1016:
830:
1000:
554:
478:
246:
850:
570:
801:
690:
722:
459:
302:
789:
439:
266:
777:
586:
706:
981:
522:
506:
321:
761:
282:
1042:
491:
538:
41:
438:
873:
477:
923:. A four-centred arch is a low, wide type of arch with a pointed apex. Its structure is achieved by drafting two arcs that rise steeply from each springing point on a small radius, and then turning into two arches with a wide radius and much lower springing point. It is a pointed sub-type of the general flattened
431:
The reduction of thrust on supports that a pointed arch provided, as compared to a semicircular one with the same load and span, was quickly recognized by medieval
European builders. They achieved this at first through experimentation, but technical literature dating to the Renaissance indicates that
892:
had the great advantage of simplicity. Stone cutters, or hewers, could precisely draw the arc on the stone with a cord and a marker. This allowed arch stones to be cut at the quarry in quantity with great precision, then delivered and assembled at the site, where the layers put them together, with
643:
over the nave pressed down directly onto the walls, which had to be very thick, with few windows, to support the weight. In the rib vault, the thin stone ribs of the pointed arches distributed the weight outwards and downwards to the rows of pillars below. The result was that the walls could be
741:
The window in the form of a pointed arch is a common characteristic of the Gothic style. Windows sometimes were constructed in the classical form of a pointed arch, which is denominated an "equilateral arch", while others had more imaginative forms that combined various geometric forms (see
1015:
829:
663:. A new version was soon introduced, which reduced the number of compartments from six to four, distributed the weight equally to four pillars, eliminating the need for alternating columns and pillars, and allowed the vault to span a wider space. This quadripartite vault was used at
414:
in acknowledging the spread of Arabic architecture forms through Italy, Spain and France, yet suggesting an independent invention of the pointed shape in some cases. The change was supposedly driven by the observations of the collapses of semicircular arches, with the
123:
301:
999:
800:
245:
849:
655:, the vault had a transversal pointed arch, and was divided by the ribs into six compartments. It could only cross a limited amount of space, and required a system of alternating columns and pillars. This type was used in
458:
338:
The evolution of the pointed arch in
Islamic architecture was associated with increases between the centers of the circles forming the two sides of the arch (making the arch less "blunt" and more "sharp"), from
553:
483:
The dynamics of a rib vault, with outward and downward pressure from ribs balanced by columns and buttresses. The pieces can stand by themselves, without cement. (National Museum of French
Monuments, Paris)
1026:
689:
569:
970:
in London, (1840–1876) rebuilt after the earlier building was destroyed by a fire. In the 19th century, pointed arches appeared in varied structures, including the Gothic train station in
585:
788:
876:
Varieties of Gothic pointed arches: 1 - equilateral (with trefoil treatment), 2 - blunt, 3 - lancet, 4 - ogee, 5 - four-centred, 6 - curtain (inflexed), 7 - pointed horseshoe
265:
721:
980:
648:, the weight could be supported by curving columns outside the building, which meant that the Cathedrals could be even taller, with immense stained glass windows.
179:
The clearest surviving example of pre-islamic pointed archs are the two pointed archs of
Chytroi-Constantia Aqueduct in Cyprus dating back to the 7th century CE.
490:
114:. These allowed the construction of cathedrals, palaces and other buildings with dramatically greater height and larger windows which filled them with light.
423:
out. In this interpretation, the pointed arch was an attempt to strengthen the semicircular arch against a collapse by moving the crown up and haunches in.
683:
Portals of
Cathedrals in the Gothic period were usually in the form of a pointed arch, surrounded by sculpture, often symbolizing the entrance to heaven.
