Two-child policy - Knowledge

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abortions used short-term methods of contraceptives, such as condoms and contraceptive pills, which are less effective than long-acting contraceptives to which many do not have access. Secondly, due to the higher costs of raising a child in some geographic areas of Vietnam, abortions have become more acceptable. Furthermore, the era of modernization and development of free-market reforms since the 1980s has led to a rise in premarital and unwanted pregnancy, and subsequently increased abortion services. Additionally, the Vietnamese government has insufficient alternatives to abortion within the family planning purposes and a lack of post-abortion contraceptive dialogues for families. Thus, experts have suggested providing more diverse, long-acting contraceptive alternatives and increasing counseling for families that have experienced an abortion as methods to decrease abortion in Vietnam.

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decide the details of enforcement. Depending on the specific location, district governments charged fines ranging from 60 to 800 kilograms of paddy rice, equivalent to the worth of a month to a year's wages, for each additional child, and additionally, women who agreed to be sterilized were given bonuses of 120 to 400 kilograms of rice. Individuals who did not use contraceptives sometimes had their names announced over the intercom system of the village to shame them into using them, whereas individuals who did could be selected to win the Labor Medal for "good realization of the population – family planning program". The government and large companies also regularly denied people who violated the policy of their salaries, promotions, and sometimes even their jobs.

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devices will be permitted to facilitate their use by everybody that needs them," the only modern contraceptive readily available in Vietnam is the IUD. However, many women choose not to use it due to the side effects, such as increased bleeding, back and abdominal pains, headache, and general weakness. Thus, contraceptive use is low among women under the age of 25, and experts have speculated that "contraceptive use among young women might increase if temporary, easy-to-use methods, such as the pill and the condom, were more accessible. For the government to achieve its two-child policy, the survey committee recommends increased promotion of the commercial availability of the condom and the pill, and strengthening of the government family planning program."

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babies, the number of children and the duration between child births." However, shortly after, the government implemented the National Strategy on Population 2001–2010, which again called for decreasing the fertility rate to the replacement level by 2005. This caused controversy as individuals protested the conflicting messages purported by the government in regards to their reproductive rights. To address this confusion, the government issued Resolution 47 in 2005 which stated that "to sustain high economic growth, Viet Nam needs to pursue a population control policy until it has become an industrialized country." However at this time, the population had already reached the goal of having a total fertility rate below the replacement level.

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not. Families with two daughters are twice as likely to have a third child than families with at least one son, presumably with the hopes that this one will be a boy. Furthermore, women who do not have any sons are around 15% less likely to use contraceptives than families who have at least one. There were also increased rates of "contraceptive failure" amongst couples who had a son, as families secretly removed an IUD to bypass the policy in hopes of having a son. This is consistent with findings from other East Asian countries in which son preference corresponds with a demand for fewer children so that families will have at least one son to maintain the ancestral line.

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sex ratios of males to females at birth are actually decreasing. On the other hand, some sources state that the impact of son preference varies by region of Vietnam. In the north, there is a strong relationship between sex bias in fertility decisions and number of male births, while in the south, this relationship is nonexistent. However, mothers who pursue certain occupations, such as government cadres and farmers, are more likely to want a particular sex of child and have higher sex-ratio differences at birth. This reflects the pressure for government employees to adhere to the two-child limit, and the perceived necessity of males for manual labor in the farm.

621:"The policy and the exemption have received harsh criticism from a wide variety of sources since they were announced in 2015. One member of parliament called the exemption implementation 'inhumane and barbaric.' Feminists have pointed out the cuts disproportionately affect women. A coalition of the UK's largest Christian denominations and Jewish groups pointed out that the policy discriminates against people whose religion compels them to have larger families. A United Nations committee on children’s rights asked the British government to explain the policy last year, because of concerns about women having to somehow prove they were raped." 410:

government explicitly linked the family planning policy with "historical and cultural traditions, value structures and development objectives," encouraging a collectivist mindset in which individuals honor the needs of the nation above their own. The goal of the policy was to reduce the Vietnamese fertility rate to the replacement level of 2.1 by 2015, so that the country could have a stable population in the mid-21st century. In 1997, the goal was accelerated to reach the replacement level by 2005, and the government subsequently integrated an increased use of abortion as a means to curb population growth.

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as China. The government used a system of information, education, communication (IEC) campaign and publicly accessible contraceptives to curb the population. After the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1975 under the Communist Party, there was a governmental effort to extend the policies of the North to the rest of Vietnam, which extended into the next decade. Though the government of the Republic of Vietnam adopted family planning in general as the official state policy, inadequate medical facilities prevented the policy from being effectively implemented.

167:, which first became a requirement for most couples in 1979) came of age for formation of the next generation, a single child would be left with having to provide support for their two parents and four grandparents. In response to this issue, by 2009 all provinces allowed couples to have two children if both parents were the only children of their parents themselves. After a policy change of the Chinese government in late 2013, most Chinese provinces further relaxed the policy in 2014 by allowing families to have two children if one of the parents is an only child. 160:(TFR), a technical term in demographic analysis meaning the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime.) Previously, the fine is so-called "social maintenance fee" and it is the punishment for the families who have more than one child. According to the policy, the families who violate the law may bring the burden to the whole society. Therefore, the social maintenance fee will be used for the operation of the basic government. 440:

one or two children, exceptional cases to be determined by the Government." Thus, individuals have control over the timing and spacing of the births of their children but are still restricted in the number of children they are allowed to have. Furthermore, later that year, Chief Executive Trương Tấn San stressed the need for continued diligence in population control and stated that the population of Vietnam should be 100 million people by 2020, and suggested that a new comprehensive Law on Population be introduced to the government by 2015.

