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430:(MLTI) region of the atmosphere to be studied by TIMED is located between 60 and 180 kilometres (37 and 112 mi) above the Earth's surface, where energy from solar radiation is first deposited into the atmosphere. This can have profound effects on Earth's upper atmospheric regions, particularly during the peak of the Sun's 11-year solar cycle when the greatest amounts of its energy are being released. Understanding these interactions is also important for our understanding of various subjects in
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the upper stratosphere and mesosphere, water vapor levels were increasing at an average rate of 0.1-0.2 ppmv (around 2-3%) per decade. Growth in methane levels is thought to be partially responsible for the growth in water vapor levels, as methane oxidizes into carbon dioxide and water vapor, but changes driven by the solar cycle may also be responsible.
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that caused it to overestimate water vapor levels; this error was discovered and the data were corrected. Based on the corrected data, SABER found that between 2002 and 2018, water vapor levels in the lower stratosphere were increasing at an average rate of 0.25 ppmv (around 5%) per decade, and in
719:
By collecting upper atmosphere data, TIMED assists the modeling of environmental impacts. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases and their growth in the upper atmosphere must be factored into climate models. Additionally, upper atmosphere water vapor contributes to ozone depletion.
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failed to slow the spacecraft's spin as intended. An engineer installing the magnetorquers had mistakenly recorded the reverse of their actual polarities, which generated a sign error in the flight software. The problem was fixed by temporarily disabling the orbiter's
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TIMED has improved scientific understanding of long-term trends in the upper atmosphere. The SABER instrument has collected a continuous record of water vapor and carbon dioxide levels in the stratosphere and mesosphere.
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SABER has also monitored carbon dioxide levels in the upper atmosphere. The instrument found that carbon dioxide levels in the upper atmosphere are increasing: at an altitude of 110 kilometres (68 mi),
538:, multichannel radiometer designed to measure heat emitted by the atmosphere over a broad altitude and spectral range, as well as global temperature profiles and sources of atmospheric cooling.
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levels were rising at an average rate of 12% per decade. This rate is faster than what has been predicted by climate models, and suggests that there is more vertical mixing of CO
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SABER is able to collect 1,500 water vapor measurements per day, a vast improvement from previous satellites and ground-based observations. SABER had a flaw in its
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satellite. As neither TIMED nor Kosmos 2221 can be maneuvered, the conjunction was unavoidable. LeoLabs, a satellite tracking company, had estimated a
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and uploading a software patch to fix the sign error. In a separate incident, another software update fixed a problem caused by faulty testing of the
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Yue, Jia; Russell III, James; Jian, Yongxiao; Rezac, Ladislav; Garcia, Rolando; López-Puertas, Manuel; Mlynczak, Martin G. (16 September 2015).
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Rong, Pingping; Russell III, James M.; Marshall, Benjamin T.; Gordley, Larry L.; Mlynczak, Martin G.; Walker, Kaley A. (31 July 2019).
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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Yue, Jia; Russell III, James; Gan, Quan; Wang, Tao; Rong, Pingping; Garcia, Rolando; Mlynczak, Martin (9 November 2019).
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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probability of as high as 8% prior to the encounter. A collision between the two satellites, both traveling at
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speeds relative to each other, was projected to generate between 2,500 and 7,500 fragments of
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At approximately 06:30 UTC on 28 February 2024, TIMED passed within 10 meters of the defunct
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The data collected by the satellite's instruments are made freely available to the public.
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Space
Systems Failures: Disasters and Rescues of Satellites, Rockets, and Space Probes
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Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) page at the
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
1245:"Increasing Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Upper Atmosphere Observed by SABER"
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The spacecraft payload consists of the following four main instruments:
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TIMED (Thermosphere • Ionosphere • Mesosphere • Energetics and
Dynamics)
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1290:"Increasing Water Vapor in the Stratosphere and Mesosphere After 2002"
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Sounding of the
Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)
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1195:"Validation of Water Vapor Measured by SABER on the TIMED Satellite"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Thermosphere • Ionosphere • Mesosphere • Energetics and
Dynamics
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and humans have on the least explored and understood region of
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379:, while the spacecraft was designed and assembled by the
1018:"Ten Successful Years of Mapping the Middle Atmosphere"
1044:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
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Johns
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332:mission is dedicated to study the influences that
128:Elapsed: 22 years, 9 months, 9 days
2025:Earth observation satellites of the United States
526:radiation that is deposited into the MLT region.
