575:
550:. The neck and upperparts are grass-green, and the tail is grass-green with yellow borders. The wing appears bright blue with a darker leading edge when folded, with a band of red on the shoulder. The underparts are bright yellow, slightly greenish on the breast and neck. Some males have orange patches on the belly, which may extend to the breast. When extended, the wing is dark blue with red on the trailing edge on the upper surface, and black with dark blue leading coverts underneath. The upper mandible of the bill is black and may or may not fade to grey at the base, while the lower mandible is cream with a grey border in the mouth. The
752:
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45:
31:
94:
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located further from cleared land. Eggs are laid at an interval of two to three days. Incubation takes 18 to 21 days. The female incubates the eggs and broods the young, and feeds them for their first few days before the male begins helping. She leaves to feed and drink twice a day, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Both parents take part in feeding the young, on a diet predominantly of seeds with some fruit. The chicks are
832:) for suitable breeding sites. The tree containing the hollow is often located in open woodland, and the hollow itself is generally at least 1 m (3 ft) above the ground. Fieldwork in northern Victoria yielded average dimensions of 10 by 6 cm (4 by 2.5 in) for the hollow entrance, and a depth of around 50 cm (20 in) for the depth of the hole. Elsewhere the average depth is around 76 cm (30 in).
216:
362:
69:
792:
783:, anywhere from 1 to 8 m (3.3 to 26.2 ft) above the ground. They retreat to trees near their feeding areas during the day. The calls of the turquoise parrot have been little-studied; birds give a high-pitched soft contact call when feeding or in flight, while the alarm call has been described as a high-pitched zitting call. Turquoise parrots also chatter when settling to roost in the evening.
2231:
1124:
2217:
1138:
852:, they have pink skin and darker blue-grey skin around the eye. By seven days they open their eyes, and are well-covered in grey down with pin feathers emerging from their wings on day six. They are almost covered in feathers by day 21, and fledge (leave the nest) at around 23 days of age in the wild and up to 30 days of age in captivity.
1065:, across western Sydney, had disappeared with development. Over half the woodland in New South Wales, and 80% across Australia has been cleared, and the remaining habitat is fragmented. A key issue is removal of mature eucalypts with resulting loss of hollows available for nesting. The species is thus listed as a
1045:
Queensland between 1923 and 1950, and
Victoria between the mid-1880s and 1949. However, numbers in New South Wales began increasing in the 1930s and the species had repopulated East Gippsland by the 1960s. Tentatively estimated at 20,000 breeding birds in 2000, the population is thought to be still rising.
879:
The turquoise parrot is a predominantly ground-based seed eater, foraging in clearings in open woodland, forest margins, and near trees in more open areas such as pastures. It occasionally feeds along road verges and rarely ventures onto lawns. Birds forage in pairs or small troops of up to thirty or
1083:
Although formerly common in its range, the species was on the brink of extinction in
Victoria by 1917. However, numbers have built up again since the 1930–40s as it reestablished in its former territory. On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, this species is listed as
1044:
on account of the significant reduction in distribution. Its population and range have varied wildly; widely distributed across eastern
Australia from Mackay to Melbourne up to the 1880s, it vanished from much of its range to the extent that it was presumed extinct in 1915. It was not recorded from
884:
in
Victoria indicated seasonal variation in flock size, with turquoise parrots foraging in groups of 5–30 in winter and 6–8 in spring and summer. Foraging takes place from early in the morning till late afternoon, with a break between midday and mid-afternoon. Birds prefer to feed in shaded areas,
839:
is laid on a bed of wood dust or leaves and consists of two to five (or rarely up to eight) round or oval glossy white eggs, each of which is generally 21 to 22 mm long by 18 mm (0.8 by 0.7 in) wide. Clutches tend to have more eggs in earlier rather than later clutches, and in nests
561:
Generally duller and paler, the female has a more uniform and paler blue face, with highly contrasting cream bare skin around the eye. It lacks the red shoulder band, and the blue shoulder markings are darker and less distinct. The throat and chest are pale green and the belly is yellow. The upper
778:
Turquoise parrots are encountered in pairs or small groups consisting of parents and several offspring, though they may congregate into larger flocks of up to 75 predominantly juvenile birds outside the breeding season. As the breeding season nears, pairs separate out from these flocks. Turquoise