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of lower educational levels also have higher abortion rates. Vietnam also has some of the world's most liberal abortion laws, though the Vietnamese government is aiming to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortion-related difficulties. Although sex-selective abortions were banned by the government in 2006, there is evidence that suggests that son preference is associated with a higher likelihood of repeat abortions, as women with no sons were significantly less likely to have a repeat abortion compared to women with one son.

543: 384:) Policy, which completely reversed the Communist Party economy to implement capitalistic market ideals. The aims of the Renovation Policy were to end Vietnam's economic isolation, increase competitiveness, and raise living standards. In an attempt to effectively develop the population socioeconomically and increase the standard of living within the population, the Vietnam government emphasized the need to contain birth rates. In 1988, the 596:, the then Chancellor, announced that child tax credits would be limited to the first two children only. This was to come into force from the 2017/2018 financial year and apply to children born after that date only. From February 2019 however the policy becomes retrospective. Families making a new benefit claim (or whose circumstances change) will have the 2-child policy applied to them irrespective of when their children were born. 427:

policy also changed. From 1961 to 1983, the population program fell under the Population and Birth Control Unit. From 1984 to 2002, it was under the control of National Committee for Population and Family Planning. From 2003 to 2006, it was in the jurisdiction of the Vietnam Commission for Population, Family and Children. Since 2007, the population program has been under the General Office for Population and Family Planning.

4594: 3572: 457:, high rates of contraceptive use and of induced abortion are plausible explanations for the decreased fertility rate. Furthermore, because of this policy, the population has fundamentally changed their ideas of the family. In 1988, the Inter-Censal Demographic and Health Survey found that parents wanted an average of 3.3 children, and in 1994, they found that the ideal number of children fell to 2.8. 608:"The form requires women wanting to be eligible for the exemption to sign a declaration saying they were raped or otherwise coerced into sex – and giving the child’s name. They must sign a declaration reading: 'I believe the non-consensual conception exemption applies to my child.' They must also sign another declaration that says: 'I confirm that I am not living with the other parent of this child.'" 4583: 3560: 413:

In 2003, the Standing Parliamentary Committee of the National Assembly issued the highest legislative document on population titled the Population Ordinance, which restructured the official family planning policy. According to the ordinance, couples "shall have the right to decide on the time to have

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Chinese couples were also polled and stated that they would rather invest in one child opposed to two children. To add, another concern for couples would be the excessive costs of raising another child; China's childcare system needs to be further developed. The change in cultural norms appears to be

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That women must thereby identify the child in question (which is thought to be assigned a tax code created for this exemption), that first or second children conceived by rape do not count towards this exemption and that women who are still living with their abusers are not eligible are just some of

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Abortion rates in Vietnam are unusually high by international standards, with a total abortion rate of at least 2.5 abortions per woman. Generally, the abortion rate for young age groups is higher than older age groups due to a limited awareness of contraceptive methods and availability. Individuals

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Currently, the effective population policy is the revised 2009 Population Ordinance which states that "each couple and individual has the right and responsibility to participate in the campaigns on population and family planning, reproductive health care: (i) decide time and birth spacing; (ii) have

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and was more aligned with the United States and other Western nations. In 1963, North Vietnam began a policy advocating a two-child norm due to the sharp population increase of the largely poor and rural population. Vietnam's family planning policy was developed before those of other countries, such

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In China, men have greater marital power, which increases fertility pressure on their female partners. The dynamic of relationships (amount of "power" held by each parent), and the amount of resources each parent has contributes to the struggle for dominance. Resources would be items such as income,

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Despite the evidence for son preference, there is no clear evidence that Vietnam's sex ratio at birth is increasing, as seen in other East Asian countries, notably China, though evidence is conflicting depending on the source. In fact, according to the Vietnamese census data for 1989 and 1999, the

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In 1982, the Vietnam government practiced various family planning measures, including the allowance of use of abortion and the creation of the National Committee for Population and Family Planning. After 1983, each family was required to limit the number of children to two. In 1985, the government

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exists in Vietnam. Traditionally, men oversee and are responsible for household enterprises, managing agriculture, ancestral worship, and carrying on the family name. However, although the desire for a son is seen in the Vietnamese family's fertility practices, the desire for more than one son is

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In 2009, the Population Ordinance was amended to again restrict the number of children to be one or two children, although individuals were allowed to decide the timing and spacing of their births. The government is currently drafting a new Law on Population to replace the Population Ordinance in

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was implemented, and elements of China's policy are reflected in Vietnam's, such as the emphasis on marrying later, postponing childbearing age (22-years of age or older for women and 24-years of age or older for men), and spacing out birth of children (3–5 years apart). The state was required to

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from the early 1990s to late 2006. Iran's government "declared that Islam favoured families with only two children", as one historian put it. When the family planning program was initiated, Iran's Health Ministry launched a nationwide campaign and introduced contraceptives - pills, condoms, IUDs,

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The two-child policy took effect on 5 April 2017. One aspect of the new rules, termed the "rape clause" has caused controversy. Although the policy excludes all but the first two children from all available benefits, an exemption can be applied for if the conception of the third and any further

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The organizational structure of the two-child policy was housed under different governmental units since its conception in the 1960s. As the policy evolved from "Initiation in the 1960s–1970s; Maturity in the 1980s–1990s; and Legalization in the 2000s–2010s", the administration of the population