1300:(22). American Geophysical Union: 13452–13460.
781:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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1255:(17). American Geophysical Union: 7194–7199.
663:, a figure potentially exceeding that of the
8:
1066:Harland, David M.; Lorenz, Ralph D. (2006).
454:. Changes in the MLT can also affect modern
450:is one of the primary driving forces behind
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1083:"NASA's strategy for space sustainability"
504:Solar Extreme ultraviolet Experiment (SEE)
375:. The project is sponsored and managed by
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565:11.73 meters wide (solar arrays deployed)
775:National Center for Atmospheric Research
2050:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
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562:1.61 meters wide (launch configuration)
622:TIMED experienced minor problems with
360:(MLTI). The mission was launched from
1070:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 214–215.
582:Control and data handling processor:
500:to the energy balance in that region.
492:, and to determine the importance of
7:
921:Astrophysical Institute of Andalucia
576:Data downlink: 4 megabits per second
530:TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI)
965:Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
514:designed to measure the solar soft
1042:"TIMED SDS Data Product Downloads"
683:in a broader speech on NASA's new
14:
611:Ground operations: US$ 42 million
498:solar extreme ultraviolet sources
1022:
997:
949:
478:Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI)
311:Solar Terrestrial Probes program
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1348:TIMED mission page at NASA GSFC
878:G&A Technical Software Inc.
2035:University of Colorado Boulder
406:Atmospheric region under study
102:
1:
1343:TIMED mission page at JHU/APL
1081:Foust, Jeff (22 April 2024).
985:"Trajectory: TIMED 2001-055B"
796:Air Force Research Laboratory
1294:Geophysical Research Letters
1249:Geophysical Research Letters
872:NASA Langley Research Center
827:Southwest Research Institute
608:Spacecraft: US$ 195 million
573:Power consumption: 406 watts
414:TIMED Mission diagram (NASA)
368:on 7 December 2001 aboard a
2045:Spacecraft launched in 2001
1219:10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105099
1153:Yue 2019, pp. 13456, 13458.
854:Computational Physics, Inc.
809:Stewart Radiance Laboratory
159:660 kg (1,460 lb)
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381:Applied Physics Laboratory
200:7 December 2001, 15:07:35
150:Applied Physics Laboratory
16:American Weather Satellite
2000:
907:, England, United Kingdom
897:, England, United Kingdom
863:Naval Research Laboratory
757:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
716:than previously thought.
362:Vandenberg Air Force Base
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279:625 km (388 mi)
246:
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901:British Antarctic Survey
748:University of California
665:2009 satellite collision
626:when, after launch, the
594:Knowledge - Within 0.03°
395:launch vehicle with the
385:Johns Hopkins University
33:TIMED in low Earth orbit
643:Kosmos 2221 conjunction
818:University of Michigan
813:Bedford, Massachusetts
800:Hanscom Air Force Base
766:University of Colorado
591:Control - Within 0.50°
469:Scientific instruments
415:
63:Space weather research
911:CREES-York University
836:Utah State University
633:magnetic field sensor
413:
256:Reference system
141:Spacecraft properties
1396:Orbital launches in
1314:10.1029/2019GL084973
1270:10.1002/2015GL064696
761:Pasadena, California
752:Berkeley, California
739:University of Alaska
685:space sustainability
618:Satellite operations
605:Total mission cost:
1306:2019GeoRL..4613452Y
1261:2015GeoRL..42.7194Y
1211:2019JASTP.19405099R
1180:Yue 2019, p. 13459.
1144:Yue 2019, p. 13456.
1126:Yue 2019, p. 13458.
1108:Yue 2019, p. 13452.
987:. NASA. 14 May 2020
880:, Hampton, Virginia
874:, Hampton, Virginia
822:Ann Arbor, Michigan
783:, Boulder, Colorado
777:, Boulder, Colorado
653:satellite collision
553:Mass: 660 kilograms
520:extreme-ultraviolet
496:energy sources and
444:atmospheric science
59:Atmospheric science
23:
1171:Yue 2015, p. 7198.
1162:Yue 2015, p. 7197.
1135:Rong 2019, p. 3-4.
1117:Yue 2015, p. 7195.
