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rates common in tropical rainfall. The other main improvement that is expected from TMI is due to the improved ground resolution. This improvement, however, is not the result of any instrument improvements, but rather a function of the lower altitude of TRMM 402 kilometers compared to 860 kilometers of SSM/I). TMI has a 878-kilometer wide swath on the surface. The higher resolution of TMI on TRMM, as well as the additional 10.7 GHz frequency, makes TMI a better instrument than its predecessors. The additional information supplied by the
Precipitation Radar further helps to improve algorithms. The improved rainfall products over a wide swath will serve both TRMM as well as the continuing measurements being made by the SSM/I and radiometers flying on the NASA's EOS-PM (
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543:. It was a relatively small instrument that consumed little power. This, combined with the wide swath and the quantitative information regarding rainfall made TMI the "workhorse" of the rain-measuring package on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. TMI is not a new instrument. It is based on the design of the highly successful Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) which has been flying continuously on
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early March 2015. Re-entry was originally expected sometime between May 2016 and
November 2017, but occurred sooner due to heightened solar activity. The probe's primary sensor, the precipitation radar, was switched off for the final time on 1 April 2015 and the final scientific sensor, LIS, was turned off on 15 April 2015. Re-entry occurred on 16 June 2015 at 06:54 UTC.
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Tropical precipitation is a difficult parameter to measure, due to large spatial and temporal variations. However, understanding tropical precipitation is important for weather and climate prediction, as this precipitation contains three-fourths of the energy that drives atmospheric wind circulation.
644:
over the tropical region of the globe. The lightning detector was a compact combination of optical and electronic elements including a staring imager capable of locating and detecting lightning within individual storms. The imager's field of view allowed the sensor to observe a point on the Earth or
547:
since 1987. The TMI measures the intensity of radiation at five separate frequencies: 10.7, 19.4, 21.3, 37.0, 85.5 GHz. These frequencies are similar to those of the SSM/I, except that TMI has the additional 10.7 GHz channel designed to provide a more-linear response for the high rainfall
510:
melts into rain. The estimates of the heat released into the atmosphere at different heights based on these measurements can be used to improve models of the global atmospheric circulation. The PR operated at 13.8 GHz and measured the 3-D rainfall distribution over land and ocean surfaces. It
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decided to extend the mission again by using the propellant originally intended for a controlled descent. This came after a 2002 NASA risk review put the probability of a human injury or death caused by TRMM's uncontrolled re-entry at 1-in-5,000, about twice the casualty risk deemed acceptable for
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In July 2014, with propellant on TRMM running low, NASA decided to cease station-keeping maneuvers and allow the spacecraft's orbit to slowly decay, while continuing to collect data. The remaining fuel, initially reserved to avoid collisions with other satellites or space debris, was depleted in
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The
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), one of the spacecraft in the NASA Earth Probe series of research satellites, is a highly focused, limited-objective program aimed at measuring monthly and seasonal rainfall over the global tropics and subtropics. TRMM is a joint project between the
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The
Precipitation Radar (PR) was the first space-borne instrument designed to provide three-dimensional maps of storm structure. The measurements yielded information on the intensity and distribution of the rain, on the rain type, on the storm depth and on the height at which the
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613:(ERBS) which used three satellites to provide global energy budget measurements from 1984 to 1993. Using information from very high resolution cloud imaging instruments on the same spacecraft, CERES determines cloud properties, including cloud-amount,
580:. VIRS was included in the primary instrument package for two reasons. First was its ability to delineate rainfall. The second, and even more important reason, was to serve as a transfer standard to other measurements that are made routinely using
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To understand the mechanisms through which changes in tropical rainfall influence global circulation and to improve ability to model these processes in order to predict global circulations and rainfall variability at monthly and longer
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Kummerow, C.; J. Simpson; O. Thiele; W. Barnes; A. T. C. Chang; E. Stocker; R. F. Adler; A. Hou; R. Kakar; F. Wentz; et al. (December 2000). "The Status of the
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after Two Years in Orbit".
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Japan joined the initial study for the TRMM mission in 1986. Development of the satellite became a joint project between the space agencies of the United States and Japan, with Japan providing the
Precipitation Radar (PR) and
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Battery issues began to limit the spacecraft in 2014 and the mission operations team had to make decisions about how to ration power. In March 2014, the VIRS instruments was turned off to extend the battery life.
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588:(GOES) satellites. The intensity of the radiation in the various spectral regions (or bands) can be used to determine the brightness (visible and near infrared) or temperature (infrared) of the source.
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The
Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) was one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect indicator of rainfall. VIRS, as its name implies, sensed
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It only operated during
January–August 1998, and in March 2000, so the available data record is quite brief (although later CERES instruments were flown on other missions such as the
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sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath under the TRMM satellite. By carefully measuring the minute amounts of microwave energy emitted by the
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defined a layer depth of perception and hence measured rainfall that actually reached the latent heat of atmosphere. It had a 4.3 km resolution at radii with 220 km swath.