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There are multiple factors influencing Vietnam's high abortion rates. First, because women do not have access to contraceptive methods besides IUDs, whilst condoms remain expensive relative to average income, as a result many do not use effective birth control. Women who have undergone multiple

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Although the policy states that "the state will supply, free of charge, birth control devices... to eligible persons who are cadres, manual workers, civil servants or members of the armed forces... and poor persons who register to practice family planning... The widespread sale of birth control

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Although the policy was advocated on the national level, the central government did not utilize specific fines or incentives, instead delegating implementation responsibilities to local governments. Each family was required to have at most two children, and local governments were responsible to

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in Hong Kong is currently 1.04 children per woman, one of the lowest in the world. Although the "Two is Enough" campaign found widespread approval, it does not reflect current government policy in supporting families. Tax allowances of 100,000 HK$ per child can be claimed for up to 9 children.

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In 1993, the Vietnamese government issued the first formalization for the unified Vietnam of the one-to-two child policy as a mandatory national policy. The policy combined advertisements and education to promote a smaller family "so people may enjoy a plentiful and happy life." The Vietnamese

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As Egypt faces overpopulation and high densities, the city of Cairo initiated a family planning campaign known as “Two is Enough” in 2017 to encourage Egyptian families to have no more than two children. By April 2021 the program managed to refer 853,643 women to family planning clinics.

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Han Chinese living in rural areas were often permitted to have two children, as exceptions existed if the first child was a daughter. Because of cases such as these, as well as urban couples who simply paid a fine (or "social maintenance fee") to have more children, the overall

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After the reform, China saw a short-lived boost in fertility rate for 2016. Chinese women gave birth to 17.9 million babies in 2016 (a record value in the 21st century), but the number of births declined by 3.5% to 17.2 million in 2017, and to 15.2 million in 2018.

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also stated that Iran's contraceptive policy made sense 20 years ago, "but its continuation in later years was wrong ... Scientific and experts studies show that we will face population aging and reduction (in population) if the birth-control policy continues."

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issued an in-depth family planning policy, adding additional restrictions beyond the previous restriction of keeping the maximum number of children per household to two. The detailed one-or-two-child policy of Vietnam was established nine years after China's

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and health insurance. Dominance would be described as who has the final say in pregnancy, who must resign in their career for maternal/parental leave. However, women have shown interest in a second child if the first child did not possess the desired gender.

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In 2018, about two years after the new policy reform, China is facing new ramifications from the two-child policy. Since the revision of the one-child policy, 90 million women have become eligible to have a second child. According to

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services to the general public of Hong Kong. In the 1970s due to the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two is Enough" campaign, which reduced the general birth rate through educational means. The organization founded the

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and the strain it placed on the nation were large factors. During this time, the birth rate dropped from nearly 6 children per woman to just under 3. (The colloquial term "births per woman" is usually formalized as the

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In May 2018, it was reported that Chinese authorities were in the process of ending their population control policies. In May 2021, the Chinese government announced it would scrap the two-child policy in favour of a

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implants, tubal ligations, and more. Starting in 2006, the government's population control policy changed when Ahmadinejad called for reversal of Iran's existing policy of "two children is enough" and later in 2012

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Ngo, Thoai D.; Keogh, Sarah; Nguyen, Thang H.; Le, Hoan T.; Pham, Kiet H. T.; Nguyen, Yen B.T. (June 2014). "Risk factors for repeat abortion and implications for addressing unintended pregnancy in Vietnam".

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Furthermore, parents who have fallen into hardship can apply for special assistance from the state. This is a means-tested financial benefit, which is not limited to a particular number of children either.

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The total fertility rate in Vietnam dropped from 5.6 in 1979 to 3.2 by 1993, suggesting the two-child policy was successful in containing the population growth. According to one demographic model, the

3788: 4696: 3608: 5978: 5187: 2893: 4839: 4638: 5217: 5177: 4932: 198:. The new policy allowing Chinese couples to have two children was proposed to help address the ageing issue in China. On 27 December 2015, the new law was passed in the session of the 3819: 3731: 3464: 5286: 4015: 3757: 952: 2655:

Johansson, Annika; Le, Thi Nham Tuyet; Nguyen, Lap; Kajsa, Sundstrom (September 1996). "Abortion in Context: Women's Experience in Two Villages in Thai Binh Province, Vietnam".

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in the 1970s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit (although it was not mandated by law), and it was used as part of the region's

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having negative consequences and leads to fear of a large aging population with smaller younger generations; thus the lack of workforce to drive the economy.

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received calls to scrap the policy but declined as a result of financial reasons, and suspended seven Labour MPs who voted in favour of scrapping it.

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found that the average number in household was 3.1 in 1998. In another study conducted by the America-based non-profit, non-governmental organization

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of mainland China is, in fact, closer to two children per family than to one child per family (1.8). In addition, since 2012, Han Chinese in southern

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and continues in a modified form today, throughout all of Vietnam (not just the north). The policy emphasizes the official family-size goal to be

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In 2014, Vietnam had an estimated population of 92.5 million people, which represented 1.28% of the total world population. As of 2020, the

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Belanger, Daniele; Khuat, Thi Hai Oanh; Liu, Jianye; Le, Thanh Thuy; Pham, Viet Thanh (2003). "Are Sex Ratios at Birth Increasing in Vietnam?".

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Zamora López, Francisco, and Cristina Rodríguez Veiga. "From One Child to Two: Demographic Policies in China and their Impact on Population."