565:
Juvenile birds of both sexes have less extensive blue on their faces, the coloration not extending past the eye. The upperparts resemble those of the adult female. Both sexes have the white wing-stripe, which disappears with maturity in males. The immature male has a red patch on the wing and may
1103:
if caged together. Specimens with more prominent orange bellies have been bred, sourced from wild birds in New South Wales and not from breeding with scarlet-chested parrots. A yellow form, where the blue pigment is lost and yellow and red pigments are conserved, first appeared in the 1950s in
1098:
Initially popular as a caged bird in the 19th century, the turquoise parrot was rarely seen in captivity between 1928 and 1956, the main problem being the high rate of infertile eggs. It has become more common since, and has adapted readily to aviculture. A quiet species, it likes to bathe in
737:
The turquoise parrot is considered sedentary and does not migrate, though its movements are not well known. Birds are present in some areas all year, though in northern
Victoria they are thought to move into more open areas outside the breeding season. Some populations may be locally nomadic,
352:
of gum trees. Much of its habitat has been altered and potential nesting sites lost. Predominantly sedentary, the turquoise parrot can be locally nomadic. Populations appear to be recovering from a crash in the early 20th century. The turquoise parrot has been kept in captivity since the 19th
487:
The
English common name of the turquoise parrot has varied between chestnut-shouldered parakeet, chestnut-shouldered grass-parakeet, chestnut-shouldered grass-parrot, chestnut-winged grass-parakeet, chestnut-winged grass-parrot, and turquoisine grass parrot, this last name commonly used in
1061:. It dramatically declined in numbers between 1875 and 1895, although rare sightings in western Sydney and the Blue Mountains were recorded in the mid-twentieth century. The turquoise parrot was trapped for the aviary trade and used as pie-filling. Almost all of its preferred habitat, the
799:
The turquoise parrot is monogamous. The male perches upright on a tree stump and extends its wings to show off its red and blue markings when courting a female. Once paired, both sexes look for a nesting site, which is ultimately chosen by the female. Breeding has been reported from
329:. The male is predominantly green with more yellowish underparts and a bright turquoise blue face. Its wings are predominantly blue with red shoulders. The female is generally duller and paler, with a pale green breast and yellow belly, and lacks the red wing patch.
1335:
Zoological illustrations, or, Original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals : selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology, and conchology, and arranged on the principles of Cuvier and other modern
467:
from
Victoria on the basis of more prominent red on the scapulars; however, this distinction was not confirmed on review with New South Wales specimens, and hence no subspecies are recognised. One of six species of grass parrot in the genus
1075:(TSC Act). Fire-burning regimes may be resulting in the regeneration favouring shrubs rather than grasses, which are the preferred food source for the species. Feral cats and foxes are a threat, particularly to nesting birds and young.
562:
mandible is paler brown-grey with a darker tip, and has been recorded as black while nesting. The lower mandible is pale grey to almost white. When flying, the female has a broad white bar visible on the underwing.
458:
in 1891, placing the turquoise parrot within it and giving it its current scientific name. There is little geographical variation, with some minor local differences in the amount of orange on the belly. In 1915,
734:) in flatter more open areas. Within this habitat, it prefers rocky ridges or gullies, or transitional areas between different habitats, such as between woodland and grassland or fields in cultivated areas.
1033:
1273:
542: oz). Both sexes have predominantly green upperparts and yellow underparts. The male has a bright turquoise-blue face which is darkest on the crown and slightly paler on the
1005:
was isolated from the brain of a turquoise parrot in the
Netherlands. That year, many aviary species including several species of Australian parrot and members of the genus
892:
are also eaten. The turquoise parrot has been recorded feeding on seeds of various plant species; more commonly consumed items include the fruit of common fringe-myrtle (
808:
of live and dead trees, generally eucalypts, as nesting sites. Occasionally old fence posts have been used. The turquoise parrot competes with—and may be ousted by—the
645:. Sightings in South Australia are likely to have been the scarlet-chested parrot, the similar appearance of the females leading to confusion and misidentification.
