513:
abortions used short-term methods of contraceptives, such as condoms and contraceptive pills, which are less effective than long-acting contraceptives to which many do not have access. Secondly, due to the higher costs of raising a child in some geographic areas of
Vietnam, abortions have become more acceptable. Furthermore, the era of modernization and development of free-market reforms since the 1980s has led to a rise in premarital and unwanted pregnancy, and subsequently increased abortion services. Additionally, the Vietnamese government has insufficient alternatives to abortion within the family planning purposes and a lack of post-abortion contraceptive dialogues for families. Thus, experts have suggested providing more diverse, long-acting contraceptive alternatives and increasing counseling for families that have experienced an abortion as methods to decrease abortion in Vietnam.
420:
decide the details of enforcement. Depending on the specific location, district governments charged fines ranging from 60 to 800 kilograms of paddy rice, equivalent to the worth of a month to a year's wages, for each additional child, and additionally, women who agreed to be sterilized were given bonuses of 120 to 400 kilograms of rice. Individuals who did not use contraceptives sometimes had their names announced over the intercom system of the village to shame them into using them, whereas individuals who did could be selected to win the Labor Medal for "good realization of the population – family planning program". The government and large companies also regularly denied people who violated the policy of their salaries, promotions, and sometimes even their jobs.
500:
devices will be permitted to facilitate their use by everybody that needs them," the only modern contraceptive readily available in
Vietnam is the IUD. However, many women choose not to use it due to the side effects, such as increased bleeding, back and abdominal pains, headache, and general weakness. Thus, contraceptive use is low among women under the age of 25, and experts have speculated that "contraceptive use among young women might increase if temporary, easy-to-use methods, such as the pill and the condom, were more accessible. For the government to achieve its two-child policy, the survey committee recommends increased promotion of the commercial availability of the condom and the pill, and strengthening of the government family planning program."
403:
babies, the number of children and the duration between child births." However, shortly after, the government implemented the
National Strategy on Population 2001–2010, which again called for decreasing the fertility rate to the replacement level by 2005. This caused controversy as individuals protested the conflicting messages purported by the government in regards to their reproductive rights. To address this confusion, the government issued Resolution 47 in 2005 which stated that "to sustain high economic growth, Viet Nam needs to pursue a population control policy until it has become an industrialized country." However at this time, the population had already reached the goal of having a total fertility rate below the replacement level.
482:
not. Families with two daughters are twice as likely to have a third child than families with at least one son, presumably with the hopes that this one will be a boy. Furthermore, women who do not have any sons are around 15% less likely to use contraceptives than families who have at least one. There were also increased rates of "contraceptive failure" amongst couples who had a son, as families secretly removed an IUD to bypass the policy in hopes of having a son. This is consistent with findings from other East Asian countries in which son preference corresponds with a demand for fewer children so that families will have at least one son to maintain the ancestral line.
486:
sex ratios of males to females at birth are actually decreasing. On the other hand, some sources state that the impact of son preference varies by region of
Vietnam. In the north, there is a strong relationship between sex bias in fertility decisions and number of male births, while in the south, this relationship is nonexistent. However, mothers who pursue certain occupations, such as government cadres and farmers, are more likely to want a particular sex of child and have higher sex-ratio differences at birth. This reflects the pressure for government employees to adhere to the two-child limit, and the perceived necessity of males for manual labor in the farm.
610:"The policy and the exemption have received harsh criticism from a wide variety of sources since they were announced in 2015. One member of parliament called the exemption implementation 'inhumane and barbaric.' Feminists have pointed out the cuts disproportionately affect women. A coalition of the UK's largest Christian denominations and Jewish groups pointed out that the policy discriminates against people whose religion compels them to have larger families. A United Nations committee on children’s rights asked the British government to explain the policy last year, because of concerns about women having to somehow prove they were raped."
399:
government explicitly linked the family planning policy with "historical and cultural traditions, value structures and development objectives," encouraging a collectivist mindset in which individuals honor the needs of the nation above their own. The goal of the policy was to reduce the
Vietnamese fertility rate to the replacement level of 2.1 by 2015, so that the country could have a stable population in the mid-21st century. In 1997, the goal was accelerated to reach the replacement level by 2005, and the government subsequently integrated an increased use of abortion as a means to curb population growth.
360:
as China. The government used a system of information, education, communication (IEC) campaign and publicly accessible contraceptives to curb the population. After the reunification of North and South
Vietnam in 1975 under the Communist Party, there was a governmental effort to extend the policies of the North to the rest of Vietnam, which extended into the next decade. Though the government of the Republic of Vietnam adopted family planning in general as the official state policy, inadequate medical facilities prevented the policy from being effectively implemented.
156:, which first became a requirement for most couples in 1979) came of age for formation of the next generation, a single child would be left with having to provide support for their two parents and four grandparents. In response to this issue, by 2009 all provinces allowed couples to have two children if both parents were the only children of their parents themselves. After a policy change of the Chinese government in late 2013, most Chinese provinces further relaxed the policy in 2014 by allowing families to have two children if one of the parents is an only child.
149:(TFR), a technical term in demographic analysis meaning the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime.) Previously, the fine is so-called "social maintenance fee" and it is the punishment for the families who have more than one child. According to the policy, the families who violate the law may bring the burden to the whole society. Therefore, the social maintenance fee will be used for the operation of the basic government.
429:
one or two children, exceptional cases to be determined by the
Government." Thus, individuals have control over the timing and spacing of the births of their children but are still restricted in the number of children they are allowed to have. Furthermore, later that year, Chief Executive Trương Tấn San stressed the need for continued diligence in population control and stated that the population of Vietnam should be 100 million people by 2020, and suggested that a new comprehensive Law on Population be introduced to the government by 2015.
509:
of lower educational levels also have higher abortion rates. Vietnam also has some of the world's most liberal abortion laws, though the
Vietnamese government is aiming to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortion-related difficulties. Although sex-selective abortions were banned by the government in 2006, there is evidence that suggests that son preference is associated with a higher likelihood of repeat abortions, as women with no sons were significantly less likely to have a repeat abortion compared to women with one son.