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increased incentives, such as contraceptives and abortion acceptors, and disincentives, such as penalties for violations in family planning.

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of 2.1, the rate "at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next" according to the World Resources Institute.

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to mitigate the country's falling birth rates. In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.

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is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children.

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Allman, James; Vu, Qui Nhan; Nguyen, Minh Thang; Pham, Bich San (September 1991). "Fertility and Family Planning in Vietnam".

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From 1979 until 2015, Chinese citizens were generally permitted to have only one child, with certain exceptions. The ongoing

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Pham, Bang Nguyen (2014). "The Demographic Transition and Implications for the New Law on Population in Vietnam".

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2015. However, there is disagreement between policy makers and academics on what should be included in the law.

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Searchinger, Tim; Hanson, Craig; Waite, Richard; Lipinski, Brian; Leeson, George; Harper, Sarah (8 July 2013).

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Edwards, S. (September 1992). "In Vietnam, Contraceptive Awareness High, Use Low Despite Two-Child Policy".

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Reproductive Rights in a Global Context: South Africa, Uganda, Peru, Denmark, United States, Vietnam, Jordan

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Freeman, Donald (April 1996). "Doi Moi Policy and the Small-Enterprise Boom in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam".

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were allowed to have two children. This, along with incentives and restrictions against higher Muslim

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Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia

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Iran authorities encouraged families in Iran not to have more than two children when conducting

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Guilmoto, Christophe Z. (March 2012). "Son Preference, Sex Selection, and Kinship in Vietnam".

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Goodkind, Daniel (December 1994). "Abortion in Vietnam: Measurements, Puzzles, and Concerns".

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the aspects of the rape clause that caused widespread condemnation. Ruth Graham, writing for

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of the claimant. A woman wishing to claim this exemption must fill in an eight-page form:

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reported the change in the existing law to a two-child policy citing a statement from the

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denied any such plans to cut child benefits or tax credits. However, three months later,

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Social Welfare Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4557: 4452: 4352: 4280: 3545: 2955:"The 'rape rule' for tax credits tramples the rights of children it's meant to protect" 593: 489: 172: 1202: 1185: 6107: 6080: 5795: 5614: 5582: 5577: 5545: 4540: 4495: 4475: 4297: 4072: 3284: 3233: 3052: 2553: 2362: 2272: 1558: 1534: 1311: 1118: 589: 363: 355: 324: 208: 122: 118: 1658: 1219: 849:""Two is enough!" – Egypt intends to limit the number of children to two per family" 6092: 6075: 4233: 4228: 4216: 4176: 4161: 3849: 3333: 2824: 1051: 634: 3804: 3026: 1550: 1235:"Most Chinese provincial areas relax one-child policy - China - Chinadaily.com.cn" 1101: 1084: 5450: 2914: 2354: 2246:"Resolution of 1993 on Policy Concerning the Population and Family Planning Work" 905:"Egypt's 'Two is Enough' project refers 853,643 women to family planning clinics" 782: 5910: 5869: 5836: 5604: 5597: 4823: 4347: 4302: 4171: 4144: 3216: 3010: 2392: 2808: 1988: 654:– Authorities in India unsuccessfully attempted to implement a two-child policy 354:

along the 17th parallel with separate governments and policies in each region.

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Goodkind, Daniel (March 1995). "Vietnam's One-or-Two-Child Policy in Action".

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experienced only a slight change, dipping from 4.8 to 4.7 from 1989 to 1994.

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A two-child policy has previously been used in several countries including

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International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

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Prospects for Ahmadinejad’s Call for More Rapid Population Growth in Iran

1136: 176: 3035: 4362: 4312: 4092: 2928:"Government under fire over new child tax credit form for rape victims" 2718: 2676: 2641: 2603: 2511: 2231: 2078: 1900: 1509:"China's Debate Over a Shrinking Birth Rate Highlights Growth Concerns" 1405:"China: 1 child policy ends officially, bill allowing 2nd child signed" 930:"5.5M door-to-door visits carried out as part of 'Two Enough' campaign" 399: 316: 275: 180: 48: 2740:

Nguyen, Thanh Binh (January 2012). "Abortion in Present Day Vietnam".

2157: 1365:"Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children" 319:

has had a population policy for over 50 years. It was launched by the

5637: 5164: 4186: 3248: 2210:

Council of Ministers (March 1989). "Vietnam's New Fertility Policy".

1874: 1872: 1292: 2710: 2668: 2633: 2595: 2503: 2223: 2070: 1892: 2149: 466:

United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific

2315: 2313: 60: 2840:"Two-child benefits policy targets the strivers in low-paid jobs" 2409:

Wisensale, Steven (2000). "Family Policy in a Changing Vietnam".

308:, the two-child policy until the 1980s was called "Stop at Two". 5270:

Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

726:"China Says It Will Allow Couples to Have 3 Children, Up From 2" 601: 40: 5454: 4627: 3808: 3590: 3074: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1853:

Pham, Bang Nguyen; Hill, Peter S; Hall, Wayne; Rao, Chalapati.

1772:"Myanmar minister backs two-child policy for Rohingya minority" 464:

model utilized and on the particular research study cited. The

202:, which governs country's laws, effective from 1 January 2016. 2274:

World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact

1573:"No Easing of Two-Child Policy, Official Says - Caixin Global" 536: 3070: 1307:"The government in Xinjiang is trying to limit Muslim births" 27:

Population-control policies in some countries and territories

2615: 2613: 2169: 2167: 1962: 1960: 1600:"China to scrap family planning rules as birthrate dwindles" 1085:"Low fertility and concurrent birth control policy in China" 754:"China announces three-child policy in a major policy shift" 2379:

Haughton, Jonathan (1997). "Falling Fertility in Vietnam".

