Catholic probabilism - Knowledge (XXG)

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question merely of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an action, because in other cases certainty might be demanded on various grounds, as happens when the validity of the sacraments, the attainment of an obligatory end, and the established rights of another are concerned. They apply their doctrine whether the doubt about the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an action be a doubt of law, or a doubt of fact which can be reduced to a doubt of law. Thus if it is solidly probable that Friday morning has not yet set in, there is a doubt of fact which can be reduced to a doubt of law as to whether it is lawful in the circumstances to take meat. They also apply their doctrine not merely to human but also to Divine and natural laws, on the ground that the Divine legislator is not more exacting than a human legislator. They apply their principles whether the existence or the cessation of a law is concerned, since, in their estimation, liberty is always in possession. They also apply their doctrine even though the person whose action is in question believes that the safe opinion is the more probable opinion. If, however, he looks on the safe opinion as morally certain, he cannot lawfully use the opinion of others who differ from him. Nor can a person on the same occasion use opposing probabilities in his favour in reference to several obligations of which one or another would be certainly violated; thus a priest cannot lawfully take meat on the probability that Friday has already elapsed, and at the same time postpone the reading of Compline on the probability that Friday will not elapse for some time. Finally, probabilists insist that the opinion in favour of liberty must be based on solid arguments and not on mere flimsy reasons which are insufficient to gain the assent of prudent men.

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external authority. Hence on their own principles they ought to admit the practical truth of probabilism. – Æquiprobabilists reply that extrinsic authority is of no avail when the arguments on which the authority rests have been proved to be invalid; and they claim that they have proved the invalidity of the probabilist arguments. Moreover, a reflex principle is useless unless its truth is proved with certainty, since its sole utility is to change speculative uncertainty into practical certainty. But greater probability does not give certainty. Accordingly, even if Æquiprobabilists were to admit the greater probability of probabilism, that admission would be useless for probabilists. The case is different with Æquiprobabilism which has practical certainty, since nearly all theologians nowadays admit the lawfulness of following the less safe opinion regarding the existence of a law, when it is equally or almost equally probable with the safe opinion.

3253:, I, nn. 176–8). Æquiprobabilists reply that when there is a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty, the law is probably not sufficiently promulgated, and the question remains whether a law that is probably not sufficiently promulgated imposes any obligation in conscience. It would be begging the question to assume that no obligation is imposed simply because there is a probability that the law has not been sufficiently promulgated. Moreover, if the safe opinion happens to be the true opinion, a material sin is committed by the person who, acting on probability, performs the prohibited action. But, unless the law is promulgated, a material sin cannot be committed by its violation, since promulgation is a necessary condition of a binding law (McDonald, 3277:

another solidly probable opinion. But a moral system, to be of any serious utility, must be universal, so that not merely experts in moral science but also ordinary people can utilize it. Hence the systems which demand a knowledge of the various degrees of probability must be discarded as practically useless, and probabilism alone must be accepted as a working system. – Æquiprobabilists reply that their system merely asks, that if after due investigation it is found that the less safe opinion is notably and certainly less probable than the safe opinion, the law must be observed. The necessary investigation has frequently been already made by experts, and others, who are not experts, are safe in accepting the conclusions to which the experts adhere.

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consider lax. They stress that the only sure way to safeguard Catholic morals is to reject the opinion which opens the way to Laxism. Probabilists reply that their system must be prudently employed, and that no serious danger of Laxism arises if it is recognized that an opinion is not solidly probable unless there are arguments in its favour which are sufficient to gain the assent of many prudent men. As for the authority of approved authors, it must be remembered that five or six grave authors do not give solid probability to an opinion unless they are notable for learning and prudence, and independently adhere to an opinion which has not been set aside by authoritative decisions or by unanswered arguments.

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is no obligation to abstain from performing it, under this doctrine. Between these two extremes there can be varying degrees of uncertainty about the existence or cessation of a prohibiting law. There is doubt in the strict sense when the intellect neither assents nor dissents, because either there are no positive arguments for and against the law, or the arguments for and against the law are equal in strength. The opinion which favours the law, and which is technically called the safe opinion, can be more probable (in the specialized sense being discussed) than the opinion which favours liberty and which still retains solid (objective) probability.

