168: 6147: 6134: 5935: 5769: 5702: 4589: 4199: 3135: 2693:. Following the issue of the Law on Family Names in 1934, Mustafa Kemal Pasha suggested him the surname 2152: 2124: 2109: 1808: 1777:, the Turkish-Armenian journalist, writer and political activist, and the chief editor and publisher of 1360:, and Yesilköy is a neighborhood within Greater Istanbul next to the outer walls of the Fatih District. 1298: 685: 251: 208: 2955: 2951: 1012:

necessitating their migration to Istanbul. At the time of the establishment of the Republic of Turkey,

985:. Those suffering the most were those Armenians remaining in the east and the south of Turkey, and the 3038: 2947: 1534:

under the threat of either death, displacement, loss of property or a combination of those during the

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Starting in the late 19th century, political instability, dire economic conditions, and continuing

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in 1939, while the other 6 villages populations decided to leave. It is located on the slopes of

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The Turkish Ambassador to Germany, Hüseyin Avni Karslıoğlu, inaugurated in December 2012 at the

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Armeno-Turkish was not used just by Armenians, but also many non-Armenian elite (including the

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The Slaughterhouse Province: An American Diplomat's Report On the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917

3819: 3746: 3699: 3658: 3625: 3582: 3547: 3463: 3357:"Turkologist Ruben Melkonyan publishes book "Review of Istanbul's Armenian community history"" 3202: 3103: 3020: 2974: 2943: 2840: 2725: 2706: 2636: 2542: 2469: 2393: 2392:). Western Armenian is the primary language of the diaspora because the great majority of the 2377: 2353: 2342: 2324: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2270: 2266: 2249: 2239: 1910: 1841: 1595: 1571: 1535: 1439: 1422: 1380: 1314: 1280: 927: 860: 853: 712: 708:, since they have been living in their historical homeland for more than four thousand years. 705: 646: 568: 552: 498: 378: 307: 283: 122: 2908: 6336: 6272: 5716: 5680: 3738: 3691: 3617: 3539: 3455: 3234: 3050: 3012: 2982: 2761:

as part of the Turkish-Armenian Cultural Program, which was made possible with support from

2682: 2664: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2628: 2608: 2588: 2566: 2562: 2538: 2483: 2465: 2361: 2357: 2290: 2262: 1787: 1767:)—were elected, and became the first Armenians to be elected as Member of Parliament to the 1594:(Ramgavar Party). But the activities of all these Armenian parties were curtailed after the 1516: 1304: 990: 911: 806: 751: 739: 638: 586: 582: 533: 270: 236: 217: 138: 134: 106: 2557:

The Armenian school in Kumkapi, Istanbul (next to the Surp Asdvadzadzin Patriarchal Church)

1901:

Virtually all Armenians who are officially registered as part of the Armenian Minority are

6284: 6257: 5723: 5269: 4982: 4818: 4680: 4602: 4224: 3973: 3451:

Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics

3386: 3239: 3145: 3056: 2978: 2828: 2660: 2613: 2512: 2402: 2278: 2274: 2156: 2128: 1833: 1656: 1621: 1496: 1318: 915: 884: 720: 688:. They support their own newspapers, churches and schools, and the majority belong to the 312: 5553:, a project to reconstruct and preserve the memory of Armenian life in the Ottoman Empire 5157:

Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000).

5130:

Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000).

4051:"Iskenderun: Catholic Church – Katolik Kilisesi – Chiesa Cattolica – Katholischer Church" 2527: 2479:

Turkish intellectuals) could actually read the Armenian-alphabet Turkish language texts.

1727: 879:. They never returned to their original homes in today's Eastern Turkey (composed of six 789: 74: 5185: 3843:/gen_bib1.html Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on the Armenian genocide 3380:

UNESCO Culture Sector, UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 2009

2831:

of Armenian descent, nicknamed "the Eye of Istanbul" or "the Photographer of Istanbul".

2744:

Armenians try to keep a rich cultural life and do participate in the Turkish art scene.

2231:

Among other institutions, Turkish Armenians also have their own long-running hospitals:

6252: 4024:"A History of Destruction: The Fate of Armenian Church Properties in Adana [i]" 3783:

Quote"I earn $ 600 a month, which is more than twice the money I would earn in Armenia"

3695: 3379: 2858:(1923–2007), better known by his pen name Zahrad was a renowned Western Armenian poet. 2808: 2648: 2476: 2008: 1881: 1720: 1701: 1686: 1418: 1402: 1364: 1349: 1337: 1329: 1013: 1009: 966: 931: 892: 817: 716: 577: 541: 418: 227: 222: 213: 110: 3968: 3075:

as part of a wider campaign in support of existing minority newspapers in Turkey. The

1561: 6415: 5901: 5530: 5439:

New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State

5245: 5214: 4556: 4400:

Ibit, Uwe Blasing, "Armenian in the vocabulary and culture of the Turkish Hemshinli".