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617:, thickness, and the size of the cloud particles. These measurements are important to understanding the Earth's total climate system and improving climate prediction models.
388:, Japan. TRMM operated for 17 years, including several mission extensions, before being decommissioned on 15 April 2015. TRMM re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 16 June 2015.
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To provide rain and latent heating distributions to improve the initialization of models ranging from 24-hour forecasts to short-range climate variations.
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To advance understanding of the global energy and water cycles by providing distributions of rainfall and latent heating over the global
Tropics.
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launch vehicle, and the United States providing the satellite bus and remaining instruments. The project received formal support from the
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a cloud for 80 seconds, a sufficient time to estimate the flashing rate, which told researchers whether a storm was growing or decaying.
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in 1991, followed by spacecraft construction from 1993 through 1997. TRMM launched from
Tanegashima Space Center on 27 November 1997.
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To extend TRMM's mission life beyond its primary mission, NASA boosted the spacecraft's orbit altitude to 402.5 km in 2001.
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To allow cross calibration between TRMM and other sensors with life expectancies beyond that of TRMM itself.
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The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) was a small, highly sophisticated instrument that detects and locates
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United States and Japan to measure rainfall between 35.0° North and 35.0° South at 350 km altitude.
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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The concept for TRMM was first proposed in 1984. The science objectives, as first proposed, were:
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Prior to TRMM, the distribution of rainfall worldwide was known to only a 50% of certainty.
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To help to understand, to diagnose, and to predict the onset and development of the
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panel that the mission be extended despite the risk of an uncontrolled entry.
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as a global system. The satellite was launched on 27 November 1997 from the
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re-entering NASA satellites; and a subsequent recommendation from the
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5539:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
17:
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915:"Rain research satellite ends science mission, heads for re-entry"
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To evaluate the diurnal variability of tropical rainfall globally.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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coming up from the Earth in five spectral regions, ranging from
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To help to understand the effect that rainfall has on the ocean
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422:, and the propagation of the 30- to 60-day oscillations in the
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that the mission used to collect data. TRMM was part of NASA's
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999:
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10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1965:TSOTTR>2.0.CO;2
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To evaluate a space-based system for rainfall measurements.
879:"The TRMM Rainfall Mission Comes to an End after 17 Years"
376:, a long-term, coordinated research effort to study the
1040:
935:"Rainfall Research Satellite Begins Descent from Orbit"
965:"Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)"
673:(GPM), successor spacecraft launched in February 2014.
368:. The term refers to both the mission itself and the
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586:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
795:"Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission University"
605:(CERES) measured the energy at the top of the
519:The TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) was a passive
5535:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
4665:
2487:
1056:
8:
951:"Rainfall Spacecraft Re-enters over Tropics"
704:
702:
603:Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System
598:Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System
592:Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Sensor
32:
1014:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Profile
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1435:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
1345:
1085:
1063:
1049:
1041:
908:
906:
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741:
739:
737:
582:Polar Operational Environmental Satellites
85:
31:
2329:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
770:
539:water, and the rainfall intensity in the
27:Joint space mission between NASA and JAXA
4145:Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return
873:
871:
869:
5557:Weather satellites of the United States
2414:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
683:
44:Artist conception of the TRMM satellite
3854:Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)
1202:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1992:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
591:
433:and the structure of the upper ocean.
7:
2454:
5587:Spacecraft launched by H-II rockets
3959:Smart Lander for Investigating Moon
343:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
33:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
5582:Spacecraft which reentered in 2015
2519:Symbol indicates failed projects.
2516:indicates projects in development.
1108:National Aeronautics and Space Act
25:
3833:Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō)
3829:International Space Station (ISS)
2894:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2062:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1616:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
611:Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
545:Defense Meteorological Satellites
2688:
2667:
2653:
2639:
2625:
2614:
2601:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2357:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
2115:Space Flight Operations Facility
1301:Operations and Checkout Building
977:
891:
854:
807:
722:
671:Global Precipitation Measurement
655:
331:Global Precipitation Measurement
38:
3993:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
1576:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
1018:NASA's Solar System Exploration
913:Clark, Stephen (9 April 2015).
531:, TMI was able to quantify the
468:Mission extensions and de-orbit
940:Retrieved on 17 September 2014
751:Journal of Applied Meteorology
361:designed to monitor and study
97:
1:
2525:indicate cancelled projects.