605:
In the 12th century, architects in Sicily, England and France discovered a new use for the pointed arch. They began using the pointed arch to create the
106:, but in the 12th century it came into use in France and England as an important structural element, in combination with other elements, such as the
521:
1041:
705:
320:
904:
the arches and windows often took on more elaborate forms, with tracery circles and multiple forms within forms. Some used a modification of the
537:
281:
505:
1646:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1483:
1358:
1329:
1302:
893:
the assurance that they would fit. The use of the equilateral triangle was given a theological explanation – the three sides represented the
760:
176:, with a pointed arch of 17 m (56 ft) span, making "the pre-Muslim origins of pointed architecture an unassailable contention".
145:
dated earlier than 2700 BC. The palace of
Nineveh also has pointed arched drains but they have no true keystone. There are many other
1184:
1587:
1568:
1263:
1238:
1196:
1605:
Warren, John (1991), "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the
Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture",
776:
1319:
1503:
1048:
1688:
840:
820:
807:
819:, had windows with pointed arches that occupied nearly all the space of the walls. Notable examples are the windows of
951:
83:, its form is derived from the intersection of two circles. This architectural element was particularly important in
1378:
1683:
236:
131:
1500:
609:, which they used to cover the naves of abbeys and cathedrals. One of the first Gothic rib vaults was built at
1021:
497:
469:
449:
633:
560:
403:
326:
170:
127:
99:
95:
986:
955:
445:
103:
1006:
967:
966:(1717–1797) from 1749 onward. It was usually used in churches and chapels, and later in the British
931:
909:
881:
614:
465:
311:
in Turkey, originally built by the Romans and rebuilt with a pointed arch in the 13th century by the
252:
228:
220:
200:
196:
192:
35:
644:
thinner and higher, and they could have large windows between the columns. With the addition of the
203:(late 7th to 9th centuries). The most advanced form of pointed arch in Islamic architecture was the
660:
626:
622:
576:
544:
272:
158:
84:
49:
31:
211:. Early examples include the portals of the Qubbat al-Sulaiybiyya, an octagonal pavilion, and the
1618:
885:
728:
668:
592:
350:
150:
146:
1638:
927:. Two of the most notable types are known as the Persian arch, which is moderately "depressed".
639:
in the construction of cathedrals, palaces, and other large structures. In a barrel vault, the
1642:
1593:
1583:
1564:
1545:
1526:
1507:
1479:
1354:
1346:
1325:
1298:
1259:
1234:
1192:
1162:
920:
901:
860:
816:
219:, built by the Abbasid caliphs in the 9th century for their new capital. It later appeared in
212:
204:
173:
1292:
1634:
1610:
1453:
1113:
696:
664:
652:
610:
512:
312:
308:
712:
672:
645:
382:
368:
154:
111:
354:
880:
The most common form of the Gothic pointed arch in windows and arches was based upon an
754:. Lancet windows were often grouped into sets, with two, three or four adjacent windows.
40:
1449:
1180:
990:
963:
924:
905:
656:
411:
232:
1677:
1052:
935:
747:
448:
of how different pointed arches can be made from a single curve of the compass. From
420:
188:
1455:
Specimens of Gothic
Architecture: Selected from Various Ancient Edifices in England
894:
636:
618:
528:
416:
122:
76:
1191:. Translated by Hillenbrand, Fritz; Bloom, Jonathan M. Routledge. pp. 35–36.
1494:
1114:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mesopotamian Archæology, by Percy S. P. Handcock"
950:, replaced by more classical forms, it reappeared in the 18th and 19th century,
947:
767:
432:
formulas for determining thrust may have been in use during the medieval period.
407:
166:
17:
141:
Crude arches pointed in shape have been discovered from the Bronze Age site of
959:
916:
856:
836:
750:, a tall and slender window with a pointed arch, which took its name from the
640:
292:
224:
88:
1597:
1166:
606:
288:
107:
45:
930:
The Tudor arch, which is flatter than the
Persian arch, was widely used in
452:""Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle"'
1387:
1349:. In Temple, Nicholas; Piotrowski, Andrzej; Heredia, Juan Manuel (eds.).
