835:
682:
590:
569:
660:. Turkish schools have been set up in many of the London boroughs with the explicit aim to provide the Turkish language and culture to the British-born Turkish community. There are about 25 Turkish schools around London currently teaching around 3,000 children. Most of these schools do not have their own premises and instead hire space at mainstream schools or colleges. The majority of these schools encourage and prepare students for exams such as
849:
32:
639:. The exceptions to this are the first generation that is well-educated with a good command of English. On the other hand, Turkish children born in London are usually English dominant- especially the Turkish Cypriot community. Nonetheless, the Turkish language is taught within the home and through formal Turkish schools. Furthermore, the Turkish language is used in the
375:
651:
The oldest
Turkish complementary or supplementary schools, which pupils can attend in addition to receiving regular schooling, were established by the Cyprus Turkish Association which organised Turkish language classes as early as 1959. However, it was in the early 1980s when these schools gained
330:
In 1627 there were nearly 40 Muslims living in London. Although their precise origins cannot be distinguished, it was the
Turkish Muslim culture which made a dramatic impression on English society during the seventeenth century with the introduction of coffee houses. The Turks in London worked as
720:
environment. Although only a minority of
Turkish Cypriots had any interest in religion, Islamic values were still deeply rooted in the majority of the community's identity. Once the community was firmly settled in London, Turks became aware that although they had maintained their ethnic identity
370:
which was another significant reason for large numbers of
Cypriot immigration. Many of the early immigrants, both men and women, worked in the clothing industry on arrival to London. It was estimated in 1979 that 60% of Cypriot women (both Turkish and Greek) worked in this industry, many of them
668:
qualifications in
Turkish. Turkish schools also focus on maintaining the Turkish culture by providing classes in Turkish music, Turkish Cypriot folk dancing and sports clubs (mainly football clubs). In 2000, an umbrella organisation called the
791:. Restaurants, kebab shops, cafes, supermarkets, minicab offices, off licenses and various other trades have now taken over from the textile trade. There are clearly identifiable areas in which these business premises are based; mainly
2320:
331:
tailors, shoemakers, button makers and even solicitors. By the early 1650s, an
English merchant who had been trading in the Ottoman Levant returned to London with a Turkish servant who introduced the making of
992:
Almost 90 per cent of the UK's
Turkish population lives in London, including as many as 400,000 Turkish Cypriots concentrated in areas of north and north-east London including Hackney, Enfield and Haringey.
732:. By 1983 the first Turkish mosque complex, the Azizye Mosque, was established. Turks who had once felt reluctant to attend a ‘non-Turkish’ mosque welcomed the congregation as services were provided in the
2410:
386:
deposed the
Cypriot government and installed its own regime on the island, with Nikos Sampson as the de facto president, before declaring the Hellenic Republic of Cyprus. This eventually led to the
494:. The spatially concentrated community is due to the Turkish community preferring to live with Turkish neighbours which has now created notable Turkish enclaves in particular areas of London.
366:), that immigration began to significantly increase due to the hostilities on the island this caused. The inter-communal fighting and subsequent population exchanges culminated in the
1607:
303:. The Turks have created Turkish neighbourhoods mostly in North and North-East London however there are also Turkish communities in South London and the City of Westminster.
721:
there was a lack of attention to its religious dimension. This resulted in the foundation of the United
Kingdom Turkish Islamic Association (UKTIA) Shacklewell Lane Mosque
652:
much more popularity amongst the community. These schools are independent schools and are administered by
Turkish associations in the UK and the respective Ministries of
2248:
243:
311:
Turks first began to land on English shores during the seventeenth century when they had been freed from galley slavery on Spanish ships by English pirates. Queen
382:
By the 1970s Turkish Cypriots started to come to London as refugees because of the ongoing war on the island. In July 1974 a coup supported by the then ruling
958:
Around 400,000 Cypriot Turks and 200,000 Turks live mostly in the north London neighborhoods of Dalston, Stoke Newington, Haringey, Walthamstow and Enfield.
643:
of several London public primary schools to help children whose English is poor. At secondary schools it is also offered as a formal examination subject.