532:
373:) Policy, which completely reversed the Communist Party economy to implement capitalistic market ideals. The aims of the Renovation Policy were to end Vietnam's economic isolation, increase competitiveness, and raise living standards. In an attempt to effectively develop the population socioeconomically and increase the standard of living within the population, the Vietnam government emphasized the need to contain birth rates. In 1988, the
585:, the then Chancellor, announced that child tax credits would be limited to the first two children only. This was to come into force from the 2017/2018 financial year and apply to children born after that date only. From February 2019 however the policy becomes retrospective. Families making a new benefit claim (or whose circumstances change) will have the 2-child policy applied to them irrespective of when their children were born.
416:
policy also changed. From 1961 to 1983, the population program fell under the
Population and Birth Control Unit. From 1984 to 2002, it was under the control of National Committee for Population and Family Planning. From 2003 to 2006, it was in the jurisdiction of the Vietnam Commission for Population, Family and Children. Since 2007, the population program has been under the General Office for Population and Family Planning.
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3561:
446:, high rates of contraceptive use and of induced abortion are plausible explanations for the decreased fertility rate. Furthermore, because of this policy, the population has fundamentally changed their ideas of the family. In 1988, the Inter-Censal Demographic and Health Survey found that parents wanted an average of 3.3 children, and in 1994, they found that the ideal number of children fell to 2.8.
597:"The form requires women wanting to be eligible for the exemption to sign a declaration saying they were raped or otherwise coerced into sex – and giving the child’s name. They must sign a declaration reading: 'I believe the non-consensual conception exemption applies to my child.' They must also sign another declaration that says: 'I confirm that I am not living with the other parent of this child.'"
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In 2003, the
Standing Parliamentary Committee of the National Assembly issued the highest legislative document on population titled the Population Ordinance, which restructured the official family planning policy. According to the ordinance, couples "shall have the right to decide on the time to have
212:
Chinese couples were also polled and stated that they would rather invest in one child opposed to two children. To add, another concern for couples would be the excessive costs of raising another child; China's childcare system needs to be further developed. The change in cultural norms appears to be
601:
That women must thereby identify the child in question (which is thought to be assigned a tax code created for this exemption), that first or second children conceived by rape do not count towards this exemption and that women who are still living with their abusers are not eligible are just some of
508:
Abortion rates in Vietnam are unusually high by international standards, with a total abortion rate of at least 2.5 abortions per woman. Generally, the abortion rate for young age groups is higher than older age groups due to a limited awareness of contraceptive methods and availability. Individuals
428:
Currently, the effective population policy is the revised 2009 Population Ordinance which states that "each couple and individual has the right and responsibility to participate in the campaigns on population and family planning, reproductive health care: (i) decide time and birth spacing; (ii) have
359:
and was more aligned with the United States and other Western nations. In 1963, North Vietnam began a policy advocating a two-child norm due to the sharp population increase of the largely poor and rural population. Vietnam's family planning policy was developed before those of other countries, such
208:
In China, men have greater marital power, which increases fertility pressure on their female partners. The dynamic of relationships (amount of "power" held by each parent), and the amount of resources each parent has contributes to the struggle for dominance. Resources would be items such as income,
485:
Despite the evidence for son preference, there is no clear evidence that Vietnam's sex ratio at birth is increasing, as seen in other East Asian countries, notably China, though evidence is conflicting depending on the source. In fact, according to the Vietnamese census data for 1989 and 1999, the
363:
In 1982, the Vietnam government practiced various family planning measures, including the allowance of use of abortion and the creation of the National Committee for Population and Family Planning. After 1983, each family was required to limit the number of children to two. In 1985, the government
481:
exists in Vietnam. Traditionally, men oversee and are responsible for household enterprises, managing agriculture, ancestral worship, and carrying on the family name. However, although the desire for a son is seen in the Vietnamese family's fertility practices, the desire for more than one son is
406:
In 2009, the Population Ordinance was amended to again restrict the number of children to be one or two children, although individuals were allowed to decide the timing and spacing of their births. The government is currently drafting a new Law on Population to replace the Population Ordinance in
382:
was implemented, and elements of China's policy are reflected in Vietnam's, such as the emphasis on marrying later, postponing childbearing age (22-years of age or older for women and 24-years of age or older for men), and spacing out birth of children (3–5 years apart). The state was required to
238:
from the early 1990s to late 2006. Iran's government "declared that Islam favoured families with only two children", as one historian put it. When the family planning program was initiated, Iran's Health Ministry launched a nationwide campaign and introduced contraceptives - pills, condoms, IUDs,
588:
The two-child policy took effect on 5 April 2017. One aspect of the new rules, termed the "rape clause" has caused controversy. Although the policy excludes all but the first two children from all available benefits, an exemption can be applied for if the conception of the third and any further
415:
The organizational structure of the two-child policy was housed under different governmental units since its conception in the 1960s. As the policy evolved from "Initiation in the 1960s–1970s; Maturity in the 1980s–1990s; and Legalization in the 2000s–2010s", the administration of the population
512:
There are multiple factors influencing Vietnam's high abortion rates. First, because women do not have access to contraceptive methods besides IUDs, whilst condoms remain expensive relative to average income, as a result many do not use effective birth control. Women who have undergone multiple
499:
Although the policy states that "the state will supply, free of charge, birth control devices... to eligible persons who are cadres, manual workers, civil servants or members of the armed forces... and poor persons who register to practice family planning... The widespread sale of birth control
419:
Although the policy was advocated on the national level, the central government did not utilize specific fines or incentives, instead delegating implementation responsibilities to local governments. Each family was required to have at most two children, and local governments were responsible to
123:
in Hong Kong is currently 1.04 children per woman, one of the lowest in the world. Although the "Two is Enough" campaign found widespread approval, it does not reflect current government policy in supporting families. Tax allowances of 100,000 HK$ per child can be claimed for up to 9 children.