1032:
971:
208:
1150:
1666:
Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle
1622:
1347:"Herbert Baker, New Delhi and the reception of the classical tradition"
872:
330:
256:
216:
1294:
Indian
Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments
396:
142:
135:
91:
1614:
613:
in England (1135–1490). Others appeared in the deambulatory of the
1254:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
1229:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
1496:
French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
871:
751:
162:
121:
62:
39:
1351:
The Routledge Handbook on the Reception of Classical Architecture
1212:
1210:
1208:
794:
A Double-Lancet Window (about 1330) (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
946:
Though the Gothic pointed arch was largely abandoned during the
410:, is ascribed to the Islamic influence. Some researchers follow
187:
The pointed arch became an early feature of architecture in the
72:
855:
The Great Gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, an example of a
406:
during the second half of the 11th century, for example at
223:
in Egypt and became characteristic of the architecture of
1582:. Mémento Gisserot : histoire de l'art (in French).
79:
meet at an angle at the top of the arch. Also known as a
919:
of the Late Gothic style was a variation of the Islamic
94:. As a structural feature, it was first used in eastern
1185:"The Genesis of Islamic Art and the Problem of Mshatta"
888:
of the arch is equal to the arc radii). This so called
1256:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1231:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1096:
1094:
1629:
Woodman, Francis; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2003). "Arch".
1258:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 100.
1233:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
884:, in which the three sides have an equal length (the
464:
Gothic pointed windows, colonnades and vaults at the
427:
Gothic architecture – pointed arches and rib vaulting
1151:"Architectural Innovation in Early Byzantine Cyprus"
87:. The earliest use of a pointed arch dates back to
675:, and gave these structures unprecedented height.
1318:Mehrdad, Shokoohy; Shokoohy, Natalie E. (2020).
1374:
1372:
1370:
1345:Bandyopadhyay, Soumyen; Chauhan, Sagar (2019).
402:The appearance of the pointed arch in European
1578:Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2005).
651:In the earliest type of Gothic rib vault, the
625:in Sicily, (1131–1240). and the Cathedral of
8:
1400:
1085:
595:(begun 1225) (48.5 meters (159 ft) high
207:, which appeared in the architecture of the
169:, but also in engineering works such as the
1424:
1412:
1324:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 479.
1321:Bayana: The Sources of Mughal Architecture
1639:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t003657
1436:
1278:
1216:
1073:
1066:
976:
825:
756:
685:
496:An early sexpartite rib vault drawn by
434:
241:
1609:, vol. 8, Brill, pp. 59–65,
1542:Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques
1136:
1100:
810:occupy near all the walls. (1379–1480)
699:, the "Door of the Lions" (1226–1493)
183:Pointed arches – Islamic architecture
7:
1544:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
1005:Entrance to Victoria's Tower of the
157:examples, mostly evidenced in early
815:The late Gothic, also known as the
632:The rib vault quickly replaced the
444:Thirteenth-century illustration by
1580:Mémento Gisserot de l'architecture
1561:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
1189:Early Islamic Art and Architecture
25:
1149:Stewart, Charles Anthony (2014).
1040:
1014:
998:
979:
848:
828:
799:
787:
775:
759:
720:
704:
688:
584:
568:
552:
536:
520:
504:
489:
476:
457:
437:
319:
300:
280:
264:
244:
1187:. In Bloom, Jonathan M. (ed.).
806:Pointed windows of the nave of
1:
1022:New Peterhof railway station
841:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
821:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
808:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
271:Central prayer niche in the
255:arches of the city gates of
1633:. Oxford University Press.
1476:Les Racines des Cathédrales
1458:. Vol. 1–2. p. 3.
952:Gothic Revival architecture
746:). One common form was the
132:Chytroi-Constantia Aqueduct
1705:
1523:Caractéristique des Styles
1291:Burton-Page, John (2008).
