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36:
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originally had strong communist leanings, but later mellowed over the decades to become more of a link between Finns in different parts of the United States rather than addressing a political agenda. The paper was published five times a week in the 1950s and later it was published only three times a
221:
Publishing
Company also published a number of annual magazines in the Finnish language. These periodicals had a key theme of solidarity with fellow workers, though they also offered discussion of current events and the socialist leaning interpretation of the events. Some of these magazines included
266:
Publishing
Company also began publishing a Finnish-English dictionary. The company reached its height in 1912 with sixty-three workers and while it also reached its financial peak at this time, they were forced to spend some funds on legal costs due to a run in with the federal government over the
324:
In 1913 a massive strike of copper miners erupted in the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan, including a large number of Finns. The strike was long and bitter, stretching into 1914, and ultimately government soldiers were called in to end the strike and restore the production of copper in the mines. The
382:
was established in 1950 to present news on cultural, political, and trade union issues of interest to
Finnish Americans. The merger occurred because of diminishing support of communism amongst Finns in the US (and therefore a decreasing readership). However, there had been discussion of a merger
233:
was a periodical of the cooperative movement specifically directed towards
Finnish American farmers. It was considered the best-known and largest paper meant for Finnish-American farmers and the cooperative movement. The paper advertised for a meeting of co-operative store organizers which was
213:
starting in 1908 which was intended as
Michigan's Socialist Party mouthpiece, advocating for the Socialist Party of America. This paper signaled an attempt to reach non-Finns in the American working class struggle and served as a multi-ethnic promoter of the Copper Country's labor movement,
357:
During its
Communist Party phase, which began in about 1920, the circulation of the daily fluctuated in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 copies, declining to around 5,000 in 1950, at which time it was merged with the CPUSA's East Coast Finnish-language newspaper,
197:, which would come to dominate the party's membership rolls by the end of the 1910s. From the mid 1910s onward, the Finnish-American socialists focused on political action, labor organization, and the building of cooperatives to promote their cause.
170:(The Pioneer). Both of these radical weeklies had broader organizational goals than merely bringing the news to a Finnish-American readership profitably, instead seeking to help construct a potent network of Finnish Americans to advance the cause of
125:
began publication with the purpose of spreading socialism and held an inclusive stance towards religion despite historical conflict between the labor movement and
Finnish Lutheranism. However, this flexible stance changed only a month later when
238:
newspaper supported cooperative ideas from its start in 1903, doing the bulk of the work to connect cooperatives and socialists. The CCE worked to spread the idea of the consumers’ cooperative movement among Finns across North
America. Thus, the
1702:
234:
eventually held in
Superior in July 1916 and led to the creation of the Central Cooperative Exchange (CCE) on August 30, 1917. The Central Cooperative Exchange had a close connection to the labor movement and the
153:' first Michigan-produced issue appeared on August 16, 1904, and included the election platform of Socialist Party Presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs. Circulation of the paper grew to about 4,000 in that year.
1865:
1860:
1855:
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337:. Rumors suggested that the move was related to a fall in revenue caused in part by a boycott of the paper by anti-socialist businesses in Hancock and in part due to the large sums of money the
1473:
262:
in an effort to introduce the Finnish immigrant to selected American viewpoints on social issues that promoted the company's causes of socialism and unionism. Starting in 1912, the
345:. However, internal divisions and perhaps a desire to relocate closer to Minnesota's booming iron ranges, which offered a greater chance to expand their organization, led to the
243:
Publishing Company served as a platform for organizing collective action first during the 1914 strikes in the Copper country and later as part of the cooperative movement.
