1707:
attested in some 200 very short inscriptions from the Alpine region to the north of Verona. Despite their brevity, a number of linguistic patterns can be recognised which point to a relationship with
Etruscan."(....) The correspondences (of Etruscan) with Raetic seem entirely convincing, but it is important to note that there are differences between the languages too (for instance, the patronymic suffixes are similar but not identical), so that Raetic cannot just be seen as a form of Etruscan. As in the case of Lemnian, we have related languages belonging to the same family, so should we suppose that Proto-Tyrrhenian may have extended rather widely in prehistoric times? Certainly the introduction of Raetic into the argument, with the ensuing geographical complications, makes the notion of a straightforward migration of Etruscans from Asia Minor seem a little too simple. And it is not in the end clear that we can be sure that the Etruscans did come from outside Italy, at least in any period of which we can hope to give a historical account, whatever the romantic attractions of scenarios such as displacement in the wake of the Trojan War.
1428:, pp. 97â102: Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
1193:, p. 1912: Italy was home to a number of languages in the Iron Age, some of them clearly Indo-European (Latin being the most obvious, although this was merely the language spoken in the Roman heartland, that is, Latium, and other languages such as Italic, Venetic or Ligurian were also present), while the centre-west and northwest were occupied by the people we call Etruscans, who spoke a language which was non-Indo-European and presumed to represent an ethnic and linguistic stratum which goes far back in time, perhaps even to the occupants of Italy prior to the spread of farming.
1381:: Se resta il fatto che la documentazione archeologica smentisce in tutta evidenza un rapporto filogenetico fra Etruschi e Reti, visti anche fenomeni di continuitĂ come nellâambito della produzione vascolare di boccali di tradizione Luco/Laugen (fig. 8), non Ăš escluso che la percezione di prossimitĂ esistenti fra la lingua e la scrittura delle due entitĂ etniche possano avere indotto eruditi del tempo a costruite âa tavolinoâ un rapporto di parentela.(...)
283:
5615:
145:
6170:
489:". The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula".
1706:
These further
Anatolian connections are not very convincing, though the relationship between Etruscan and Lemnian remains secure. Before concluding that this still makes an eastern origin for Etruscan most likely, a further language with Etruscan affinities must be noted. This is Raetic, a language
469:, and that the Etruscan language, and therefore the other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages, as already argued by German geneticist
399:. The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti, while the relationship between the Etruscan and Raetic languages is thought to date back to a remote stage of prehistory.
391:, thus limiting contacts between the two languages. Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data, the Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the
1481:, p. 217: Itâs likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be known.
960:
texts in
Etruscan, which was refuted by most scholars but gained popularity in the former Soviet Union. In any case, a relationship between the Etruscan language and Minoan (including Eteocretan and Eteocypriot) is considered unfounded.
376:
proposed that Raetic could have split from
Etruscan from around 900 BC or even earlier, at any rate no later than 700 BC since divergences are already present in the oldest Etruscan and Raetic inscriptions, such as in the
977:
has been proposed, but is not accepted for historical, archaeological, genetic, and linguistic reasons. If these languages are an early Indo-European stratum rather than pre-Indo-European, they would be associated with Krahe's
437:
syllabic script. Scholars such as
Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the
1582:, p. 34: "The basic idea was to find a language which might be related to Minoan. Ventris' candidate was Etruscan; not a bad guess, because the Etruscans, according to ancient tradition, came from the Aegean to Italy.".
1016:, and Northeast Caucasian languages, numerals, grammatical structures and phonologies. Most linguists, however, either doubt that the language families are related, or believe that the evidence is far from conclusive.
567:: 13,000 inscriptions, the overwhelming majority of which have been found in Italy; the oldest Etruscan inscription dates back to the 8th century BC, and the most recent one is dated to the 1st century AD.
5287:
1515:
And again, Anticleides says that they (the
Pelasgians) were the first to settle the regions round about Lemnos and Imbros, and indeed that some of these sailed away to Italy with Tyrrhenus the son of Atys
1896:
de Simone, Carlo (2011). "La Nuova
Iscrizione 'Tirsenica' di Lemnos (Efestia, teatro): considerazioni generali" [Lemnos' New 'Tirsenic' Inscription (Hephaesty, theater): general considerations].
337:. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scant number of Raetic and Lemnian texts and possibly also to the early date at which the languages split.
465:
A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of
Etruscan individuals, who lived between 800 BC and 1 BC, concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous, and genetically similar to the Iron Age
2390:]. VortrĂ€ge und kleinere Schriften (in German). Innsbruck: Innsbrucker BeitrĂ€ge zur Sprachwissenschaft: Institut fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck.
4485:
1982:
Facchetti, Giulio M. (2002). "Appendice sulla questione delle affinitĂ genetiche dell'Etrusco" [Appendix on questions of the
Etruscan genetic affinity].
2446:]. Sonderheft (in German) (2nd ed.). Innsbruck: Innsbrucker BeitrĂ€ge zur Kulturwissenschaft: Institut fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck.
5589:
4620:
5337:
2587:
573:: 300 inscriptions, the overwhelming majority of which have been found in the Central Alps; the oldest Raetic inscription dates back to the 6th century BC.
2425:
Schumacher, Stefan (1998). "Sprachliche
Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen RĂ€tisch und Etruskisch" [Linguistic similarities between Raetic and Etruscan].
1532:
422:, a Thracian population. While the results of the previous excavations indicate that the Early Iron Age inhabitants of Lemnos could be a remnant of a
5277:
5916:
2173:
Marchesini, Simona (2013). "I rapporti etrusco/retico-italici nella prima Italia alla luce dei dati linguistici: il caso della "mozione" etrusca".
248:, between Etruscan and Raetic, may belong to the family as well, but evidence of such is limited. The Tyrsenian languages are generally considered
5670:
579:: 2 inscriptions plus a small number of extremely fragmentary inscriptions; the oldest Lemnian inscription dates back to the late 6th century BC.
585:: may be related to Raetic; about 170 inscriptions found in the Central Alps; the oldest Camunic inscriptions dates back to the 5th century BC.
5715:
2556:
2307:
2219:
2163:
2140:
2059:
Heffner, Edward H. (1927). "Archaeological News: Notes on Recent Archaeological Excavations and Discoveries; Other News JulyâDecember 1926".
2010:
1991:
1943:
1916:
Mediterranea. Quaderni annuali dell'Istituto di Studi sulle CiviltĂ italiche e del Mediterraneo antico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
1827:
1793:
1770:
4110:
6197:
4000:
3581:
6202:
5494:
3082:
4267:
2526:
2483:
2460:
2415:
2270:
2110:
2040:
1857:
5360:
4243:
916:, also thought there to be a relation between Etruscan and Minoan. Facchetti proposes a hypothetical language family derived from
4613:
3482:
5202:
5190:
5869:
3401:
3337:
2580:
2061:
1953:
Facchetti, Giulio M. (2001). "Qualche osservazione sulla lingua minoica" [Some observations on the Minoican language].