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safe opinion is solidly probable (cf. Lehmkuhl, "Theologia Moralis", I, n. 179). – Æquiprobabilists reply that there is not invincible ignorance in regard to a law when the safe opinion is also the more probable opinion, because in these circumstances a person is bound by ordinary prudence to give assent to the safe opinion. Although it is true that an obligation concerning whose existence there is invincible ignorance is no obligation, this is not true when one is compelled to give assent to an opinion as the more probable opinion (cf. Wouters,

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extrinsic authority can have sufficient weight to make an opinion solidly probable; but there is divergence of view in estimating what number of experts is able to give an opinion this solid probability. The prevailing theory holds that if five or six theologians, notable for prudence and learning, independently adhere to an opinion their view is highly probable, if it has not been set aside by authoritative decisions or by intrinsic arguments which they have failed to solve. Even one theologian that is regarded as highly authoritative, such as

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approval in the person of St. Alphonsus. Hence probabilism is not a false system of morals. That the Church has tolerated probabilism is shown from the numerous approved authors, who, since the time of Medina, have defended it without interference on the part of ecclesiastical authority. That the Church has given positive approval to probabilism in the person of St. Alphonsus is proved from the fact that his works including his treatises in favour of probabilism, received official sanction from the Decree of 18 May 1803, the reply of the

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certainly supply what is needed for the validity of the act. Thus, apart from necessity, these systems do not allow one to act on mere probability when the validity of the sacraments is in question. Additionally, they do not allow one to act on mere probability when there is question of gaining an end which is obligatory, since certain means must be employed to gain a certainly required end. Hence, when eternal salvation is at stake, these systems demand more than uncertain means as justification. Moreover, their conception of

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opinion which is also the less probable. – probabilists reply that the greater probability does not of necessity destroy the solid probability of the less probable opinion. When the foundations of the opposing probabilities are not derived from the same source, then at least the opposing arguments do not detract from one another; and even when the two probabilities are based on a consideration of the same argument, one opinion will retain probability insofar as the opposing opinion recedes from certainty.

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this argument that when the less safe opinion is certainly less probable than the safe opinion, the former has lost solid probability and consequently cannot, so far as conscience is concerned, obtain the privileges which the Divine Legislator, the Church, and the State concede in the case of really doubtful laws. Moreover, many of these rules of law directly apply to the external forum and ought not, without due limitation, be transferred to the forum of conscience.

1547: 1633: 101: 3236:Æquiprobabilism received the sanction of the Holy See in the official documents of 1803, 1831, 1839, and 1871. If Æquiprobabilism is false, it is seriously detrimental to the spiritual life of the faithful, since it imposes burdens which ought not to be imposed. Hence, if any argument can be derived for probabilism from the toleration or approval of the Church, a similar argument can be derived therefrom for Æquiprobabilism. 1658: 1527: 3269:

in reply say that the axiom lex dubia non obligat holds when the law is strictly doubtful, i.e. when the reasons for and against the law are equal or nearly equal. A fortiori the law does not bind when the safe opinion is more probable than the less safe opinion. It would, however, be begging the question to assume that the axiom holds when the less safe opinion is clearly less probable than the safe opinion.

1674: 3463: 2666: 1587: 3112:(1749, 1755), and finally embraced Æquiprobabilism about 1762. In a new dissertation he laid down the two propositions that it is lawful to act on the less safe opinion, when it is equally probable with the safe opinion, and that it is not lawful to follow the less safe opinion when the safe opinion is notably and certainly more probable. In the sixth edition (1767) of his 1557: 3101:

regards the cessation of a law; but that if the existence of the law is in question, it is lawful to follow the less safe opinion if it has equal or nearly equal probability with the safe opinion. Many of the moderate probabilists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries foreshadowed in their writings the theory to which, in his later-days, St. Alphonsus adhered.

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satisfactory solution of the question at issue. – Probabilists reply that their system can be of no use to those who do not look on it as certainly true; but the fact that many theologians do not accept it does not prevent its adherents from regarding it as certain, since these can and do believe that the arguments urged in its favour are insuperable.

43: 2967:(1603–1666), was the foremost defender of the Rigorist doctrines. He held that it is not lawful to follow even a most probable opinion in favour of liberty. (Here, "liberty" refers to freedom, in the sense of not being bound by the strictures of (a specific) law.) Jansenist Rigorism spread into France, and Pascal attacked probabilism in his 2678: 3158:

the action whose morality is in question. According to this system, the more important the law, and the smaller the degree of probability attaching to the less safe opinion, the greater must be the compensating utility which will permit the performance of the action of which the lawfulness is uncertain.