350:
in 1878. Cypriots who arrived during this period were mainly from rural parts of Cyprus. However, it was during the early 1950s and early 1960s, when the
2468:
2275:
1501:
Lytra, Vally; Baraç, Taşkın (2009), "Multilingual practices and identity negotiations among Turkish-speaking young people in a diasporic context", in
974:
1600:
653:
491:
716:. Therefore, the Cyprus Turkish Association ignored religion in its activities as it was viewed as an obstacle to adjusting and integrating in a
2372:
2315:
383:
2478:
1514:
1472:
1453:
178:
2253:
2483:
2330:
2265:
1659:
834:
391:
236:
670:
1593:
2090:
1575:
1491:
1434:
1407:
1388:
872:
712:
by the community. However, the main objective of the Turkish community was to improve their living conditions rather than promoting
2473:
2442:
91:
1679:
640:
335:. By 1652 the first coffee house had opened in London and within a decade more than 80 establishments flourished in the city.
319:
as well as trying to resist the Spanish. Thus, the release of the galley slaves was an instrument of diplomacy. As a result,
229:
2325:
940:
398:. By the 1990s, Turkish Cypriot migration was increasingly motivated by economic hardship due to the embargoes imposed upon
2340:
198:
1379:
Abu-Haidar, Farida (1996), "Turkish as a Marker of Ethnic Identity and Religious Affiliation", in Suleiman, Yasir (ed.),
599:
2335:
2153:
657:
193:
2377:
1937:
1311:
862:
760:
686:
419:
296:
183:
86:
1568:
Muslim laws, politics and society in modern nation states: dynamic legal pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan
2389:
2367:
455:
387:
188:
81:
2362:
459:
431:
76:
71:
2347:
1989:
1719:
1655:
980:
2270:
772:
756:
2425:
2290:
2260:
2062:
1707:
1702:
1502:
748:
725:
549:
522:
169:
299:
is not evenly distributed across the country. As a result, the concentration of the Turks is almost all in
2394:
2111:
1984:
1802:
702:
1539:
768:
752:
2300:
2220:
1910:
1887:
811:
There are a number of media associations in London for the Turkish community, including the newspapers
2437:
2384:
2357:
2019:
1670:
867:
2230:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2106:
1752:
1724:
497:
As of 2019, approximately 600,000 people of Turkish origin are living in London, including 400,000
487:
467:
402:
and a lack of international aid or support. Finally the post 2004 migration was the result of the
2415:
2137:
2127:
1819:
1619:
506:
403:
681:
327:. This ultimately led to defeat which potentially saved England from coming under Spanish rule.
568:
2163:
2057:
2047:
2004:
1760:
1571:
1510:
1487:
1468:
1449:
1430:
1403:
1384:
1348:
631:" ethnic group in London. The first generation of Turks generally have a limited knowledge of
2447:
2352:
2225:
1974:
1969:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1871:
1849:
1829:
1814:
1765:
1729:
1689:
1651:
1525:
784:
737:
733:
729:
636:
632:
624:
538:
526:
498:
435:
339:
274:
260:
114:
54:
903:
426:. The Turkish community is visible in certain areas of North and North-East London such as
2420:
2310:
2305:
2280:
2215:
2080:
2052:
2014:
1999:
1994:
1962:
1952:
1919:
1809:
1797:
1734:
1714:
1684:
1484:
Talking Turkey: the language, culture and identity of Turkish speaking children in Britain
1360:
908:
882:
877:
800:
796:
792:
788:
741:
518:
451:
427:
399:
118:
109:
2132:
560:, however, this did not include those who are British-born or who have been naturalised.
1417:
Bridgwood, Ann (1995), "Dancing the Jar: Girls' Dress and Turkish Cypriot Weddings", in
823:
and TV stations such as Euro Genc TV and many other cultural associations and websites.
606:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2184:
2179:
2158:
2085:
2009:
1979:
1892:
1866:
1861:
1824:
1643:
1629:
1616:
1423:
946:
542:
510:
367:
347:
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324:
316:
300:
292:
284:
2462:
2285:
2024:
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1418:
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717:
705:
534:
443:
351:
203:
1008:
2295:
1697:
764:
407:
1553:
673:
was established bringing together 18 Turkish schools in the Greater London area.