1737:
4014:
3765:
3256:
5830:
1868:
402:
After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support a migration from
5267:
4127:
3262:
5417:
5407:
5402:
5095:
4879:
4874:
4480:
3087:
2873:
2867:
2791:
1005:
5247:
4174:
3462:
2050:
Harding, Anthony H. (2014). "The later prehistory of Central and Northern Europe". In Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.).
1702:
Etruscan by definition: the cultural, regional and personal identity of the Etruscans. Papers in honour of Sybille Haynes
6192:
5752:
5660:
5422:
5392:
4490:
4475:
3475:
3233:
3194:
5272:
4249:
3107:
5820:
5370:
4711:
4606:
4470:
4464:
3522:
3440:
3413:
3117:
2286:
1906:
1024:
The language group seems to have died out around the 3rd century BC in the Aegean (by assimilation of the speakers to
4036:
3494:
3152:
3112:
3102:
5815:
5741:
5584:
5039:
3697:
3292:
3122:
2808:
2573:
1819:
881:
362:
318:
249:
4255:
4231:
4206:
4179:
4162:
3070:
2641:
5782:
5762:
5604:
5569:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5295:
5217:
5212:
4868:
4854:
4629:
4448:
3172:
3127:
3097:
2596:
1837:
4978:
3927:
3759:
2814:
2630:
5959:
5262:
5207:
4808:
4697:
4495:
4302:
3939:
2821:
1063:
392:
326:
5979:
5487:
5076:
4971:
4921:
4900:
4891:
4773:
4690:
4650:
3500:
3425:
2828:
2778:
2298:
Oettinger, Norbert (2010). "Seevölker und Etrusker". In Cohen, Yoram; Gilan, Amir; Miller, Jared L. (eds.).
974:
350:
346:
253:
5800:
5795:
5232:
5227:
4992:
4964:
4955:
4914:
4514:
4362:
4157:
4152:
3933:
3886:
3516:
3433:
3092:
3076:
2884:
2785:
2648:
2624:
2281:
1073:
979:
5614:
4985:
2850:
365:
and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the
294:
proposed that three then unclassified ancient languages belonged to a common linguistic family he called
5805:
5710:
5665:
5640:
5623:
5503:
5384:
5257:
5237:
4780:
4718:
4560:
4458:
4147:
3950:
3740:
3729:
3691:
3298:
3272:
3177:
3167:
2766:
2617:
1510:
1047:
396:
373:
4261:
3986:
6042:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5195:
5049:
4862:
4746:
4535:
4420:
4292:
4100:
4073:
4056:
4024:
3922:
3636:
3561:
3488:
3267:
3244:
3216:
3147:
3058:
2839:
2341:
2120:
1504:
1307:
957:
861:
528:
864:
has been proposed by G. M. Facchetti referring to some alleged similarities between on the one hand
5840:
5835:
5412:
5185:
5170:
5105:
4907:
4829:
4739:
4683:
4641:
4312:
4216:
4116:
4105:
4067:
4046:
3944:
3903:
3678:
3660:
3654:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3528:
3511:
3250:
2916:
2797:
2747:
2604:
1124:
1009:
970:
953:
925:
877:
853:
6169:
880:. If these languages could be shown to be related to Etruscan and Raetic, they would constitute a
5954:
5905:
5524:
5480:
5146:
5100:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4168:
4137:
4132:
4085:
4079:
4030:
3975:
3898:
3782:
3746:
3707:
3649:
3456:
3451:
3162:
2921:
2890:
2856:
2844:
2803:
2678:
2225:
2086:
2078:
1970:
904:. A proposed relation between these languages has also been made previously by Raymond A. Brown.
4323:
4286:
6002:
5949:
5858:
5850:
5735:
5700:
5650:
5350:
5327:
5322:
5300:
5242:
5020:
4943:
4836:
4328:
4317:
4297:
4237:
4142:
4122:
4061:
4041:
3752:
3713:
3684:
3672:
3609:
3555:
3533:
3506:
3446:
3419:
3238:
3199:
3189:
3157:
3030:
2956:
2938:
2932:
2834:
2752:
2666:
2635:
2552:
2548:
2522:
2479:
2456:
2411:
2367:
2303:
2266:
2249:
2215:
2198:[Onomastics in the reconstruction of the lexicon: the case of Rhaetian and Etruscan].
2182:
2159:
2136:
2106:
2036:
2006:
1987:
1939:
1919:
1853:
1823:
1789:
1766:
1058:
984:
929:
897:
865:
564:
524:
378:
358:
299:
265:
197:
106:
5892:
5863:
5790:
5690:
5627:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5511:
5312:
5305:
5252:
5180:
5175:
5132:
5125:
5055:
4999:
4937:
4843:
4815:
4801:
4787:
4704:
4676:
4664:
4657:
4545:
4405:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4344:
4338:
4333:
4307:
4200:
4095:
4019:
3957:
3909:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3805:
3789:
3724:
3719:
3702:
3643:
3537:
3469:
3380:
3347:
3325:
3315:
3211:
3183:
3132:
3053:
3037:
3023:
3005:
2998:
2984:
2944:
2926:
2910:
2896:
2718:
2701:
2544:
2514:
2403:
2357:
2349:
2332:
2207:
2128:
2070:
2028:
1962:
1845:
1719:
1052:
1041:
1013:
1001:
933:
869:
752:
582:
576:
486:
451:
423:
414:
where Raetic was spoken. The indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times
307:
303:
277:
241:
233:
121:
116:
2518:
2023:(2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.).
5994:
5887:
5810:
5680:
5675:
5579:
5559:
5139:
5090:
5044:
4927:
4822:
4794:
4753:
4670:
4540:
4415:
4400:
4369:
4090:
4051:
3916:
3862:
3734:
3596:
3362:
3357:
3222:
3137:
3018:
3011:
2991:
2973:
2878:
2861:
2660:
2098:
2020:
949:
937:
921:
917:
905:
873:
857:
570:
482:
478:
474:
470:
427:
269:
229:
221:
189:
94:
88:
1722:; Orel, Vladimir (1989). "Etruscan and North Caucasian". In Shevoroshkin, Vitaliy (ed.).
2345:
2328:"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect"
944:
has proposed that this language family is related to the pre-Indo-European languages of
317:
Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher,
6017:
5898:
5825:
5655:
5635:
5599:
5317:
5085:
4550:
4410:
4379:
4350:
3981:
3867:
3850:
3800:
3795:
3666:
3603:
3373:
3367:
3287:
3282:
3228:
3205:
2950:
2772:
2729:
2712:
2706:
2684:
2672:
2536:
2506:
2362:
2327:
2156:
The fragmentary languages of ancient Italy: manual for the study of pre-Roman languages
2152:
Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica: manuale per lo studio delle lingue preromane
941:
885:
388:
322:
282:
201:
1402:
6186:
6112:
5974:
5882:
5876:
5757:
5554:
4434:
4374:
4356:
3872:
3856:
3810:
3567:
3387:
3352:
3342:
3320:
3277:
3142:
2723:
2655:
2300:
Pax Hethitica Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer
2229:
2090:
1974:
1758:
1754:
913:
703:
679:
387:. From around 400 BCE, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area by the
205:
172:
64:
2340:(39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673.
