875:, which reaffirmed the sovereign right of WTO members to grant compulsory licenses for pharmaceuticals. The Declaration also acknowledged the struggles faced by countries with limited pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities in utilizing compulsory licensing under TRIPS, signaling perceived limitations within the original TRIPS framework. Following two years of intense negotiations, the TRIPS Council responded by implementing the Waiver Decision in 2003, which temporarily allowed WTO members to grant compulsory licenses free from the restrictions of TRIPS Articles 31(f) and 31(h). The principles of this decision were later codified into TRIPS through the Amendment Protocol of 2005, which introduced Article 31bis, effectively becoming law in 2017 post-ratification by two-thirds of WTO members.
824:(2017) find historical evidence that under certain circumstances compulsory licensing – a key mechanism to weaken intellectual property rights that is covered by Article 31 of the TRIPS – may indeed be effective in promoting invention by increasing the threat of competition in fields with low pre-existing levels of competition. They argue, however, that the benefits from weakening intellectual property rights strongly depend on whether the governments can credibly commit to using it only in exceptional cases of emergencies since firms may invest less in R&D if they expect repeated episodes of compulsory licensing.
62:
4388:
832:
Morocco and
Bahrain have extended patentability by requiring patents be available for new uses of known products. The TRIPS agreement allows the grant of compulsory licenses at a nation's discretion. TRIPS-plus conditions in the United States' FTAs with Australia, Jordan, Singapore and Vietnam have restricted the application of compulsory licenses to emergency situations, antitrust remedies, and cases of public non-commercial use.
150:
267:
811:
Archibugi and
Filippetti also argue that the importance of TRIPS, and intellectual property in general, in the process of generation and diffusion of knowledge and innovation has been overestimated by its supporters. This point has been supported by United Nations findings indicating many countries
785:. Though some of this criticism is against the WTO generally, many advocates of trade liberalisation also regard TRIPS as poor policy. TRIPS's wealth concentration effects (moving money from people in developing countries to copyright and patent owners in developed countries), and its imposition of
551:
found that many developing countries have not incorporated TRIPS flexibilities (compulsory licensing, parallel importation, limits on data protection, use of broad research and other exceptions to patentability, etc.) into their legislation to the extent authorized under Doha. This is likely caused
516:
Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without
885:
granted by another WTO member (the "Exporting State"). It is structured as a dialogical interaction between an
Importing State and an Exporting State and has specific procedural requirements. The Exporting State can issue an export compulsory license exempt from Article 31(f) restrictions, but the
196:
The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the multilateral trading system for the first time and remains the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property to date. In 2001, developing countries, concerned that developed countries were insisting on an overly
753:
TRIPs imposed on the entire world the dominant intellectual property regime in the United States and Europe, as it is today. I believe that the way that intellectual property regime has evolved is not good for the United States and the EU; but even more, I believe it is not in the interest of the
407:
of the Trade Act played an important role in defeating competing policy positions that were favored by developing countries like Brazil, but also including
Thailand, India and Caribbean Basin states. In turn, the US strategy of linking trade policy to intellectual property standards can be traced
3190:
789:
on the citizens of countries that would otherwise have had weaker intellectual property laws, are common bases for such criticisms. Other criticism has focused on the failure of TRIPS to accelerate investment and technology flows to low-income countries, a benefit advanced by WTO members in the
252:
procedures. Protection and enforcement of all intellectual property rights shall meet the objectives to contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a
831:
agreements contain conditions that limit the ability of governments to introduce competition for generic producers. In particular, the United States has been criticised for advancing protection well beyond the standards mandated by TRIPS. The United States Free Trade
Agreements with Australia,
909:
proposed that WTO grant a temporary waiver to enable more widespread production of the vaccines, since suppressing the virus as quickly as possible benefits the entire world. The waivers would be in addition to the existing, but cumbersome, flexibilities in TRIPS allowing countries to impose
3175:
886:
license must comply with several specific terms. Developed WTO members can opt-out from being
Importing States, but the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the potential shortfalls of this decision as several developed countries struggled with inadequate vaccine production capabilities.
575:
standards created by the TRIPS agreement, many nations have engaged in bilateral agreements to adopt a higher standard of protection. These collection of standards, known as TRIPS+ or TRIPS-Plus, can take many forms. General objectives of these agreements include:
816:(FDI). Analysis of OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s (during which the patent life of drugs was extended by six years) showed that while total number of products registered increased slightly, the mean innovation index remained unchanged. In contrast to that,
472:
Patents must be granted for "inventions" in all "fields of technology" provided they meet all other patentability requirements (although exceptions for certain public interests are allowed (Art. 27.2 and 27.3) and must be enforceable for at least 20 years (Art
552:
by the lack of legal and technical expertise needed to draft legislation that implements flexibilities, which has often led to developing countries directly copying developed country IP legislation, or relying on technical assistance from the
531:
were allowed extra time to implement the applicable changes to their national laws, in two tiers of transition according to their level of development. The transition period for developing countries expired in 2005. The transition period for
893:
program, which received $ 15 billion from 2003 to 2007, and was reauthorized in 2008 for $ 48 billion over the next five years. Despite wavering on the issue of compulsory licensing, PEPFAR began to distribute generic drugs in 2004–05.
3116:
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2801:
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lead-up to the agreement's formation. Statements by the World Bank indicate that TRIPS has not led to a demonstrable acceleration of investment to low-income countries, though it may have done so for middle-income countries.
412:
in the early 1980s, who mobilized corporations in the United States and made maximizing intellectual property privileges the number one priority of trade policy in the United States (Braithwaite and Drahos, 2000, Chapter 7).