398:
In 1993, the Vietnamese government issued the first formalization for the unified Vietnam of the one-to-two child policy as a mandatory national policy. The policy combined advertisements and education to promote a smaller family "so people may enjoy a plentiful and happy life." The Vietnamese
73:
As Egypt faces overpopulation and high densities, the city of Cairo initiated a family planning campaign known as “Two is Enough” in 2017 to encourage Egyptian families to have no more than two children. By April 2021 the program managed to refer 853,643 women to family planning clinics.
159:
Han Chinese living in rural areas were often permitted to have two children, as exceptions existed if the first child was a daughter. Because of cases such as these, as well as urban couples who simply paid a fine (or "social maintenance fee") to have more children, the overall
204:
After the reform, China saw a short-lived boost in fertility rate for 2016. Chinese women gave birth to 17.9 million babies in 2016 (a record value in the 21st century), but the number of births declined by 3.5% to 17.2 million in 2017, and to 15.2 million in 2018.
243:
also stated that Iran's contraceptive policy made sense 20 years ago, "but its continuation in later years was wrong ... Scientific and experts studies show that we will face population aging and reduction (in population) if the birth-control policy continues."
377:
issued an in-depth family planning policy, adding additional restrictions beyond the previous restriction of keeping the maximum number of children per household to two. The detailed one-or-two-child policy of Vietnam was established nine years after China's
209:
and health insurance. Dominance would be described as who has the final say in pregnancy, who must resign in their career for maternal/parental leave. However, women have shown interest in a second child if the first child did not possess the desired gender.
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5191:
194:
In 2018, about two years after the new policy reform, China is facing new ramifications from the two-child policy. Since the revision of the one-child policy, 90 million women have become eligible to have a second child. According to
114:
services to the general public of Hong Kong. In the 1970s due to the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two is Enough" campaign, which reduced the general birth rate through educational means. The organization founded the
5304:
5099:
395:) and to provide facilities for individuals who are eligible for abortions. Furthermore, if families did not comply with the two-child policy, they were required to pay high fees and were unable to move into urban centers.
142:
and the strain it placed on the nation were large factors. During this time, the birth rate dropped from nearly 6 children per woman to just under 3. (The colloquial term "births per woman" is usually formalized as the
454:
5211:
4634:
216:
In May 2018, it was reported that Chinese authorities were in the process of ending their population control policies. In May 2021, the Chinese government announced it would scrap the two-child policy in favour of a
239:
implants, tubal ligations, and more. Starting in 2006, the government's population control policy changed when Ahmadinejad called for reversal of Iran's existing policy of "two children is enough" and later in 2012
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4106:
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Ngo, Thoai D.; Keogh, Sarah; Nguyen, Thang H.; Le, Hoan T.; Pham, Kiet H. T.; Nguyen, Yen B.T. (June 2014). "Risk factors for repeat abortion and implications for addressing unintended pregnancy in Vietnam".
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Furthermore, parents who have fallen into hardship can apply for special assistance from the state. This is a means-tested financial benefit, which is not limited to a particular number of children either.
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The total fertility rate in Vietnam dropped from 5.6 in 1979 to 3.2 by 1993, suggesting the two-child policy was successful in containing the population growth. According to one demographic model, the
3777:
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187:. The new policy allowing Chinese couples to have two children was proposed to help address the ageing issue in China. On 27 December 2015, the new law was passed in the session of the
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Johansson, Annika; Le, Thi Nham Tuyet; Nguyen, Lap; Kajsa, Sundstrom (September 1996). "Abortion in Context: Women's Experience in Two Villages in Thai Binh Province, Vietnam".
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461:, the number found was lower at 2.3. Another study, published in the Worldwide State of the Family in 1995 by Tran Xuan Nhi, found a contrasting finding that the
44:
in the 1970s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit (although it was not mandated by law), and it was used as part of the region's
5181:
5064:
5030:
5020:
4926:
566:'s proposed policy of only paying child benefit for the first two children of unemployed parents was described as a 'two-child policy', and was fronted by the
201:, the new two-child policy may have negative implications on gender roles, with new expectations for women to bear more children and to abandon their careers.
213:
having negative consequences and leads to fear of a large aging population with smaller younger generations; thus the lack of workforce to drive the economy.
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received calls to scrap the policy but declined as a result of financial reasons, and suspended seven Labour MPs who voted in favour of scrapping it.
457:
found that the average number in household was 3.1 in 1998. In another study conducted by the America-based non-profit, non-governmental organization
164:
of mainland China is, in fact, closer to two children per family than to one child per family (1.8). In addition, since 2012, Han Chinese in southern
893:
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and continues in a modified form today, throughout all of Vietnam (not just the north). The policy emphasizes the official family-size goal to be
323:
In 2014, Vietnam had an estimated population of 92.5 million people, which represented 1.28% of the total world population. As of 2020, the
2571:
Belanger, Daniele; Khuat, Thi Hai Oanh; Liu, Jianye; Le, Thanh Thuy; Pham, Viet Thanh (2003). "Are Sex Ratios at Birth Increasing in Vietnam?".
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Zamora López, Francisco, and Cristina Rodríguez Veiga. "From One Child to Two: Demographic Policies in China and their Impact on Population."
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1992:
364:
increased incentives, such as contraceptives and abortion acceptors, and disincentives, such as penalties for violations in family planning.
331:
of 2.1, the rate "at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next" according to the World Resources Institute.
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to mitigate the country's falling birth rates. In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.
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2943:
1122:"计生委新闻发言人:11%以上人口可生两个孩子 (English: "Spokesperson of the one-child policy committee: 11% or more of the population may have two children)"
25:
is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children.
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Allman, James; Vu, Qui Nhan; Nguyen, Minh Thang; Pham, Bich San (September 1991). "Fertility and Family Planning in Vietnam".
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138:
From 1979 until 2015, Chinese citizens were generally permitted to have only one child, with certain exceptions. The ongoing
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4771:
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Pham, Bang Nguyen (2014). "The Demographic Transition and Implications for the New Law on Population in Vietnam".