2105:. Translated by Waight, Caroline (I ed.). New York: Random House. p. 217.
555:
Lemnians to the island Kalliste to "Tyrrhenian warriors" from the island of Lemnos.
369:. This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences.
17:
6173:
6092:
5984:
5964:
5645:
5594:
5222:
5030:
4764:
3331:
1931:
771:
144:
1028:), and as regards Etruscan around the 1st century AD in Italy (by assimilation to
2407:
1936:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200 B.C
1813:
5969:
5944:
5544:
1025:
732:
533:
439:
382:
176:
168:
52:
4598:
5926:
5397:
5116:
5066:
4932:
2978:
2395:
2379:
2032:
989:
504:
500:
447:
443:
426:
population and, in addition, the earliest attested reference to Lemnos is the
366:
354:
291:
286:
Tyrrhenian language family tree as proposed by de Simone and Marchesini (2013)
237:
193:
2493:
Van der Meer, L. Bouke (2004). "Etruscan origins. Language and archaeology".
2253:
2195:
2186:
1966:
1923:
1905:(1). Amherst: Classics Department and the Center for Etruscan Studies at the
1869:"An Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples"
6137:
6122:
6097:
6067:
6037:
5705:
5539:
2565:
2196:"L'onomastica nella ricostruzione del lessico: il caso di Retico ed Etrusco"
1914:
de Simone, Carlo; Marchesini, Simona, eds. (2013). "La lamina di Demlfeld".
1528:
516:
330:
131:
6012:
2371:
2353:
1700:
Penney, John H. W. (2009). "The Etruscan language and its Italic context".
310:, only attested by a small number of inscriptions from the Greek island of
2132:
2003:
Lemnos. Cultura, storia, archeologia, topografia di un'isola del nord-Egeo
1878:. XLâXLI. Amsterdam: Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society: 151â172.
1849:
1299:
1012:
language family, based on claimed sound correspondences between Etruscan,
6152:
6147:
6142:
6127:
6107:
5939:
5934:
5725:
5685:
5574:
945:
909:
552:
544:
459:
434:
419:
245:
209:
5472:
1889:
The Tyrrhenians in Lemnos. Linguistic evidence and historical traditions
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6062:
6057:
6047:
6022:
5720:
5549:
4633:
2211:
1067:
473:
who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as
407:
357:
dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to the last quarter of the
273:
213:
111:
72:
68:
60:
2440:
Die rÀtischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung
2082:
5767:
5695:
4725:
4555:
4453:
1293:
1291:
893:
539:
537:(IV.1760), written in the third century BC, in an elaborate invented
520:
512:
508:
492:
466:
455:
403:
334:
325:. Common features among Etruscan, Raetic, Lemnian have been found in
311:
217:
80:
76:
56:
2302:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 233â246.
2244:
Marzatico, Franco (2019). "I Reti e i popoli delle Alpi orientali".
1805:
Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources
2123:(2017). "The Etruscans". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.).
2074:
1840:(2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.).
1032:). The latest Raetic inscriptions are dated to the 1st century BC.
6157:
6117:
6102:
6052:
6027:
6007:
5772:
5747:
5730:
5564:
1029:
889:
548:
281:
48:
1726:. Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. Bochum.
1203:
1201:
1199:
1092:
Steinbauer tries to relate both Etruscan and Raetic to Anatolian.
6132:
6032:
2444:
The Rhaetian inscriptions. History and current state of research
1844:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 405â422.
1298:
Kluge, Sindy; Salomon, Corinna; Schumacher, Stefan (2013â2018).
901:
531:
mentioned an ancient settlement of Tyrrhenians on Lemnos in his
442:. Alternatively, the Lemnian language could have arrived in the
411:
395:, in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age
225:
5476:
4602:
4574:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2569:
2478:] (in German). St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
2248:(in Italian). 49bis. Trento: MUSE-Museo delle Scienze: 73â82.
2027:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17â33.
1885:
I Tirreni a Lemnos. Evidenza linguistica e tradizioni storiche
1462:
1460:
1458:
1000:
A number of mainly Soviet or post-Soviet linguists, including
2005:(in Italian). Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene.
1142:
1140:
1138:
192:
of closely related ancient languages put forward by linguist
180:
1004:, suggested a link between the Tyrrhenian languages and the
2402:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 141â164.
2509:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.).
2326:
Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (2021).
2054:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
2513:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97â102.
2103:
A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe
1509:(public domain translation), translated by Jones, H.L.,
1254:
1252:
1765:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
503:
attributes a share in the foundation of Etruria to the
1174:
1172:
1159:
1157:
1155:
819:
789:
746:
27:
Hypothetical extinct pre-Indo-European language family
2025:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
1842:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
827:
806:
765:
759:
519:
as settlers in Lemnos, after they were expelled from
656:
637:
618:
5993:
5925:
5849:
5781:
5622:
5510:
5383:
5336:
5286:
5159:
5114:
5074:
5065:
5029:
4954:
4890:
4853:
4763:
4640:
4528:
4505:
4433:
4277:
3999:
3967:
3885:
3774:
3580:
3547:
3400:
3308:
3052:
2966:
2743:
2694:
2603:
1899:
Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies
1207:
485:) "developed on the continent in the course of the
130:
100:
87:
42:
32:
2511:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
956:language. T. B. Jones proposed in 1950 reading of
1782:Gli Etruschi. La scrittura. La lingua. La societĂ
2398:(2008). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
2200:MĂ©langes de l'Ăcole française de Rome: AntiquitĂ©
1786:The Etruscans. Writing. The tongue. The society.
1704:. London: British Museum Press. pp. 88â94.
1374:
1372:
1663:
1651:
1466:
1146:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
948:, based upon place name analysis. From another
884:family stretching from (at the very least) the
649:
630:
611:
5488:
4614:
2581:
2206:(1). Rome: Ăcole française de Rome: 123â136.
1938:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
727:Cognates common to Etruscan and Lemnian are:
8:
5590:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
5458:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4584:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1780:Bellelli, Vincenzo; Benelli, Enrico (2018).
1478:
1363:
594:Cognates common to Raetic and Etruscan are:
462:and various parts of the Italian peninsula.
454:rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from
2290:, London: Council of the Society: 169â225,
2265:. World of Archeology. New York: Scribner.
1788:] (in Italian). Rome: Carocci Editore.
1675:
321:, Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, or
5495:
5481:
5473:
5163:
5071:
4621:
4607:
4599:
4441:
4007:
3891:
3588:
3406:
3063:
2758:
2609:
2588:
2574:
2566:
2455:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 28â46.