2430:
2240:
1854:
698:
628:
312:
137:
1790:
830:
573:
483:
439:
150:
31:
410:
when thousands of Turkish Cypriots decided to apply for Cypriot nationality.
1585:
1262:
475:
463:
447:
320:
1552:
von Ahn, Michelle; Lupton, Ruth; Greenwood, Charley; Wiggins, Dick (2010),
1024:
Bizdeki kayıtlara göre şu anda Londra'da 400,000'e yakın Kıbrıslı Türk var.
1446:
Negotiating political identities: multiethnic schools and youth in Europe
471:
36:
Map of London illustrating the main settlement of the Turkish community.
1647:
665:
514:
479:
142:
1333:
374:
709:
694:
557:
553:
530:
423:
395:
363:
359:
343:
288:
787:
in London, the majority of the Turkish community decided to pursue
713:
680:
567:
373:
2321:
Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations
1229:
1227:
728:, was opened by the Turkish Cypriot business man and politician
661:
355:
2411:
Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
1589:
583:
1203:
390:. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot-held area declared itself the
1214:
1212:
976:
London's Turkish restaurants take a hit in uncertain times
371:
doing piecework at home as well as working in factories.
1381:
Language and identity in the Middle East and North Africa
1261:
Turkish Language Culture and Education Consortium in UK.
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1034:
1032:
697:
communities to be established in London, even before the
378:
Turks and Turkish Cypriots protesting in central London
1281:
1279:
693:
The Turkish Cypriot community were one of the first
2403:
2239:
2193:
2172:
2146:
2120:
2099:
2073:
2040:
1917:
1905:
1880:
1840:
1776:
1743:
1667:
1638:
1626:
1527:
EUDO CITIZENSHIP OBSERVATORY Country Report: Cyprus
1263:"Turkish Language Culture and Education Consortium"
128:
100:
62:
41:
1422:
323:helped to divide the naval force intended for the
2249:Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction
1425:Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time
1400:The infidel within: Muslims in Britain since 1800
968:
966:
942:Turkish minority in UK ready for Thursday's polls
671:Turkish Language Education and Culture Consortium
602:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
358:was fighting to unite the island of Cyprus with
1547:, The Journal of International Social Research
1131:
627:is the most common language spoken among the "
1601:
1555:Languages, ethnicity, and education in London
701:Muslims. During the 1950s a single converted
354:nationalist military resistance organisation
237:
8:
1002:
1000:
315:wanted to cultivate good relations with the
24:
1541:West Thrace Turkish's Immigration to Europe
1059:
1040:
1635:
1608:
1594:
1586:
1245:
1233:
1218:
513:modern nation-states, especially from the
509:which have come to London from other post-
244:
230:
160:
23:
2281:1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks
2276:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)
1334:"London Business Guide Organisation(LBG)"
1107:
747:Other Turkish places of worship includes
2266:1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
1507:Youngspeak in a Multilingual Perspective
1256:
1254:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
635:with women tending to be monolingual in
1191:
894:
297:Turkish community in the United Kingdom
168:
2373:National Socialist Underground murders
2316:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
1356:
1346:
1297:
1285:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
7:
2254:Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)
1119:
1095:
1083:
1071:
63:Regions with significant populations
1465:Muslims in Britain: An Introduction
392:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
1505:; Jørgensen, Annette Myre (eds.),
724:In 1977 the first Turkish mosque,
486:. Smaller settlements include the
14:
2469:English people of Turkish descent
1402:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
1007:Akben, Gözde (11 February 2010).