2436:
1949:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
2488:
2609:
2008:
855:
Around 56% of eggs lead to successful fledging of young, with fieldwork in northeastern
Victoria yielding an average of 2.77 young leaving the nest. The
2581:
2410:
1009:
had exhibited neurological symptoms reminiscent of
Newcastle disease. Like other members of the genus, the turquoise parrot is highly sensitive to
2449:
1293:
2120:
2053:
1787:
1482:
1378:
1292:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from
804:
on the New South Wales–Queensland border in the north to Wangaratta and Mallacoota in Victoria. Birds use vertical or nearly vertical
613:. In New South Wales, it is found in a broad band across the central and eastern parts of the state, with its western limits delineated by
574:
2634:
2629:
871:) are nest predators. Baby birds may perish by overheating in very hot weather, or by being drowned in the hollows after heavy rain.
2624:
2199:
2180:
2158:
1507:
2639:
1353:
Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux
429:, noting that it was "impossible to represent this superb little creature in its full beauty". Drawing on the previous works,
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2097:
2475:
381:
Well known around the Sydney district at the time of European settlement in 1788, the turquoise parrot was described by
2619:
398:
240:
779:
parrots roost together communally in autumn and winter. At night they roost among the foliage of trees such as gums or
2361:
2309:
1942:
1842:
Jung, Arne; Grund, Christian; MĂĽller, Inge; Rautenschlein, Silke (2009). "Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 3 Infection in
1579:
Lendon, Alan (1940). "The "Wing-stripe" as an Indication of Sex and Maturity in the Australian Broad-tailed Parrots".
418:
430:
250:
848:; that is, they are born helpless and blind and remain in the nest for an extended period. Covered in silvery-white
2493:
1978:
1151:
1053:
The turquoise parrot was once common across the Sydney region, and particularly abundant between the localities of
985:) underneath its feathers, leading the observers to wonder whether they were being used to deter or kill insects.
492:. The name red-shouldered parakeet was incorrectly applied to this species, as it was an alternative name for the
633:. There have been unconfirmed sightings in the far west of the state. In Victoria it is found in the vicinity of
622:
618:
93:
1058:
718:
2019:
765:
751:
981:
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44:
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2235:
2335:
2249:
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406:
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30:
2314:
528: in) wingspan, the turquoise parrot is a small and slightly built parrot weighing around 40 g (
2366:
1108:
mutation. Other colour forms seen are a red-fronted and pied form (both recessive), and jade and olive (
1028:
Around 90% of the turquoise parrot population resides in New South Wales. The species is not listed as "
912:
906:
730:
713:
666:
602:
594:
477:
422:
188:
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and surrounding areas. The northern limit of its range is 26° south in southeastern Queensland, around
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2327:
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642:
586:
300:
2124:
2168:
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trees, the turquoise parrot feeds mainly on grasses and seeds and occasionally flowers, fruit and
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1887:
1871:
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228:
88:
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366:
326:
1803:
Smit, Th.; Rondhuis, P.R. (1976). "Studies on a Virus Isolated from the Brain of a Parakeet (
1777:
1747:
1071:
under Schedule 2 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 because of
311:
in 1792. A small lightly built parrot at around 20 cm (7.9 in) long and 40 g (
1863:
1816:
1436:
1232:
1189:
1129:
1062:
972:
2340:
2301:
2519:
2501:
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809:
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460:
296:
260:
2151:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird
1171:
215:
2353:
1440:
835:
Breeding takes place over the warmer months with eggs laid from August to January. The
638:
555:
547:
543:
438:
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in England, and was lost when the collection was broken up and sold. German naturalist
2048:. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15.
2603:
2462:
1180:
836:
155:
78:
73:
2545:
1351:
1333:
1316:
361:
2572:
2389:
1891:
1397:
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots
1339:. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy. pp. pl. 67.
1143:
1099:
captivity. There is a possibility of interbreeding with other members of the genus
930:
889:
856:
849:
791:
606:
579:
345:
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1321:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris, France: Levrault, Schoell & Ce. p. 130.
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2423:
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936:
888:
Grass and shrub seeds form the bulk of the diet, and leaves, flowers, fruit and
805:
349:
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105:
1950:
1883:
1828:
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species pair, and are the only two species in the genus to exhibit marked
389:
in 1792. He called it the Turquoisine after its turquoise face patch. The
2566:
2506:
2266:
1014:
918:
454:
390:
287:
165:
125:
1875:
1223:
Chaffer, Norman; Miller, G. (1946). "The Turquoise Parrot Near Sydney".