2321:(2nd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1615:
1555:
1390:
1351:
1243:
1231:
1066:(also called Paleosardinian, Protosardic,
839:Fringe scholarship and superseded theories
551:: in passing, he attributes the flight of
2361:
1603:
1591:
1378:
1270:
1258:
1055:(probably Indo-European or related to it)
515:. The Pelasgians are also referred to by
381:of past tenses or in the endings of male
349:language family predating the arrival of
2541:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
2451:Shipley, Lucy (2017). "Where is home?".
2127:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637â672.
1918:(in Italian). Supplemento 8. Pisa/Roma.
1579:
1178:
1163:
596:
2549:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8222
2543:, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,
1986:(in Italian). Leo S. Olschki: 111â150.
1687:
1639:
1449:
1425:
1413:
1327:
1282:
1190:
1104:
1085:
872:, and on the other hand languages like
149:Approximate area of Tyrsenian languages
2158:] (in Italian). Milan: U. Hoepli.
1891:] (in Italian). Florence: Olschki.
1724:Explorations in Language Macrofamilies
1627:
1404:, Word study tool of ancient languages
29:
1567:
1490:
1437:
99:
7:
2519:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
721:-ed (past active participle)
2282:"A history of the Pelasgian theory"
1339:
1219:
1304:Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum
816:two cognate words describing ages
25:
2453:The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations
2181:. Bologna: PĂ tron editore: 9â32.
1815:The Decipherment of Linear B
6168:
5917:English words of Etruscan origin
5791:Battle of Alalia (540 BCâ535 BC)
5613:
2292:§ 16. Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians
143:
5870:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
5671:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
2472:Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen
2400:The Ancient Languages of Europe
2062:American Journal of Archaeology
1208:de Simone & Marchesini 2013
928:from which would have come the
196:in 1998, which consists of the
5831:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
5806:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
2470:Steinbauer, Dieter H. (1999).
2263:The Neolithic of the Near East
2175:Rivista storica dell'antichitĂ
2052:The Cambridge World Prehistory
1807:. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
908:, who successfully deciphered
824:Etruscan 'and aged sixty-five'
433:, "Lemnian woman", written in
306:of the southern Alps, and the
1:
1984:Appunti di Morfologia Etrusca
1467:Posth, Zaro & Spyrou 2021
1306:. Department of Linguistics,
1006:Northeast Caucasian languages
996:Northeast Caucasian languages
5836:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
5661:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
2539:(2018), "Lemnian language",
2438:Schumacher, Stefan (2004) .
2408:10.1017/CBO9780511486814.010
2125:The Peoples of Ancient Italy
1044:(possibly related to Raetic)
828:
820:
807:
790:
766:
760:
747:
657:
638:
619:
290:In 1998 the German linguist
6198:Pre-Indo-European languages
5821:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
2317:Palmer, Leonard R. (1965).
2287:Journal of Hellenic Studies
2194:Marchesini, Simona (2019).
2150:Marchesini, Simona (2009).
1907:University of Massachusetts
1652:Barker & Rasmussen 2000
1147:Bellelli & Benelli 2018
952:branch would have come the
93:One of the world's primary
6219:
6203:Proposed language families
5826:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
5816:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
5742:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
5585:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
5278:Chukotko-KamchatkanâAmuric
2001:Ficuciello, Lucia (2013).
1820:Cambridge University Press
1803:Brown, Raymond A. (1985).
882:pre-Indo-European language
770:'for the Phocaean' on the
751:Etruscan 'to Aule' on the
702:-'s (second
263:
181:
6166:
5763:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
5611:
5605:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
5570:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
5446:
5166:
4569:
4444:
4010:
3894:
3591:
3409:
3066:
2761:
2612:
2597:Primary language families
2101:; Trappe, Thomas (2021).
2033:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2
1883:de Simone, Carlo (1996).
982:and would date back to a
345:Tyrsenian was probably a
142:
89:Linguistic classification
37:
5960:National Etruscan Museum
5811:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
3414:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2476:New Handbook on Etruscan
2261:Mellaart, James (1975).
1967:10.1515/kadm.2001.40.1.1
1738:The Survival of Etruscan
1537:, Perseus, Tufts, 6, 137
1479:Krause & Trappe 2021
1064:Paleo-Sardinian language
393:Fritzens-Sanzeno culture
188:) is a proposed extinct
5980:Tumulus of Montefortini
5455:have no living members.
5338:East and Southeast Asia
4581:have no living members.
2388:Rhaetian & Etruscan
2069:(1): 99â127 (123â124).
1812:Chadwick, John (1967).
650:
631:
612:
351:Indo-European languages
302:spoken in Etruria, the
5801:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
5796:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
4561:Unclassified languages
4515:list of sign languages
3483:Northeastern Tasmanian
2384:RĂ€tisch und Etruskisch
2354:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673
2319:Mycenaeans and Minoans
1867:De Ligt, Luuk (2009).
1074:Old European hydronymy
980:Old European hydronymy
920:in two branches. From
844:Aegean language family
764:Lemnian 'for Hulaie',
287:
5711:Monterozzi necropolis
5504:Etruscan civilization
4536:Constructed languages
2133:10.1515/9781614513001
2121:MacIntosh Turfa, Jean
1850:10.1002/9781118834312
1838:De Grummond, Nancy T.
1511:University of Chicago
1048:North Picene language
397:Laugen-Melaun culture
374:L. Bouke van der Meer
285:
6043:Civita di Bagnoregio
5716:Mythological figures
3083:BinandereanâGoilalan
2280:Myres, J.L. (1907),
1664:MacIntosh Turfa 2017
1308:University of Vienna
1123:Marchesini, Simona.
969:A relation with the
924:he proposes a Proto-
832:Lemnian 'aged sixty'
778:a past tense suffix
529:Apollonius of Rhodes
499:V, 2) citation from
487:Neolithic Revolution
18:Tyrrhenian languages
6193:Tyrsenian languages
5912:Tyrsenian languages
5841:Roman-Etruscan Wars
5753:Terracotta warriors
5096:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4880:Northwest Caucasian
4875:Northeast Caucasian
4365:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4268:TequiracaâCanichana
4111:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
2874:Northwest Caucasian
2868:Northeast Caucasian
2792:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2346:2021SciA....7.7673P
971:Anatolian languages
965:Anatolian languages
821:avils maÏs ĆealÏisc
678:-'s (
314:in the Aegean Sea.