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2015. However, there is disagreement between policy makers and academics on what should be included in the law.
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Searchinger, Tim; Hanson, Craig; Waite, Richard; Lipinski, Brian; Leeson, George; Harper, Sarah (8 July 2013).
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1524:"Women's Fertility Autonomy in Urban China: The Role of Couple Dynamics Under the Universal Two-Child Policy"
1376:"China officially ends one-child policy, signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children"
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Edwards, S. (September 1992). "In Vietnam, Contraceptive Awareness High, Use Low Despite Two-Child Policy".
2018:
Reproductive Rights in a Global Context: South Africa, Uganda, Peru, Denmark, United States, Vietnam, Jordan
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340:
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184:
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Freeman, Donald (April 1996). "Doi Moi Policy and the Small-Enterprise Boom in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam".
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were allowed to have two children. This, along with incentives and restrictions against higher Muslim
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Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia
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Iran authorities encouraged families in Iran not to have more than two children when conducting
3000:"Population Planning after the One-Child Policy: Shifting Modes of Political Steering in China"
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Guilmoto, Christophe Z. (March 2012). "Son Preference, Sex Selection, and Kinship in Vietnam".
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Goodkind, Daniel (December 1994). "Abortion in Vietnam: Measurements, Puzzles, and Concerns".
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1324:"News Analysis: Two-child policy calls for better public services - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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the aspects of the rape clause that caused widespread condemnation. Ruth Graham, writing for
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2538:
2488:
2407:
2377:
2339:
2260:
2208:
2134:
2055:
1877:
1535:
1186:
1085:
648:
603:
466:
379:
272:
153:
53:
2883:"Tax credits: what are they, who claims them, and why is everyone so angry about the cuts?"
1015:
593:
of the claimant. A woman wishing to claim this exemption must fill in an eight-page form:
5873:
5810:
5744:
5686:
5554:
5238:
4997:
4519:
4436:
4416:
4396:
4296:
4145:
3529:
3290:
1654:
1397:
1276:
1121:
1054:
966:
945:
674:
635:
268:
183:
reported the change in the existing law to a two-child policy citing a statement from the
45:
5704:
581:
denied any such plans to cut child benefits or tax credits. However, three months later,
221:, allowing couples to have three children to mitigate the country's falling birth rates.
2970:"This Cruel New U.K. Policy Punishes Women for Having More Than Two Children 378 69 618"
2130:
1984:
1012:
Social Welfare Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
545:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
4546:
4441:
4341:
4269:
3534:
2944:"The 'rape rule' for tax credits tramples the rights of children it's meant to protect"
582:
478:
161:
1191:
1174:
6096:
6069:
5784:
5603:
5571:
5566:
5534:
4529:
4484:
4464:
4286:
4061:
3273:
3222:
3041:
2542:
2351:
2261:
1547:
1523:
1300:
1107:
578:
352:
344:
313:
197:
111:
107:
1647:
1208:
838:""Two is enough!" – Egypt intends to limit the number of children to two per family"
6081:
6064:
4222:
4217:
4205:
4165:
4150:
3838:
3322:
2813:
1040:
623:
3793:
3015:
1539:
1224:"Most Chinese provincial areas relax one-child policy - China - Chinadaily.com.cn"
1090:
1073:
5439:
2903:
2343:
2235:"Resolution of 1993 on Policy Concerning the Population and Family Planning Work"
894:"Egypt's 'Two is Enough' project refers 853,643 women to family planning clinics"
771:
5899:
5858:
5825:
5593:
5586:
4812:
4336:
4291:
4160:
4133:
3205:
2999:
2381:
2797:
1977:
643:– Authorities in India unsuccessfully attempted to implement a two-child policy
343:
along the 17th parallel with separate governments and policies in each region.
6059:
5759:
5749:
5681:
5056:
4401:
3673:
3090:
1868:
Goodkind, Daniel (March 1995). "Vietnam's One-or-Two-Child Policy in Action".
1379:
677:, a young adult science fiction series about a society with a two-child policy
653:
3033:
1843:
1601:
1099:
864:"Egypt parliament mulls financial incentives for two-child policy | Amr Emam"
469:
experienced only a slight change, dipping from 4.8 to 4.7 from 1989 to 1994.
5848:
5736:
5576:
4524:
4170:
3260:
812:"China scraps fines, will let families have as many children as they'd like"
450:
443:
294:
99:
33:
2805:
2550:
1200:
959:
28:
A two-child policy has previously been used in several countries including
3216:
2731:
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
2715:
2508:
2075:
5820:
5764:
5621:
5581:
4807:
4056:
3332:
3255:
2411:
1648:
Prospects for Ahmadinejad’s Call for More Rapid Population Growth in Iran
1125:
165:
3024:
4351:
4301:
4081:
2917:"Government under fire over new child tax credit form for rape victims"
2707:
2665:
2630:
2592:
2500:
2220:
2067:
1889:
1498:"China's Debate Over a Shrinking Birth Rate Highlights Growth Concerns"
1394:"China: 1 child policy ends officially, bill allowing 2nd child signed"
919:"5.5M door-to-door visits carried out as part of 'Two Enough' campaign"
388:
305:
264:
169:
37:
2729:
Nguyen, Thanh Binh (January 2012). "Abortion in Present Day Vietnam".
2146:
1354:"Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children"
308:
has had a population policy for over 50 years. It was launched by the
5626:
5153:
4175:
3237:
2199:
Council of Ministers (March 1989). "Vietnam's New Fertility Policy".
1863:
1861:
1281:
2699:
2657:
2622:
2584:
2492:
2212:
2059:
1881:
2138:
455:
United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific
2304:
2302:
49:
2829:"Two-child benefits policy targets the strivers in low-paid jobs"
2398:
Wisensale, Steven (2000). "Family Policy in a Changing Vietnam".
297:, the two-child policy until the 1980s was called "Stop at Two".