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In interpreting her own laws the Church applies the principles of probabilism, what is true of the Church is equally true of other legislators, because God is not a more exacting Legislator than His Church, nor is the State to be presumed more strict than God and the Church. Æquiprobabilists reply to

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provides a way of answering the question about what to do when one does not know what to do. Probabilism proposes that one can follow an authoritative opinion regarding whether an act may be performed morally, even though the opposite opinion is more probable. (An opinion is probable when, because of

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Many probabilists lay stress on a practical argument in favour of their opinion, which is derived from the difficulty of distinguishing between various grades of Probability. It is impossible in practice, especially for ordinary people, to tell when one solidly probable opinion is more probable than

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A law which has not been promulgated is not a law in the full and strict sense, and does not impose an obligation. But when there is a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty, the law has not been sufficiently promulgated, since there has not been the requisite manifestation of the mind of the

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According to Probabilism, whenever a prohibiting law is certain, the subjects of the law are bound to abstain from performing the action which the law forbids, unless they are excused by one of the ordinary exempting causes. On the other hand, when it is certain that no law forbids an action, there

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Probabilism is seen by some Catholic authorities as an easy road to Laxism, because people are often inclined to regard opinions as really probable which are based on flimsy arguments, and because it is not difficult to find five or six serious authors who approve of opinions which right-minded men

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When the less safe opinion is notably and certainly less probable than the safe opinion, there is no true probability in favour of liberty, since the stronger destroy the force of the weaker reasons. Hence probabilists cannot consistently maintain that it is safe in practice to act on the less safe

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According to the axiom: lex dubia non obligat, a doubtful law does not bind. But a law is doubtful when there is a solidly probable opinion against it. Hence it is lawful to follow a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty (cf. Tanquerey, "Theologia Fundamentalis", n. 409). – Æquiprobabilists

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arose, which attempted to reconcile probabilism, probabiliorism, and aequiprobabilism. Compensationism holds that not only the degree of probability attaching to various opinions must be taken into account, but also the importance of the law and the degree of utility attaching to the performance of

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The central doctrine of probabilism is that in every doubt that concerns merely the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an action it is permissible to follow a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty, even though the opposing view is more probable. Probabilists apply their theory only when there is

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If one opinion is not only less safe (in that it goes against the law) but also speculatively uncertain, then it is prohibited by Probabilism, until all reasonable effort has been made to remove the uncertainty, by considering the arguments on both sides and by consulting available authorities. One

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According to Æquiprobabilists, it is lawful to follow the less safe opinion, when it is more probable than the safe opinion. But they must admit that probabilism is more probable than Æquiprobabilism, since the vast majority of theologians favour the milder view, and Æquiprobabilists do not reject

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Probabilists sometimes hold that St. Alphonsus never changed his opinion once he had discarded Probabiliorism for probabilism, though he changed his manner of expressing his view so as to exclude Laxist teaching and to give an indication of what must be regarded as a solidly probable opinion. As a

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An obligation, concerning whose existence there is invincible ignorance, is no obligation. But, so long as there is a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty, there is invincible ignorance about the obligation imposed by the law. Hence a law does not impose an obligation so long as the less

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In estimating the degree which is required and which suffices for solid probability, moralists lay down the general principle that an opinion is solidly probable which by reason of intrinsic or extrinsic arguments is able to gain the assent of many prudent men. Adherents to Probabilism hold that

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was not clearly brought into prominence. Æquiprobabilism holds that it is not lawful to follow the less safe opinion when the safe opinion is certainly more probable; that it is not lawful to act on the less safe opinion even when it is equally probable with the safe opinion, if the uncertainty

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These various moral systems come into play only when the question concerns the lawfulness of an action. If the uncertainty concerns the validity of an action which must certainly be valid, it is not enough to act on mere probability unless, indeed, this is of such a nature as to make the Church

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Probabilism, if untrue, is seriously detrimental to the spiritual life of the faithful, since it permits actions which ought to be forbidden, and the Church cannot tolerate or give approval to such a moral system. But the Church during many centuries has tolerated probabilism, and has given it

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A moral system, to be of any use, must be certain, since an uncertain reflex principle cannot give practical certainty. But probabilism is not certain, because it is rejected by all those theologians who upheld one or another of the opposing views. Hence probabilism cannot be accepted as a

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of 7 July 1871 (cf. Lehmkuhl, "Theologia Moralis", I, nn. 165–75). – Æquiprobabilists reply that this argument proves too much for probabilists, since the Church has also tolerated Æquiprobabilism, and has given it positive approval in the person of St. Alphonsus, whose works in favour of

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matter of fact, a comparison between the "Moral Theologies" of moderate probabilists and of Æquiprobabilists shows little practical difference between the two systems, so far at least as the uncertainty regards the existence as distinguished from the cessation of a law.

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or other authoritative sources. Catholic probabilists believe that, whether there is question of the existence or of the cessation of a law, it is lawful to act on the less safe opinion if it is solidly probable, even though the safe view is certainly more probable.

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demands equality, and as such excludes the use of probability when the established rights of another are concerned. Consequently, if a certain debt has not been certainly paid, at least a payment pro rata dubii is required according to the prevailing view.

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declared that marriage with infidels was not to be regarded as unlawful since it was not clearly condemned in the New Testament: "Quoniam revera in Novo Testamento nihil inde praeceptum est, et ideo aut licere creditum est, aut velut dubium derelictum".