2586:
2415:
2322:
1867:
1040:
was proposed by Stephen Garnett and Gabriel Crowley in their 2000 work
998:
864:
649:
2100:. Panania, New South Wales: The Avicultural Society of New South Wales
771:
Foraging among grasses. Grass seed forms an important part of the diet
2428:
1236:
780:
282:
145:
115:
2402:
2243:
1356:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris, France: F.G. Levrault. p. 205.
979:
A female was observed placing leaves of the flaky-barked tea-tree (
2527:
2397:
1477:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 134.
790:
573:
360:
1013:
infection. It is one of many species of parrot that can host the
551:
135:
2247:
2046:
Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007
2044:
Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007).
928:) and grass species such as the introduced big quaking grass (
1500:
The Illustrated Dictionary of Australian Birds by Common Name
1034:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
1400:. London, United Kingdom: British Museum. pp. 570, 575.
2192:
Aviculture in Australia: Keeping and Breeding Aviary Birds
417:. Levaillant named it in honour of the English naturalist
2079:
2077:
1727:
1725:
1723:
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1562:
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1521:
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976:, and spores from moss have been recorded as food items.
1454:
1452:
1450:
1373:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 155.
1250:
1248:
1246:
605:. Before 1945, it had been recorded as far north as the
484:—where the male and female are different in appearance.
1782:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 95.
1272:
Australian Biological Resources Study (1 March 2012).
585:
The turquoise parrot is found in the foothills of the
332:
Found in grasslands and open woodlands dominated by
2556:
2256:
2175:. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson.
1936:
1934:
1932:
1195:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685209A93063700.en
2153:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
885:where they are better camouflaged in the grass.
648:The turquoise parrot inhabits open woodland and
1947:Threatened species & ecological communities
1909:Species) from Some Captive and Feral Parrots".
1502:. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Reed Books.
658:species) or eucalypts, particularly white box (
291:native to Eastern Australia, from southeastern
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
2123:. Parrot Society of Australia. Archived from
1771:
1769:
1427:and of the Australian Platycercine Parrots".
8:
958:). Seed of the introduced common chickweed (
652:woodland composed either of native cypress (
353:century, and several colour variants exist.
2194:. Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press.
1943:"The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000"
898:), seeds and fruit of erect guinea-flower (
558:is dark brown. The legs and feet are grey.
2244:
214:
67:
43:
29:
20:
1941:Garnett, Stephen T.; Crowley, Gabriel M.
1193:
601:, extending westwards to the vicinity of
2083:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1905:Mawson, Patricia M. (1985). "Nematodes (
1525:
880:even fifty individuals. Observations at
1983:: Review of Current Information in NSW"
1731:
1706:
1694:
1673:
1650:
1631:
1610:
1566:
1410:
1370:Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide
1254:
1162:
566:also have an orange wash on the belly.
2173:Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary
2068:
1977:NSW Scientific Committee (June 2009).
1742:
1740:
1549:
1537:
1458:
554:and orbital eye-ring are grey and the
1856:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
1267:
1265:
1263:
425:used Shaw's name in 1823 in his work
7:
1779:Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country
1042:The Action Plan for Australian Birds
472:, it is most closely related to the
437:in 1830, the species name being the
2610:IUCN Red List least concern species
1367:Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013).
1181:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
706:near Sydney, silvertop ash forest (
1441:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1955.tb04978.x
1423:Cain, A.J. (1955). "A Revision of
504:Ranging from 20 to 22 cm (8–8
14:
2121:"Neophemas – Care and Management"
2098:"Mutations of Australian Parrots"
1318:Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets
922:species, black-anther flax-lily (
738:following availability of water.
415:Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets
409:'s description of the species as
375:Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets
325: oz) in weight, it exhibits
2229:
2215:
1136:
1122:
952:, and small-leaved beard-heath (
764:
750:
716:, and stands of river red gum (
92:
1498:MacDonald, James David (1987).
1350:Lesson, René Primevère (1830).
1332:Swainson, William John (1823).
1170:BirdLife International (2016).
970:) are also consumed. Nectar of
1911:South Australian Ornithologist
1581:South Australian Ornithologist
1:
2315:Neophema_(Neophema)_pulchella
1315:Levaillant, François (1805).
910:), seeds of common raspwort (
1988:. New South Wales Government
934:) and little quaking grass (
514:in) long with a 32 cm (
401:gave it the scientific name
257:Neophema pulchella dombraini
1471:Forshaw, Joseph M. (2010).
1394:Salvadori, Tommaso (1891).