848:. Despite the role that patents have played in maintaining higher drug costs for public health programs across Africa, this controversy has not led to a revision of TRIPS. Instead, an interpretive statement, the
539:
It has therefore been argued that the TRIPS standard of requiring all countries to create strict intellectual property systems will be detrimental to poorer countries' development. It has been argued that it is,
3343:
878:
868:
498:
2688:
Banerjee and Nayak, 'Effects of trade related intellectual property rights on the research and development expenditure of Indian pharmaceutical industry' 5 Journal of
Pharmaceutical Health Services Research
922:, the WTO instead adopted a watered-down agreement that focuses only on vaccine patents, excludes high-income countries and China, and contains few provisions that are not covered by existing flexibilities.
3054:
804:, which it largely failed to abate. They instead argue that the main supporters and beneficiaries of TRIPS were IP-intensive multinational corporations in these countries, and that TRIPS enabled them to
3021:
201:. The Doha declaration is a WTO statement that clarifies the scope of TRIPS, stating for example that TRIPS can and should be interpreted in light of the goal "to promote access to medicines for all."
2794:
618:
153:
2558:
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allows a WTO member with insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector (the "Importing State") to import patented pharmaceutical products produced under a special export
1943:
2051:
971:
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Westkamp, 'TRIPS Principles, Reciprocity and the
Creation of Sui-Generis-Type Intellectual Property Rights for New Forms of Technology' 6(6) The Journal of World Intellectual Property 827–859,
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502:
2087:
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Exceptions to exclusive rights must be limited, provided that a normal exploitation of the work (Art. 13) and normal exploitation of the patent (Art 30) is not in conflict.
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In 2003, the US Bush administration changed its position, concluding that generic treatments might in fact be a component of an effective strategy to combat HIV. Bush created the
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1609:
1429:
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In each state, intellectual property laws may not offer any benefits to local citizens which are not available to citizens of other TRIPS signatories under the principle of
2580:
3238:
936:
Another controversy has been over the TRIPS Article 27 requirements for patentability "in all fields of technology", and whether or not this necessitates the granting of
4571:
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rights, covering authors and other copyright holders, as well as holders of related rights, namely performers, sound recording producers and broadcasting organisations;
3488:
2483:
910:
compulsory licenses. Over 100 developing nations supported the waiver but it was blocked by the G7 members. This blocking was condemned by 400 organizations including
800:
have argued that the main motive for TRIPS was a decline in the competitiveness of the technology industry in the United States, Japan, and the
European Union against
3675:
4601:
3353:
3080:
5201:
3261:
2112:
Xiong, Ping (2012b). "Patents in TRIPS-Plus
Provisions and the Approaches to Interpretation of Free Trade Agreements and TRIPS: Do They Affect Public Health?".
1488:
4446:
4426:
3147:
3094:
380:
4651:
4050:
544:, in the strategic interest of most if not all underdeveloped nations to use the flexibility available in TRIPS to legislate the weakest IP laws possible.
2554:
1700:
505:(Art 2.1). The TRIPS Agreement specifically mentions that software and databases are protected by copyright, subject to originality requirement (Art 10).
5051:
1897:"UNITED STATES – SECTION 110(5) OF US COPYRIGHT ACT : Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communities and their Member States"
871:, aiming to strike a balance between patent protection for pharmaceuticals and the impact of such protection on drug prices. This initiative led to the
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Troullier, Patrice; et al. (22 June 2002). "Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure".
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page 142, in the first ten years, 25 complaints have been lodged leading to the panel reports and appellate body reports on TRIPS listed below.
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1305:
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852:, was issued in November 2001, which indicated that TRIPS should not prevent states from dealing with public health crises and allowed for
1338:
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416:
Unlike other agreements on intellectual property, TRIPS has a powerful enforcement mechanism. States can be disciplined through the WTO's
536:
to implement TRIPS was extended to 2013, and until 1 January 2016 for pharmaceutical patents, with the possibility of further extension.
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2015:
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1569:"Effects of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights on the research and development expenditure of Indian pharmaceutical industry"
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Audio presentation by Professor Susan Sell, George Washington University, on intellectual property rights in the global context.
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288:
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860:, the United States and to a lesser extent other developed nations began working to minimize the effect of the declaration.
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Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971).
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that would give broadcasters (and possibly webcasters) exclusive rights over the copies of works they have distributed.
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No unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate interests of the right holders of computer programs and patents is allowed.
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TRIPS requires member states to provide strong protection for intellectual property rights. For example, under TRIPS:
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Computer programs must be regarded as "literary works" under copyright law and receive the same terms of protection.
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2323:"Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement"
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2603:
1407:"An Integrated Model of Legal Transplantation: The Diffusion of Intellectual Property Law in Developing Countries"
1298:"Part II — Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of Intellectual Property Rights; Sections 5 and 6"
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Banerjee and Nayak shows that TRIPS has a positive effect on R&D expenditure of Indian pharmaceutical firms.
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501:(Art 9), with the exception of moral rights. It also incorporated by reference the substantive provisions of the
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More aggressive patent enforcement. This effort has been observed more broadly in proposals for WIPO and
181:(WTO). It establishes minimum standards for the regulation by national governments of different forms of
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3910:
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Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
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466:
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213:
182:
39:
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TRIPS-plus conditions mandating standards beyond TRIPS have also been the subject of scrutiny. These
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61:
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Legitimate interests of third parties have to be taken into account by patent rights (Art 30).
93:
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1493:, Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH), archived from
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853:
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486:
249:
185:(IP) as applied to nationals of other WTO member nations. TRIPS was negotiated at the end of the
35:
31:
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3494:
2683:
1490:
The use of flexibilities in TRIPS by developing countries: can they promote access to medicines?