1428:"China's two-child policy may exacerbate gender inequality" 117:

in 1950. The organization provides family planning advice,

2789: 2787: 2785: 290:

described the policy as a human rights violation in 2013.

59:

strategies. From 2016 to 2021, it had been implemented in

2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2915:"rape clause"/ What is the rape clause?, October 9, 2019 1484:"China's birth rate falls to its lowest rate since 1961" 183:

fertility, was seen as attempt to counter the threat of

113:, the Eugenics League was founded in 1936, which became 1857:. School of Population Health, University of Queensland 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1671:"Ahmadinejad urges Iranian baby boom to challenge west" 950:

History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong

460:

However, the reported findings differ depending on the

338:

of Vietnam is approximately 2.0, which is close to the

3465:

International Conference on Population and Development

2437:"An Overview of Population and Development in Vietnam" 1697:"Iran urges baby boom, slashes birth-control programs" 971:

History of International Planned Parenthood Federation

130:, with its counterparts in seven other countries. The 5287:

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

1745:"Burma's Bluff on the Two-Child Policy for Rohingyas" 1016:"A GUIDE TO COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE" 617:, summarises the issues surrounding this new policy: 3789:

List of administrative divisions by infant mortality

2797:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2374: 2372: 2032:(1 ed.). Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 6050: 6019: 5946: 5898: 5850: 5814: 5746: 5706: 5656: 5613: 5564: 5538: 5488: 5306: 5237: 5163: 5065: 5007: 4951: 4923: 4832: 4801: 4750: 4695: 4665: 4461: 4249: 3912: 3842: 3781: 3750: 3719: 3698: 3677: 3649: 3625: 3518: 3443: 3395: 3374: 3257: 3203: 3154: 3108: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 1770:Marshall, Jason Szep, Andrew R. C. (11 June 2013). 5208:Health expenditure by country by type of financing 3633:National Population and Family Planning Commission 2404: 2402: 2174:Bruun, Ole; Jacobsen, Michael (2 September 2000). 1987: 1598: 1160:"China's 'one-child' rethink marks symbolic shift" 1066:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 575:Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government 2766:Abortion in Asia: Local Dilemmas, Global Politics 2481: 2479: 2477: 945: 943: 5281:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 3061:Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 2759: 2757: 2755: 1855:"The Evolution of Population Policy in Viet Nam" 2926:Walker, Peter; Butler, Patrick (6 April 2017). 2867:"What is Iain Duncan Smith's two-child policy?" 1811:"Burma: Revoke 'Two-Child Policy' For Rohingya" 1647:Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran 804:"China to allow three children for all couples" 378:In 1986, the Party implemented the Renovation ( 163:As China's youngest generation (born under the 5275:Programme for International Student Assessment 3732:List of administrative divisions by population 3637:National Health and Family Planning Commission 3009:Alpermann, Björn; Zhan, Shaohua (4 May 2019). 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2098: 2096: 1083:Jiang, Quanbao; Liu, Yixiao (1 October 2016). 5466: 4639: 3820: 3758:List of administrative divisions by sex ratio 3602: 3086: 2306:, The Standing Committee of National Assembly 1458:"China is in a muddle over population policy" 200:National People's Congress Standing Committee 8: 5178:Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza 1795:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 990:"Amount of Allowance for the Latest 7 years" 581:and former leader of the Conservative Party 115:The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong 6042:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 6027:Birth control movement in the United States 3490:United Nations world population conferences 2381:Population Studies: A Journal of Demography 1533:Qian, Yue; Jin, Yongai (21 February 2018). 1052:"one-child policy - Definition & Facts" 1025:. Social Welfare Department. Archived from 966: 964: 777: 775: 455:Bongaarts' model of components of fertility 394:supply free birth control devices (such as 282:have been subjected to two-child policies. 128:International Planned Parenthood Federation 5880:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 5473: 5459: 5451: 5223:Total healthcare spending as % of GDP 5203:Percentage suffering from undernourishment 4646: 4632: 4624: 3827: 3813: 3805: 3609: 3595: 3587: 3403:Population and housing censuses by country 3093: 3079: 3071: 2657:International Family Planning Perspectives 2622:International Family Planning Perspectives 1940:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)" 350:From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was split into 4338:Environmental issues in the United States 3034: 1281:New rich challenge family planning policy 1201: 1100: 5326:Official Development Assistance received 4323:Effects of climate change on agriculture 3126:Estimates of historical world population 579:Secretary of State for Work and Pensions 362:and had a communist government, whereas 1969:"Achieving Replacement Level Fertility" 1719:"Burmese Muslims given two-child limit" 713: 5298:World Intellectual Property Indicators 4328:Effects of climate change on livestock 2178:. Psychology Press. pp. 161–180. 1788: 1528: 1526: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1254:"China Sticking With One-Child Policy" 798: 796: 476:only dropped slightly and the size of 5188:Infant and under-five mortality rates 2490:(1995). "Son Preference in Vietnam". 2411:Journal of Comparative Family Studies 600:children occurred as a result of the 7: 4582: 4438:Tropical cyclones and climate change 3559: 1186:"China relaxes its one-child policy" 748: 746: 719: 717: 5400:Number of billionaires (US dollars) 5395:Number of millionaires (US dollars) 5218:Total health expenditure per capita 5101:Ethnic and cultural diversity level 4471:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 3495:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 2838:Ramesh, Randeep (25 October 2012). 