1290:Australian Faunal Directory
946:, members of the pea genus
940:) and members of the genus
2656:
2635:Endemic birds of Australia
1754:. Birdlife Australia. 2013
1152:List of birds of Australia
2630:Birds of Victoria (state)
2016:Communities in Landscapes
1821:10.1080/03079457608418166
399:Johann Matthäus Bechstein
234:
227:
222:
213:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2625:Birds of New South Wales
1425:Trichoglossus haematodus
1188:: e.T22685209A93063700.
570:Distribution and habitat
427:Zoological Illustrations
2640:Birds described in 1792
2190:Shephard, Mark (1989).
2119:Anderson, Troy (1996).
982:Leptospermum trinervium
955:Leucopogon microphyllus
802:Girraween National Park
728:) or western grey box (
722:), mountain swamp gum (
463:described a subspecies
393:likely ended up in the
299:and into North-Eastern
223:Turquoise parrot range
2149:Higgins, P.J. (1999).
1776:Tzaros, Chris (2005).
1032:" on the Commonwealth
822:Psephotus haematonotus
796:
757:Adult female on ground
694:), or mugga ironbark (
670:), Blakely's red gum (
582:
474:scarlet-chested parrot
452:defined the new genus
448:Italian ornithologist
378:
2096:Sindel, Stan (1986).
2007:Landcare NSW (2013).
1036:, though a status of
913:Gonocarpus tetragynus
907:Brachyloma daphnoides
794:
714:Nadgee Nature Reserve
700:), and less commonly
577:
431:René Primevère Lesson
364:
2558:Psittacus pulchellus
2226:at Wikimedia Commons
1474:Parrots of the World
1104:aviculture. It is a
967:Arctotheca calendula
830:Climacteris picumnus
682:), red stringybark (
587:Great Dividing Range
387:Psittacus pulchellus
2620:Birds of Queensland
1073:habitat destruction
1024:Conservation status
1018:Ascaridia platyceri
1011:avian paramyxovirus
814:Platycercus eximius
795:Female in captivity
411:la Perruche Edwards
407:François Levaillant
403:Psittacus edwardsii
395:Leverian collection
371:François Levaillant
357:Taxonomy and naming
237:Psittacus edwardsii
59:Conservation status
2546:Neophema-pulchella
2349:BirdLife-Australia
2302:Neophema_pulchella
2288:Neophema pulchella
2258:Neophema pulchella
2237:Neophema pulchella
2223:Neophema pulchella
2025:on 29 October 2013
2009:"Turquoise Parrot"
1981:Neophema pulchella
1979:"Turquoise Parrot
1868:10.1647/2008-022.1
1752:Birds in Backyards
1748:"Turquoise Parrot"
1296:on 29 October 2013
1174:Neophema pulchella
1068:Vulnerable species
895:Calytrix tetragona
797:
583:
405:in 1811, based on
379:
281:) is a species of
278:Neophema pulchella
198:Neophema pulchella
2597:
2596:
2515:Open Tree of Life
2250:Taxon identifiers
2220:Media related to
2055:978-1-74208-039-0
1789:978-0-643-09983-8
1484:978-1-4008-3620-8
1380:978-0-643-10471-6
1003:Newcastle disease
925:Dianella revoluta
904:), daphne heath (
901:Hibbertia riparia
826:brown treecreeper
818:red-rumped parrot
661:Eucalyptus albens
546:, cheeks and ear
482:sexual dimorphism
476:. The two are an
450:Tommaso Salvadori
413:in his 1805 work
367:Jacques Barraband
327:sexual dimorphism
269:
268:
264:
254:
244:
180:N. pulchella
82:
24:Turquoise parrot
2647:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2576:
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2548:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2509:
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2484:
2483:
2481:NHMSYS0020789118
2471:
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2458:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2354:turquoise-parrot
2344:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2328:6F2C5E7BA095D493
2318:
2317:
2305:
2304:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2245:
2234:Data related to
2233:
2219:
2205:
2186:
2164:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2018:. Archived from
2013:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1237:10.1071/mu946161
1220:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1167:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1130:Australia portal
1127:
1126:
1125:
1063:Cumberland Plain
973:Grevillea alpina
964:) and capeweed (
768:
754:
719:E. camaldulensis
541:
540:
536:
533:
527:
526:
522:
519:
513:
512:
508:
445:meaning "blue".