4122: 4115: 3605: 3214: 2794:

declared he was of ethnic Armenian descent. Another famous Armenian rock musician is

2791: 2369: 2365: 1956: 1752: 1641: 1523: 1243:

churches. The number of Armenian Christians is both diminishing due to emigration to

986: 950: 904: 518: 94: 62: 1865: 78: 5755: 3262: 2795: 2790:

are two veritable jazz musicians, composers and arrangers. The Turkish rock artist

2504: 1902: 1844:'s campaign for its international recognition. Dink was prosecuted three times for 1829: 1575: 507: 443: 102: 4299:"Number of Armenians Illegally Living in Turkey Only 12,000: Recent Study Reports" 3036:(St. Saviour) the magazine of the Armenian Sourp Pergiç (Pergitch) Hospital, also 2950:

and has been somewhat a family establishment, given that it has been owned by the

2824: 2787: 1290: 871:

As for the remaining Armenians in the east, they found refuge by 1917–1918 in the

859:

There was conflict between Armenians, Turks and Kurds between 1892 and 1915. The

4995: 4244:"Children of Armenian irregular immigrants to attend community schools in Turkey" 4217: 5828: 5424: 5160:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times

5133:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times

4894: 4783: 4728: 4520:"Armenian Life Returns to Diyarbakir - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 4384:"Armenian Life Returns to Diyarbakir – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 4229: 4088: 2624: 2600: 2592: 2381: 2225: 1948: 1944: 1820: 1744: 1682: 1681:

Thousands of Turks joined Turkish intellectuals in publicly apologizing for the

1617: 1601:

The Armenians of Turkey were also highly critical of the activist role that the

1414: 1406: 1357: 962: 958: 888: 865: 849: 537: 428: 423: 17: 5389: 2591:. Armenians contributed considerably to the development of printing in Turkey: 1943:, in the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church, the 1397:. This village and 6 others managed to brave past the Armenian genocide in the 5079: 4164: 3742: 3621: 3543: 3459: 3267: 3229: 3219: 3001: 2812: 1960: 1774: 1457: 1370: 1325: 1224: 1001: 433: 86: 5514: 4243: 3823: 3750: 3703: 3629: 3586: 3551: 2921:

Presently, Istanbul has two Armenian language dailies. These two newspapers,

4204: 3485:"Diaspora Design Versus Homeland Realities: Case Study of Armenian Diaspora" 3118: 3005: 1998: 1939:. The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople recognizes the primacy of the 1861: 1531: 1527: 1410: 1252: 182: 5477:

The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History

3727:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation" 2671:. He was invited on September 22, 1932, as a linguistics specialist to the 5410: 5405:

This article contains some text originally adapted from the public domain

4328: 4160:"Turkey: Armenian Illegal Migrants Put National Grievances Aside for Work" 3570: 3503:"Minister denies calling Armenians 'Diaspora representatives' in Istanbul" 3484: 1227:

population is estimated to be between 50,000 and 70,000, mostly living in

5966: 5550: 5525: 3224: 2851: 2580: 2530:, they kept their records in Ottoman Turkish written in Armenian script. 2346: 2335: 1889: 1869: 1645: 1481: 1373:

has one small Armenian church, and a community of a few dozen Armenians.

1333: 1310: 1293:

was an Armenian-Turkish photojournalist, nicknamed "the Eye of Istanbul".

1260: 1248: 1228: 997: 880: 872: 852:. This massive exodus from the Ottoman Empire is what started the modern 845: 830: 750:

after being Islamised decades or centuries earlier. They are referred as

480: 438: 58: 3909:"Mihran Gultekin: Dersim Armenians Re-Discovering Their Ancestral Roots" 3711: 3679: 2456:

in the 1920s (Eastern Armenian in Iran did not adopt this reform then).

2162: 1876: 1695:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150815013428/http://www.ozurdiliyoruz.com/

1324:

The three most important areas where Armenians live in Istanbul are the

5709: 5274: 4551: 4159: 3424:"Gökçek'e göre Türkiye'de 15 milyon gizli Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi varmış" 3335:"Gökçek'e göre Türkiye'de 15 milyon gizli Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi varmış" 3304: 3110:

of Los Angeles", the "Istanbul Armenian Association in Montreal", etc.