1158:Patti Waldmeir (15 November 2013). 331:which means "one or two children." 63:, replacing the country's previous 4938:Past and future population density 1597:Beijing, Didi Tang (22 May 2018). 1371:. 27 December 2015. Archived from 25: 5736:self-report sexual risk behaviors 4118:pharmaceuticals and personal care 3387:Population and Development Review 2953:Rustin, Susanna (17 March 2017). 2865:Grice, Andrew (26 October 2012). 2542:Population and Development Review 2212:Population and Development Review 1881:Population and Development Review 145:Family planning policies of China 5806:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 5358:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI 4593: 4592: 4581: 4269:decline in amphibian populations 3974:Deforestation and climate change 3571: 3570: 3558: 3435:Population concern organizations 3141:Projections of population growth 2892:Bennett, Asa (26 October 2015). 2554:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00471.x 1994:. Simon & Schuster. p. 1986:Langguth, A.J. (12 March 2002). 1669:Tait, Robert (23 October 2006). 1649:, Free Press, 2000, 2005 (p.282) 1482:Leng, Sidney (21 January 2019). 541: 300:Population planning in Singapore 5926:Sexually transmitted infections 4403:Land surface effects on climate 3860:Environmental impact assessment 3836:Human impact on the environment 3711:Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei 3536:Human impact on the environment 3470:Population Action International 2470:, Worldwide State of the Family 1725:. Associated Press. 25 May 2013 847:Bletry, Nadia (15 April 2019). 6114:Birth control law and case law 5482:Sexual and reproductive health 5434:List of international rankings 5260:International Innovation Index 5183:HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate 3485:United Nations Population Fund 2979:Graham, Ruth (10 April 2017). 2270:May, John F. (30 March 2012). 2250:Hanoi Voice of Vietnam Network 2026:Knudsen, Lara (30 June 2006). 1990:Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975 821:Cheng, Evelyn (21 July 2021). 360:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1: 5293:Tertiary education attainment 4274:decline in insect populations 3027:10.1080/10670564.2018.1542218 3015:Journal of Contemporary China 2304:Population Ordinance (6/2003) 1551:10.1080/21620555.2018.1428895 1203:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62544-1 1102:10.1080/1081602X.2016.1213179 996:. The Government of Hong Kong 676:Population Control Bill, 2019 67:, until it was replaced by a 5906:Disorders of sex development 5405:Percentage living in poverty 5316:Access to financial services 2355:10.1080/17441730.2014.955162 1252:Yardley, Jim (11 May 2008). 724:Wee, Sui-Lee (31 May 2021). 672:(family limitation campaign) 5916:Reproductive system disease 4943:Person-to-arable land ratio 3510:World Population Foundation 3500:World Population Conference 3413:World population milestones 2441:Population Reference Bureau 2393:10.1080/0032472031000149916 1915:"Vietnam Population (Live)" 1539:Chinese Sociological Review 1511:. Bloomberg. 3 January 2019 681:Population history of China 470:Population Reference Bureau 340:replacement-level fertility 6145: 5875:Obstetrics and gynaecology 5245:Bloomberg Innovation Index 5173:Antidepressant consumption 4845:World population estimates 4840:Past and future population 3742:National Population Census 3641:National Health Commission 3382:Population and Environment 2809:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.11.014 2764:Whittaker, Andrea (2012). 2699:Studies in Family Planning 2492:Studies in Family Planning 2059:Studies in Family Planning 449:Reduction of the birthrate 297: 267: 142: 102: 5791:Pregnant patients' rights 5556:Pre-conception counseling 5513:Abortion-rights movements 5428: 5390:Share of income of top 1% 4687:Demographics of the world 4576: 4511:Environmental engineering 4358:Environmental degradation 4135:fishing down the food web 3554: 3292:Human population planning 3116:Demographics of the world 1973:World Resources Institute 1089:The History of the Family 702:Human population planning 550:This article needs to be 506:Inadequate contraceptives 105:Demographics of Hong Kong 18:Two-child policy in China 5677:Gamete Cryopreservation 5523:Circumcision controversy 5503:Compulsory sterilization 5238:Education and innovation 4516:Environmental mitigation 4373:Greenhouse gas emissions 4333:Environmental insecurity 3618:Family planning policies 3297:Compulsory sterilization 2343:Asian Population Studies 1664:29 November 2008 at the 1488:South China Morning Post 652:Family planning in India 6037:Social hygiene movement 5890:Transgender health care 5343:Human Development Index 5255:Global Innovation Index 5193:Maternal mortality rate 4768:Commonwealth of Nations 4563:Sustainable consumption 3904:Social ecology (ethics) 3620:and population of China 3239:Malthusian growth model 2896:. London: The Telegraph 2321:"Ordinance No. 08/2008" 488:There is evidence that 352:North and South Vietnam 247:family planning in Iran 196:Chinese Communist Party 5865:Genitourinary medicine 5668:In vitro fertilization 5623:Hormonal contraception 5508:Contraceptive security 5321:Development aid donors 4959:Population growth rate 4506:Ecological engineering 4286:runaway climate change 3706:Childless Hundred Days 3366:Zero population growth 3361:Sustainable population 3285:Malthusian catastrophe 3244:Overshoot (population) 3121:Demographic transition 1677:. London: The Guardian 1634:History of Modern Iran 976:13 August 2009 at the 783:"China to allow three" 623: 610: 444:Effects of this policy 323:in the early 1960s in 5528:Intersex human rights 5081:Age at first marriage 4969:Net reproduction rate 4915:Population milestones 4697:Continents/subregions 4659:population statistics 3889:List of global issues 3475:Population