957:Spaceflight portal
931:Rostock University
845:Hampton University
831:San Antonio, Texas
691:Scientific results
579:Memory: 5 gigabits
490:lower thermosphere
463:telecommunications
416:
354:Lower Thermosphere
346:Earth's atmosphere
251:Orbital parameters
2012:
2011:
1540:2001 Mars Odyssey
917:, Ontario, Canada
858:Fairfax, Virginia
849:Hampton, Virginia
770:Boulder, Colorado
743:Fairbanks, Alaska
452:atmospheric tides
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169:11.73 meters wide
126:Planned: 2 years
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1673:Molniya-3K No.11
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791:Laurel, Maryland
727:Instrument teams
681:Colorado Springs
624:attitude control
559:2.72 meters high
484:and constituent
260:Geocentric orbit
192:Start of mission
167:2.72 meters high
123:Mission duration
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1946:Meteor-3M #1
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1921:
1887:Kolibri 2000
1846:
1774:
1744:Intelsat 902
1708:
1651:
1621:Intelsat 901
1561:
1549:
1497:
1459:
1327:15 September
1325:. Retrieved
1297:
1293:
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1232:15 September
1230:. Retrieved
1202:
1198:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
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1122:
1113:
1104:
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1086:
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1048:15 September
1046:. Retrieved
1036:
1016:Fox, Karen.
1011:
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979:
722:
718:
706:
698:
694:
661:space debris
646:
621:
556:Dimensions:
549:
541:
535:
529:
508:spectrometer
503:
477:
472:
424:Thermosphere
417:
400:oceanography
329:
327:
309:
299:97.3 minutes
216:(Delta D289)
146:Manufacturer
117:TIMED at APL
51:Mission type
18:
1980:Kosmos 2386
1976:Kosmos 2385
1972:Kosmos 2384
1967:Kosmos 2383
1932:Starshine 2
1917:Kosmos 2382
1913:Kosmos 2381
1909:Kosmos 2380
1848:Soyuz TM-33
1842:QuickBird-2
1799:Starshine 3
1753:September ,
1730:Kosmos 2379
1616:Kosmos 2378
1600:Kosmos 2377
1563:Soyuz TM-32
991:23 November
967:, 1991-2005
840:Logan, Utah
673:Kosmos 2251
649:Kosmos 2221
637:Sun sensors
597:Processor:
512:photometers
482:temperature
436:meteorology
389:solar cycle
285:Inclination
221:Launch site
197:Launch date
156:Launch mass
2040:Ionosphere
2019:Categories
1902:December ,
1893:DirecTV-4S
1876:November ,
1510:Eurobird 1
1444:February ,
1425:Türksat 2A
1420:Shenzhou 2
1205:: 105099.
972:References
669:Iridium 33
588:Attitude:
584:Mongoose-V
432:geophysics
428:Ionosphere
420:Mesosphere
366:California
358:Ionosphere
350:Mesosphere
334:energetics
225:Vandenberg
164:Dimensions
55:Ionosphere
1962:Reflektor
1820:October ,
1780:QuickTOMS
1776:OrbView-4
1719:Simplesat
1683:Koronas-F
1455:Skynet 4F
1413:January ,
1322:210607942
1279:102423229
1227:201260453
937:, Germany
905:Cambridge
486:densities
456:satellite
402:mission.
179:406 watts
86:2001-055B
80:COSPAR ID
1811:SAPPHIRE
1692:August ,
1626:Astra 2C
1451:Sicral 1
1094:26 April
943:See also
667:between
440:aeronomy
422:, Lower
393:Delta II
338:dynamics
276:Altitude
212:Delta II
69:Operator
1950:Kompass
1937:Jason-1
1923:STS-108
1837:USA-162
1827:USA-161
1803:PICOSat
1788:Odyssey
1760:USA-160
1710:STS-105
1704:Genesis
1699:USA-159
1678:GOES 12
1668:BSAT-2b
1664:Artemis
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1590:USA-158
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1514:BSAT-2a
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1482:USA-157
1466:Destiny
1435:USA-156
1302:Bibcode
1257:Bibcode
1207:Bibcode
1020:. NASA.
935:Rostock
927:, Spain
925:Granada
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915:Toronto
599:RTX2010
494:auroral
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340:of the
214:7920-10
113:Website
101:SATCAT
1954:Badr-B
1645:July ,
1631:ICO F2
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1390:← 2000
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295:Period
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229:SLC-2W
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460:radio
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