873:16th London Turkish Film Festival
2443:Turks in the former Soviet Union
1561:, London: Institute of Education
847:
833:
588:
466:. In South London, they live in
342:began to migrate to London when
338:In regards to modern migration,
92:London Borough of Waltham Forest
30:
1533:, European University Institute
904:"A guide to ethnic communities"
548:In 2008, approximately 600-700
2194:Diaspora in Post-Soviet States
1524:Trimikliniotis, Nicos (2010),
1467:, Cambridge University Press,
505:There are also growing ethnic
384:Greek military junta of Greece
1:
2341:Assassination of Galip Balkar
2331:Assassination of Orhan Gündüz
1509:, John Benjamins Publishing,
973:Scott-Geddes, Arthur (2019),
939:Kartal, Ahmet Gurhan (2019),
647:Turkish supplementary schools
2479:Muslim communities in Europe
2336:Assassination of Erkut Akbay
2074:Diaspora in the Persian Gulf
1463:Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (2010),
2326:Assassination of Taha Carım
863:Turks in the United Kingdom
783:Due to the collapse of the
420:Turks in the United Kingdom
87:London Borough of Islington
2500:
2484:Turkish diaspora in Europe
2390:Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
2368:1993 Solingen arson attack
771:in Seven Sisters; and the
572:A Turkish festival on the
388:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
291:, the capital city of the
82:London Borough of Haringey
2363:1991 Altun Kupri massacre
2121:Diaspora in South America
2041:Diaspora in North America
1009:"OLMALI MI, OLMAMALI MI?"
394:with only the support of
133:
105:
77:London Borough of Hackney
72:London Borough of Enfield
67:
46:
29:
2348:1983 Orly Airport attack
1656:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
1398:Ansari, Humayun (2004),
1312:"Turkish Neighbourhoods"
2474:Ethnic groups in London
2426:Turks in the Arab world
2291:Bloody Christmas (1963)
2261:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
1332:London Business Guide.
773:Edmonton Islamic Centre
726:Shacklewell Lane Mosque
170:Ethnic groups in London
2395:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
2378:Murder of Enver Şimşek
2147:Diaspora in South Asia
1680:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1570:, Ashgate Publishing,
1566:Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005),
1448:, Ashgate Publishing,
1246:Lytra & Baraç 2009
1234:Lytra & Baraç 2009
690:
576:
523:Western Thracian Turks
492:Kensington and Chelsea
379:
368:division of the island
278:
264:
16:Ethnic group in London
2353:1989 Fergana massacre
2301:Afrikaanderwijk riots
2173:Diaspora in East Asia
1538:Şentürk, Cem (2008),
1503:Stenström, Anna-Brita
1444:Faas, Daniel (2010),
1419:Eicher, Joanne Bubolz
684:
571:
377:
362:(also referred to as
2438:Turks in the Balkans
2385:2004 Cologne bombing
2358:1990 Komotini events
2286:1959 Kirkuk massacre
2091:United Arab Emirates
1627:Traditional areas of
1482:Issa, Tözün (2005),
868:London Turkish Radio
550:Western Thrace Turks
2100:Diaspora in Oceania
1841:Turkish minorities
1777:Turkish minorities
1744:Turkish minorities
1668:Turkish minorities
1639:Turkish majorities:
1429:, Berg Publishers,
1204:von Ahn et al. 2010
1132:Trimikliniotis 2010
775:in Upper Edmonton.
769:Sultan Selim Mosque
755:in Stoke Newington;
753:Validesultan Mosque
654:Education in Turkey
507:Turkish communities
502:and 200,000 Turks.