934:, particularly during the
900:In the later years of the
743:
559:Chapel of Saint Firmin in
231:, the architecture of the
29:
1559:Petersen, Andrew (2002).
1525:(in French). Flammarion.
1474:Bechmann, Roland (2017).
1425:Renault & Lazé (2005)
1413:Renault & Lazé (2005)
621:in Normandy (1064–1178),
237:Indo-Islamic architecture
27:Arch with a pointed crown
1664:Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene.
1540:Mignon, Olivier (2015).
1501:University of California
1401:Woodman & Bloom 2003
1086:Woodman & Bloom 2003
531:in Normandy (1064–1178)
44:Pointed arches form the
1521:Ducher, Robert (1988).
1219:, pp. 25, 250–251.
942:Revival of pointed arch
835:Multiple arches of the
770:in Belgium (1214–1247)
561:Basilica of Saint-Denis
404:Romanesque architecture
327:Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
191:. It appeared in early
877:
617:in Paris (1140–1144),
547:in Sicily (1131–1240)
385:(744), and finally to
138:
100:Byzantine architecture
96:Christian architecture
53:
1563:. London: Routledge.
1388:Enciclopedia Treccani
1297:. Brill. p. 20.
1155:Architectural History
1009:, London (1840–1876)
987:Strawberry Hill House
956:Strawberry Hill House
875:
498:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
470:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
450:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
446:Villard de Honnecourt
313:Seljuk Turkish Sultan
275:in Cairo (876–879 CE)
125:
104:Sasanian architecture
43:
1478:(in French). Payot.
1007:Houses of Parliament
968:Houses of Parliament
932:English architecture
910:Islamic architecture
882:equilateral triangle
615:Abbey of Saint Denis
466:Abbey of Saint-Denis
287:Bibi-Khanym Mosque,
253:Abbasid architecture
229:Persian architecture
227:cultures, including
221:Fatimid architecture
201:Abbasid architecture
197:Umayyad architecture
195:, including in both
193:Islamic architecture
130:pointed arches from
36:Islamic architecture
1689:Gothic architecture
1493:Bony, Jean (1983).
1439:, pp. 207–215.
1385:by C. Ewert in the
1061:Notes and citations
958:, the residence in
661:Notre-Dame de Paris
627:Notre-Dame de Paris
577:Salisbury Cathedral
543:Vaulted ceiling of
273:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
85:Gothic architecture
50:Worcester Cathedral
32:Gothic architecture
962:, London built by
954:. It was used in
878:
729:Chartres Cathedral
727:Central portal of
669:Chartres Cathedral
593:Beauvais Cathedral
468:, Paris, drawn by
139:
54:
1684:Arches and vaults
1670:(in nine volumes)
1648:978-1-884446-05-4
1631:Oxford Art Online
1551:978-2-7373-6535-5
1532:978-2-08-011539-3
1513:978-0-520-02831-9
1485:978-2-228-90651-7
1360:978-1-351-69385-1
1331:978-1-4744-6075-0
1304:978-90-04-16339-3
1118:www.gutenberg.org
921:four-centred arch
902:flamboyant Gothic
861:Four-centred arch
817:Flamboyant Gothic
357:(712-715 AD), to
205:four-centred arch
174:Karamagara Bridge
16:(Redirected from
1696:
1669:
1652:
1625:
1601:
1574:
1555:
1536:
1517:
1489:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1427:, p. 34–35.
1422:
1416:
1415:, p. 34-35.
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1181:Herzefeld, Ernst
1177:
1171:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:, pp. 61–63
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1044:
1035:, Russia (1857)
1030:
1018:
1002:
983:
974:, Russia (1857).