Connection 3339:Mere addition paradox 3178:Physiological density 2278:. Springer. pp. 1239:www.chinadaily.com.cn 955:27 March 2009 at the 631:2024 general election 619: 606: 573:In October 2012, the 484:Sex-based differences 321:Vietnamese government 6124:Human overpopulation 6086:tax on childlessness 5842:Genital modification 5766:Unintended pregnancy 5498:Reproductive Justice 5131:Number of households 5116:Linguistic diversity 5111:Immigrant population 5057:past life expectancy 4491:Community resilience 4291:in the United States 4259:Biodiversity threats 3932:cannabis cultivation 3899:Planetary boundaries 3865:Environmental issues 3855:Ecological footprint 3505:World Population Day 3460:Church of Euthanasia 3349:Non-identity problem 3324:Political demography 3280:Human overpopulation 3063:172 (2020): 141-160 2486:Haughton, Jonathan; 2423:10.3138/jcfs.31.1.79 1577:www.caixinglobal.com 1375:on 28 December 2015. 1032:on 27 September 2017 692:Tax on childlessness 474:total fertility rate 386:Council of Ministers 336:total fertility rate 190:On 29 October 2015, 157:Total Fertility Rate 132:total fertility rate 5786:Pregnancy from rape 5643:Intrauterine device 5365:Human Poverty Index 5353:inequality-adjusted 5338:Irrigated land area 5076:Age at childbearing 4999:Past fertility rate 4553:Restoration ecology 4486:Climate engineering 4423:Ocean acidification 4413:Loss of green belts 4383:Holocene extinction 4378:Habitat destruction 4053:Environmental crime 3690:Shidu (bereavement) 3354:Reproductive rights 3185:Population dynamics 3136:Population momentum 2488:Haughton, Dominique 2142:1996GeoRv..86..178F 2130:Geographical Review 1411:. 27 December 2015. 1393:. 27 December 2015. 1184:Ouyang, Y. (2013). 810:. 29 February 2020. 670:Pledge two or fewer 404:birth control pills 368:Republic of Vietnam 151:Cultural Revolution 6129:Population ecology 6032:History of condoms 5921:Sexual dysfunction 5827:Sexual orientation 5781:Options counseling 5628:Male contraception 5551:Genetic counseling 5126:Net migration rate 5106:Ethnic composition 4925:Population density 4802:Cities/urban areas 4675:Current population 4655:Lists of countries 4568:Waste minimization 4526:Mitigation banking 4521:Industrial ecology 4481:Cleaner production 4433:Resource depletion 3969:Corporate behavior 3927:animal agriculture 3768:Female infanticide 3737:Population history 3669:Three-child policy 3480:Population Matters 3195:Population pyramid 3173:Population density 3168:Population decline 2768:. Berghahn Books. 2468:Vietnam's families 1815:Human Rights Watch 1749:Human Rights Watch 1675:Guardian Unlimited 1645:Sciolino, Elaine, 1369:Xinhua News Agency 1345:on 31 October 2015 1339:news.xinhuanet.com 1286:2007-10-15 at the 1259:The New York Times 909:dailynewsegypt.com 885:on 5 December 2021 789:. 29 October 2018. 730:The New York Times 697:Three-child policy 629:'s victory in the 515:Increased abortion 396:intrauterine loops 288:Human Rights Watch 252:Ayatollah Khamenei 230:three-child policy 69:three-child policy 6101: 6100: 5801:Teenage pregnancy 5518:Genital integrity 5448: 5447: 5420:Wealth inequality 5415:Unemployment rate 4952:Growth indicators 4814:National capitals 4621: 4620: 4443:Water degradation 4318:Ecological crisis 4264:biodiversity loss 4063:Industrialisation 4048:Genetic pollution 3894:Impact assessment 3802: 3801: 3584: 3583: 3455:7 Billion Actions 3329:Population ethics 3222:Carrying capacity 3131:Population growth 2775:978-0-85745-795-0 2289:978-94-007-2836-3 2185:978-0-7007-1212-0 2043:978-0-8265-1528-5 2005:978-0-7432-1231-1 1315:. 7 November 2015 1196:(9907): e28–e30. 583:Iain Duncan Smith 571: 570: 329:một hoặc hai con, 270:Rohingya genocide 185:Uyghur separatism 53:British Hong Kong 16:(Redirected from 6136: 6119:One-child policy 6063:Two-child policy 6058:One-child policy 5938:Gender dysphoria 5475: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5439:Lists by country 5150:Urban population 5091:Dependency ratio 4979:Number of deaths 4974:Number of births 4964:Natural increase 4751:Intercontinental 4648: 4641: 4634: 4625: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4584: 4418:Phosphorus cycle 4398:Land consumption 4393:Land degradation 4368:Freshwater cycle 4167:Overexploitation 4140:marine pollution 3947:cocoa production 3829: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3664:Two-child policy 3659:One-child policy 3611: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3531:Green Revolution 3312:Two-child policy 3307:One-child policy 3230: 3190:Population model 3146:World population 3095: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3056: 3038: 3021:(117): 348–366. 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2923: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2791: 2780: 2779: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2694: 2681: 2680: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2579: 2566: 2565: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2483: 2472: 2471: 2466:Nhi, Tran Xuan, 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2447:on 1 August 2015 2443:. 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4078:cleaning agents 3979:Energy industry 3942:meat production 3908: 3838: 3833: 3803: 3798: 3777: 3746: 3715: 3694: 3673: 3645: 3621: 3615: 3585: 3580: 3550: 3514: 3448: 3446: 3439: 3391: 3370: 3319:Overconsumption 3302:Family planning 3259: 3253: 3226: 3210: 3207: 3199: 3161: 3158: 3150: 3104: 3099: 3008: 3005: 3003:Further reading 3000: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2871:The Independent 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2776: 2763: 2762: 2753: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2711:10.2307/2137878 2696: 2695: 2684: 2669:10.2307/2950750 2654: 2653: 2649: 2634:10.2307/2133412 2619: 2618: 2611: 2596:10.2307/3246604 2581: 2580: 2569: 2539: 2538: 2527: 2504:10.2307/2138098 2485: 2484: 2475: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2224:10.2307/1973424 2209: 2208: 2193: 2186: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2071:10.2307/1966685 