210:south-western Italy
167:), named after the
5955:Monteleone Chariot
5906:Tabula Cortonensis
5686:Haruspex/Extispicy
5525:Villanovan culture
5361:AustronesianâOngan
5160:Proposed groupings
3987:Tarascan/Purépecha
3476:Northern Tasmanian
3234:South Bougainville
3195:North Bougainville
2212:10.4000/mefra.7613
811:'lived' in Lemnian
803:⟨ai⟩
379:grammatical voices
288:
228:, named after the
6180:
6179:
5950:Impasto (pottery)
5701:Liver of Piacenza
5651:Chimera of Arezzo
5470:
5469:
5379:
5378:
5371:Sino-Austronesian
5155:
5154:
4630:Language families
4596:
4595:
4546:Language isolates
4524:
4523:
4429:
4428:
3995:
3994:
3881:
3880:
3576:
3575:
3523:Western Tasmanian
3441:Eastern Tasmanian
3396:
3395:
3118:East Geelvink Bay
3048:
3047:
2739:
2738:
2558:978-0-19-938113-5
2309:978-3-447-06119-3
2246:Preistoria Alpina
2221:978-2-7283-1428-7
2165:978-88-203-4166-4
2142:978-1-61451-520-3
2012:978-960-9559-03-4
1993:978-88-222-5138-1
1945:978-0-691-04811-6
1829:978-0-521-39830-5
1795:978-88-430-9309-0
1772:978-0-631-22038-1
1736:Freeman, Philip.
1720:Starostin, Sergei
1364:Van der Meer 2004
1059:Sicanian language
988:during the early
898:Italian Peninsula
852:family including
786:⟨e⟩
725:
724:
359:2nd millennium BC
300:Etruscan language
266:Etruscan language
250:Pre-Indo-European
198:Etruscan language
154:
153:
95:language families
16:(Redirected from
6210:
6172:
5893:Lemnian language
5864:Cippus Perusinus
5783:Military history
5617:
5535:Founding of Rome
5530:Padanian Etruria
5497:
5490:
5483:
5474:
5438:Proto-Euphratean
5164:
5072:
5040:Great Andamanese
4623:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4442:
4396:Huaorani/Waorani
4280:(extant in 2000)
4244:EsmeraldaâYaruro
4015:AndoqueâUrequena
4008:
3892:
3698:Plateau Penutian
3589:
3564:(Northern Daly?)
3407:
3293:Northwest Papuan
3257:TransâNew Guinea
3123:East New Britain
3098:Central Solomons
3064:
2809:Great Andamanese
2759:
2610:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2532:
2502:
2489:
2466:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2391:
2375:
2365:
2333:Science Advances
2322:
2313:
2294:
2276:
2257:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2190:
2169:
2146:
2116:
2099:Krause, Johannes
2094:
2055:
2046:
2021:Haarmann, Harald
2016:
1997:
1978:
1949:
1927:
1910:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1833:
1808:
1799:
1776:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:De Grummond 2014
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1093:
1090:
1053:Elymian language
1042:Camunic language
1002:Sergei Starostin
892:across mainland
831:
823:
810:
804:
793:
787:
769:
763:
753:Cippus Perusinus
750:
660:
653:
641:
634:
622:
615:
597:
308:Lemnian language
304:Rhaetic language
278:Camunic language
234:Lemnian language
184:
183:
165:Common Tyrrhenic
147:
30:
21:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6162:
5989:
5921:
5888:Raetic language
5845:
5777:
5681:Fanum Voltumnae
5676:Tiburtine Sibyl
5666:Etruscan League
5618:
5609:
5580:Servius Tullius
5560:Caelius Vibenna
5506:
5501:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5442:
5433:Paleo-Laplandic
5428:Pre-Finno-Ugric
5375:
5332:
5296:Greater Siangic
5282:
5268:UralicâYukaghir
5218:Ibero-Caucasian
5213:Elamo-Dravidian
5151:
5110:
5061:
5025:
4950:
4886:
4869:North Caucasian
4849:
4759:
4698:Paleo-Sardinian
4636:
4627:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4565:
4551:Mixed languages
4520:
4501:
4436:
4425:
4279:
4273:
4128:KatembriâTaruma
4002:
3991:
3963:
3877:
3770:
3583:
3572:
3543:
3392:
3304:
3263:TuramaâKikorian
3173:Lower Mamberamo
3128:East Strickland
3056:
3044:
2962:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2690:
2599:
2594:
2564:
2559:
2537:Wallace, Rex E.
2535:
2529:
2507:Wallace, Rex E.
2505:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2418:
2394:
2378:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2297:
2279:
2273:
2260:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2193:
2172:
2166:
2149:
2143:
2119:
2113:
2097:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2000:
1994:
1981:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1913:
1895:
1882:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1616:Steinbauer 1999
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1556:Marchesini 2009
1554:
1543:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1391:Ficuciello 2013
1389:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1352:Marchesini 2019
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1244:Schumacher 2004
1242:
1238:
1232:Schumacher 1998
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1145:
1136:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1038:
1022:
998:
967:
906:Michael Ventris
846:
841:
802:
785:
592:
561:
479:Paleo-Sardinian
471:Johannes Krause
448:Late Bronze Age
428:Mycenaean Greek
389:Cisalpine Celts
363:Carlo De Simone
343:
319:Carlo De Simone
280:
270:Raetic language
262:
230:Rhaetian people
222:Raetic language
214:eastern Corsica
150:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6216:
6214:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6185:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5902:
5899:Tabula Capuana
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5636:Apollo of Veii
5632:
5630:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5600:Lars Tolumnius
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5263:Uralo-Siberian
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:SerbiâMongolic
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Dravido-Korean
5205:
5203:DenĂ©âYeniseian
5200:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5191:DenĂ©âCaucasian
5188:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5119:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4809:Hurro-Urartian
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4691:Paleo-Corsican
4687:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Indo-Pakistani
4473:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:PiaroaâSaliban
4172:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3940:Tequistlatecan
3937:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3463:MarrkuâWurrugu
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2822:Hurro-Urartian
2818:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2533:
2527:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2392:
2376:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2295:
2277:
2271:
2258:
2241:
2220:
2202:(in Italian).
2191:
2177:(in Italian).
2170:
2164:
2147:
2141:
2117:
2111:
2095:
2075:10.2307/497618
2056:
2047:
2041:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1979:
1957:(in Italian).
1950:
1944:
1928:
1911:
1909:Amherst: 1â34.
1901:(in Italian).
1893:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1759:Rasmussen, Tom
1755:Barker, Graeme
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1729:
1711:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1606:, p. 136.
1604:Facchetti 2002
1596:
1592:Facchetti 2001
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 289.