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This opinion was in vogue before the time of Medina, and was renewed in the middle of the seventeenth century as an antidote against Laxism. Its revival was principally due to the efforts of popes Alexander VII and Innocent XI. In 1656, a

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on one side of a controversy one is obliged to follow that side. Theologians who put forward the system known as Probabiliorism, hold that the less safe opinion can be lawfully followed only when it is more probable than the safe opinion.

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After the condemnation of Jansenism, several 18th century theologians unfolded a moderate form of Tutiorism. Others favoured Laxism, which maintained that a slightly probable opinion in favour of liberty could safely be followed.

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A more radical view, "minus probabilissimus", holds that an action is permissible if a single opinion allowing that action is available, even if the overwhelming weight of opinion proscribes it. This view was advanced by the

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maintains that if the less safe opinion is slightly probable it can be followed with a safe conscience. It has never received serious support from Catholic theologians, and has been formally condemned by the Holy See.

998: 3188:, "safer"), sometimes also called "rigorism", holds that in case of doubt one must take the morally safer side. It is also sometimes called "rigorism". It has been formally condemned by the 3249:

legislator. Hence when there is a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty, the law is not a law in the full and strict sense, and does not impose any obligation (cf. Lehmkuhl,

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question at issue between different moral systems concerns the way in which the speculative uncertainty is changed into practical certainty; each system has what is called a

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late in the 16th century, probabilism was widely held by respected Catholic theologians, including many Jesuits and Dominicans, for the next century. Jesuits such as

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maintained that a precept does not bind except through the medium of knowledge; and probabilists are accustomed to point out that knowledge implies certainty.

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to Oliva ordering that liberty be given to the members of the order to write in favour of Probabiliorism and against probabilism.

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Fathers, doctors and theologians of the Church at times solved cases on principles which apparently were probabilist in tendency.

3495: 1601: 1453: 1354: 1137: 928: 749: 665: 343: 300: 160: 3082: 3062: 2072: 1520: 1428: 1152: 171: 125: 3325: 3143:(1910), strongly supported the probabilist thesis which had been accepted during the nineteenth century by most theologians. 3108:, who began his theological career as a Probabiliorist, subsequently defended probabilism, especially in a treatise entitled 1641: 1515: 780: 573: 256: 167: 139: 2537: 1886: 1398: 1368: 1168: 768: 3116:

he again expressed these views and indeed towards the end of his life frequently declared that he was not a probabilist.

2855:-based probabilism and extrinsic, authority-based probabilism. Abuses of probabilism led to moral laxism such as that of 2734:

intrinsic or extrinsic arguments, it is able to gain the assent of many prudent men.) It was first formulated in 1577 by

2562: 3350: 3022:, Alvarez and Ildephonsus were probabilists, subsequently the Dominicans in the main were Probabiliorists. In 1700, the 2695: 2642: 1458: 1433: 1363: 825: 323: 2382: 61: 57: 3018:

urged all members of the order to adopt Probabiliorism. Though previously Dominican theologians like Medina, Ledesma,

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maintained that until 1638 Catholic theologians of all schools were probabilists. There were exceptions such as

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However, many theologians were Probabiliorist in their principles before the sixteenth century, including

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If an opinion is probable it is lawful to follow it, even though the opposing opinion is more probable.

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His system soon became the common teaching of the theologians, so that in the introduction to his

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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Dissertatio scholastico-moralis pro usu moderato opinionis probabilis in concursu probabilioris

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During the controversies between the probabilists and the probabiliorists, the system known as

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Since the time of Alphonsus Liguori, probabiliorism has to a great extent disappeared.

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was elected general of the order in 1687, but his book was not published until 1694.

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writer, that a second marriage was not unlawful, since the prohibition was doubtful.

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ordered its members to follow Probabiliorism. In 1598, a general chapter of the

3027: 2941:, but the great body of the theologians around 1600 were on the side of Medina. 2938: 2877: 2637: 2632: 2542: 2532: 2522: 2422: 2262: 2257: 2227: 2162: 2142: 1778: 1733: 1682: 983: 973: 758: 399: 313: 271: 239: 2665: 1586: 3384:

The Origins of Moral Theology in the United States: Three Different Approaches

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as a rule were Probabiliorists, and in 1762 a general chapter of the order at

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Even many Dominican theologians have espoused the cause of Æquiprobabilism.

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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

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a new phase in the history of the probabilist controversies began. In 1653

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The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal

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For probabilists practicing mathematical probability theory, see

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This view gained vigour and persistence from the teaching of

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favoured Gonzalez and, in 1680, sent a decree through the

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of its own, by which practical certainty can be obtained.