5259:
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
715:"China Says It Will Allow Couples to Have 3 Children, Up From 2"
590:
29:
5443:
4616:
3797:
3579:
3063:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1842:
Pham, Bang Nguyen; Hill, Peter S; Hall, Wayne; Rao, Chalapati.
1761:"Myanmar minister backs two-child policy for Rohingya minority"
453:
model utilized and on the particular research study cited. The
191:, which governs country's laws, effective from 1 January 2016.
2263:
World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact
1562:"No Easing of Two-Child Policy, Official Says - Caixin Global"
525:
3059:
1296:"The government in Xinjiang is trying to limit Muslim births"
16:
Population-control policies in some countries and territories
2604:
2602:
2158:
2156:
1951:
1949:
1589:"China to scrap family planning rules as birthrate dwindles"
1074:"Low fertility and concurrent birth control policy in China"
743:"China announces three-child policy in a major policy shift"
2368:
Haughton, Jonathan (1997). "Falling Fertility in Vietnam".
1417:"China's two-child policy may exacerbate gender inequality"
106:
in 1950. The organization provides family planning advice,
2778:
2776:
2774:
279:
described the policy as a human rights violation in 2013.
48:
strategies. From 2016 to 2021, it had been implemented in
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2904:"rape clause"/ What is the rape clause?, October 9, 2019
1473:"China's birth rate falls to its lowest rate since 1961"
172:
fertility, was seen as attempt to counter the threat of
102:, the Eugenics League was founded in 1936, which became
1846:. School of Population Health, University of Queensland
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1660:"Ahmadinejad urges Iranian baby boom to challenge west"
939:
History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
449:
However, the reported findings differ depending on the
327:
of Vietnam is approximately 2.0, which is close to the
3454:
International Conference on Population and Development
2426:"An Overview of Population and Development in Vietnam"
1686:"Iran urges baby boom, slashes birth-control programs"
960:
History of International Planned Parenthood Federation
119:, with its counterparts in seven other countries. The
5276:
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
1734:"Burma's Bluff on the Two-Child Policy for Rohingyas"
1005:"A GUIDE TO COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE"
606:, summarises the issues surrounding this new policy:
3778:
List of administrative divisions by infant mortality
2786:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2363:
2361:
2021:(1 ed.). Vanderbilt University Press. pp.
6039:
6008:
5935:
5887:
5839:
5803:
5735:
5695:
5645:
5602:
5553:
5527:
5477:
5295:
5226:
5152:
5054:
4996:
4940:
4912:
4821:
4790:
4739:
4684:
4654:
4450:
4238:
3901:
3831:
3770:
3739:
3708:
3687:
3666:
3638:
3614:
3507:
3432:
3384:
3363:
3246:
3192:
3143:
3097:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
1759:Marshall, Jason Szep, Andrew R. C. (11 June 2013).
5197:Health expenditure by country by type of financing
3622:National Population and Family Planning Commission
2393:
2391:
2163:Bruun, Ole; Jacobsen, Michael (2 September 2000).
1976:
1587:
1149:"China's 'one-child' rethink marks symbolic shift"
1055:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
564:Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government
2755:Abortion in Asia: Local Dilemmas, Global Politics
2470:
2468:
2466:
934:
932:
5270:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
3050:Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas
2748:
2746:
2744:
1844:"The Evolution of Population Policy in Viet Nam"
2915:Walker, Peter; Butler, Patrick (6 April 2017).
2856:"What is Iain Duncan Smith's two-child policy?"
1800:"Burma: Revoke 'Two-Child Policy' For Rohingya"
1636:Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran
793:"China to allow three children for all couples"
367:In 1986, the Party implemented the Renovation (
152:As China's youngest generation (born under the
5264:Programme for International Student Assessment
3721:List of administrative divisions by population
3626:National Health and Family Planning Commission
2998:Alpermann, Björn; Zhan, Shaohua (4 May 2019).
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2087:
2085:
1072:Jiang, Quanbao; Liu, Yixiao (1 October 2016).
5455:
4628:
3809:
3747:List of administrative divisions by sex ratio
3591:
3075:
2295:, The Standing Committee of National Assembly
1447:"China is in a muddle over population policy"
189:National People's Congress Standing Committee
8:
5167:Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
1784:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
979:"Amount of Allowance for the Latest 7 years"
570:and former leader of the Conservative Party
104:The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
6031:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
6016:Birth control movement in the United States
3479:United Nations world population conferences
2370:Population Studies: A Journal of Demography
1522:Qian, Yue; Jin, Yongai (21 February 2018).
1041:"one-child policy - Definition & Facts"
1014:. Social Welfare Department. Archived from
955:
953:
766:
764:
444:Bongaarts' model of components of fertility
383:supply free birth control devices (such as
271:have been subjected to two-child policies.
117:International Planned Parenthood Federation
5869:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
5462:
5448:
5440:
5212:Total healthcare spending as % of GDP
5192:Percentage suffering from undernourishment
4635:
4621:
4613:
3816:
3802:
3794:
3598:
3584:
3576:
3392:Population and housing censuses by country
3082:
3068:
3060:
2646:International Family Planning Perspectives
2611:International Family Planning Perspectives
1929:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)"
339:From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was split into
4327:Environmental issues in the United States
3023:
1270:New rich challenge family planning policy
1190:
1089:
5315:Official Development Assistance received
4312:Effects of climate change on agriculture
3115:Estimates of historical world population
568:Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
351:and had a communist government, whereas
1958:"Achieving Replacement Level Fertility"
1708:"Burmese Muslims given two-child limit"
702:
5287:World Intellectual Property Indicators
4317:Effects of climate change on livestock
2167:. Psychology Press. pp. 161–180.
1777:
1517:
1515:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1243:"China Sticking With One-Child Policy"
787:
785:
465:only dropped slightly and the size of
5177:Infant and under-five mortality rates
2479:(1995). "Son Preference in Vietnam".