2374:"Access to Medicines and Pharmaceutical Patents: Fulfilling the Promise of TRIPS Article 31bis"
1297:
1267:
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793:
400:
392:
2555:"An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines"
1568:
1550:"Pharmaceutical patent policy in developing countries: learning from the Canadian experience"
324:
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manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations.
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2700:
2498:"Members to continue discussion on proposal for temporary IP waiver in response to COVID-19"
2419:
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1421:
1359:
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2581:"G7 leaders are shooting themselves in the foot by failing to tackle global vaccine access"
2004:
1824:
4130:
4015:
3990:
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3860:
3735:
3695:
3655:
2769:
2755:
2735:
2405:"The Life-Cycle of Transnational Issues: Lessons from the Access to Medicines Controversy"
1613:
937:
828:
801:
759:
1968:
1788:
1752:
1193:"The globalization of intellectual property rights: Four learned lessons and four thesis"
1896:
1860:
4377:
3509:
3266:
3070:
2814:
2231:"Compulsory licensing and innovation–Historical evidence from German patents after WWI"
1531:
919:
845:
607:
384:
2189:
2141:"The Case against TRIPS-Plus Protection in Developing Countries Facing AIDs Epidemics"
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3180:
2431:
2346:
2140:
1211:
817:
680:
557:
376:
364:
186:
1592:
897:
In 2020, conflicts re-emerged over patents, copyrights and trade secrets related to
4392:
3388:
3317:
2215:
902:
497:
The TRIPS Agreement incorporates by reference the provisions on copyright from the
241:
2247:
2230:
2423:
2373:
3514:
3499:
2322:
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404:
266:
245:
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Copyright terms must extend at least 50 years, unless based on the life of the
371:(GATT) in 1986–1994. Its inclusion was the culmination of a program of intense
17:
2338:
2282:
233:
157:
1243:
2628:
1235:
Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights
805:
738:
648:
229:
217:
205:
111:
3216:
2207:
1727:"2005 News items – Panel reports out on geographical indications disputes"
1473:
727:– Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products.
560:, encourages them to implement stronger intellectual property monopolies.
2125:
778:
527:
The obligations under TRIPS apply equally to all member states; however,
462:
372:
197:
narrow reading of TRIPS, initiated a round of talks that resulted in the
632:
WTO 10th Anniversary, Highlights of the first decade, Annual Report 2005
2775:
WTO TRIPS Agreement profile on database of Market Governance Mechanisms
2198:
1584:
1425:
291: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2705:
2525:"Dummy's guide to how trade rules affect access to COVID-19 vaccines"
890:
666:
517:
prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself.
433:
409:
221:
2604:"Patently unfair: Can waivers help solve COVID vaccine inequality?"
1549:
773:
Since TRIPS came into force, it has been subject to criticism from
50:
Annex 1C to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization
2742:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1360:"WTO – intellectual property (TRIPS) – frequently-asked questions"
1335:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1302:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
906:
857:
724:
499:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
489:(with certain limited exceptions, Art. 3 and 5). TRIPS also has a
388:
167:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
154:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
55:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1140:
439:
Copyright must be granted automatically, and not based upon any "
4371:
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China
3055:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
2454:"WTO delays decision on waiver on COVID-19 drug, vaccine rights"
2005:"UNITED STATES – SECTION 211 OMNIBUS APPROPRIATIONS ACT OF 1998"
1969:"United States – Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998"
1607:
How Trade Deals Extend the Frontiers of International Patent Law
841:
3220:
2783:
2696:
Intellectual Property and Public Health in the Developing World
2647:"WTO finally agrees on a TRIPS deal. But not everyone is happy"
1753:"CANADA – TERM OF PATENT PROTECTION : Report of the Panel"
972:
EU Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
863:
In 2001, at the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, several
4378:
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu
548:
260:
1789:"ATTACHMENT 1.1 : FIRST SUBMISSION OF THE UNITED STATES"
812:
with weak protection routinely benefit from strong levels of
193:(GATT) between 1989 and 1990 and is administered by the WTO.
1268:"intellectual property (TRIPS) – agreement text – standards"
867:(WTO) members proposed changes to Articles 27 and 31 of the
1103:"WTO – intellectual property – overview of TRIPS Agreement"
395:. Campaigns of unilateral economic encouragement under the
3186:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
547:
This has not happened in most cases. A 2005 report by the
503:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
4373:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
2271:
International Journal of Intellectual Property Management
590:
World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty
27:
International treaty on intellectual property protections
1861:"UNITED STATES – SECTION 110(5) OF THE US COPYRIGHT ACT"
1554:
Intellectual Property, Pharmaceuticals and Public Health
2146:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law
1620:
Overview of "TRIPS-Plus" Standards – Oxford Scholarship
1387:
IP Justice policy paper for the WIPO development agenda
1030:
Intellectual property in the People's Republic of China
3022:
Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited
1517:"The WTO's special burden on less developed countries"
698:
Canada – Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products.
3364:
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1454:
Blouin, Chantal; Heymann, Jody; Drager, Nick (2007).
1045:
List of parties to international copyright agreements
741:– Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry.
610:
rules on intellectual property enforcement. The 2001
408:
back to the entrepreneurship of senior management at
70: WTO members (where the TRIPS agreement applies)
2895:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
204:
Specifically, TRIPS requires WTO members to provide
30:"TRIPS" redirects here. For the microprocessor, see
4376:
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "
4214:
3523:
3477:
3397:
3326:
3290:
3254:
3163:
3138:
3115:
3079:
3030:
2993:
2928:
2913:
Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
2831:
2822:
2523:Baker, Brook K.; Labonte, Ronald (9 January 2021).