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condemned the five propositions taken from Jansen's book

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further developed probabilism, distinguishing intrinsic,

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Probabilism is a way of approaching difficult matters of

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clergy, under Bossuet, accepted Probabiliorism. The

2916: 3001:, "more likely"), holds that when there is a 2703: 1609: 8: 3386:(Georgetown University Press, 1997), 19–20. 3139:(1906) and in the eleventh edition of his 2785:(1528–1581). It was heavily criticised by 2710: 2696: 1965: 1627: 1616: 1602: 371: 124: 95: 3345: 3343: 3341: 84:Learn how and when to remove this message 3378: 3376: 631:Outside the Church there is no salvation 3337: 1648: 748: 693: 605: 533: 495: 462: 428: 374: 138: 116: 464:Realms beyond the States of the Church 3057:Probabiliorism was also held by many 7: 3482:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1536: 1556: 3472:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " 2973:, which were in turn condemned by 66:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy 25: 3069:, favoured Probabiliorism in his 2777:(1527–1581) and defended by many 32:List of mathematical probabilists 3461: 2676: 2664: 1672: 1664: 1656: 1631: 1585: 1566: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1535: 1526: 1525: 929:Catechism of the Catholic Church 99: 41: 3255:The Principles of Moral Science 3501:Catholic theology and doctrine 3326:Normative principle of worship 3151:Around 1900 a system known as 3071:Fundamentum Theologiae Moralis 2912:Expositio in 1am 2ae S. Thomae 257:History of the Catholic Church 27:Christian theological doctrine 1: 3281:Arguments against probabilism 2836:After its formulation by the 3227:of 5 July 1831, the Bull of 3161:This theory was proposed by 3131:engaged in controversy with 3065:, a Jesuit professor at the 3038:adopted Probabiliorism. The 2795:as leading to moral laxity. 3407:Or. 39, "In sancta Lumina". 3054:were also Probabiliorists. 2738:, who taught at Salamanca. 714:Infallibility of the Church 3517: 1719:Principle of Double Effect 1592:Catholic Church portal 29: 3213:Arguments for probabilism 3003:preponderance of evidence 2857:Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz 2754:approved by a recognized 3231:of 26 May 1839, and the 3137:Probabilismus Vindicatus 1279:Eastern Catholic liturgy 1082:Eastern Catholic liturgy 891:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 277:Four Marks of the Church 3496:Catholic moral theology 3314:Development of doctrine 3135:who, especially in his 3067:University of Salamanca 1835:Theological determinism 1573:Vatican City portal 999:Philosophy of canon law 719:Mystical Body of Christ 3208:Status of the question 2920: 2832:History of probabilism 2736:Bartholomew Medina, OP 2671:Catholicism portal 2023:Gregory (of Nazianzus) 1887:Christian Neoplatonism 3479:Catholic Encyclopedia 2876:laid down, against a 2805:St. Alphonsus Liguori 2683:Philosophy portal 1148:Anointing of the Sick 939:Apostolic exhortation 636:Infused righteousness 554:Immaculate Conception 262:History of the papacy 3309:Bayesian probability 3263:De Minusprobabilismo 2970:Lettres Provinciales 2945:Jansenist opposition 2874:Gregory of Nazianzus 2756:Doctor of the Church 1919:Second scholasticism 1491:the Age of Discovery 1481:Sex and gender roles 1471:Role in civilization 1464:in the United States 1107:Liturgy of the Hours 641:Invincible ignorance 511:Crucifixion of Jesus 319:College of Cardinals 287:Apostolic succession 131:St. Peter's Basilica 3396:De Fide et Operibus 3225:Sacred Penitentiary 2775:Bartolomé de Medina 1749:Liberation Theology 1650:Catholic philosophy 1504:Links and resources 564:Perpetual virginity 535:Blessed Virgin Mary 422:Divinum illud munus 324:Ecumenical councils 267:Ecumenical councils 3244:Internal arguments 3218:External arguments 2908:Bartholomew Medina 2903:Bartholomew Medina 2889:Sylvester Prierias 2869:Augustine of Hippo 2792:Provincial Letters 2028:Gregory (of Nyssa) 1756:Christian Humanism 1047:Christian humanism 944:Epistula Encyclica 704:College of Bishops 412:Consubstantialitas 235:Early Christianity 3320:Grammar of Assent 3251:Theologia Moralis 3233:Apostolic Letters 3141:Theologia Moralis 3106:Alphonsus Liguori 2949:With the rise of 2720: 2719: 2653: 2652: 2538:Garrigou-Lagrange 1847:Divine Attributes 1626: 1625: 1467: 1057:Neo-scholasticism 833: 832: 811:Seven deadly sins 734:Perfect community 616:Baptism of desire 516:Harrowing of Hell 94: 93: 86: 16:(Redirected from 3508: 3483: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3398:, c. xix, n. 35. 3393: 3387: 3382:Charles Curran, 3380: 3371: 3370: 3347: 3265:, p. 121). 3257:, p. 245). 