2938: 2900:(1914–1924). Outside Istanbul, the notable daily publications included 2872: 2758: 2737: 2433: 2389: 2320: 1860:

Surp Krikor Lusavoriç Kilisesi (St. Gregory The Enlightener Church) in

1828:

Dink was best known for advocating Turkish-Armenian reconciliation and

1713: 1675: 1256: 1005: 974: 946: 923: 919: 790:

Turkey’s hidden Armenians search for stolen identity -FRANCE 24 English

261: 90: 66: 4493:"Turkey's Secret Armenians - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 3916: 2428:

is markedly different in grammar, pronunciation and spelling from the

2319:, namely "Trkahayeren" ("Turkish-Armenian") are one of the two modern 1286: 797: 6233: 3449: 3448:

Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande (2006-01-01).

3008:

served as the executive editor of the weekly after his assassination.

2855: 2690: 2487: 2441: 2406: 2373: 2338:, to replace many of the Armenian dialects spoken throughout Turkey. 1885: 1671: 1660: 1649: 1629: 1394: 1244: 970: 935: 841: 693: 681: 164: 118: 82: 70: 5582: 3854: 3648: 3121:, one of whom is a Turkish Armenian with the name Garabed Taşçıyan. 3063:

In September 2011, the Turkish government granted some financing to

2205: 1678:

on how to improve the strained relations between the two countries.

5456:

Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Mouradian, Khatchig (2023).

2954:

since its inception. After Misak Kochounian, it was passed down to

2199: 2143: 2079: 5458:

After the Ottomans: Genocide's Long Shadow and Armenian Resilience

5318:

Minority Newspaper Meets with The Turkish Press Advertising Agency

2762: 2724: 2685:

as the head specialist and Secretary General of the newly founded

2656: 2552: 2534: 2494: 2216: 2180: 2062:

In September 2011, the Turkish government recognized the right of

2003: 1875: 1855: 1560: 1426: 1353: 1285: 954: 796: 5106:"Apkar Tıbir'le Karagümrük'te başlayan matbaacılık tarihi | Agos" 4200:

Recep Tayyip Erdogan threatens to expel 100,000 illegal Armenians

2063: 942:, stated that 90% of Tunceli's population is of Armenian origin. 5425:"Perception of the Army by Armenian Minorities Living in Turkey" 3294: 2993: 2635:(TLA) from its establishment in 1932 until 1979. In addition to 2452:

known as Mashdotsian spelling, whereas Eastern Armenian adopted

2437: 2385: 2121: 1778: 719:) lived in the eastern parts of the country that Armenians call 6204: 5586: 4920:"Armenian immigrant children to be allowed in minority schools" 2631:

and was the first Secretary General and head specialist of the

5270:"GU-Q Faculty Seminar: Armenians in Modern Turkish Literature" 4814:"Mass protest at Turkish-Armenian editor Hrant Dink's funeral" 2776: 2415:

where the Western Armenian language in Turkey is defined as a

5571: 4976:

UNESCO: 15 Languages Endangered in Turkey, by T. Korkut, 2009

4915:

Armenian immigrant children to be allowed in minority schools

4468:"The Armenian ethnoreligious elements in the Western Armenia" 4158:

Grigoryan, Marianna; Hayrapetyan, Anahit (2 September 2011).

3884:(2. print. ed.). New Rochelle, New York: A.D. Caratzas. 2971: 2352:

Western Armenian is the language spoken by almost all of the

2149: 2103: 715:

of 1915, most of the Armenian population of Turkey (then the

5503: 1723:'s invitation to attend the match, on 6 September 2008, the 961:. All those who survived the death camps in/deportations to 5025:(1. basım. ed.). İstanbul: IQ Kültürsanat Yayıncılık. 2607:(1742-1835) designed the Turkish type and was appointed by 2097: 1989:

is based in Istanbul and in 2008 reported 3,650 followers.

840:

prompted the emigration of as many as 100,000 Armenians to

5576: 5561: 4811:

The Guardian, 24 January 2007, reached on 2 February 2013

4756:

The Armenian Weekly, 9 June 2015, reached on June 9, 2015

2998: 2854:

remains a pivotal figure in the literary criticism scene.