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were launched, holding a convention at Duluth in 1904 as the "Finnish-American Labor League." In 1906 the 73 affiliated Finnish locals were admitted to the
1535:
1610:
816:
P. George Hummasti, "The Working Man's Daily Bread: Finnish-American Working Class Newspapers, 1900-1921," in Michael Karni and Douglas Ollila (eds.),
1835:
301:
The "opportunists" continued to control the Finnish Socialist Federation through the organization's third triennial convention, held in June 1912 in
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63:. Launched as a weekly in July 1903, the paper later went to daily frequency and was issued under its own name until its merger with the
224:
Köyjälistön Nija, Luokkataistelijan Asevarasto, Punainen Juhannus, Työmiehen Joulu, Työväen Kalenteri, Soihtu, Uuden Ajan Soihtu, Vappu
1261:
1810:
859:
282:
During the early 1910s, the Finnish socialist movement had become deeply divided between a center-left majority faction (so-called "
193:, thereby adding between 2,000 and 3,000 members to the party's ranks. The Finnish-Americans thereby became the first of the SPA's
329:
of strikers further exacerbated the tactical differences among the Finnish-American socialists. It was after this strike that the
286:"), who sought to use electoral methods to attain state power and to initiate transformative reforms, and a left wing (so-called "
1746:
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314:
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Publishing Company also published translations of American authors such as Clarence Darrow, James H. Brower, Robert Ingersol,
1464:
1422:
508:
The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography: Volume 1: Migrants from Northern Europe.
317:. The radicals continued to agitate for their perspective, however, concentrating their efforts on the Federation-sponsored
1830:
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190:
86:
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290:"), who considered all reformist gradualism to be useless and counterproductive and who instead favored the use of
186:
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already in 1935 as it was thought it would be better to merge the papers while they still had a strong following.
1788:
1617:
1101:
349:’ departure from Hancock; the search for a new location preceded the unrest caused by the Copper Miners’ strike.
164:
publication, considered significantly more radical than its East Coast counterpart established in January 1905,
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in Hancock, MI, as a politically unaffiliated paper with readership across the United States and Canada.
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451:
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Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country.
667:
Heinilä, Hannu. “‘Sooner or Later You’re a Cooperator’: The Finnish American Cooperative Movement.”
1681:
875:
760:
Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan’s Copper Country
687:
Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan’s Copper Country
652:
Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country
627:
Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country
525:
Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan's Copper Country
334:
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141:. The paper remained in that location for a decade before moving to the comparative metropolis of
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55:(The Worker) was a politically radical Finnish-language newspaper published primarily out of
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809:
David Halkola, "Finnish Language Newspapers in the United States," in Ralph Jalkanen (ed.),
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The Forging of Finnish-American Communism, 1917-1924: A Study in Ethnic Radicalism.
255:
35:
776:. Superior, WI: American Finnish Publishers, Inc and Työmies Society. p. 240.
360:
69:
1289:
1254:
283:
251:
671:, edited by Auvo Kostiainen, Michigan State University Press, 2014, pp. 157–69.
177:
Local Finnish socialist groups began to centralize around the same period that
23:, a publication of the Social Democratic Party of Finland published in Helsinki
1767:
1653:
1310:
1703:
List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
669:
Finns in the United States: A History of Settlement, Dissent, and Integration
326:
171:
64:
527:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. pp. 68–69.
603:
Ross, Carl (1988). "The Utopian Vision of Finnish Immigrants: 1900-1930".
561:
Immigrant Socialists in the United States: The Case of Finns and the Left.
1189:
947:
506:
Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Dirk Hoerder with Christiane Harzig (eds.),
295:
166:
161:
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629:. Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. pp. 79–81.
209:
Publishing Company briefly published an English-language paper called
298:
by the radical labor movement to bring about a revolutionary change.
563:
Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984; pg. 96.
34:
848:
403:
589:
New York: Columbia University Press, 1952. Cited in Kivisto,
654:. Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. p. 100.
446:
ran from 1950 to 1998, however in 1986 the English-language
133:
In June 1904 the publication was moved to the small town of
214:
Michigan's socialists, and the Socialist Party of America.
1866:
Finnish-language newspapers published in the United States
419:
1861:
Non-English-language newspapers published in Wisconsin
1474:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
510:
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987; pp. 224, 234-235.
1856:
Non-English-language newspapers published in Michigan
689:. Michigan State University Press, 2010. pp. 91-102.
550:
John I. Kolehmainen, Sow the Golden Seed, pp. 29-31.
1826:
Socialist newspapers published in the United States
1631:
1602:
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1563:
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1225:
1069:
974:
891:
884:
827:
Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2010.
762:. Michigan State University Press, 2010. pp.174-175
450:was established and continues to circulate out of
1456:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
267:mailing of “obscene literature” with issues of
16:Finnish language communist newspaper in the USA
702:Turku, Finland: Turun Yliopisto, 1978; pg. 38.