3125:Francis Ter Haar 3075:Pope Innocent XI 3063:Thyrsus Gonzalez 2813:reflex principle 2712: 2705: 2698: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2669: 2668: 2058:John of Damascus 1966: 1796:Moderate realism 1704:Cardinal virtues 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1635: 1628: 1618: 1611: 1604: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1559: 1558: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1529: 1528: 1461: 1379:Relations with: 1350:Anti-Catholicism 964:Cardinal Virtues 924:Athanasian Creed 801:Hypostatic union 709:Deposit of faith 621:Baptism of blood 506:Passion of Jesus 372: 339:Eastern Churches 329:Episcopal polity 157: 128: 103: 96: 89: 82: 78: 75: 69: 45: 44: 37: 21: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3486: 3485: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3351:Franklin, James 3349: 3348: 3339: 3334: 3300: 3283: 3246: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3198: 3179: 3154:Compensationism 3149: 3147:Compensationism 3133:August Lehmkuhl 3098:Æquiprobabilism 3094: 3092:Æquiprobabilism 3012:general chapter 2992: 2987: 2965:John Sinnichius 2947: 2905: 2865: 2849:Gabriel Vásquez 2834: 2744: 2716: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2292: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2092: 1972: 1963: 1953: 1952: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1781: 1771: 1770: 1744:Social teaching 1699: 1689: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1622: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1413: 1412:Societal issues 1405: 1404: 1403: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1315: 1284: 1274: 1273: 1247: 1221:Post-Vatican II 1211: 1200: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1164: 1118: 1112:Liturgical year 1071: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1014: 994:Social teaching 979:Catholic ethics 958: 950: 949: 948: 914:Apostles' Creed 886:Sixtine Vulgate 845: 835: 834: 816:Beatific vision 750:Other teachings 671:Moral influence 497:Paschal mystery 369: 368: 350: 349: 348: 303: 293: 292: 291: 282:One true church 207: 199: 149: 134: 118:Catholic Church 90: 79: 73: 70: 56:Please help by 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3488: 3487: 3457: 3456: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3400: 3388: 3372: 3365: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3304:Bayes' theorem 3299: 3296: 3282: 3279: 3245: 3242: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3178: 3175: 3148: 3145: 3114:Moral Theology 3093: 3090: 2995:Probabiliorism 2991: 2990:Probabiliorism 2988: 2986: 2985:Opposing views 2983: 2946: 2943: 2904: 2901: 2897:Thomas Cajetan 2882:Thomas Aquinas 2864: 2861: 2833: 2830: 2743: 2740: 2727:moral theology 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2673: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1892:Friends of God 1884: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1865:Augustinianism 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1830:Predestination 1827: 1822: 1817: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1766:Works of mercy 1763: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1677: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1563: 1553: 1543: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1184:Biblical canon 1181: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1092:Divine Liturgy 1089: 1084: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1022: 1020:Augustinianism 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 960: 959: 956: 955: 952: 951: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 910: 909: 908: 907: 902: 901: 900: 893: 888: 875: 874: 873:Official Bible 870: 869: 868: 867: 862: 854: 853: 847: 846: 841: 840: 837: 836: 831: 830: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 806:Predestination 803: 798: 793: 791:Amillennialism 788: 783: 778: 777: 776: 766: 761: 753: 752: 746: 745: 744: 743: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 698: 697: 691: 690: 689: 688: 683: 678: 676:Sanctification 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 651:Means of grace 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 610: 609: 603: 602: 601: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 578: 577: 576: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 538: 537: 531: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 500: 499: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 467: 466: 460: 459: 458: 457: 450: 443: 433: 432: 426: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 408: 407: 402: 397: 385: 384: 383: 382: 370: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 298: 295: 294: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 253: 252: 247: 242: 232: 231: 230: 225: 