2269:, and most of that number are bilingual, with some having 1590:(Hunchak) and the Armenakan Party, the predecessor of the 930:, many of the Armenians in the region were saved by their 5050:"Özür dilediğim Ermeniler ve 2008 için son birkaç sözcük" 3855:"Armenian Elements in the Beliefs of the Kizilbash Kurds" 3812:"A Family's 400-Year-Old Musical Secret Still Rings True" 2503:, written by Armenian statesman, journalist and novelist 2134: 1393:) is the only remaining fully ethnic Armenian village in 875:

and within the areas controlled by the newly established

5567:

Lraper, Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Bulletin

4040:

Fuat Dündar, Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar, 2000

2193: 1231:

and its environs. They are almost always members of the

4759:"Armenian Observers in Turkey's Parliamentary Election" 4348:"Mass Celebrated at Sourp Giragos Church in Diyarbakir" 3247:, the only remaining ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. 2309:Արեւմտեան աշխարհաբար pronounced Arevmedyan Ashkharhapar 2022:(Holy Birth) and have fifty days of preparation called 1685:

era mass killings and deportations of Armenians in the

1640:. Penik died five days after he set himself on fire in 3768:"Armenian immigrants look for a better life in Turkey" 2709:

between 1936 and 1951 and was the head advisor of the

2595:

started the first printing house in Istanbul in 1567;

801:

Picture of Armenian from the Ralamb Costume Book, 1657

660: 5535: 5289:

Dardaki azınlık gazetelerine bayram gecesi yardımı...

4754:

Armenian Observers in Turkey's Parliamentary Election

4641:"Fourth chapter, part one, article 78, provision B". 4618:"ARF-CUP Relations Under Ottoman Constitutional Rule" 2617:

and its translation to Armenian and other languages.

1259:

number of Armenian Christians is much lower than the

5294:"Dardaki azınlık gazetelerine bayram gecesi yardımı" 4845:"Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on 6 January?" 4412:"Hidden Armenians in Turkey expose their identities" 2561:

Armenians played a key role in the promotion of the

6383: 6335: 6245: 6177: 6161: 6101: 6038: 5918: 5854: 5788: 5735: 5667: 4872:. Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul. Archived from 4847:. Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul. Archived from 4269:"Today's Zaman, your gateway to Turkish daily news" 778: 145: 128: 52: 42: 4329:"Study Sheds Light on Armenian Migrants in Turkey" 4114: 3903: 3901: 3610:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 1836:in Turkey; he was often critical of both Turkey's 1638:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 1603:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 1499:. In addition to Turkish, they speak a dialect of 1266:The Armenian minority is recognized as a separate 833:, was founded by an Armenian in the 17th century. 5536:Organization of Istanbul Armenians of Los Angeles 5080:"Armenian-Turkish dictionary published in Turkey" 4077: 4075: 1973:under the authority of the Supreme Patriarch and 1941:Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians 811:number of Armenian citizens of the Ottoman Empire 5023:Osmanlı'da şer hareketleri ve II. Abdülhamid Hân 4870:"Our New Year and Nativity/Theophany Traditions" 4187:Armenia and the Caucasus: Crossroad or Dead-End? 3880:A. Davis, Leslie (1990). Blair, Susan K. (ed.). 3762: 3760: 1659:, who was found guilty and eventually hanged at 4233:. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 4108: 4106: 2497:to be written in the Ottoman Empire was 1851's 1987:Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople 1981:Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople 949:and the southernmost areas with Armenians like 734:officially recognized in Turkey, together with 2345:and in modern Turkey. Partly because of this, 2018:The Armenians in Turkey refer to Christmas as 1522:"Hidden Armenians" and "crypto-Armenians" are 1384: 654: 6216: 5598: 4440:"Elective courses may be ice-breaker for all" 3168:List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople 2843:, with works of quality in Western Armenian. 2643:, Martayan knew 10 other languages including 2526:managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of 2472:. This is popularly known as Armeno-Turkish. 2460:Armeno-Turkish (Turkish in Armenian alphabet) 1008:, with those largely disappearing due to the 615: 8: 5163:. Wayne State University Press. p. 48. 5136:. Wayne State University Press. p. 48. 4895:"Armenians of Istanbul – Istanbul Armenians" 4708:"Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission" 4208:. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 3375: 3373: 33: 3532:European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 2140:Nersesyan-Yermonyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2055:means "Armenian primary+secondary school". 1951:, in matters that pertain to the worldwide 1607:Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide 665: 6223: 6209: 6201: 5605: 5591: 5583: 4952:"Gayrimüslimler için hayat tozpembe değil" 4153: 4151: 4149: 3915:. Yerevan. 7 February 2011. Archived from 2261:The majority of Armenians in Turkey speak 1668:Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission 622: 608: 172: 32: 3997:"Tunceli'nin yüzde 90'ı dönme Ermeni'dir" 3650:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 3489:Caucasian Review of International Affairs 3193:Confiscated Armenian Properties in Turkey 2409:has added Western Armenian in its annual 2301:Արեւմտահայերէն pronounced Arevmedahayeren 1790:addressed to the Turkish public opinion. 4947:Gayrimüslimler için hayat tozpembe değil 3731:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 2412:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 2356:. The only diaspora community that uses 1037: 4466:Khanlaryan, Karen (29 September 2005). 3653:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: 3315: 3025:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1927:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1921:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1880:Assumption Armenian Catholic Church in 1213:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1039:Armenian-speaking population in Turkey 560: 488: 451: 410: 250: 198: 180: 5388:. Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş. Archived from 5186:"Dilimizi dilim dilim... Agop Dilaçar" 4598: 4587: 3969:"Dersim Armenians back to their roots" 3680:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey" 1813:We are all Hrant, we are all Armenians 775: 704:. They are not considered part of the 5044: 5042: 4084:"Türkiye'nin tek Ermeni köyü Vakıflı" 3604:Phillips, Thomas James (2020-12-16). 3030:Other Armenian media titles include: 1993:Christmas date, etiquette and customs 1840:of the Armenian genocide, and of the 723:(roughly corresponding to the modern 692:faith and a minority of Armenians in 7: 5509:Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital website 5320:Greek Europe Reporter, 28 July 2011 4676:"Turkey: A Cry for Bloody Vengeance" 4438:Ziflioğlu, Vercihan (19 June 2012). 4410:Ziflioğlu, Vercihan (24 June 2011). 4333:«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան 4327:Danielyan, Emil (22 February 2010). 3198:Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey 3158:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 2705:. He taught history and language at 1971:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 1955:. In local matters, the Patriarchal 969:, which had control of southeastern 945:Most of the Armenian survivors from 940:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 680:), one of the indigenous peoples of 53:Regions with significant populations 5541:Ozur Diliyoruz Turkish Apology site 4784:"Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead" 3799:(PhD thesis). University of Oxford. 3678:Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent (2009). 