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are medium to large millipedes ranging from 36–92 mm (1.4–3.6 in) long and 5 to 10 mm (0.20 to 0.39 in) wide, with females attaining larger sizes than males. They are cylindrical, or nearly so, and possess 40 to 54 segments (body rings) as adults. Body color ranges from black to
620:
is thought to be the more advanced due to more complex genital morphology, and a prominently hooked projection of the third pair of legs in males. Tylobolinae is thought to be more derived than the other subfamily, Spirobolinae. The family
246:
reddish brown, the posterior margin of each ring may be faintly or strongly colored in red or yellow. The body rings are mostly smooth or with a very fine texture. The two eyes, each composed of 27-50
925:
951:
899:
938:
300:
to northern Baja. Most of the
Pacific species have small geographic ranges and do not overlap. The only species east of the Sierra Nevada is
1005:
977:
943:
345:
956:
317:
747:
572:
563:
649:
Keeton, William T. (1960). "A taxonomic study of the milliped family
Spirobolidae (Diplopoda; Spirobolida)".
250:
in a patch or "ocular field", are widely separated, with more than twice the width of a patch between them.
357:
813:
692:
420:
341:
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598:, in terms of a number of traits it possesses that are absent or poorly developed in other spirobolids.
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218:
149:
99:
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Hoffman, R. L. (1999). "Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle
America".
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are highly fragmented and equivocal, the species is considered a
536:, a spirobolid common in the eastern U.S. Since no specimens of "
811:
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itself is thought to be the most primitive family of the order
891:
616:, occurring from Southern California into Mexico. Of the two,
530:, but its existence is dubious, and may be attributable to
284:
is the northernmost species, ranging to just north of the
741:
739:
726:
Virginia Museum of
Natural History Special Publications
668:
Keeton, W. (1966). "The species of the milliped genus
594:
may be one of the most advanced genera of the family
217:
found in western North
America. It is in the family
820:
697:Chamberlin in Arizona (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae)"
674:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
581:Anterior (left) and posterior (right) gonopods of
348:, California, east to the western slopes of the
719:
717:
715:
274:, Mexico. Only one species occurs east of the
672:(Diplopoda: Spirobolida). A re-examination".
651:Memoirs of the American Entomological Society
8:
644:
642:
478:) south to Santa Cruz County and inland to
310:
808:
540:" have been discovered since 1949 and the
31:
20:
288:in Washington. The southernmost species,
691:Shelley, R. M.; Stevens, L. E. (2003).
638:
522:", was previously thought to occur in
7:
756:(Causey)(Spirobolida: Spirobolidae)"
14:
701:Western North American Naturalist
781:
610:which includes one other genus,
571:
562:
746:Shelley, R.; Bauer, S. (1997).
321:
316:
313:
266:of North America, ranging from
748:"Distribution of the milliped
1:
752:Chamberlin, with remarks on
1006:Millipedes of North America
693:"Discovery of the milliped
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405:, South to Santa Cruz and
229:. The genus was named by
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174:
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
518:An additional species, "
508:, Utah and north of the
445:(Chamberlin, 1949)
760:Great Basin Naturalist
494:Chamberlin, 1925
363:Chamberlin, 1918
342:San Francisco Bay Area
304:, which occurs in the
474:Southern Washington (
427:Santa Barbara County
750:Tylobolus utahensis
695:Tylobolus utahensis
583:Tylobolus uncigerus
370:south to northeast
358:T. claremontus
16:Genus of millipedes
550:or doubtful name.
533:Narceus americanus
506:Zion National Park
368:Los Angeles County
993:
992:
965:Open Tree of Life
814:Taxon identifiers
789:Arthropods portal
606:of the subfamily
516:
515:
489:T. utahensis
462:T. uncigerus
403:Sacramento County
346:Santa Cruz County
329:T. castaneus
322:Geographic range
225:of the subfamily
213:with seven known
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754:T. fredericksoni
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538:T. fredericksoni
520:T. fredericksoni
476:Klickitat County
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298:Riverside County
268:Washington state
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480:Mariposa County
449:Monterey County
415:T. loomisi
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372:Baja California
272:Baja California
258:All species of
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554:Classification
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292:, ranges from
290:T. claremontus
286:Columbia River
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231:Orator F. Cook
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188:Californibolus
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141:T. claremontus
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453:Fresno County
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399:Sonoma County
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381:T. deses
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276:Sierra Nevada
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264:Pacific Slope
262:occur on the
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623:Spirobolidae
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596:Spirobolidae
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547:nomen dubium
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537:
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519:
517:
510:Grand Canyon
487:
460:
438:
423:, 1966
413:
395:, 1904
379:
356:
337:, 1918
327:
318:Taxon author
302:T. utahensis
301:
296:and western
289:
282:T. uncigerus
281:
280:
259:
257:
242:
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219:Spirobolidae
197:
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168:T. utahensis
167:
164:T. uncigerus
163:
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155:
144:
140:
137:T. castaneus
136:
135:
112:
111:
100:Spirobolidae
24:
18:
1011:Spirobolida
913:iNaturalist
846:Wikispecies
680:(1): 17–28.
627:Spirobolida
608:Tylobolinae
502:Inyo County
440:T. monachus
431:Kern County
294:Los Angeles
278:mountains.
241:Species of
237:Description
227:Tylobolinae
211:Spirobolida
160:T. monachus
88:Spirobolida
1000:Categories
633:References
604:type genus
512:, Arizona
429:inland to
335:Chamberlin
223:type genus
207:millipedes
156:T. loomisi
64:Arthropoda
852:Tylobolus
822:Tylobolus
798:Tylobolus
670:Tylobolus
618:Tylobolus
613:Hiltonius
600:Tylobolus
592:Tylobolus
542:holotypes
366:Coastal:
260:Tylobolus
243:Tylobolus
233:in 1904.
198:Tylobolus
184:Auxobolus
113:Tylobolus
76:Diplopoda
47:Kingdom:
25:Tylobolus
861:BugGuide
837:Q4248784
831:Wikidata
803:BugGuide
732:: 1–553.
657:: 1–146.
528:Nebraska
451:east to
314:Species
176:Synonyms
145:T. deses
95:Family:
59:Phylum:
52:Animalia
931:1306794
905:1027691
602:is the
254:Species
215:species
129:Species
107:Genus:
83:Order:
71:Class:
983:892846
970:467893
957:555206
944:569121
866:272011
524:Kansas
421:Keeton
248:ocelli
122:, 1904
978:WoRMS
926:IRMNG
918:68766
892:39098
879:7Q5LB
203:genus
201:is a
952:NCBI
939:ITIS
900:GBIF
526:and
469:Wood
393:Cook
387:type
344:to
340:The
150:type
120:Cook
887:EoL
874:CoL
801:on
504:to
401:to
270:to
205:of
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