488:city of Westminster
468:Elephant and Castle
266:Londra'daki Türkler
164:Part of a series on
26:
2416:Turkish population
2271:Gavurbağı massacre
1906:Diaspora in Africa
1486:, Trentham Books,
1359:has generic name (
761:Suleymaniye Mosque
691:
687:Suleymaniye Mosque
577:
404:Republic of Cyprus
380:
53:including 400,000
2456:
2455:
1901:
1900:
1516:978-90-272-5429-0
1474:978-0-521-53688-2
1455:978-0-7546-7844-1
621:
620:
254:
253:
159:
158:
58:and 200,000 Turks
2491:
2448:Turkish diaspora
1843:in North Africa:
1830:Turkmen Mountain
1746:in the Caucasus:
1636:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1562:
1560:
1548:
1546:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1496:
1477:
1458:
1439:
1428:
1412:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1060:Gilliat-Ray 2010
1057:
1044:
1041:Gilliat-Ray 2010
1038:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1004:
995:
994:
989:
987:
970:
961:
960:
955:
953:
936:
921:
920:
918:
916:
899:
857:
852:
851:
850:
843:
838:
837:
785:textile industry
734:Turkish language
625:Turkish language
616:
613:
607:
600:factual accuracy
592:
591:
584:
499:Turkish Cypriots
340:Turkish Cypriots
281:
280:Londralı Türkler
267:
246:
239:
232:
161:
55:Turkish Cypriots
51:(2019 estimate)
42:Total population
34:
27:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2421:Turks in Europe
2399:
2311:Tochni massacre
2306:Revival Process
2235:
2189:
2168:
2142:
2116:
2095:
2069:
2036:
1913:
1897:
1876:
1842:
1836:
1778:
1772:
1745:
1739:
1720:North Macedonia
1669:
1663:
1652:Northern Cyprus
1628:
1622:
1614:
1584:
1578:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1500:
1494:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1443:
1437:
1416:
1410:
1397:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1219:Abu-Haidar 1996
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1047:
1039:
1030:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
998:
985:
983:
972:
971:
964:
951:
949:
938:
937:
924:
914:
912:
909:TheGuardian.com
901:
900:
896:
891:
883:Turks in Berlin
878:Islam in London
853:
848:
846:
839:
832:
829:
809:
789:self-employment
781:
767:in Wood Green;
736:rather than in
679:
658:Northern Cyprus
649:
617:
611:
608:
605:
597:This section's
593:
589:
582:
566:
556:were living in
519:Bulgarian Turks
501:
452:Stoke Newington
416:
400:Northern Cyprus
309:
279:
265:
257:Turks in London
250:
213:
155:
147:other religions
124:
119:Cypriot Turkish
117:(including the
110:British English
96:
57:
52:
37:
25:Turks in London
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:South Carolina
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2025:United Kingdom
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Czech Republic
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
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1877:
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1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
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1793:
1782:
1780:
1779:in the Levant:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1749:
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1741:
1740:
1738:
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1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:Western Thrace
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1671:in the Balkans
1665:
1664:
1660:Mainland Turks
1642:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1617:Turkish people
1615:
1613:
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1598:
1590:
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1535:
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1435:
1414:
1408:
1395:
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1375:
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1367:
1366:
1324:
1310:Visit London.
1302:
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1238:
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1108:Bridgwood 1995
1100:
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996:
962:
947:Anadolu Agency
922:
902:The Guardian.
893:
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749:Aziziye Mosque
708:was used as a
678:
675:
648:
645:
619:
618:
612:September 2010
596:
594:
587:
581:
578:
565:
562:
539:Lebanese Turks
529:etc.) and the
527:Romanian Turks
418:Almost 90% of
415:
412:
348:British Colony
333:Turkish coffee
325:Spanish Armada
308:
305:
301:Greater London
293:United Kingdom
285:Turkish people
252:
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2058:United States
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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2001:
1998:
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1986:
1985:Liechtenstein
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1968:
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1881:Other regions
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855:Turkey portal
845:
842:
841:London portal
836:
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817:Londra Gazete
814:
813:Avrupa Gazete
806:
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770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Madina Mosque
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735:
731:
730:Ramadan Güney
727:
722:
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718:multicultural
715:
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706:terrace house
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444:Palmers Green
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40:
33:
28:
19:
2296:Akritas plan
2221:Turkmenistan
2029:
1918:Diaspora in
1911:South Africa
1888:Saudi Arabia
1567:
1554:
1540:
1526:
1506:
1483:
1464:
1445:
1424:
1399:
1380:
1339:24 September
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:24 September
1315:. Retrieved
1305:
1293:
1268:20 September
1266:. Retrieved
1241:
1199:
1192:Şentürk 2008
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1023:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
991:
984:, retrieved
981:The National
975:
957:
950:, retrieved
941:
913:. Retrieved
907:
897:
820:
816:
812:
810:
782:
765:Fatih Mosque
763:in Hackney;
746:
723:
692:
650:
622:
609:
598:
547:
543:Syrian Turks
504:
496:
417:
414:Demographics
408:EU accession
381:
337:
329:
310:
287:who live in
283:) refers to
271:London Turks
270:
256:
255:
208:
48:
21:Ethnic group
18:
2431:Kouloughlis
2241:Turkophobia
2154:Afghanistan
2112:New Zealand
2020:Switzerland
1990:Netherlands
1855:Kouloughlis
1298:Ansari 2004
1286:Ansari 2004
1180:Ansari 2004
1168:Yilmaz 2005
1156:Ansari 2004
1144:Yilmaz 2005
1013:Star Kibris
699:South Asian
629:Other White
535:Iraqi Turks
313:Elizabeth I
151:irreligious
138:Sunni Islam
2463:Categories
2231:Uzbekistan
2211:Kyrgyzstan
2206:Kazakhstan
2201:Azerbaijan
1791:Turkmeneli
1753:Azerbaijan
1725:Montenegro
1703:Dodecanese
1632:settlement
1620:by country
1372:References
1018:21 January
986:10 January
952:10 January
915:18 January
779:Businesses
689:in Hackney
641:curriculum
574:South Bank
484:Abbey Wood
440:Wood Green
2138:Venezuela
2128:Argentina
2107:Australia
1820:Palestine
1766:Meskhetia
1120:Issa 2005
1096:Issa 2005
1084:Faas 2010
1072:Issa 2005
703:Victorian
476:Southwark
464:Tottenham
448:Islington
346:became a
321:Murad III
199:Pakistani
101:Languages
2404:See also
2164:Pakistan
2005:Portugal
1761:Abkhazia
1757:Georgia
1685:Bulgaria
1648:Muhacirs
1349:cite web
827:See also
677:Religion
580:Language
472:Lewisham
456:Haringey
436:Edmonton
422:live in
317:Ottomans
194:Japanese
179:Africans
129:Religion
121:dialect)
2226:Ukraine
1975:Ireland
1970:Hungary
1958:Germany
1948:Finland
1943:Denmark
1933:Belgium
1928:Austria
1872:Tunisia
1850:Algeria
1815:Lebanon
1730:Romania
1694:Greece
1690:Croatia
1630:Turkish
1421:(ed.),
738:English
666:A-Level
637:Turkish
633:English
564:Culture
515:Balkans
511:Ottoman
480:Peckham
460:Hackney
432:Enfield
307:History
275:Turkish
261:Turkish
209:Turkish
184:Chinese
143:Alevism
115:Turkish
49:600,000
2216:Russia
2133:Brazil
2081:Kuwait
2053:Mexico
2048:Canada
2030:London
2015:Sweden
2000:Poland
1995:Norway
1963:Berlin
1953:France
1920:Europe
1810:Jordan
1798:Israel
1735:Serbia
1715:Kosovo
1644:Turkey
1574:
1513:
1490:
1471:
1452:
1433:
1406:
1387:
1300:, 352.
1288:, 351.
1221:, 122.
1194:, 427.
1182:, 176.
1170:, 155.
1158:, 174.
1146:, 154.
1086:, 114.
799:, and
742:Arabic
710:mosque
695:Muslim
558:London
554:Greece
533:(i.e.
531:Levant
517:(i.e.
462:, and
428:Barnet
424:London
396:Turkey
364:Enosis
360:Greece
344:Cyprus
295:. The
289:London
204:Romani
189:Indian
2185:Japan
2180:China
2159:India
2086:Qatar
2010:Spain
1980:Italy
1893:Yemen
1867:Libya
1862:Egypt
1825:Syria
1698:Crete
1559:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1248:, 61.
1236:, 60.
1110:, 34.
1062:, 14.
1043:, 13.
889:Notes
807:Media
714:Islam
552:from
269:) or
47:est.
1803:Jews
1786:Iraq
1572:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1361:help
1341:2010
1319:2010
1270:2010
1206:, 6.
1134:, 9.
1122:, 6.
1098:, 5.
1074:, 4.
1020:2011
988:2021
954:2021
917:2009
821:Olay
759:and
751:and
685:The
664:and
662:GCSE
656:and
623:The
490:and
482:and
356:EOKA
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