3483:Baser, Bahar; Swain, Ashok (2009). 2623:(1895–1979) was a Turkish Armenian 2448:. Western Armenian still keeps the 2265:. Only about 18% of them can speak 2037:List of Armenian churches in Turkey 1693:", was posted on a special website 1223:The officially recognized Armenian 6422:Turkish people of Armenian descent 4729:"Gul in landmark visit to Armenia" 3938:Adamhasan, Ali (5 December 2011). 3810:Pellegrinelli, Lara (2018-08-03). 3696:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x 3108:Organization of Istanbul Armenians 3077:Turkish Press Advertisement Agency 2846:Robert Haddedjian chief editor of 2549:Armenians and the Turkish language 25: 5407:Library of Congress Country Study 3163:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey 3098:Turkish Armenians in the diaspora 2703:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 2196:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu ve Lisesi 1949:Vagharshapat, Republic of Armenia 1933:Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul 1905:, and are either of the Armenian 1769:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1706:national football teams of Turkey 1704:qualifying match between the two 1592:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party 1584:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 1491:(also designated occasionally as 6232: 5658: 5572:Marmara Armenian daily newspaper 4917:Today's Zaman, 2 September 2011 4809:Mass protest at editor's funeral 4684:. 23 August 1982. Archived from 4218:Armenian Children to Be Educated 3115:Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp 1800: 1588:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 1275:Regions with Armenian Christians 784: 190: 5329:from the original on 2016-03-06 5300:from the original on 2016-10-04 5196:from the original on 2016-07-02 5184:İrfan Özfatura (3 April 2011). 4958:from the original on 2016-03-04 4826:from the original on 2016-03-12 4765:from the original on 2016-03-28 4616:Kaligian, Dikran (2009-05-31). 4526:from the original on 2016-03-04 4309:from the original on 2022-12-05 3774:from the original on 2016-09-13 3178:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 3131:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 2674:First Turkish Language Congress 2116:Kocamustafapaşa Anarat Higutyun 2064:immigrant families from Armenia 2011:visited the baby Jesus. As the 910:Their descendants are known as 764:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 6396:Cities and towns by population 5562:Agos Armenian weekly newspaper 5021:Dabağyan, Levon Panos (2002). 4346:Hairenik (10 September 2013). 3399:"Ermenilerin Türkiye'den göçü" 3278:Patriarch Karekin II Kazanjian 3273:Patriarch Shenork I Kaloustian 2958:, and since 1992 is edited by 2701:to Mustafa Kemal Pasha in the 2450:classical Armenian orthography 2418:definitely endangered language 2277:, and others learning it as a 1945:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 1634:Esenboğa International Airport 1442:as a genocide, Prime Minister 1425:and is within eyesight of the 1344:, While Pangalti has a mix of 1336:neighborhoods, as well as the 918:, but particularly in Dersim ( 877:Democratic Republic of Armenia 730:Armenians are one of the four 1: 5376:Başyurt, Erhan (2005-12-26). 2985:took over the paper in 1967. 2565:including the reforms of the 2493:Also very notably, the first 1757:Justice and Development Party 1620:committed suicide in 1982 by 1579:abolished on March 15, 1944. 1407:invaded and annexed by Turkey 6401:Provinces by life expectancy 5437:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). 5378:"Anneannem bir Ermeni'ymiş!" 5108:. 2017-04-22. Archived from 5056:(in Turkish). Archived from 4650:. p. 33. Archived from 4555:(in Turkish). Archived from 4082:Kalkan, Ersin (2005-07-31). 4022:Hairenik (14 October 2011). 3945:(in Turkish). Archived from 3940:"Dersimin Nobel adayları..." 3283:Patriarch Mesrob II Mutafyan 2687:Turkish Language Association 2633:Turkish Language Association 2236:Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital 2222:Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital 1586:(ARF – Dashnagtsutiun), the 1507:" or "Hemşince" in Turkish. 1421:, the village overlooks the 686:are concentrated in Istanbul 5515:"Armenians in Turkey Today" 4545:Güven, Dilek (2005-09-06). 4003:(in Turkish). 27 April 2013 3684:Political Science Quarterly 3657:. pp. 88–89, 203–204. 3526:Kaya, Nurcan (2015-11-24). 3183:Ottoman Armenian casualties 2246:Surp Agop Armenian Hospital 2031:Armenian churches in Turkey 1975:Catholicos of All Armenians 1611:Armenian Revolutionary Army 1356:, while Pangalti is in the 983:Turkish War of Independence 914:and are present throughout 772:Ottoman Armenian casualties 768:Ottoman Armenian population 702:Armenian Evangelical Church 661: 596:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 6448: 5656: 5546:The Armenian Genocide 1915 5430:Armed Forces & Society 4055:anadolukatolikkilisesi.org 3385:February 22, 2009, at the 3086: 2925:(established in 1908) and 2734:remaining Armenian village 2288: 2034: 1937:Oriental Orthodox churches 1924: 1644:plaza, the main square of 1309:The Armenian community of 1302: 1296: 1023: 825:, and given the status of 761: 592:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5620: 5479:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5238:Campbell, Verity (2007). 4113:Campbell, Verity (2007). 3743:10.1080/14683850601016390 3622:10.1163/15718115-02701001 3544:10.1163/9789004306134_013 3460:10.1163/9789401203807_006 3173:List of Turkish-Armenians 3093:List of Turkish Armenians 3089:List of Ottoman Armenians 2786:and his brother the late 2444:, although they are both 2430:Eastern Armenian language 2426:Western Armenian language 2316: 2308: 2300: 2013:Armenian Apostolic Church 1765:Republican People's Party 1749:Peoples' Democratic Party 1741:Communist Party of Turkey 1385: 1034:List of Turkish-Armenians 783: 655: 650: 150: 133: 57: 47: 6327:Demographics of Istanbul 5642:Population by urban area 5433:. Vol. 36, No. 4 (2010). 