2400:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
589:children occurred as a result of the
7:
4571:
4427:Tropical cyclones and climate change
3548:
1175:"China relaxes its one-child policy"
737:
735:
708:
706:
5389:Number of billionaires (US dollars)
5384:Number of millionaires (US dollars)
5207:Total health expenditure per capita
5090:Ethnic and cultural diversity level
4460:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
3484:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
2827:Ramesh, Randeep (25 October 2012).
1147:Patti Waldmeir (15 November 2013).
320:which means "one or two children."
52:, replacing the country's previous
4927:Past and future population density
1586:Beijing, Didi Tang (22 May 2018).
1360:. 27 December 2015. Archived from
14:
5725:self-report sexual risk behaviors
4107:pharmaceuticals and personal care
3376:Population and Development Review
2942:Rustin, Susanna (17 March 2017).
2854:Grice, Andrew (26 October 2012).
2531:Population and Development Review
2201:Population and Development Review
1870:Population and Development Review
134:Family planning policies of China
5795:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
5347:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
4582:
4581:
4570:
4258:decline in amphibian populations
3963:Deforestation and climate change
3560:
3559:
3547:
3424:Population concern organizations
3130:Projections of population growth
2881:Bennett, Asa (26 October 2015).
2543:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00471.x
1983:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1975:Langguth, A.J. (12 March 2002).
1658:Tait, Robert (23 October 2006).
1638:, Free Press, 2000, 2005 (p.282)
1471:Leng, Sidney (21 January 2019).
530:
289:Population planning in Singapore
5915:Sexually transmitted infections
4392:Land surface effects on climate
3849:Environmental impact assessment
3825:Human impact on the environment
3700:Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei
3525:Human impact on the environment
3459:Population Action International
2459:, Worldwide State of the Family
1714:. Associated Press. 25 May 2013
836:Bletry, Nadia (15 April 2019).
6103:Birth control law and case law
5471:Sexual and reproductive health
5423:List of international rankings
5249:International Innovation Index
5172:HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
3474:United Nations Population Fund
2968:Graham, Ruth (10 April 2017).
2259:May, John F. (30 March 2012).
2239:Hanoi Voice of Vietnam Network
2015:Knudsen, Lara (30 June 2006).
1979:Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975
810:Cheng, Evelyn (21 July 2021).
349:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1:
5282:Tertiary education attainment
4263:decline in insect populations
3016:10.1080/10670564.2018.1542218
3004:Journal of Contemporary China
2293:Population Ordinance (6/2003)
1540:10.1080/21620555.2018.1428895
1192:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62544-1
1091:10.1080/1081602X.2016.1213179
985:. The Government of Hong Kong
665:Population Control Bill, 2019
56:, until it was replaced by a
5895:Disorders of sex development
5394:Percentage living in poverty
5305:Access to financial services
2344:10.1080/17441730.2014.955162
1241:Yardley, Jim (11 May 2008).
713:Wee, Sui-Lee (31 May 2021).
661:(family limitation campaign)
5905:Reproductive system disease
4932:Person-to-arable land ratio
3499:World Population Foundation
3489:World Population Conference
3402:World population milestones
2430:Population Reference Bureau
2382:10.1080/0032472031000149916
1904:"Vietnam Population (Live)"
1528:Chinese Sociological Review
1500:. Bloomberg. 3 January 2019
670:Population history of China
459:Population Reference Bureau
329:replacement-level fertility
6136:
5864:Obstetrics and gynaecology
5234:Bloomberg Innovation Index
5162:Antidepressant consumption
4834:World population estimates
4829:Past and future population
3731:National Population Census
3630:National Health Commission
3371:Population and Environment
2798:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.11.014
2753:Whittaker, Andrea (2012).
2688:Studies in Family Planning
2481:Studies in Family Planning
2048:Studies in Family Planning
438:Reduction of the birthrate
286:
256:
131:
91:
5780:Pregnant patients' rights
5545:Pre-conception counseling
5502:Abortion-rights movements
5417:
5379:Share of income of top 1%
4676:Demographics of the world
4565:
4500:Environmental engineering
4347:Environmental degradation
4124:fishing down the food web
3543:
3281:Human population planning
3105:Demographics of the world
1962:World Resources Institute
1078:The History of the Family
691:Human population planning
539:This article needs to be
495:Inadequate contraceptives
94:Demographics of Hong Kong
5666:Gamete Cryopreservation
5512:Circumcision controversy
5492:Compulsory sterilization
5227:Education and innovation
4505:Environmental mitigation
4362:Greenhouse gas emissions
4322:Environmental insecurity
3607:Family planning policies
3286:Compulsory sterilization
2332:Asian Population Studies
1653:29 November 2008 at the
1477:South China Morning Post
641:Family planning in India
6026:Social hygiene movement
5879:Transgender health care
5332:Human Development Index
5244:Global Innovation Index
5182:Maternal mortality rate
4757:Commonwealth of Nations
4552:Sustainable consumption
3893:Social ecology (ethics)
3609:and population of China
3228:Malthusian growth model
2885:. London: The Telegraph
2310:"Ordinance No. 08/2008"
477:There is evidence that
341:North and South Vietnam
236:family planning in Iran
185:Chinese Communist Party
5854:Genitourinary medicine
5657:In vitro fertilization
5612:Hormonal contraception
5497:Contraceptive security
5310:Development aid donors
4948:Population growth rate
4495:Ecological engineering
4275:runaway climate change
3695:Childless Hundred Days
3355:Zero population growth
3350:Sustainable population
3274:Malthusian catastrophe
3233:Overshoot (population)
3110:Demographic transition
1666:. London: The Guardian
1623:History of Modern Iran
965:13 August 2009 at the
772:"China to allow three"
612:
599:
433:Effects of this policy
312:in the early 1960s in
5517:Intersex human rights
5070:Age at first marriage
4958:Net reproduction rate
4904:Population milestones
4686:Continents/subregions
4648:population statistics
3878:List of global issues
3464:Population Connection
3328:Mere addition paradox
3167:Physiological density
2267:. Springer. pp.