220: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 180: 175: 164: 163: 158: 146: 143: 142: 136: 135: 133:, Vatican City 129: 121: 120: 114: 113: 105: 104: 92: 91: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3513: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3468:public domain 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3419:, Q. xvii, a. 3418: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366:0-8018-6569-7 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Domingo Báñez 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2975:Alexander VII 2972: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927:Father Terill 2925: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2787:Blaise Pascal 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343:Chateaubriand 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208:Gundissalinus 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914:Scholasticism 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1904:Ressourcement 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840:Compatibilism 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786:Conceptualism 1784: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1761:Virtue ethics 1759: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1554: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1439:Homosexuality 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1399:Protestantism 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338:Miscellaneous 1335: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1206:Latin liturgy 1204: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025:Scholasticism 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009:Virtue ethics 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 954: 953: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 906: 903: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 882: 879: 878: 877: 876: 872: 871: 866: 865:New Testament 863: 861: 860:Old Testament 858: 857: 856: 855: 852: 849: 848: 844: 839: 838: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 755: 754: 751: 747: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 730: 729:People of God 727: 725: 724:Papal primacy 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699: 696: 692: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 646:Justification 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 613: 612: 611: 608: 604: 599: 596: 594: 591: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 575: 572: 571: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 540: 539: 536: 532: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 498: 494: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 469: 468: 465: 461: 456: 455: 451: 449: 448: 444: 442: 441: 437: 436: 435: 434: 431: 427: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 391: 388: 387: 386: 381: 380: 379: 378: 373: 364: 362: 359: 358: 354: 353: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 302: 297: 296: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 210: 203: 202: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 179: 176: 173: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 141: 137: 132: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 106: 102: 98: 97: 88: 85: 77: 67: 63: 59: 53: 50:This article 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 3477: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3441:De Contract. 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3355: 3318: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3238: 3229:Canonization 3221: 3200: 3199: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3160: 3152: 3150: 3140: 3136: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3070: 3056: 3052:Benedictines 3048:Trinitarians 3040:Augustinians 3008: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2979: 2968: 2958: 2948: 2924:Regula Morum 2923: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2906: 2886: 2866: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2765: 2745: 2730: 2721: 2583:John Paul II 2508:Benedict XVI 2481:Contemporary 1961:Philosophers 1882:Cartesianism 1825:Quinque Viae 1728: 1454:Nazi Germany 1444:Sexual abuse 1378: 1236:Anglican Use 1231:Use of Sarum 1143:Confirmation 1102:Holy Qurbono 1097:Holy Qurbana 1013: 1004:Philosophers 988: 919:Nicene Creed 897:Nova Vulgata 895: 796:Original sin 740:Subsistit in 738: 695:Ecclesiology 666:Satisfaction 626:Divine grace 521:Resurrection 452: 445: 438: 375: 334:Latin Church 301:Organisation 223:Resurrection 80: 71: 58:spinning off 51: 3474:Probabilism 3417:De Veritate 3079:Holy Office 3028:Franciscans 2999:probabilior 2939:Philalethis 2878:Novatianist 2783:Luis Molina 2742:Formulation 2731:probabilism 2398:Malebranche 2258:Roscellinus 2203:Grosseteste 2163:Bonaventure 