860:
834:Fitchburg, MA: Raivaaja Publishing Co., 1955.
8:
469:Non-English press of the Communist Party USA
121:(The Finnish-American Worker). The original
841:Turku, Finland: Institute of History, 1977.
587:The American Socialist Movement, 1897-1912.
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
93:before later becoming a publication of the
39:Front page of the April 19, 1912, issue of
1567:
888:
867:
853:
845:
744:The Forging of Finnish-American Communism,
731:The Forging of Finnish-American Communism,
718:The Forging of Finnish-American Communism,
591:Immigrant Socialists in the United States,
574:Immigrant Socialists in the United States,
712:
710:
708:
546:
544:
43:featuring coverage of the sinking of the
1689:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
839:Features of Finnish-American Publishing.
1841:Socialist Party of America publications
480:
1640:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
174:through political and economic means.
1851:Finnish-American culture in Wisconsin
754:
752:
681:
679:
677:
663:
661:
309:to retreat from their support of the
7:
1846:Finnish-American culture in Michigan
820:Superior, WI: Työmies Society, 1977.
620:
618:
518:
516:
325:defeat of the strike and widespread
246:In addition to these magazines, the
1821:Defunct Finnish-language newspapers
341:contributed to workers during the
307:revolutionary industrial unionists
14:
813:Hancock, MI: Suomi College, 1969.
1836:Communist Party USA publications
1761:Relations with African Americans
407:
343:Copper Country strike of 1913–14
313:methods espoused by the booming
789:"Findians, Finglish, Finntowns"
315:Industrial Workers of the World
1816:Newspapers established in 1903
1465:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
333:relocated its headquarters to
1:
1747:San Francisco Workers' School
1510:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
26:For the cigarette brand, see
191:Finnish Socialist Federation
123:Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies
119:Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies
87:Finnish Socialist Federation
811:The Finns in North America.
139:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1882:
1782:Young Communist League USA
787:Oja, Vesa (May 16, 2013).
772:Lahtinen, William (1953).
187:Socialist Party of America
91:Socialist Party of America
73:(Forward) in 1950 to form
25:
18:
1789:Young Pioneers of America
448:Finnish American Reporter
321:, located at Smithville.
145:, a virtual twin city of
1811:Finnish-American history
1675:International Publishers
1647:Bill of Rights socialism
1544:Watkins v. United States
156:From its earliest days,
115:Worcester, Massachusetts
85:was affiliated with the
19:Not to be confused with
1717:New York Workers School
1528:Scales v. United States
1492:Dennis v. United States
650:Kaunonen, Gary (2010).
625:Kaunonen, Gary (2010).
523:Kaunonen, Gary (2010).
1668:English-language press
1553:Yates v. United States
1332:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1304:Shirley Graham Du Bois
1213:Rossana Cambron &
1080:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
416:This section is empty.
47:
1754:Soviet Negro Republic
1661:Communist Labor Party
1519:Noto v. United States
1297:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
1110:L. E. Katterfeld
1078:C. E. Ruthenberg
319:Work People's College
303:Smithville, Minnesota
38:
1831:Communist newspapers
1710:National conventions
1402:William L. Patterson
832:Sow the Golden Seed.
818:For the Common Good.
605:Scandinavian Studies
452:Finlandia University
195:language federations
95:Communist Party, USA
1682:Language federation
877:Communist Party USA
774:50. Vuoden varrelta
335:Superior, Wisconsin
143:Superior, Wisconsin
113:was established in
61:Superior, Wisconsin
28:Työmies (cigarette)
1775:Yokinen Show Trial
1483:De Jonge v. Oregon
1374:Antoinette Konikow
1346:Dorothy Ray Healey
1086:Alfred Wagenknecht
830:John Kolehmainen,
793:Books from Finland
367:Työmies-Eteenpäin.