2452:Nebehay, Emma Farge, Stephanie (10 December 2020).
2229:Baten, Jörg; Bianchi, Nicola; Moser, Petra (2017).
918:. In June 2022, after extensive involvement of the
142:
134:
126:
118:
107:
99:
94:
Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization
88:
54:
1573:Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research
1567:Banerjee, Tannista; Nayak, Arnab (14 March 2014).
1331:"Part I — General Provisions and Basic Principles"
1073:"TRIPS Agreement (as amended on 23 January 2017)"
4597:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2372:Tosato, Andrea; Igbokwe, Ezinne (January 2023).
2321:Timmermann, Cristian; Henk van den Belt (2013).
614:was to implement the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty.
4417:Intellectual property law of the European Union
1487:Musungu, Sisule F.; Oh, Cecilia (August 2005),
1458:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 33.
1175:. London: Sweet & Maxwell. pp. Part I.
751:
510:
465:" in the United States) are constrained by the
3232:
3154:German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets
2795:
8:
5062:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3148:Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets
3095:Directive on the legal protection of designs
2482:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2310:(1st ed.). The World Bank. p. 292.
1137:International Intellectual Property Alliance
588:systems. This was achieved through the 1996
556:(WIPO), which, according to critics such as
381:International Intellectual Property Alliance
47:
4677:Treaties entered into by the European Union
1605:Jean-Frederic Morin and Dimitri Theriault,
1186:
1184:
1182:
4587:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
4211:
3239:
3225:
3217:
2828:
2802:
2788:
2780:
1703:. World Trade Organisation. Archived from
1067:
1065:
46:
2704:
2583:. Amnesty International. 19 February 2021
2264:"Tripping up TRIPs Debate: IP and Health"
2246:
2197:
1629:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390124.003.0009
655:for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs.
351:Learn how and when to remove this message
4572:Treaties of the Central African Republic
2756:World Trade Organization – TRIPS gateway
2751:World Trade Organization – Official Text
1173:The TRIPS Agreement: Negotiating History
840:The most visible conflict has been over
663:: Part 2 and 2000 Appellate Body Report
554:World Intellectual Property Organization
508:Article 10 of the Agreement stipulates:
3206:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
2602:Pietromarchi, Virginia (1 March 2021).
2301:
2299:
1061:
1035:Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes
594:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
3334:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2475:
2139:Collins-Chase, Charles (Spring 2008).
1985:from the original on 10 September 2019
1877:from the original on 10 September 2019
1841:from the original on 10 September 2019
1769:from the original on 10 September 2019
1435:from the original on 28 September 2018
1191:Archibugi, D.; Filippetti, A. (2010).
954:List of parties to the TRIPS Agreement
932:Software patents under TRIPS Agreement
523:Implementation in developing countries
369:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
191:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
177:between all the member nations of the
4602:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
2561:from the original on 25 February 2021
2535:from the original on 23 February 2021
2504:from the original on 27 February 2021
2464:from the original on 28 February 2021
2021:from the original on 9 September 2019
1913:from the original on 9 September 2019
1805:from the original on 9 September 2019
1341:from the original on 12 November 2020
1274:from the original on 12 November 2020
1113:from the original on 25 February 2019
7:
5202:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
2557:. Cato Institute. 16 December 2020.
1825:"CANADA – TERM OF PATENT PROTECTION"
1083:from the original on 18 October 2020
1050:World Trade Organization Dispute 160
926:Software and business method patents
808:key operations to emerging markets.
289:adding citations to reliable sources
244:and test data. TRIPS also specifies
76: WTO and European Union members
34:. For the German racing driver, see
4447:Treaties entered into force in 1996
4427:World Trade Organization agreements
3344:Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
966:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
617:The campaign for the creation of a
4652:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2877:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
2629:"TRIPS Waiver | Covid-19 Response"
1040:List of international trade topics
711:Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998
25:
5052:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
4380:", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
3354:Trade-Related Investment Measures
3130:Traditional speciality guaranteed
2353:from the original on 23 June 2020
1733:from the original on 10 June 2005
1681:from the original on 24 July 2005
1623:. Oxford University Press. 2011.
1308:from the original on 22 June 2017
706:: and 2002 Appellate Body Report
397:Generalized System of Preferences
218:integrated circuit layout-designs
4386:
3676:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2235:Journal of Development Economics
2157:from the original on 7 June 2015
2093:from the original on 14 May 2019
2057:from the original on 14 May 2019
1949:from the original on 14 May 2019
1645:from the original on 4 July 2014
1366:from the original on 28 May 2019
1212:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00019.x
363:TRIPS was negotiated during the
265:
148:
60:
5177:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
5107:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
4462:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3125:Protected designation of origin
3101:Regulation on Community designs
2747:World Trade Organization links
1414:International Studies Quarterly
1003:Intellectual Property Committee
599:More stringent restrictions on
276:needs additional citations for
5207:Treaties of the United Kingdom
4632:Treaties of the Czech Republic
4422:Intellectual property treaties
4051:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1238:. Cambridge University Press.
901:, diagnostics and treatments.
783:non-governmental organizations
1:
5212:Treaties of the United States
4707:Treaties of Georgia (country)
2883:Information Society Directive
2853:Satellite and Cable Directive
2403:Morin, Jean-Frederic (2011).
2262:Morin, Jean-Frederic (2006).
2248:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.01.002
2190:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09096-7
1405:J.-F. Morin; R. Gold (2014).
984:Substantive Patent Law Treaty
836:Access to essential medicines
175:international legal agreement
5002:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
2919:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
2871:Conditional Access Directive
2859:Copyright Duration Directive
2500:. World Trade Organisation.