1983:Athenagoras 1779:Metaphysics 1739:Personalism 1734:Natural law 1729:Probabilism 1561:WikiProject 1429:Health care 1374:Monasticism 1309:East Syriac 1299:West Syriac 1289:Alexandrian 1158:Holy orders 989:Probabilism 984:Personalism 974:Natural law 786:Apologetics 759:Josephology 447:Ex Cathedra 314:Roman Curia 272:Magisterium 218:Crucifixion 3490:Categories 3129:L. Wouters 3044:Carmelites 3016:Dominicans 2960:Augustinus 2955:Innocent X 2914:he wrote: 2863:Precursors 2772:theologian 2748:conscience 2578:Hildebrand 2518:Chesterton 2383:La Mennais 2313:Bellarmine 2308:Azpilcueta 2253:Paschasius 2133:Autrecourt 2088:Tertullian 2048:Chrysostom 1988:Athanasius 1870:Victorines 1801:Nominalism 1709:Just price 1294:Antiochene 1226:Tridentine 1123:Sacraments 957:Philosophy 934:Papal bull 686:Venial sin 661:Mortal sin 593:Apparition 569:Assumption 549:Veneration 454:Deificatio 430:Divine law 405:Holy Ghost 361:Theologies 206:Background 190:Sacraments 62:relocating 3443:, Q. ult. 3332:Footnotes 3182:Tutiorism 3177:Tutiorism 3050:and many 3036:Theatines 2977:in 1657. 2951:Jansenism 2935:Comitolus 2845:Salamanca 2838:Dominican 2598:MacIntyre 2558:Gutiérrez 2528:Copleston 2498:Balthasar 2353:Descartes 2213:Hildegard 2198:Gregory I 2173:Catherine 2123:Alexander 2073:Dionysius 1993:Augustine 1946:Salamanca 1820:Haecceity 1724:Casuistry 1551:Templates 1424:Evolution 1394:Orthodoxy 1369:Ecumenism 1355:Criticism 1345:Antipopes 1325:Byzantine 1304:Malankara 1267:Mozarabic 1257:Ambrosian 1241:Zaire Use 1174:Devotions 1153:Matrimony 1138:Eucharist 781:Sexuality 681:Synergism 607:Salvation 598:Mediatrix 574:Dormition 559:Mater Dei 544:Mariology 526:Ascension 478:Purgatory 440:Decalogus 344:Canon law 228:Ascension 161:Hierarchy 74:June 2024 18:Tutiorism 3353:(2001). 3298:See also 3190:Holy See 3083:Gonzalez 3024:Gallican 2931:Rebellus 2893:Conradus 2853:argument 2781:such as 2752:doctrine 2724:Catholic 2613:Maritain 2588:Lonergan 2568:Guardini 2493:Anscombe 2468:Caramuel 2378:Krasicki 2373:Kołłątaj 2328:Brentano 2188:Eriugena 2153:Berengar 2101:Medieval 2053:Climacus 2033:Irenaeus 2003:Boethius 1998:Benedict 1941:Analytic 1909:Occamism 1899:Molinism 1877:Llullism 1806:Quiddity 1714:Just war 1642:a series 1640:Part of 1531:Category 1521:Glossary 1459:Politics 1434:HIV/AIDS 1364:Pandeism 1320:Armenian 1252:Gallican 1052:Molinism 1040:Occamism 1015:Schools 969:Just war 905:Peshitta 774:Lectures 764:Morality 417:Filioque 365:Doctrine 309:Holy See 178:Theology 172:timeline 140:Overview 110:a series 108:Part of 3470:: 3184:(Latin 3163:Mannier 3059:Jesuits 3014:of the 2997:(Latin 2821:justice 2789:in his 2779:Jesuits 2769:Spanish 2760:science 2623:Mounier 2618:McLuhan 2573:Haldane 2513:Blondel 2463:Vitoria 2438:Rosmini 2413:Mercado 2408:Meinong 2403:Mariana 2393:Maistre 2388:Liguori 2368:Gracián 2363:Fénelon 2358:Erasmus 2338:Cajetan 2323:Bossuet 2298:Arnauld 2278:Thierry 2233:Lombard 2223:Isidore 2183:Eckhart 2168:Buridan 2158:Bernard 2138:Aquinas 2108:Abelard 2068:Maximus 2043:Cassian 2013:Cyprian 2008:Clement 1978:Ambrose 1971:Ancient 1936:Thomism 1931:Scotism 1859:Schools 1810:essence 1791:Realism 1679:Aquinas 1516:Outline 1486:Slavery 1476:Science 1389:Judaism 1133:Penance 1128:Baptism 1077:Liturgy 1070:Worship 1035:Scotism 1030:Thomism 881:Vulgate 390:Trinity 250:Fathers 183:Liturgy 168:History 155:Francis 3453:Opinio 3431:, s. 2 3429:Opinio 3363: 3201:Laxism 3196:Laxism 3186:tutior 3171:Potton 3167:Laloux 3032:Mantua 2895:, and 2841:Medina 2643:Taylor 2633:Rahner 2628:Pieper 2608:Marion 2603:Marcel 2563:Dávila 2553:Girard 2548:Gilson 2533:Finnis 2523:Congar 2503:Barron 2453:Suárez 2433:Pascal 2428:Newman 2418:Molina 2348:Cortés 2333:Botero 2318:Bonald 2291:Modern 2273:Symeon 2263:Scotus 2248:Oresme 2243:Ockham 2238:Martin 2128:Anselm 2118:Alcuin 2113:Albert 2078:Origen 2063:Justin 2038:Jerome 1814:nature 1697:Ethics 1687:Ockham 1685:, and 1683:Scotus 1670: 1662: 1169:Prayer 821:Saints 581:Titles 473:Heaven 395:Father 112:on the 2638:Stein 2593:Lubac 2543:Geach 2488:Adler 2443:Sales 2303:Ávila 2268:Siger 2228:Llull 2193:Giles 2143:Bacon 2018:Cyril 1541:Media 1511:Index 1449:Music 1384:Islam 1360:Deism 1262:Braga 1216:Roman 1198:Rites 1179:Bible 851:Bible 843:Texts 826:Dogma 656:Merit 586:Queen 483:Limbo 240:Peter 213:Jesus 3361:ISBN 3169:and 3127:and 2937:and 2458:Vico 2448:Soto 2423:More 2218:Hugh 2178:Cusa 2148:Bede 2083:Paul 1087:Mass 769:Body 488:Hell 245:Paul 195:Mary 151:Pope 3476:". 2843:in 2722:In 1924:Neo 1419:Art 400:Son 377:God 60:or 3492:: 3375:^ 3340:^ 3192:. 3165:, 3061:. 3046:, 3042:, 2933:, 2891:, 2859:. 2729:, 1812:/ 1681:, 1644:on 153:: 3369:. 2711:e 2704:t 2697:v 1816:) 1808:( 1617:e 1610:t 1603:v 1466:) 1462:( 1362:/ 1281:: 1208:: 174:) 170:( 87:) 81:( 76:) 72:( 68:. 54:. 34:. 20:)

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