435:Lathamus azureus
433:described it as
423:William Swainson
365:Illustration by
324:
323:
319:
316:
273:turquoise parrot
259:
249:
247:Lathamus azureus
239:
218:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2502:Observation.org
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2252:
2212:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2169:Lendon, Alan H.
2167:
2161:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1809:Avian Pathology
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1680:
1672:
1657:
1649:
1638:
1630:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1244:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1096:
1087:near threatened
1081:
1051:
1049:New South Wales
1038:near threatened
1026:
991:
961:Stellaria media
877:
810:eastern rosella
789:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:
769:
760:
759:
758:
755:
744:
688:), bimble box (
685:E. macrorhyncha
679:E. polyanthemos
664:), yellow box (
572:
538:
534:
531:
529:
524:
520:
517:
515:
510:
506:
505:
502:
494:paradise parrot
461:Gregory Mathews
359:
321:
317:
314:
312:
297:New South Wales
255:
245:
209:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2278:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:at Wikispecies
2227:
2211:
2210:External links
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2111:
2088:
2073:
2071:, p. 285.
2061:
2054:
2036:
1999:
1964:
1928:
1897:
1834:
1795:
1788:
1765:
1736:
1734:, p. 580.
1711:
1709:, p. 579.
1699:
1697:, p. 578.
1678:
1676:, p. 577.
1655:
1653:, p. 576.
1636:
1634:, p. 575.
1615:
1613:, p. 574.
1598:
1571:
1569:, p. 582.
1554:
1552:, p. 234.
1542:
1540:, p. 282.
1530:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1483:
1463:
1461:, p. 253.
1446:
1415:
1413:, p. 583.
1403:
1386:
1379:
1359:
1342:
1324:
1307:
1259:
1257:, p. 573.
1242:
1208:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1117:
1114:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1077:
1050:
1047:
1025:
1022:
1001:similarity to
990:
987:
876:
873:
861:Varanus varius
788:
785:
770:
763:
762:
761:
756:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
743:
740:
697:E. sideroxylon
639:East Gippsland
571:
568:
501:
498:
439:Medieval Latin
419:George Edwards
358:
355:
348:. It nests in
267:
266:
232:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
211:
210:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
146:Psittaciformes
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2652:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2201:0-9588106-0-5
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2182:0-207-12424-8
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:0-19-553071-3
2156:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2127:on 2015-04-17
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2086:, p. 70.
2085:
2084:Shephard 1989
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1953:on 2013-12-27
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:(3): 205–08.
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:, p. 69.
1527:
1526:Shephard 1989
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:0-7301-0184-3
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1435:(3): 432–79.
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:(Shaw, 1792)"
1285:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1231:(3): 161–67.
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:paramyxovirus
988:
986:
984:
983:
977:
975:
974:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:scale insects
886:
883:
874:
872:
870:
869:Vulpes vulpes
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
793:
786:
784:
782:
767:
753:
741:
739:
735:
733:
732:
731:E. microcarpa
727:
726:
721:
720:
715:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
686:
681:
680:
675:
674:
669:
668:
667:E. melliodora
663:
662:
657:
656:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
576:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
499:
497:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
462:
457:
456:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
368:
363:
356:
354:
351:
347:
346:scale insects
343:
342:
337:
336:
330:
328:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
285:in the genus
284:
280:
279:
274:
265:
262:
258:
252:
248:
242:
238:
233:
230:
226:
221:
217:
212:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:Psittaculidae
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2557:
2257:
2236:
2222:
2191:
2172:
2150:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2091:
2064:
2045:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2015:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1980:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1946:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:Cyanoramphus
1847:
1844:Neopsephotus
1843:
1837:
1815:(1): 21–30.