5291:Sabah, 8 September 2011 4644:Law On Political Parties 4547:"6–7 Eylül Olayları (1)" 4223:October 4, 2015, at the 3430:(in Turkish). 2024-07-15 3405:(in Turkish). 2019-04-08 3188:Armenia–Turkey relations 3083:Famous Turkish-Armenians 2779:player is indisputable. 2311:, (and earlier known as 2176:Getronagan Ermeni Lisesi 2144:Pangaltı Anarat Higutyun 1712:in the Armenian capital 1570:The wealth tax known as 1433:Immigration from Armenia 1321:and constant migration. 698:Armenian Catholic Church 6427:Ethnic groups in Turkey 6391:Provinces by population 5504:Istanbul Armenians site 5475:Suciyan, Talin (2015). 5460:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4994:Mansel, Philip (2011). 4981:March 31, 2009, at the 4185:Gevorg Ter-Gabrielyan. 3575:East European Quarterly 2850:newspaper published in 2782:In contemporary music, 2585:etymological dictionary 2252:pronounced Sourp Hagop) 2165:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2159:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2146:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2137:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2131:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2118:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2100:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2094:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2088:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2082:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2053:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 1846:denigrating Turkishness 1487:Also in Turkey are the 725:Eastern Anatolia Region 6239:Demographics of Turkey 5577:Hye Tert Armenian site 4597:Cite journal requires 3725:Köksal, Yonca (2006). 3355:Helix Consulting LLC. 2741: 2558: 2507:(Hovsep Vartanian) in 2329:Indo-European language 2228: 1893: 1873: 1817:Halaskargazi Boulevard 1567: 1440:1915 Armenian genocide 1294: 1026:Demographics of Turkey 802: 642: 490:Languages and dialects 5626:Population by country 5219:www.dildernegi.org.tr 3793:Papazian, H. (2020). 3647:Bayır, Derya (2013). 3569:Toktas, Sule (2006). 3136:Armenians in Istanbul 2728: 2679:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2621:Agop Martayan Dilâçar 2571:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2556: 2511:, was published with 2468:using letters of the 2446:mutually intelligible 2220: 1897:Religious affiliation 1879: 1859: 1700:On the occasion of a 1616:The Turkish-Armenian 1564: 1545:Religious affiliation 1299:Armenians in Istanbul 1289: 979:Sykes–Picot Agreement 953:ended up in northern 827:second-class citizens 800: 6093:United Arab Emirates 5392:on February 27, 2009 4688:on December 30, 2008 4559:on 15 September 2008 3141:Minorities in Turkey 3060:(smile in Armenian) 2715:Turkish Encyclopedia 2627:. He specialized in 2597:Hovannes Muhendisian 2583:completed the first 1997:Armenians celebrate 1716:, and following the 1628:on 7 August 1982 in 1241:Armenian Evangelical 1059:% of Total speakers 1056:Turkey's population 1030:Minorities in Turkey 809:. Estimates for the 161:Armenian Evangelical 5789:Former Soviet Union 5670:Armenian settlement 5441:. Springer Nature. 5354:on 14 December 2012 5278:. 18 November 2020. 4822:. 24 January 2007. 4622:The Armenian Weekly 4472:Noravank Foundation 4445:Hürriyet Daily News 4417:Hürriyet Daily News 4273:www.todayszaman.com 3300:Marmara (newspaper) 2931:Armenian literature 2773:Udi Hrant Kenkulian 2577:Bedros Keresteciyan 2486:. For example, the 1913:, or less commonly 1761:Selina Özuzun Doğan 1551:Crypto-Christianity 1452:Diyarbakir Province 1219:Armenian Christians 1215:, being at 95,000. 1208:Crypto-Christianity 1050:As second language 1040: 635:Armenians in Turkey 176:Part of a series on 39: 34:Armenians in Turkey 5668:Historic areas of 4735:. 6 September 2008 4370:christiantoday.com 3949:on 16 January 2013 3919:on 28 January 2013 3816:The New York Times 3655:Ashgate Publishing 2784:Arto Tunçboyacıyan 2742: 2711:Türk Ansiklopedisi 2559: 2522:When the Armenian 2380:) and most of the 2295:Western Armenian ( 2229: 2155:2019-12-27 at the 2127:2017-09-28 at the 1967:Sahak II Mashalian 1894: 1874: 1815:". (panorama from 1718:Armenian President 1624:in protest of the 1568: 1295: 1233:Armenian Apostolic 1047:As first language 1038: 1000:and its environs, 803: 690:Armenian Apostolic 643:Türkiye Ermenileri 574:Hamidian massacres 462:Armenian Apostolic 153:Armenian Apostolic 37:Türkiye Ermenileri 6409: 6408: 6198: 6197: 6137: 5969: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5845: 5831: 5779: 5772: 5758: 5751: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5614:Armenian diaspora 5486:978-0-85772-773-2 5467:978-1-78831-276-9 5448:978-3-030-59400-8 5414: 5255:978-1-74104-556-7 5170:978-0-8143-3221-4 5143:978-0-8143-3221-4 5060:on 21 August 2012 4790:. 19 January 2007 4136:978-1-74104-556-7 3977:. 7 February 2011 3664:978-1-4094-7254-4 3469:978-94-012-0380-7 3245:Vakıflı, Samandağ 3104:Armenian diaspora 3054:and the humorous 2956:Sarkis Kochounian 2952:Kochounian family 2856:Zareh Yaldizciyan 2841:Armenian diaspora 2802:Cinema and acting 2707:Ankara University 2543:Armenian alphabet 2541:Bibles using the 2470:Armenian alphabet 2454:reformed spelling 2394:Armenian diaspora 2354:Armenian diaspora 2343:Armenian diaspora 1842:Armenian diaspora 1792:His assassination 1725:Turkish President 1596:Armenian genocide 1536:Armenian genocide 1493:eastern Hemshinli 1423:Mediterranean Sea 1399:Musa Dagh Defense 1315:Armenian genocide 1237:Armenian Catholic 1203: 1202: 977:according to the 928:Armenian genocide 861:Armenian genocide 854:Armenian diaspora 795: 794: 732:ethnic minorities 713:Armenian genocide 706:Armenian Diaspora 675:Turkish Armenians 632: 631: 467:Armenian Catholic 284:Armenian diaspora 171: 170: 157:Armenian Catholic 16:(Redirected from 6439: 6337:Census in Turkey 6273:Turkish language 6237: 6236: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6133: 5965: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5841: 5827: 5775: 5768: 5754: 5747: 5722: 5717:Hidden Armenians 5715: 5708: 5701: 5681:Nagorno-Karabakh 5662: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5584: 5529: 5521: 5519: 5490: 5471: 5452: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5350:. 