256:“Big” Bill Haywood
201:Other publications
48:
1798:
1797:
1724:Non-English press
1696:Lincoln Battalion
1627:
1626:
1423:Charles E. Taylor
1360:Oakley C. Johnson
1241:William Albertson
1226:Prominent members
1182:William Z. Foster
1158:William Z. Foster
1128:(1922; 1927–1929)
1118:William Weinstone
1065:
1064:
975:Vice Presidential
936:Charlene Mitchell
900:William Z. Foster
837:Auvo Kostiainen,
698:Auvo Kostiainen,
636:978-0-87013-873-7
534:978-0-87013-873-7
444:Työmies-Eteenpäin
436:
435:
393:Työmies-Eteenpäin
380:Työmies-Eteenpäin
373:Työmies-Eteenpäin
278:in the 1914 split
147:Duluth, Minnesota
137:, located in the
76:Työmies-Eteenpäin
57:Hancock, Michigan
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1632:Related articles
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418:You can help by
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260:Charles H. Moyer
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823:Gary Kaunonen,
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804:Further reading
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353:Communist years
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228:Pelto ja Koti.
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130:became editor.
128:Vihtori Kosonen
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1732:People's World
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1501:Kent v. Dulles
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1437:Richard Wright
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1217:(2019–present)
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1142:Caleb Harrison
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288:impossibilists
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45:R.M.S. Titanic
21:Työmies (1895)
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427:February 2018
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230:Pelto ja Koti
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189:(SPA) as the
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1454:
1416:Tupac Shakur
1409:Paul Robeson
1388:Steve Nelson
1262:John Bernard
1234:Bernard Ades
1166:Earl Browder
1150:Abram Jakira
1047:Angela Davis
1031:Jarvis Tyner
920:Earl Browder
892:Presidential
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
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743:
742:Kostiainen,
738:
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729:Kostiainen,
725:
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716:Kostiainen,
699:
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581:
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68:
51:
50:
49:
44:
40:
32:
1290:Anne Burlak
1255:Max Bedacht
1208:(2014–2019)
1200:(2000–2014)
1192:(1959–2000)
1184:(1945–1957)
1176:(1945–1959)
1168:(1934–1945)
1160:(1929–1934)
1152:(1922–1923)
1144:(1921–1922)
1136:(1921–1922)
1120:(1921–1922)
1104:(late 1920)
1096:(1920–1921)
1088:(1919–1921)
439:Termination
400:Later years
252:Jack London
1805:Categories
1768:Ware Group
1654:Browderism
1447:Litigation
1311:Bella Dodd
733:pp. 39-40.
576:pp. 96-97.
475:References
211:Wage Slave
67:newspaper
572:Kivisto,
389:Eteenpäin
361:Eteenpäin
269:Lapatossu
183:Raivaaja)
172:socialism
70:Eteenpäin
65:communist
1586:Maryland
1215:Joe Sims
1198:Sam Webb
1190:Gus Hall
948:Gus Hall
885:Nominees
458:See also
365:to form
296:sabotage
167:Raivaaja
41:Työmies,
1611:Alabama
1603:Defunct
1579:Georgia
1571:Current
1070:Leaders
746:pg. 40.
720:pg. 39.
593:pg. 97.
385:Työmies
347:Työmies
339:Työmies
331:Työmies
292:strikes
276:Työmies
264:Työmies
248:Työmies
241:Työmies
236:Työmies
219:Työmies
207:Työmies
179:Työmies
162:Marxist
158:Työmies
151:Työmies
135:Hancock
111:Työmies
101:History
89:of the
83:Työmies
52:Työmies
1618:Hawaii
1112:(1921)
633:
611:: 489.
531:
396:week.
258:, and
160:was a
59:, and
1593:Texas
181:(and
1055:1984
1051:1980
1039:1976
1035:1972
1023:1968
1011:1940
1007:1936
1003:1932
991:1928
987:1924
964:1984
960:1980
956:1976
952:1972
940:1968
928:1940
924:1936
912:1932
908:1928
904:1924
631:ISBN
529:ISBN
387:and
378:The
294:and
226:and
217:The
205:The
422:.
1807::
1053:;
1037:;
1009:;
1005:;
989:;
962:;
958:;
954:;
926:;
910:;
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791:.
751:^
707:^
676:^
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609:60
607:.
543:^
515:^
483:^
271:.
254:,
149:.
97:.
79:.
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902:(
868:e
861:t
854:v
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537:.
429:)
425:(
363:,
30:.
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