2056: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2025: 2024: 2013: 2006: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1893:10.2307/2137414 1878: 1877: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1668: 1666:Wayback Machine 1657: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1636:, (2008), p.184 1631: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1409:Hindustan Times 1403: 1402: 1398: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1288:Wayback Machine 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1009: 999: 997: 988: 987: 983: 978:Wayback Machine 969: 962: 957:Wayback Machine 948: 941: 928: 927: 923: 913: 911: 903: 902: 898: 888: 886: 879:The Arab Weekly 872: 871: 867: 857: 855: 846: 845: 841: 831: 829: 820: 819: 815: 802: 801: 794: 781: 780: 773: 763: 761: 752: 751: 744: 734: 732: 723: 722: 715: 710: 686:Shadow Children 647:Family planning 643: 588:In April 2015, 567: 561: 558: 555: 546: 542: 535: 530: 517: 508: 503: 486: 451: 446: 437: 424: 348: 314: 302: 296: 280:Rohingya people 272: 266: 261: 243: 238: 147: 141: 107: 101: 96: 91: 82: 77: 57:family planning 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6004:teen pregnancy 5996: 5995: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4994:Fertility rate 4991: 4989:Mortality rate 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4778:European Union 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4680:United Nations 4671: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4589: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4558:Sustainability 4555: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4453:Water scarcity 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Nitrogen cycle 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Forest dieback 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4281:Climate change 4278: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4098:nanotechnology 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882:on marine life 3874: 3873: 3872: 3870:list of issues 3862: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3763:Son preference 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3546:Sustainability 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3519:Related topics 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3408:Largest cities 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3228:I = P × A × T 3224: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2971: 2945: 2918: 2907: 2884: 2857: 2830: 2803:(3): 241–246. 2781: 2774: 2751: 2732: 2705:(6): 342–352. 2682: 2663:(3): 103–107. 2647: 2628:(3): 117–119. 2609: 2590:(2): 231–250. 2567: 2525: 2498:(6): 325–337. 2473: 2458: 2428: 2398: 2387:(2): 203–211. 2368: 2349:(3): 237–240. 2333: 2309: 2295: 2288: 2262: 2237: 2218:(1): 169–172. 2191: 2184: 2163: 2150:10.2307/215955 2136:(2): 178–197. 2120: 2108:United Nations 2092: 2065:(5): 308–317. 2049: 2042: 2011: 2004: 1978: 1956: 1931: 1906: 1868: 1828: 1802: 1762: 1751:. 21 June 2013 1736: 1710: 1688: 1651: 1638: 1625: 1589: 1564: 1545:(3): 275–309. 1522: 1500: 1474: 1444: 1414: 1396: 1378: 1356: 1326: 1298: 1272: 1244: 1225: 1176: 1150: 1139:. 10 July 2007 1135:(in Chinese). 1124: 1095:(4): 551–577. 1075: 1057: 1043: 1007: 981: 960: 939: 921: 896: 865: 839: 813: 792: 771: 742: 712: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 683: 678: 673: 667: 662: 657: 656: 655: 642: 639: 625:Following the 594:George Osborne 569: 568: 549: 547: 540: 534: 533:United Kingdom 531: 529: 526: 516: 513: 507: 504: 502: 499: 490:son preference 485: 482: 450: 447: 445: 442: 436: 435:Current status 433: 423: 422:Administration 420: 347: 344: 313: 310: 298:Main article: 295: 292: 265: 262: 260: 259:Southeast Asia 257: 242: 239: 237: 234: 173:fertility rate 140: 137: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 81: 78: 76: 73: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6141: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:child benefit 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6009:birth control 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5999:United States 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Prenatal care 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5648:Sterilization 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5615:Contraception 5612: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Birth spacing 5581: 5579: 5578:childlessness 5575: 5574:Childfreeness 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546:Sex education 5544: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Public sector 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5265:Literacy rate 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Age structure 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052:world regions 5050: 5048: 5047:South America 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:North America 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4824:Megalopolises 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788:Latin America 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4742:South America 4740: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4725:North America 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4541:Reforestation 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4496:Cultured meat 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Birth control 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Deforestation 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4073:Manufacturing 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021:nuclear power 4019: 4017: 4016:fracking (US) 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3773:Missing women 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3577: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526:Bennett's law 3524: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3447:organizations 3442: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:Kaya identity 3232: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2574: 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