1560:
1541:
1520:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1395:
1383:
1379:Marzatico 2019
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1287:
1275:
1271:Oettinger 2010
1263:
1259:de Simone 2011
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1195:
1183:
1168:
1151:
1134:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1021:
1018:
997:
994:
966:
963:
942:James Mellaart
886:Aegean Islands
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
825:
814:
813:
812:
799:
776:
775:
774:
756:
723:
722:
719:
714:
708:
707:
700:
695:
684:
683:
676:
671:
665:
664:
661:
654:
646:
645:
642:
635:
627:
626:
623:
616:
608:
607:
604:
601:
591:
588:
587:
586:
580:
574:
568:
560:
557:
347:Paleo-European
342:
339:
323:Rex E. Wallace
261:
260:Classification
258:
254:Paleo-European
152:
151:
148:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
119:
114:
109:
102:
98:
97:
91:
85:
84:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6215:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6113:San Giovenale
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Tomb of Orcus
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Pyrgi Tablets
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:Liber Linteus
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Titus Larcius
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5555:Aulus Vibenna
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:EskimoâUralic
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:Paleosiberian
5073:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4972:Austroasiatic
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4922:Austroasiatic
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:Indo-European
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:Indo-European
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4651:Indo-European
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Original Thai
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:HibitoâCholĂłn
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3766:YumanâCochimĂ
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:Southern Daly
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:Darwin Region
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:DemtaâSentani
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:Indo-European
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:Austroasiatic
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2528:9780195170726
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2485:9783895900808
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2462:9781780238623
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2429:(in German).
2428:
2423:
2419:
2417:9780511486814
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2272:9780684144832
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:9780593229422
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2042:9781444337341
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:Drews, Robert
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:9781444337341
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1818:. Cambridge:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1763:The Etruscans
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:, p. 44.
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:Chadwick 1967
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1534:The Histories
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:Lacus Curtius
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:Haarmann 2014
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:Mellaart 1975
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
991:
987:
986:
985:Kurganization
981:
976:
975:Indo-European
972:
964:
962:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:John Chadwick
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
838:
830:
829:aviĆĄ sialÏviĆĄ
826:
822:
818:
817:
815:
809:
800:
798:) in Etruscan
797:
792:
783:
782:
781:
777:
773:
768:
762:
757:
754:
749:
744:
743:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
728:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:genitive case
701:
699:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:
681:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633:
629:
628:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
589:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
174:
173:Ancient Greek
170:
166:
162:
158:
146:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:Liechtenstein
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6093:Poggio Colla
5985:Vicus Tuscus
5965:Negau helmet
5911:
5904:
5897:
5875:
5868:
5740:
5641:Architecture
5595:Lars Porsena
5459:
5452:
5451:Families in
5408:Pre-Goidelic
5403:Pre-Germanic
5233:Indo-Semitic
5228:Indo-Pacific
5223:Indo-Hittite
5138:
5131:
5124:
5054:
5031:Indian Ocean
4998:
4993:Austronesian
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4965:Sino-Tibetan
4963:
4942:
4920:
4915:Sino-Tibetan
4913:
4906:
4899:
4867:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4719:North Picene
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4585:
4578:
4577:Families in
4512:
4463:
4361:
4349:
4199:
4167:
4158:Pano-Tacanan
4115:
4078:
4066:
4037:ArutaniâSape
4029:
3974:
3956:
3949:
3934:Oto-Manguean
3932:
3915:
3908:
3855:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3788:
3781:
3758:
3751:
3739:
3712:
3690:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3602:
3595:
3554:
3521:
3517:Western Daly
3495:PamaâNyungan
3493:
3481:
3474:
3461:
3439:
3434:Eastern Daly
3432:
3424:
3379:
3255:
3243:
3221:
3204:
3182:
3153:KaureâKosare
3113:DosoâTurumsa
3103:ChimbuâWahgi
3093:Bulaka River
3077:Austronesian
3075:
3036:
3029:
3010:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2885:Sino-Tibetan
2883:
2866:
2849:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2796:
2786:Austronesian
2784:
2777:
2765:
2711:
2649:Nilo-Saharan
2647:
2640:
2625:Austronesian
2623:
2616:
2540:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2475:
2471:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2399:
2387:
2383:
2337:
2331:
2318:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2262:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2203:
2199:
2178:
2174:
2155:
2151:
2124:
2102:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2024:
2002:
1983:
1958:
1954:
1935:
1915:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1841:
1814:
1804:
1785:
1781:
1762:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1688:Shipley 2017
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1640:Wallace 2010
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1450:De Ligt 2009
1445:
1433:
1426:Wallace 2010
1421:
1414:Heffner 1927
1409:
1398:
1386:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1328:Harding 2014
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1303:
1283:Wallace 2018
1278:
1266:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1191:Harding 2014
1186:
1128:
1088:
1023:
999:
983:
968:
849:
847:
795:
779:
772:Lemnos Stele
758:attested as
755:inscriptions
745:attested as
740:
736:
726:
716:
711:
697:
692:
688:
673:
668:
593:
538:
532:
496:
491:
464:
430:
415:
401:
383:
371:
344:
316:
295:
289:
244:in northern
185:
164:
160:
156:
155:
136:
101:Subdivisions
45:distribution
5970:Portonaccio
5945:Etruscology
5545:Tyrrhenians
5258:Ural-Altaic
5238:Indo-Uralic
5050:Sentinelese
4781:Afroasiatic
4747:Eteocypriot
4471:Germanosign
4375:Mura-PirahĂŁ
4256:LuleâVilela
4232:Bora-Witoto
4207:UruâChipaya
4180:TicunaâYuri
4163:PebaâYaguan
4148:Nambikwaran
3951:Uto-Aztecan
3887:Mesoamerica
3741:Uto-Aztecan
3730:Tsimshianic
3692:Palaihnihan
3562:Malak-Malak
3299:Papuan Gulf
3273:West Papuan
3178:Lower Sepik
3168:Lakes Plain
3071:AraiâSamaia
3059:the Pacific
2767:Afroasiatic
2642:NigerâCongo
2618:Afroasiatic
2427:Der Schlern
2396:Rix, Helmut
2380:Rix, Helmut
2235:January 31,
1628:Palmer 1965
1493:, para. 16.
958:Eteocypriot
940:languages.
862:Eteocypriot
767:Ίukiasi-ale
733:dative-case
534:Argonautica
446:during the
440:Sea Peoples
431:ra-mi-ni-ja
418:, were the
353:in Europe.