908:, borrowed from
890:equilateral arch
852:
832:
803:
791:
779:
763:
724:
708:
697:Toledo Cathedral
692:
665:Amiens Cathedral
653:sexpartite vault
623:Cefalù Cathedral
611:Durham Cathedral
588:
572:
556:
545:Cefalù Cathedral
540:
524:
513:Durham Cathedral
508:
493:
480:
461:
441:
419:moving down and
394:
393:
389:
380:
379:
375:
366:
365:
361:
348:
347:
343:
333:Iran (1603–1619)
323:
309:Eurymedon Bridge
304:
284:
268:
248:
215:palace, both at
81:two-centred arch
21:
18:Two-centred arch
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1658:Further reading
1655:
1649:
1628:
1615:10.2307/1523154
1604:
1590:
1577:
1571:
1558:
1552:
1539:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1492:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1450:Pugin, Augustus
1448:
1447:
1443:
1437:Bechmann (2017)
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:, pp. 283.
1279:Petersen (2002)
1277:
1273:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1217:Petersen (2002)
1215:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1074:Bechmann (2017)
1072:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1049:Grace Cathedral
1045:
1036:
1024:
1019:
1010:
1003:
994:
989:, residence of
984:
944:
870:
863:
853:
844:
833:
811:
804:
795:
792:
783:
782:Lancet windows
780:
771:
764:
739:
732:
725:
716:
713:Reims Cathedral
711:West portal of
709:
700:
693:
681:
673:Reims Cathedral
646:flying buttress
603:
596:
589:
580:
575:Lady Chapel of
573:
564:
557:
548:
541:
532:
525:
516:
509:
500:
494:
485:
481:
472:
462:
453:
442:
429:
391:
387:
386:
383:Qasr Al-Mshatta
377:
373:
372:
369:Hammam as-Sarah
363:
359:
358:
345:
341:
340:
334:
324:
315:
305:
296:
285:
276:
269:
260:
249:
185:
159:church building
120:
112:flying buttress
75:with a pointed
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1626:
1602:
1588:
1575:
1569:
1556:
1550:
1537:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1490:
1484:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1366:
1359:
1337:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1283:
1271:
1264:
1246:
1239:
1221:
1204:
1197:
1172:
1141:
1129:
1105:
1090:
1088:, Two-centred.
1078:
1076:, p. 322.
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1004:
997:
995:
991:Horace Walpole
985:
978:
964:Horace Walpole
943:
940:
925:depressed arch
906:horseshoe arch
869:
866:
865:
864:
854:
847:
845:
834:
827:
813:
812:
805:
798:
796:
793:
786:
784:
781:
774:
772:
765:
758:
738:
735:
734:
733:
726:
719:
717:
710:
703:
701:
694:
687:
680:
677:
657:Sens Cathedral
602:
599:
598:
597:
590:
583:
581:
574:
567:
565:
558:
551:
549:
542:
535:
533:
526:
519:
517:
511:Rib vaults of
510:
503:
501:
495:
488:
486:
482:
475:
473:
463:
456:
454:
443:
436:
428:
425:
412:Viollet-le-Duc
371:(725-730), to
336:
335:
325:
318:
316:
306:
299:
297:
286:
279:
277:
270:
263:
261:
250:
243:
233:Timurid Empire
213:Qasr al-'Ashiq
184:
181:
119:
116:
110:and later the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1701:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:9782877477635
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1570:9780203203873
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1353:. Routledge.
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1265:9780195309911
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1240:9780195309911
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:9781351942584
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:, p. 10.
1102:
1101:Mignon (2015)
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1053:San Francisco
1050:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1001:
996:
993:(1749 onward)
992:
988:
982:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
941:
939:
938:(1485–1603),
937:
936:Tudor dynasty
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
891:
887:
883:
874:
867:
862:
858:
851:
846:
842:
838:
831:
826:
824:
822:
818:
809:
802:
797:
790:
785:
778:
773:
769:
762:
757:
755:
753:
749:
748:lancet window
745:
736:
730:
723:
718:
714:
707:
702:
698:
691:
686:
684:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
642:
638:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
594:
587:
582:
578:
571:
566:
563:(1140–1144)
562:
555:
550:
546:
539:
534:
530:
523:
518:
514:
507:
502:
499:
492:
487:
479:
474:
471:
467:
460:
455:
451:
447:
440:
435:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
384:
370:
356:
352:
332:
328:
322:
317:
314:
310:
303:
298:
294:
290:
283:
278:
274:
267:
262:
259:(9th century)
258:
254:
247:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:Islamic world
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
133:
129:
124:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
59:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1668:(in French).