1228:www.chinadaily.com.cn
944:27 March 2009 at the
620:2024 general election
608:
595:
562:In October 2012, the
473:Sex-based differences
310:Vietnamese government
6113:Human overpopulation
6075:tax on childlessness
5831:Genital modification
5755:Unintended pregnancy
5487:Reproductive Justice
5120:Number of households
5105:Linguistic diversity
5100:Immigrant population
5046:past life expectancy
4480:Community resilience
4280:in the United States
4248:Biodiversity threats
3921:cannabis cultivation
3888:Planetary boundaries
3854:Environmental issues
3844:Ecological footprint
3494:World Population Day
3449:Church of Euthanasia
3338:Non-identity problem
3313:Political demography
3269:Human overpopulation
3052:172 (2020): 141-160
2475:Haughton, Jonathan;
2412:10.3138/jcfs.31.1.79
1566:www.caixinglobal.com
1364:on 28 December 2015.
1021:on 27 September 2017
681:Tax on childlessness
463:total fertility rate
375:Council of Ministers
325:total fertility rate
179:On 29 October 2015,
146:Total Fertility Rate
121:total fertility rate
5775:Pregnancy from rape
5632:Intrauterine device
5354:Human Poverty Index
5342:inequality-adjusted
5327:Irrigated land area
5065:Age at childbearing
4988:Past fertility rate
4542:Restoration ecology
4475:Climate engineering
4412:Ocean acidification
4402:Loss of green belts
4372:Holocene extinction
4367:Habitat destruction
4042:Environmental crime
3679:Shidu (bereavement)
3343:Reproductive rights
3174:Population dynamics
3125:Population momentum
2477:Haughton, Dominique
2131:1996GeoRv..86..178F
2119:Geographical Review
1400:. 27 December 2015.
1382:. 27 December 2015.
1173:Ouyang, Y. (2013).
799:. 29 February 2020.
659:Pledge two or fewer
393:birth control pills
357:Republic of Vietnam
140:Cultural Revolution
6118:Population ecology
6021:History of condoms
5910:Sexual dysfunction
5816:Sexual orientation
5770:Options counseling
5617:Male contraception
5540:Genetic counseling
5115:Net migration rate
5095:Ethnic composition
4914:Population density
4791:Cities/urban areas
4664:Current population
4644:Lists of countries
4557:Waste minimization
4515:Mitigation banking
4510:Industrial ecology
4470:Cleaner production
4422:Resource depletion
3958:Corporate behavior
3916:animal agriculture
3757:Female infanticide
3726:Population history
3658:Three-child policy
3469:Population Matters
3184:Population pyramid
3162:Population density
3157:Population decline
2757:. Berghahn Books.
2457:Vietnam's families
1804:Human Rights Watch
1738:Human Rights Watch
1664:Guardian Unlimited
1634:Sciolino, Elaine,
1358:Xinhua News Agency
1334:on 31 October 2015
1328:news.xinhuanet.com
1275:2007-10-15 at the
1248:The New York Times
898:dailynewsegypt.com
874:on 5 December 2021
778:. 29 October 2018.
719:The New York Times
686:Three-child policy
618:'s victory in the
504:Increased abortion
385:intrauterine loops
277:Human Rights Watch
241:Ayatollah Khamenei
219:three-child policy
58:three-child policy
6090:
6089:
5790:Teenage pregnancy
5507:Genital integrity
5437:
5436:
5409:Wealth inequality
5404:Unemployment rate
4941:Growth indicators
4803:National capitals
4610:
4609:
4432:Water degradation
4307:Ecological crisis
4253:biodiversity loss
4052:Industrialisation
4037:Genetic pollution
3883:Impact assessment
3791:
3790:
3573:
3572:
3444:7 Billion Actions
3318:Population ethics
3211:Carrying capacity
3120:Population growth
2764:978-0-85745-795-0
2278:978-94-007-2836-3
2174:978-0-7007-1212-0
2032:978-0-8265-1528-5
1994:978-0-7432-1231-1
1304:. 7 November 2015
1185:(9907): e28–e30.
572:Iain Duncan Smith
560:
559:
318:một hoặc hai con,
259:Rohingya genocide
174:Uyghur separatism
42:British Hong Kong
6125:
6108:One-child policy
6052:Two-child policy
6047:One-child policy
5927:Gender dysphoria
5464:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5428:Lists by country
5139:Urban population
5080:Dependency ratio
4968:Number of deaths
4963:Number of births
4953:Natural increase
4740:Intercontinental
4637:
4630:
4623:
4614:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4407:Phosphorus cycle
4387:Land consumption
4382:Land degradation
4357:Freshwater cycle
4156:Overexploitation
4129:marine pollution
3936:cocoa production
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3653:Two-child policy
3648:One-child policy
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3550:
3520:Green Revolution
3301:Two-child policy
3296:One-child policy
3219:
3179:Population model
3135:World population
3084:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3045:
3027:
3010:(117): 348–366.
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2455:Nhi, Tran Xuan,
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:on 1 August 2015
2432:. Archived from
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2196:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1839:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1330:. Archived from
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1292:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1093:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1061:. 15 March 2022.
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
969:
957:
948:
936:
927:
926:
925:. 18 March 2021.