169:Tyrrhenians
79:(island of
53:Switzerland
6187:Categories
6003:Acquarossa
5927:Archeology
5398:Pre-Celtic
5366:East Asian
5356:Austro-Tai
5346:Andamanese
5196:Eurasiatic
5117:North Asia
5067:North Asia
4979:HmongâMien
4933:Burushaski
4892:South Asia
4863:Kartvelian
4830:Philistine
4740:Eteocretan
4684:Tartessian
4465:Francosign
4313:Chiquitano
4293:Alacalufan
4101:Guaicuruan
4074:Chapacuran
4057:Cahuapanan
4025:Araucanian
3928:MixeâZoque
3923:Misumalpan
3637:Comecrudan
3489:Nyulnyulan
3268:Upper Yuat
3245:Torricelli
3217:Senu River
3148:Foja Range
3054:New Guinea
2979:Burushaski
2840:Kartvelian
2815:HmongâMien
2631:KhoeâKwadi
1568:Brown 1985
1491:Myres 1907
1438:Drews 1995
1100:References
1020:Extinction
990:Bronze Age
954:Eteocretan
926:Tyrrhenian
878:Eteocretan
854:Eteocretan
794:'was' ( â
663:'he made'
505:Pelasgians
501:Anticlides
444:Aegean Sea
410:or to the
384:gentilicia
367:Bronze Age
355:Helmut Rix
327:morphology
296:Tyrrhenian
292:Helmut Rix
264:See also:
238:Aegean Sea
232:; and the
194:Helmut Rix
161:Tyrrhenian
124:(disputed)
43:Geographic
38:Tyrrhenian
6138:Vetulonia
6123:Tarquinia
6098:Populonia
6068:Fescennia
6038:Cerveteri
5995:Key sites
5706:Mezentius
5540:Tyrrhenus
5423:Pre-Vedic
5413:Pre-Greek
5385:Substrata
5288:Arunachal
5186:Nostratic
5171:Alarodian
5106:Yeniseian
4956:East Asia
4908:Dravidian
4765:West Asia
4733:Tyrsenian
4496:Tanzanian
4437:languages
4334:HodĂŻ/Joti
4278:Isolates
4217:Yanomaman
4153:OtomĂĄkoan
4117:Jirajaran
4106:Guajiboan
4068:Catacaoan
4047:Barbacoan
3976:Cuitlatec
3945:Totonacan
3904:Jicaquean
3783:Chimariko
3679:Muskogean
3661:Kalapuyan
3655:Iroquoian
3630:Chumashan
3623:Chinookan
3616:Chimakuan
3534:Yangmanic
3529:Worrorran
3512:Wagaydyic
3402:Australia
3251:Trans-Fly
2917:Yeniseian
2904:Tyrsenian
2798:Dravidian
2433:: 90â114.
2254:2035-7699
2230:214398787
2187:0300-340X
2091:245265394
1975:162250460
1924:1827-0506
1529:Herodotus
1300:"Raetica"
1070:language)
1010:Alarodian
848:A larger
761:Hulaie-ĆĄi
735:suffixes
600:Etruscan
559:Languages
525:Athenians
517:Herodotus
497:Geography
452:Mycenaean
424:Mycenaean
331:phonology
157:Tyrsenian
132:Glottolog
33:Tyrsenian
6153:Volterra
6148:Volsinii
6143:Vie Cave
6128:Tuscania
6108:Rusellae
5940:Cuniculi
5935:Bucchero
5859:Alphabet
5851:Language
5736:Religion
5726:Poppilia
5575:Tanaquil
5418:Vasconic
5393:Atlantic
5147:Eskaleut
5101:Yukaghir
5016:Koreanic
5011:Tungusic
5006:Mongolic
4944:Harappan
4855:Caucasus
4837:Sumerian
4712:Ligurian
4529:See also
4506:Isolates
4481:Japanese
4421:Yuracaré
4303:Candoshi
4262:Macro-JĂȘ
4227:Zaparoan
4222:Zamucoan
4212:Witotoan
4195:Tucanoan
4190:Tiniguan
4185:Timotean
4169:Quechuan
4138:Matacoan
4133:Mascoian
4123:Jivaroan
4086:Chibchan
4080:Charruan
4031:Arawakan
3968:Isolates
3899:Chibchan
3775:Isolates
3747:Wakashan
3708:Salishan
3650:Eskaleut
3556:Giimbiyu
3548:Isolates
3457:Jarrakan
3452:Iwaidjan
3309:Isolates
3163:Kutubuan
3031:Sumerian
2967:Isolates
2922:Yukaghir
2891:Tungusic
2857:Mongolic
2845:Koreanic
2804:Eskaleut
2695:Isolates
2679:Ubangian
2501:: 51â57.
2382:(1998).
2372:34559560
1961:: 1â38.
1934:(1995).
1761:(2000).
1503:Strabo,
1340:Rix 2008
1220:Rix 1998
1125:"Raetic"
1068:Nuraghic
1036:See also
946:Anatolia
930:Etruscan
910:Linear B
896:and the
866:Etruscan
706:suffix)
682:suffix)
680:genitive
632:-(a)cvil
590:Evidence
565:Etruscan
545:Kalliste
460:Sardinia
435:Linear B
420:Sintians
372:In 2004
246:Lombardy
202:northern
186:Tyrsenoi
182:΀Ï
ÏÏÎ·ÎœÎżÎŻ
107:Etruscan
6088:Perusia
6083:Orvieto
6078:Norchia
6073:Fidenae
6063:Falerii
6058:Etruria
6048:Clusium
6023:Bologna
6018:Baratti
5721:Persius
5691:Jewelry
5628:society
5624:Culture
5550:Tarchon
5520:Origins
5512:History
5453:italics
5351:Austric
5328:Kho-Bwa
5323:Hrusish
5301:Siangic
5243:Karasuk
5143: ?
5056:Kenaboi
5021:Japonic
4986:KraâDai
4947: ?
4938:Kusunda
4844:Elamite
4816:Kassite
4802:Kaskian
4705:Camunic
4677:Iberian
4634:Eurasia
4579:italics
4556:Pidgins
4541:Creoles
4491:Swedish
4459:Chinese
4406:Urarina
4391:Puinave
4345:Itonama
4339:Irantxe
4308:Chimane
4238:Chimuan
4143:Nadahup
4062:Cariban
4042:Aymaran
4003:America
3845:Waikuri
3838:Tonkawa
3831:Timucua
3824:Takelma
3817:Siuslaw
3806:Kutenai
3790:Esselen
3753:Wintuan
3714:Shastan
3685:Na-Dene
3673:Maiduan
3610:Caddoan
3584:America
3538:Wagiman
3536:(incl.