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1778:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1732:Higgins 1999
1707:Higgins 1999
1702:
1695:Higgins 1999
1674:Higgins 1999
1651:Higgins 1999
1632:Higgins 1999
1611:Higgins 1999
1584:
1580:
1574:
1567:Higgins 1999
1545:
1533:
1499:
1493:
1473:
1466:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1411:Higgins 1999
1406:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1362:
1352:
1345:
1334:
1327:
1317:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1255:Higgins 1999
1228:
1224:
1199:. Retrieved
1185:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1144:Birds portal
1100:
1097:
1085:
1082:
1066:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1006:
992:
980:
978:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
931:Briza maxima
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
878:
868:
860:
857:lace monitor
854:
834:
829:
821:
813:
798:
777:
736:
729:
723:
717:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
676:), red box (
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
607:Suttor River
584:
580:Twycross Zoo
578:Adult male,
564:
560:
503:
486:
469:
464:
453:
447:
442:
434:
426:
414:
410:
402:
386:
380:
374:
339:
333:
331:
286:
277:
276:
272:
270:
256:
246:
236:
235:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
18:
2424:iNaturalist
2282:Wikispecies
2143:Cited texts
2104:5 September
2069:Lendon 1973
1550:Lendon 1973
1538:Lendon 1973
1459:Lendon 1973
1201:12 November
993:In 1966, a
725:E. camphora
691:E. populnea
673:E. blakelyi
641:and around
637:as well as
500:Description
383:George Shaw
309:George Shaw
2604:Categories
2573:Q109578372
2541:Xeno-canto
1917:: 190–91.
1854:species".
1587:: 87–94 .
1336:zoologists
1158:References
1094:Aviculture
1055:Parramatta
1030:threatened
997:with some
846:nidicolous
709:E. sieberi
643:Mallacoota
635:Wangaratta
631:Deniliquin
627:Narrandera
599:Chinchilla
490:aviculture
478:allopatric
465:dombrainii
335:Eucalyptus
295:, through
293:Queensland
1923:0038-2973
1907:Ascaridia
1593:0038-2973
1284:pulchella
1274:"Species
1106:recessive
999:antigenic
989:Pathogens
949:Dillwynia
943:Danthonia
842:altricial
742:Behaviour
703:Angophora
655:Callitris
603:St George
595:Blackbutt
341:Callitris
305:described
303:. It was
241:Bechstein
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2615:Neophema
2567:Wikidata
2528:Species+
2468:22685209
2442:10586623
2341:22685209
2336:BirdLife
2273:Q1048869
2267:Wikidata
2171:(1973).
1884:19999764
1876:27753673
1852:Neophema
1829:18777326
1805:Neophema
1280:Neophema
1276:Neophema
1116:See also
1110:dominant
1101:Neophema
1079:Victoria
1015:nematode
1007:Neophema
937:B. minor
919:Geranium
882:Chiltern
787:Breeding
623:Hillston
619:Quambone
591:Cooloola
470:Neophema
455:Neophema
391:holotype
301:Victoria
288:Neophema
229:Synonyms
167:Neophema
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2587:4851350
2416:2479509
2403:turpar1
2377:turpar1
2323:Avibase
2131:14 June
1892:5900169
1059:Penrith
875:Feeding
865:red fox
806:hollows
781:wattles
650:savanna
548:coverts
537:⁄
523:⁄
509:⁄
443:azureus
350:hollows
320:⁄
261:Mathews
208:, 1792)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
52:female
2494:678582
2455:177592
2198:
2179:
2157:
2052:
2029:28 May
1992:28 May
1957:21 May
1921:
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1850:, and
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1786:
1758:21 May
1591:
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1377:
1300:23 May
863:) and
837:clutch
824:) and
611:Mackay
377:(1805)
283:parrot
263:, 1915
253:, 1830
251:Lesson
243:, 1811
2507:71476
2437:IRMNG
2429:18883
2398:eBird
2390:46Q3Y
2374:BOW:
2367:71655
2023:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1986:(PDF)
1888:S2CID
1872:JSTOR
712:) in
615:Moree
544:lores
441:word
38:male
2582:GBIF
2533:4835
2520:7124
2489:NCBI
2463:IUCN
2450:ITIS
2411:GBIF
2362:BOLD
2196:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2133:2013
2106:2014
2050:ISBN
2031:2013
1994:2013
1959:2013
1919:ISSN
1880:PMID
1825:PMID
1784:ISBN
1760:2013
1589:ISSN
1504:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1429:Ibis
1375:ISBN
1302:2013
1203:2021
1186:2016
1057:and
850:down
844:and
629:and
609:and
597:and
556:iris
552:cere
373:'s
369:in
338:and
271:The
206:Shaw
136:Aves
2476:NBN
2385:CoL
2310:AFD
2297:ADW
1864:doi
1817:doi
1437:doi
1233:doi
1225:Emu
1190:doi
1112:).
916:),
816:),
385:as
307:by
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