2424:10.1080/13600826.2011.553914
2308:Trade, Doha, and Development
1390:, IP Justice, archived from
1362:. World Trade Organization.
709:United States – Section 211
669:– Term of Patent Protection.
571:In addition to the baseline
5017:Treaties of the Philippines
4957:Treaties of the Netherlands
4867:Treaties of North Macedonia
3349:Technical Barriers to Trade
2841:Computer Programs Directive
2306:Newfarmer, Richard (2006).
1515:Finger, J. Michael (2000).
992:of the United States (URAA)
990:Uruguay Round Agreement Act
138:English, French and Spanish
5273:
4442:Treaties concluded in 1994
3277:International Trade Centre
2811:Intellectual property laws
2673:Cambridge University Press
2669:Global Business Regulation
1701:"Index of disputes issues"
1548:J.-F. Morin; M. Bourassa.
1133:"WTO TRIPS implementation"
929:
491:most favored nation clause
248:procedures, remedies, and
29:
4847:Treaties of Liechtenstein
4742:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
4366:
3011:European Union trade mark
2339:10.1007/s10991-013-9129-9
2283:10.1504/IJIPM.2006.011021
960:Related treaties and laws
814:foreign direct investment
765:Making Globalization Work
586:digital rights management
534:least developed countries
147:
59:
5112:Treaties of South Africa
5087:Treaties of Sierra Leone
5072:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
4887:Treaties of the Maldives
4542:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3651:Central African Republic
3282:Chronology of key events
3262:Accession and membership
3248:World Trade Organization
3117:Geographical indications
2907:Copyright Term Directive
2699:. Open Book Publishers.
2667:Braithwaite and Drahos,
2012:World Trade Organization
1976:World Trade Organization
1904:World Trade Organization
1868:World Trade Organization
1832:World Trade Organization
1796:World Trade Organization
1760:World Trade Organization
1665:World Trade Organization
1616:, CIGI Paper 199, 2018;
1327:World Trade Organization
1294:World Trade Organization
1244:10.1017/cbo9780511491665
1200:Journal of Global Policy
1171:Gervais, Daniel (2012).
1107:World Trade Organization
1077:World Trade Organization
1008:World Trade Organization
865:World Trade Organization
683:– Section 110(5) of the
653:Geographical Indications
619:WIPO Broadcasting Treaty
238:confidential information
210:geographical indications
179:World Trade Organization
5142:Treaties of Switzerland
5057:Treaties of Saint Lucia
4962:Treaties of New Zealand
4817:Treaties of South Korea
4667:Treaties of El Salvador
4612:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3272:Dispute Settlement Body
2889:Resale Rights Directive
1612:6 December 2018 at the
1232:Sell, Susan K. (2003).
1025:Geographical indication
942:business method patents
914:and 115 members of the
912:Doctors Without Borders
582:anti-circumvention laws
459:exceptions to copyright
5257:Treaties of Azerbaijan
5152:Treaties of Tajikistan
5082:Treaties of Seychelles
4937:Treaties of Mozambique
4927:Treaties of Montenegro
4902:Treaties of Mauritania
4872:Treaties of Madagascar
4857:Treaties of Luxembourg
4827:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
4807:Treaties of Kazakhstan
4702:Treaties of the Gambia
4607:Treaties of Costa Rica
4567:Treaties of Cape Verde
4492:Treaties of Bangladesh
3374:Information Technology
3369:Government Procurement
3303:Doha Development Round
2725:textbook for download.
2114:Journal of World Trade
1729:. WTO. 15 March 2005.
1270:. WTO. 15 April 1994.
771:
612:EU Copyright Directive
592:(WIPO Treaty) and the
520:
447:, as specified in the
257:Background and history
38:. For other uses, see
5227:Treaties of Venezuela
5122:Treaties of Sri Lanka
5092:Treaties of Singapore
4967:Treaties of Nicaragua
4907:Treaties of Mauritius
4852:Treaties of Lithuania
4777:Treaties of Indonesia
4757:Treaties of Hong Kong
4732:Treaties of Guatemala
4477:Treaties of Australia
4467:Treaties of Argentina
3681:Republic of the Congo
3505:Supachai Panitchpakdi
3201:WIPO Copyright Treaty
3016:Trade Marks Directive
2901:Enforcement Directive
2768:26 March 2012 at the
997:Related organizations
820:, Nicola Bianchi and
754:developing countries.
677:, Part 1: and Part 2
573:intellectual property
467:Berne three-step test
183:intellectual property
130:164 (All WTO members)
5247:Treaties of Zimbabwe
5162:Treaties of Thailand
5157:Treaties of Tanzania
5132:Treaties of Eswatini
5127:Treaties of Suriname
5102:Treaties of Slovenia
5097:Treaties of Slovakia
5027:Treaties of Portugal
5007:Treaties of Paraguay
4992:Treaties of Pakistan
4922:Treaties of Mongolia
4877:Treaties of Malaysia
4752:Treaties of Honduras
4647:Treaties of Dominica
4642:Treaties of Djibouti
4592:Treaties of Colombia
4557:Treaties of Cameroon
4552:Treaties of Cambodia
4537:Treaties of Bulgaria
4522:Treaties of Botswana
4497:Treaties of Barbados
4166:United Arab Emirates
3066:Unified Patent Court
2327:Liverpool Law Review
2126:10.54648/TRAD2012006
1798:. 18 November 1999.
1669:"Annual Report 2005"
1161:See TRIPS Art. 1(3).