3507:Tangkic
3447:Garawan
3420:Bunuban
3381:Tambora
3348:Maybrat
3316:Abinomn
3239:Teberan
3200:Pauwasi
3190:Mairasi
3158:Kiwaian
3038:Tambora
3024:Shompen
3006:Kusunda
2999:Kenaboi
2985:Elamite
2957:Siangic
2939:Kho-Bwa
2933:Hrusish
2851:KraâDai
2835:Japonic
2744:Eurasia
2719:Sandawe
2702:Bangime
2667:Songhay
2495:Babesch
2363:8462907
2342:Bibcode
1876:Talanta
1747:Sources
1740:. p. 82
1313:26 July
1014:Hurrian
973:within
934:Lemnian
900:to the
870:Lemnian
748:aule-si
731:shared
658:t'inaÏe
644:'gift'
603:Raetic
583:Camunic
577:Lemnian
553:Sintian
523:by the
450:, when
416:Sinteis
408:Etruria
341:History
274:Lemnian
242:Camunic
236:of the
224:of the
220:); the
206:central
122:Camunic
117:Lemnian
112:Rhaetic
73:Austria
69:Germany
61:Corsica
6174:Portal
6013:Aleria
5768:Vegoia
5696:Lausus
5313:Mijiic
5306:Digaro
5253:Pontic
5181:Borean
5176:Altaic
5140:Rouran
5133:Turkic
5126:Uralic
5115:Other
5000:Turkic
4928:Nihali
4823:Gutian
4795:Hattic
4788:Turkic
4754:Minoan
4726:Sicani
4671:Basque
4665:Turkic
4658:Uralic
4642:Europe
4454:BANZSL
4416:Yamana
4401:Trumai
4370:Movima
4324:FulniĂŽ
4287:AikanĂŁ
4201:Tupian
4096:Chonan
4020:Arauan
3958:Xincan
3910:Lencan
3863:Yokuts
3760:Yukian
3725:Tanoan
3720:Siouan
3703:Pomoan
3644:Coosan
3470:Mirndi
3363:Porome
3358:Pawaia
3212:Senagi
3184:Madang
3133:Eleman
3088:Border
3019:Nihali
3012:Minoan
2992:Hattic
2974:Basque
2945:Mijiic
2927:Digaro
2911:Uralic
2897:Turkic
2748:Europe
2605:Africa
2555:
2525:
2482:
2459:
2414:
2370:
2360:
2306:
2269:
2252:
2228:
2218:
2185:
2162:
2139:
2109:
2089:
2083:497618
2081:
2039:
2009:
1990:
1973:
1955:Kadmos
1942:
1922:
1856:
1826:
1792:
1769:
1129:Mnamon
1008:in an
950:Minoan
938:Raetic
922:Minoan
918:Minoan
894:Greece
874:Minoan
858:Minoan
850:Aegean
805:as in
788:as in
651:zinace
625:'two'
606:Gloss
571:Raetic
540:aition
521:Attica
513:Imbros
509:Lemnos
493:Strabo
483:Minoan
475:Basque
467:Latins
456:Sicily
404:Lemnos
335:syntax
333:, and
312:Lemnos
298:: the
276:, and
218:France
212:, and
190:family
159:(also
81:Lemnos
77:Greece
57:France
6158:Vulci
6118:Spina
6103:Pyrgi
6053:Cumae
6028:Caere
6008:Adria
5773:Vulca
5748:Tages
5731:Raeti
5656:Coins
5565:Capys
5091:Nivkh
5045:Ongan
4411:Warao
4380:Nukak
4351:Kunza
4329:GuatĂł
4318:CofĂĄn
4298:CamsĂĄ
4091:Choco
4052:Boran
4001:South
3982:Huave
3917:Mayan
3868:Yuchi
3851:Washo
3801:Karuk
3796:Haida
3735:Utian
3667:Keres
3604:Alsea
3597:Algic
3582:North
3374:Taiap
3368:Sulka
3223:Sepik
3138:Engan
2879:Ongan
2862:Nivkh
2730:Shabo
2713:Jalaa
2707:Hadza
2661:Mande
2474:[
2442:[
2386:[
2226:S2CID
2154:[
2087:S2CID
2079:JSTOR
1971:S2CID
1887:[
1872:(PDF)
1784:[
1080:Notes
1030:Latin
1026:Greek
912:with
890:Crete
808:ĆĄivai
796:*amai
780:*-a-i
741:*-ale
737:*-si,
639:akvil
549:Thera
177:Ionic
49:Italy
6133:Veii
6033:Ceri
5626:and
5460:bold
5318:Miju
5086:Ainu
4586:bold
4513:See
4449:Arab
4435:Sign
4386:PĂĄez
4363:Maku
4357:Leco
3873:Zuni
3857:Yana
3811:Seri
3568:Tiwi
3388:Wiru
3353:Mpur
3343:Kuot
3326:AnĂȘm
3321:Abun
3288:Yuat
3283:Yawa
3229:Skou
3206:Ramu
3057:and
2951:Miju
2773:Ainu
2753:Asia
2751:and
2724:Laal
2685:Kadu
2673:Ijaw
2636:Kx'a
2553:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2368:PMID
2304:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2250:ISSN
2237:2020
2216:ISBN
2183:ISSN
2160:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1920:ISSN
1854:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1315:2018
936:and
902:Alps
888:and
876:and
868:and
860:and
739:and
511:and
495:'s (
481:and
412:Alps
252:and
226:Alps
208:and
137:None
75:and
5646:Art
5033:rim
4632:of
3338:Kol
3332:Ata
3278:Yam
3143:Fas
2656:Tuu
2545:doi
2515:doi
2404:doi
2358:PMC
2350:doi
2208:doi
2204:131
2129:doi
2071:doi
2029:doi
1963:doi
1846:doi
791:ame
717:-ku
712:-ce
620:zal
613:zal
547:or
543:of
507:of
406:to
200:of
163:or
63:),
6189::
3540:)?
2551:,
2521:.
2499:79
2497:.
2431:72
2410:.
2366:.
2356:.
2348:.
2336:.
2330:.
2284:,
2224:.
2214:.
2179:43
2135:.
2085:.
2077:.
2067:31
2065:.
2035:.
1969:.
1959:40
1874:.
1852:.
1822:.
1757:;
1544:^
1531:,
1513:,
1457:^
1371:^
1302:.
1290:^
1251:^
1198:^
1171:^
1154:^
1137:^
1127:.
1107:^
992:.
932:,
856:,
698:-a
687:-(
674:-s
669:-s
527:.
477:,
458:,
361:.
329:,
272:,
268:,
256:.
240:.
204:,
179::
175:,
71:,
67:,
55:,
51:,
5496:e
5489:t
5482:v
5462:.
5079:"
5075:"
4622:e
4615:t
4608:v
4588:.
4498:?
4382:?
4341:?
4320:?
4289:?
4270:?
4264:?
4258:?
4252:?
4246:?
4240:?
4234:?
3503:?
3466:?
3429:?
3416:?
3383:?
3376:?
3370:?
3334:?
3328:?
3301:?
3295:?
3040:?
3026:?
3014:?
3001:?
2959:?
2953:?
2947:?
2941:?
2935:?
2929:?
2755:)
2746:(
2732:?
2726:?
2687:?
2681:?
2675:?
2669:?
2663:?
2652:?
2589:e
2582:t
2575:v
2547::
2531:.
2517::
2488:.
2465:.
2420:.
2406::
2374:.
2352::
2344::
2338:7
2312:.
2275:.
2256:.
2239:.
2210::
2189:.
2168:.
2145:.
2131::
2115:.
2093:.
2073::
2045:.
2031::
2015:.
1996:.
1977:.
1965::
1948:.
1926:.
1903:3
1862:.
1848::
1832:.
1798:.
1775:.
1690:.
1678:.
1666:.
1642:.
1630:.
1618:.
1594:.
1558:.
1539:.
1518:.
1469:.
1452:.
1440:.
1416:.
1393:.
1366:.
1354:.
1342:.
1330:.
1317:.
1285:.
1273:.
1261:.
1246:.
1234:.
1222:.
1210:.
1181:.
1166:.
1149:.
1131:.
801:-
784:-
693:a
691:)
689:i
216:(
171:(
83:)
59:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