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6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895:San Francisco 5892: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5882:United States 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5796:Baltic states 5794: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Tessa Hofmann 5527: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5246:Lonely Planet 5243: 5242: 5234: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5123: 5112:on 2017-04-22 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5086:. May 5, 2010 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5032:9789756618332 5028: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4940: 4937: 4926:on 2011-09-03 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4876:on 2007-09-26 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4851:on 2007-09-26 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4802: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4657:on 2019-12-13 4653: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4634: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4499:on 2016-03-13 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4459: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4123:Lonely Planet 4119: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4061:on 2016-03-05 4060: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3891:9780892414581 3887: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3786: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3441: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3252:Personalities 3251: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2918:(1908–1909). 2917: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2906:(1909–1914), 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2897:Vertchin Lour 2894:(1912–1917), 2893: 2892: 2888:(1899–1908), 2887: 2886: 2882:(1896–1908), 2881: 2880: 2876:(1884–1915), 2875: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2747: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2569:initiated by 2568: 2564: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524:Duzian family 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:South America 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2208:Ermeni Lisesi 2207: 2204: 2202:Ermeni Lisesi 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183:Ermeni Lisesi 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2057:Ermeni Lisesi 2054: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Markar Esayan 1750: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1605:(ASALA), the 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 987:Pontic Greeks 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926:. During the 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 901:Mamuretülaziz 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 814: 812: 808: 799: 791: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 757: 755: 753: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 663: 648: 644: 640: 636: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 605: 603: 602: 597: 593: 590: 588: 584: 581: 579: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 548: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530: 526: 524: 523:Armenian Sign 520: 516: 513: 509: 506: 505: 504: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 491: 487: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 457: 454: 450: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 409: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 355: 351: 348: 346: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 328: 325: 323: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:United States 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 286: 285: 278: 275: 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257: 253: 249: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 124: 120: 116: 115:Kahramanmaraş 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 51: 48:40,000-50,000 46: 41: 38: 19: 6290:Christianity 6258:Ethnic Kurds 5813:Central Asia 5696: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5624: 5556: 5551:Houshamadyan 5498: 5476: 5457: 5438: 5428: 5403: 5394:. Retrieved 5390:the original 5385: 5381: 5356:. Retrieved 5352:the original 5342: 5331:. Retrieved 5317: 5313: 5302:. Retrieved 5288: 5284: 5273: 5264: 5240: 5233: 5222:. Retrieved 5218: 5215:"A. Dilâçar" 5209: 5198:. Retrieved 5189: 5179: 5159: 5152: 5132: 5125: 5114:. Retrieved 5110:the original 5100: 5088:. Retrieved 5083: 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5058:the original 5053: 5022: 5016: 4996: 4989: 4971: 4960:. Retrieved 4946: 4944:(in Turkish) 4939: 4928:. Retrieved 4924:the original 4914: 4910: 4898:. Retrieved 4889: 4878:. Retrieved 4874:the original 4864: 4853:. Retrieved 4849:the original 4839: 4828:. Retrieved 4817: 4808: 4804: 4792:. Retrieved 4787: 4778: 4767:. Retrieved 4753: 4749: 4737:. Retrieved 4732: 4723: 4711:. Retrieved 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4686:the original 4679: 4670: 4659:. Retrieved 4652:the original 4643: 4636: 4625:. Retrieved 4621: 4611: 4590:cite journal 4582: 4576: 4567: 4561:. Retrieved 4557:the original 4550: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4514: 4501:. 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