1020:Confusing similarity
775:developing countries
645:European Communities
567:Post-TRIPS expansion
529:developing countries
285:improve this article
5252:Treaties of Liberia
5232:Treaties of Vietnam
5222:Treaties of Vanuatu
5217:Treaties of Uruguay
5197:Treaties of Ukraine
5182:Treaties of Tunisia
5077:Treaties of Senegal
5037:Treaties of Romania
4977:Treaties of Nigeria
4947:Treaties of Namibia
4942:Treaties of Myanmar
4932:Treaties of Morocco
4917:Treaties of Moldova
4842:Treaties of Lesotho
4792:Treaties of Jamaica
4767:Treaties of Iceland
4762:Treaties of Hungary
4727:Treaties of Grenada
4712:Treaties of Germany
4687:Treaties of Finland
4672:Treaties of Estonia
4657:Treaties of Ecuador
4637:Treaties of Denmark
4617:Treaties of Croatia
4547:Treaties of Burundi
4517:Treaties of Bolivia
4502:Treaties of Belgium
4487:Treaties of Bahrain
4482:Treaties of Austria
4472:Treaties of Armenia
4452:Treaties of Albania
4437:Patent law treaties
4141:Trinidad and Tobago
4041:St. Kitts and Nevis
3551:Antigua and Barbuda
3485:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
3379:Marrakesh Agreement
3061:European patent law
2633:covid19response.org
2441:on 6 December 2018.
2292:on 1 December 2017.
2184:(9324): 2188–2194.
2077:"WorldTradeLaw.net"
2041:"WorldTradeLaw.net"
1933:"WorldTradeLaw.net"
1707:on 13 February 2015
1530:(3). Archived from
916:European Parliament
854:compulsory licenses
787:artificial scarcity
601:compulsory licenses
383:, supported by the
236:and undisclosed or
226:new plant varieties
82: WTO observers
51:
5242:Treaties of Zambia
5192:Treaties of Uganda
5187:Treaties of Turkey
5147:Treaties of Taiwan
5137:Treaties of Sweden
5047:Treaties of Rwanda
5042:Treaties of Russia
5022:Treaties of Poland
4997:Treaties of Panama
4982:Treaties of Norway
4912:Treaties of Mexico
4882:Treaties of Malawi
4837:Treaties of Latvia
4822:Treaties of Kuwait
4802:Treaties of Jordan
4782:Treaties of Israel
4737:Treaties of Guinea
4722:Treaties of Greece
4692:Treaties of France
4627:Treaties of Cyprus
4562:Treaties of Canada
4532:Treaties of Brunei
4527:Treaties of Brazil
4507:Treaties of Belize
4457:Treaties of Angola
4432:Copyright treaties
3711:Dominican Republic
2865:Database Directive
2378:Fordham Law Review
1585:10.1111/jphs.12050
1497:on 31 October 2013
1426:10.1111/isqu.12176
883:compulsory license
487:national treatment
436:. (Art. 12 and 14)
418:dispute settlement
250:dispute resolution
214:industrial designs
36:Wolfgang von Trips
32:TRIPS architecture
5237:Treaties of Yemen
5172:Treaties of Tonga
5117:Treaties of Spain
5067:Treaties of Samoa
5032:Treaties of Qatar
4972:Treaties of Niger
4952:Treaties of Nepal
4897:Treaties of Malta
4862:Treaties of Macau
4812:Treaties of Kenya
4797:Treaties of Japan
4787:Treaties of Italy
4772:Treaties of India
4747:Treaties of Haiti
4717:Treaties of Ghana
4697:Treaties of Gabon
4662:Treaties of Egypt
4582:Treaties of Chile
4512:Treaties of Benin
4401:
4400:
4362:
4361:
3359:Trade in Services
3313:Quota Elimination
3214:
3213:
2989:
2988:
2716:978-1-78374-228-8
2706:10.11647/OBP.0093
2693:Azam, M. (2016).
2084:Worldtradelaw.net
2048:Worldtradelaw.net
1940:Worldtradelaw.net
1638:978-0-19-989453-6
1394:on 8 January 2013
1253:978-0-521-81914-5
978:Patent Law Treaty
899:COVID-19 vaccines
798:Andrea Filippetti
794:Daniele Archibugi
733:1998 Panel Report
719:1998 Panel Report
704:2001 Panel Report
693:2000 Panel Report
675:2000 Panel Report
661:2000 Panel Report
639:2005 Panel Report
393:developed nations
361:
360:
353:
335:
300:"TRIPS Agreement"
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
5264:
5167:Treaties of Togo
5012:Treaties of Peru
4987:Treaties of Oman
4892:Treaties of Mali
4832:Treaties of Laos
4682:Treaties of Fiji
4622:Treaties of Cuba
4577:Treaties of Chad
4393:World portal
4391:
4390:
4212:
4006:Papua New Guinea
3489:Director-General
3384:Doha Declaration
3308:Singapore issues
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3176:Lisbon Agreement
3171:Berne Convention
3107:Community design
2847:Rental Directive
2829:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2720:
2708:
2655:
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2542:
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2529:The Conversation
2520:
2514:
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2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2481:
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2443:
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2440:
2434:. Archived from
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2363:
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2285:. Archived from
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2001:
1995:
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1984:
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1929:
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1893:
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1537:on 28 July 2006.
1536:
1521:
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1505:
1504:
1502:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1456:Trade and Health
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1264:
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1229:
1223:
1222:
1221:on 25 July 2011.