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
870:. Archived from
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
807:
801:
800:
789:
780:
779:
768:
759:
758:
756:
754:
739:
730:
729:
727:
725:
710:
649:One-child policy
555:
552:
546:
534:
533:
526:
467:nuclear families
380:one-child policy
273:Aung San Suu Kyi
154:one-child policy
54:one-child policy
23:two-child policy
6135:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6035:
6004:
5977:United Kingdom
5931:
5883:
5874:Sexual medicine
5835:
5811:Gender identity
5799:
5745:Maternal health
5731:
5691:
5687:fertility fraud
5648:
5641:
5598:
5549:
5523:
5473:
5468:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5413:
5369:Income equality
5322:Employment rate
5291:
5239:Education Index
5222:
5217:Body mass index
5148:
5050:
4998:Life expectancy
4992:
4936:
4922:Current density
4908:
4822:Past and future
4817:
4786:
4735:
4680:
4650:
4641:
4611:
4606:
4561:
4520:Organic farming
4446:
4437:Water pollution
4417:Ozone depletion
4397:Loss and damage
4297:Desertification
4234:
4146:Overconsumption
4067:cleaning agents
3968:Energy industry
3931:meat production
3897:
3827:
3822:
3792:
3787:
3766:
3735:
3704:
3683:
3662:
3634:
3610:
3604:
3574:
3569:
3539:
3503:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3380:
3359:
3308:Overconsumption
3291:Family planning
3248:
3242:
3215:
3199:
3196:
3188:
3150:
3147:
3139:
3093:
3088:
2997:
2994:
2992:Further reading
2989:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2860:The Independent
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2782:
2781:
2772:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2700:10.2307/2137878
2685:
2684:
2673:
2658:10.2307/2950750
2643:
2642:
2638:
2623:10.2307/2133412
2608:
2607:
2600:
2585:10.2307/3246604
2570:
2569:
2558:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2493:10.2307/2138098
2474:
2473:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2213:10.2307/1973424
2198:
2197:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2060:10.2307/1966685
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1995:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1882:10.2307/2137414
1867:
1866:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1655:Wayback Machine
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:, (2008), p.184
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1398:Hindustan Times
1392:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1277:Wayback Machine
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
977:
976:
972:
967:Wayback Machine
958:
951:
946:Wayback Machine
937:
930:
917:
916:
912:
902:
900:
892:
891:
887:
877:
875:
868:The Arab Weekly
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
835:
834:
830:
820:
818:
809:
808:
804:
791:
790:
783:
770:
769:
762:
752:
750:
741:
740:
733:
723:
721:
712:
711:
704:
699:
675:Shadow Children
636:Family planning
632:
577:In April 2015,
556:
550:
547:
544:
535:
531:
524:
519:
506:
497:
492:
475:
440:
435:
426:
413:
337:
303:
291:
285:
269:Rohingya people
261:
255:
250:
232:
227:
136:
130:
96:
90:
85:
80:
71:
66:
46:family planning
17:
12:
11:
5:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5993:teen pregnancy
5985:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:Fertility rate
4980:
4978:Mortality rate
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:European Union
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4669:United Nations
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4578:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Sustainability
4544:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4442:Water scarcity
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Nitrogen cycle
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Forest dieback
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:Climate change
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:nanotechnology
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3871:on marine life
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:list of issues
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Son preference
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3535:Sustainability
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3508:Related topics
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3397:Largest cities
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3217:I = P × A × T
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3046:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2960:
2934:
2907:
2896:
2873:
2846:
2819:
2792:(3): 241–246.
2770:
2763:
2740:
2721:
2694:(6): 342–352.
2671:
2652:(3): 103–107.
2636:
2617:(3): 117–119.
2598:
2579:(2): 231–250.
2556:
2514:
2487:(6): 325–337.
2462:
2447:
2417:
2387:
2376:(2): 203–211.
2357:
2338:(3): 237–240.
2322:
2298:
2284:
2277:
2251:
2226:
2207:(1): 169–172.
2180:
2173:
2152:
2139:10.2307/215955
2125:(2): 178–197.
2109:
2097:United Nations
2081:
2054:(5): 308–317.
2038:
2031:
2000:
1993:
1967:
1945:
1920:
1895:
1857:
1817:
1791:
1751:
1740:. 21 June 2013
1725:
1699:
1677:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1578:
1553:
1534:(3): 275–309.
1511:
1489:
1463:
1433:
1403:
1385:
1367:
1345:
1315:
1287:
1261:
1233:
1214:
1165:
1139:
1128:. 10 July 2007
1124:(in Chinese).
1113:
1084:(4): 551–577.
1064:
1046:
1032:
996:
970:
949:
928:
910:
885:
854:
828:
802:
781:
760:
731:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
672:
667:
662:
656:
651:
646:
645:
644:
631:
628:
614:Following the
583:George Osborne
558:
557:
538:
536:
529:
523:
522:United Kingdom
520:
518:
515:
505:
502:
496:
493:
491:
488:
479:son preference
474:
471:
439:
436:
434:
431:
425:
424:Current status
422:
412:
411:Administration
409:
336:
333:
302:
299:
287:Main article:
284:
281:
254:
251:
249:
248:Southeast Asia
246:
231:
228:
226:
223:
162:fertility rate
129:
126:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
70:
67:
65:
62:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6131:
6130:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:child benefit
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5998:birth control
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5988:United States
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Prenatal care
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5637:Sterilization
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5604:Contraception
5601:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Birth spacing
5570:
5568:
5567:childlessness
5564:
5563:Childfreeness
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Sex education
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Public sector
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Literacy rate
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Age structure
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:world regions
5039:
5037:
5036:South America
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:North America
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4813:Megalopolises
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Latin America
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4731:South America
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4714:North America
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:Reforestation
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Cultured meat
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Birth control
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Deforestation
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:Manufacturing
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:nuclear power
4008:
4006:
4005:fracking (US)
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3762:Missing women
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Bennett's law
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3436:organizations
3431:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Kaya identity
3221:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:(1): 85–111.
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1806:. 28 May 2013
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1451:The Economist
1448:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
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4332:Coral reefs
4292:Defaunation
4161:Overgrazing
4134:overfishing
4114:Marine life
3988:electricity
3911:Agriculture
3247:Society and
3206:Biocapacity
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1254:20 November
1158:19 November
1059:www.cia.gov
862:Emam, Amr.
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347:became the
225:Middle East
6097:Categories
6060:baby bonus
6056:Financial
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5760:childbirth
5750:Obstetrics
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5110:Median age
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2839:29 October
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2093:"Viet Nam"
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1179:The Lancet
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878:5 December
847:5 December
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1100:1081-602X
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283:Singapore
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2927:12 April
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1201:24298609
1126:Sina.com
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989:13 April
963:Archived
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630:See also
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6009:History
5958:Ireland
5710:Women's
5364:Exports
5359:Imports
5278:(TIMSS)
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3832:General
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