1665:
1630:
1606:
1579:
1560:
1541:
1522:
1495:
1475:
1467:Bibliography
1454:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1386:
1383:(in Italian)
1350:
1340:
1320:
1313:
1293:
1286:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1188:
1175:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1081:
1069:
1055:(1910–1964)
1047:Interior of
945:
929:
914:
899:
895:Holy Trinity
889:
879:
823:(1379–1480)
814:
740:
682:
650:
637:barrel vault
631:
619:Lessay Abbey
604:
529:Lessay Abbey
430:
401:
355:Qusayr 'Amra
337:
186:
178:
140:
126:7th-century
118:Early arches
80:
68:
61:
58:pointed arch
57:
55:
1137:Warren 1991
1025: [
948:Renaissance
768:Aulne Abbey
731:(1194–1220)
715:(1211–1345)
579:(1220–1258)
515:(1135–1490)
408:Cluny Abbey
399:(861-862).
295:(1399–1404)
167:Mesopotamia
69:Gothic arch
52:(1084–1504)
1678:Categories
1403:, Pointed.
1123:2020-07-30
960:Twickenham
917:Tudor Arch
857:Tudor Arch
839:Gothic at
837:Flamboyant
695:Portal of
641:round arch
634:Romanesque
601:Rib vaults
293:Uzbekistan
225:Persianate
151:late Roman
149:examples,
89:bronze-age
46:rib vaults
30:See also:
1598:470449422
1183:(2016) .
1167:0066-622X
607:rib vault
591:Choir of
527:Choir of
289:Samarkand
251:Restored
171:Byzantine
155:Sassanian
128:Byzantine
108:rib vault
1607:Muqarnas
1452:(1821).
1161:: 1–29.
1033:Peterhof
972:Peterhof
766:Ruin of
421:haunches
209:Abbasids
1623:1523154
1391:, 1991
737:Windows
679:Portals
390:⁄
376:⁄
362:⁄
349:of the
344:⁄
331:Isfahan
257:Samarra
217:Samarra
1645:
1621:
1596:
1586:
1567:
1548:
1529:
1510:
1482:
1381:entry
1357:
1328:
1301:
1262:
1237:
1195:
1165:
744:#Forms
671:, and
397:Fustat
235:, and
143:Nippur
136:Cyprus
92:Nippur
71:is an
63:ogival
1619:JSTOR
1504:Press
1029:]
868:Forms
752:lance
417:crown
163:Syria
147:Greek
77:crown
67:, or
1643:ISBN
1594:OCLC
1584:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1379:arco
1355:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1163:ISSN
915:The
886:span
659:and
351:span
307:The
199:and
165:and
153:and
102:and
73:arch
65:arch
34:and
1635:doi
1611:doi
1051:in
859:or
843:.
395:in
381:in
367:in
353:in
161:in
48:of
1680::
1641:.
1617:,
1592:.
1506:.
1499:.
1369:^
1207:^
1159:57
1157:.
1153:.
1116:.
1093:^
1031:,
1027:ru
912:.
897:.
667:,
629:.
346:10
329:,
291:,
134:,
98:,
60:,
56:A
1651:.
1637::
1613::
1600:.
1573:.
1554:.
1535:.
1516:.
1488:.
1363:.
1334:.
1307:.
1268:.
1243:.
1201:.
1169:.
1126:.
392:3
388:1
378:5
374:1
364:6
360:1
342:1
239:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