1220:
1214:. Archived from
1197:
1188:
1177:
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1162:
1159:
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1148:
1139:. Archived from
1129:
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1120:
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1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1069:
873:Doha Declaration
850:Doha Declaration
802:emerging markets
769:
685:US Copyright Act
647:– Protection of
580:The creation of
449:Berne Convention
356:
349:
345:
342:
336:
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293:
269:
261:
199:Doha Declaration
152:
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81:
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4086:Solomon Islands
3981:North Macedonia
3519:
3495:Roberto Azevêdo
3473:
3400:
3393:
3322:
3286:
3250:
3245:
3215:
3210:
3196:TRIPS Agreement
3159:
3134:
3111:
3089:Hague Agreement
3075:
3045:The Netherlands
3026:
2985:
2924:
2818:
2808:
2770:Wayback Machine
2736:TRIPS agreement
2732:
2717:
2692:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2653:. 17 June 2022.
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2418:(2): 227–247.
2412:Global Society
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2277:(1/2): 37–53.
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1420:(4): 781–792.
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1143:on 1 June 2012
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3776:Guinea-Bissau
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879:Article 31bis
876:
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681:United States
679:
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665:
664:
662:
659:
654:
650:
646:
643:
642:
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635:
633:
630:According to
626:Panel reports
625:
620:
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613:
609:
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602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
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558:Cory Doctorow
555:
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445:registrations
442:
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377:United States
374:
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366:
365:Uruguay Round
355:
352:
344:
333:
330:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
302: –
301:
297:
296:Find sources:
290:
286:
280:
279:
274:This section
272:
268:
263:
262:
256:
254:
251:
247:
243:
242:trade secrets
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
194:
192:
188:
187:Uruguay Round
184:
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172:
168:
159:
155:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:15 April 1994
102:
98:
95:
92:Annex to the
91:
87:
63:
58:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4403:
4384:
4383:
4091:South Africa
4076:Sierra Leone
4061:Saudi Arabia
3616:Burkina Faso
3389:Bali Package
3363:
3318:Peace Clause
3195:
2722:
2695:
2668:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2492:
2466:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2436:the original
2415:
2411:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2381:
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2333:(1): 47–73.
2330:
2326:
2316:
2307:
2287:the original
2274:
2270:
2257:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2150:
2144:
2134:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2083:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2047:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2011:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1975:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1939:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1867:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1831:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1795:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1759:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1619:
1601:
1579:(2): 89–94.
1576:
1572:
1562:
1553:
1543:
1532:the original
1527:
1524:Cato Journal
1523:
1510:
1499:, retrieved
1495:the original
1489:
1482:
1455:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1417:
1413:
1400:
1392:the original
1386:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1354:
1343:, retrieved
1334:
1321:
1310:, retrieved
1301:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1262:
1234:
1227:
1216:the original
1203:
1199:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1136:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1076:
935:
903:South Africa
896:
888:
877:
862:
839:
826:
810:
792:
772:
763:
752:
732:
718:
703:
692:
674:
660:
638:
631:
629:
603:for patents.
570:
562:
546:
541:
538:
526:
507:
496:
427:
424:Requirements
415:
362:
347:
338:
328:
321:
314:
307:
295:
283:Please help
278:verification
275:
240:, including
203:
195:
170:
166:
164:
44:
4319:Netherlands
4106:Switzerland
4021:Philippines
3961:New Zealand
3846:South Korea
3726:El Salvador
3691:Ivory Coast
3531:Afghanistan
3515:Rufus Yerxa
3500:Pascal Lamy
3469:13th (2024)
3464:12th (2022)
3459:11th (2017)
3454:10th (2015)
3401:Conferences
3399:Ministerial
3339:Agriculture
2956:Netherlands
2565:25 February
2539:25 February
2508:25 February
2468:25 February
2241:: 231–242.
2199:10144/28441
1345:28 February
1312:21 December
1087:12 February
822:Petra Moser
584:to protect
542:prima facie
443:", such as
420:mechanism.
405:Section 301
246:enforcement
234:trade names
4411:Categories
4309:Luxembourg
4111:Tajikistan
4071:Seychelles
3946:Mozambique
3936:Montenegro
3911:Mauritania
3886:Madagascar
3856:Kyrgyzstan
3836:Kazakhstan
3746:The Gambia
3686:Costa Rica
3646:Cape Verde
3576:Bangladesh
3449:9th (2013)
3444:8th (2011)
3439:7th (2009)
3434:6th (2005)
3429:5th (2003)
3424:4th (2001)
3419:3rd (1999)
3414:2nd (1998)
3409:1st (1996)
3327:Agreements
2995:Trade mark
2833:Directives
2608:Al Jazeera
2357:31 October
2178:The Lancet
2120:(1): 155.
1474:j.ctt812g5
1278:29 October
1056:References
818:Jörg Baten
649:Trademarks
461:(such as "
451:. (Art. 9)
391:and other
311:newspapers
230:trademarks
158:Wikisource
4304:Lithuania
4186:Venezuela
4096:Sri Lanka
4081:Singapore
4046:St. Lucia
3966:Nicaragua
3916:Mauritius
3811:Indonesia
3796:Hong Kong
3766:Guatemala
3566:Australia
3556:Argentina
3298:Criticism
2824:Copyright
2684:1422-2213
2478:cite news
2432:216592972
2384:(5): 1791
2347:145492036
1711:14 August
1649:7 October
1501:5 October
844:drugs in
806:outsource
779:academics
748:Criticism
739:Indonesia
457:National
441:formality
206:copyright
143:Full text
135:Languages
119:Effective
114:, Morocco
112:Marrakesh
4344:Slovenia
4339:Slovakia
4329:Portugal
4234:Bulgaria
4206:Zimbabwe
4126:Thailand
4121:Tanzania
4101:Suriname
4011:Paraguay
3996:Pakistan
3931:Mongolia
3901:Maldives
3896:Malaysia
3791:Honduras
3731:Eswatini
3706:Dominica
3701:Djibouti
3671:Colombia
3636:Cameroon
3631:Cambodia
3601:Botswana
3581:Barbados
3164:Treaties
2766:Archived
2613:26 April
2587:25 April
2559:Archived
2533:Archived
2502:Archived
2462:Archived
2351:Archived
2208:12090998
2155:Archived
2088:Archived
2052:Archived
2016:Archived
1980:Archived
1944:Archived
1908:Archived
1872:Archived
1836:Archived
1800:Archived
1764:Archived
1737:16 April
1731:Archived
1676:Archived
1667:(2005).
1643:Archived
1610:Archived
1593:70896207
1430:Archived
1364:Archived
1339:archived
1306:archived
1272:Archived
1111:Archived
1081:Archived
948:See also
938:software
757:—
463:fair use
401:coercion
373:lobbying
341:May 2012
173:) is an
108:Location
4334:Romania
4289:Ireland
4284:Hungary
4274:Germany
4264:Finland
4259:Estonia
4254:Denmark
4239:Croatia
4229:Belgium
4224:Austria
4191:Vietnam
4181:Uruguay
4161:Ukraine
4146:Tunisia
4066:Senegal
3976:Nigeria
3951:Namibia
3941:Morocco
3926:Moldova
3871:Liberia
3866:Lesotho
3821:Jamaica
3801:Iceland
3761:Grenada
3751:Georgia
3716:Ecuador
3626:Burundi
3621:Myanmar
3596:Bolivia
3571:Bahrain
3561:Armenia
3541:Algeria
3536:Albania
3524:Members
3081:Designs
3050:Romania
3040:Germany
3002:Ireland
2966:Romania
2946:Ireland
2941:Germany
2813:in the
2662:Sources
2458:Reuters
2388:23 July
2216:1616485
2161:23 June
2097:8 March
2061:8 March
2025:8 March
1989:8 March
1953:8 March
1917:8 March
1881:8 March
1845:8 March
1809:8 March
1773:8 March
1685:20 July
1439:24 July
1370:8 March
1117:8 March
974:(IPRED)
379:by the
375:by the
367:of the
325:scholar
222:patents
189:of the
127:Parties
4354:Sweden
4324:Poland
4299:Latvia
4279:Greece
4269:France
4244:Cyprus
4201:Zambia
4156:Uganda
4151:Turkey
4116:Taiwan
4036:Rwanda
4031:Russia
4001:Panama
3986:Norway
3921:Mexico
3891:Malawi
3851:Kuwait
3831:Jordan
3816:Israel
3781:Guyana
3771:Guinea
3641:Canada
3611:Brunei
3606:Brazil
3586:Belize
3546:Angola
3478:People
3291:Issues
3255:System
3156:(2019)
3150:(2016)
3103:(2001)
3097:(1998)
3091:(1999)
3057:(1998)
3032:Patent
3018:(1988)
2976:Sweden
2961:Poland
2936:France
2921:(2003)
2915:(2019)
2909:(2006)
2903:(2004)
2897:(2003)
2891:(2001)
2885:(2001)
2879:(2000)
2873:(1998)
2867:(1996)
2861:(1993)
2855:(1993)
2849:(1992)
2843:(1991)
2713:
2689:89–94.
2682:
2675:, 2000
2430:
2345:
2214:
2206:
1635:
1591:
1472:
1462:
1250:
1147:22 May
986:(SPLT)
968:(ACTA)
891:PEPFAR
846:Africa
781:, and
667:Canada
434:author
410:Pfizer
403:under
327:
320:
313:
306:
298:
100:Signed
80:
74:
68:
4349:Spain
4314:Malta
4294:Italy
4196:Yemen
4136:Tonga
4056:Samoa
4026:Qatar
3971:Niger
3956:Nepal
3881:Macau
3841:Kenya
3826:Japan
3806:India
3786:Haiti
3756:Ghana
3741:Gabon
3721:Egypt
3666:China
3661:Chile
3591:Benin
2971:Spain
2951:Italy
2651:Devex
2439:(PDF)
2428:S2CID
2408:(PDF)
2343:S2CID
2290:(PDF)
2267:(PDF)
2212:S2CID
2153:(3).
2091:(PDF)
2080:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
2044:(PDF)
2019:(PDF)
2008:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1972:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1864:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1803:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1756:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1589:S2CID
1535:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1470:JSTOR
1433:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1014:Other
980:(PLT)
907:India
858:PhRMA
725:India
389:Japan
332:JSTOR
318:books
171:TRIPS
4131:Togo
4016:Peru
3991:Oman
3906:Mali
3861:Laos
3736:Fiji
3696:Cuba
3656:Chad
2817:(EU)
2723:free
2711:ISBN
2680:ISSN
2615:2021
2589:2021
2567:2021
2541:2021
2510:2021
2484:link
2470:2021
2390:2023
2359:2020
2204:PMID
2163:2015
2099:2019
2063:2019
2027:2019
1991:2019
1955:2019
1919:2019
1883:2019
1847:2019
1811:2019
1775:2019
1739:2012
1713:2021
1687:2005
1651:2013
1633:ISBN
1503:2020
1460:ISBN
1441:2017
1372:2019
1347:2006
1314:2005
1280:2020
1248:ISBN
1149:2012
1119:2019
1089:2021
940:and
905:and
842:AIDS
796:and
768:, §4
651:and
473:33).
399:and
304:news
165:The
89:Type
40:Trip
2701:doi
2420:doi
2335:doi
2279:doi
2243:doi
2239:126
2194:hdl
2186:doi
2182:359
2122:doi
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