2394:Space program on U.S. stamps
2319:Gemini and Apollo medallions
2269:Solar System Family Portrait
2045:Joint Polar Satellite System
1914:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1168:Vision for Space Exploration
1138:Space Exploration Initiative
710:"Trajectory: TRMM 1997-074A"
560:Visible and Infrared Scanner
420:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
5572:Spacecraft launched in 1997
2389:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
2346:We choose to go to the Moon
2309:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1867:International Space Station
1847:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1586:Great Observatories program
1430:International Space Station
1408:Roscosmos State Corporation
1325:Science Mission Directorate
1271:Manned Space Flight Network
496:Instruments aboard the TRMM
203:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
5608:
4091:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
2594:Joint development partners
2206:NASA cameras on spacecraft
2017:James Webb Space Telescope
1929:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1150:U.S. National Space Policy
1024:TRMM De-Orbit Alternatives
595:
325:Programme NASA Earth Probe
5529:
4704:
4342:
4328:
4183:
4177:Reconnaissance satellites
4170:
4139:Martian Moons eXploration
3888:
3875:
3787:
3774:
3471:
3460:
3222:
3209:
2945:
2930:Communications satellites
2923:
2726:
2713:
2545:
2532:
2509:
2437:
1281:Vehicle Assembly Building
842:"Display: TRMM 1997-097A"
482:National Research Council
431:thermohaline circulations
322:
318:
294:381 km (237 mi)
284:366 km (227 mi)
249:
245:
212:
208:
156:
152:
119:
115:
49:
37:
2720:Astronomical observation
2352:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2276:The Day the Earth Smiled
1611:Solar Terrestrial Probes
1029:(Report). Archived from
831:Retrieved on 5 July 2015
696:Retrieved on 5 July 2015
636:Lightning Imaging Sensor
382:Tanegashima Space Center
169:27 November 1997, 21:27
2934:broadcasting satellites
2550:National space agencies
2409:Other primates in space
2121:Deep Space Atomic Clock
1941:Mars Science Laboratory
1729:Spitzer Space Telescope
1318:Lunar Sample Laboratory
1261:Launch Services Program
475:In 2005, NASA director
374:Mission to Planet Earth
241:6 June 2015, 06:54 UTC
3800:Fuji crewed spacecraft
2503:Japanese space program
2424:National Astronaut Day
2367:The Astronaut Monument
2189:Space Shuttle missions
1889:Mars Exploration Rover
1872:Hubble Space Telescope
1781:Kepler space telescope
1581:Earth Observing System
1555:Mars Exploration Rover
1266:Mercury Control Center
622:Earth Observing System
453:United States Congress
58:Environmental research
4081:BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)
3813:H-II Transfer Vehicle
2372:Lunar sample displays
2362:Space Mirror Memorial
2304:Voyager Golden Record
2196:United States rockets
1388: (with the
1296:Launch Control Center
515:TRMM Microwave Imager
259:Reference system
124:Spacecraft properties
4688:Orbital launches in
2938:satellite navigation
1390:Soviet space program
1308:Johnson Space Center
1276:Kennedy Space Center
1239:spinoff technologies
881:. NASA. 9 April 2015
691:"Satellite Overview"
632:(Aqua) satellites.)
5567:Satellites of Japan
2523:Strikethrough lines
2399:Apollo 17 Moon mice
2255:Pillars of Creation
2162:Space Shuttle crews
1640:(human and robotic)
1634:Individual featured
1217:Ranks and positions
1036:on 5 December 2018.
844:. NASA. 14 May 2020
763:2000JApMe..39.1965K
712:. NASA. 14 May 2020
552:) and the Japanese
501:Precipitation Radar
34:
5592:Weather satellites
3977:Hakuto-R Mission 2
3909:Hakuto-R Mission 1
2201:NASA cancellations
2096:Deep Space Network
2086:Near Earth Network
1571:Living With a Star
1545:Project Prometheus
1525:Planetary Observer
663:Spaceflight portal
333:(GPM) →
254:Orbital parameters
5544:
5543:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4107:Comet Interceptor
4009:
4008:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3781:Human spaceflight
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3466:Engineering tests
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3216:Earth observation
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2469:
2468:
2382:stolen or missing
2179:uncrewed missions
2157:Apollo astronauts
2152:Gemini astronauts
2070:
2069:
1854:2001 Mars Odyssey
1629:
1628:
1505:Mars Surveyor '98
1463:
1462:
1406: (with
1339:Human spaceflight
1333:
1332:
1291:Launch Complex 48
1286:Launch Complex 39
826:"History of TRMM"
757:(12): 1965–1982.
339:
338:
16:(Redirected from
5599:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4651:
4403:Kanta-kun (WEOS)
4344:
4336:small satellites
4330:
4248:Experimentally 5
4206:Experimentally 3
4185:
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2283:Fallen Astronaut
1924:Van Allen Probes
1644:
1550:Mars Exploration
1475:
1346:
1114:Space Task Group
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576:, or 0.63 to 12
550:Aqua (satellite)
280:Perigee altitude
263:Geocentric orbit
161:Start of mission
108:Mission duration
99:
90:
89:
83:
42:
35:
21:
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3926:Kaguya (SELENE)
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2324:Mission patches
2299:Pioneer plaques
2262:Mystic Mountain
2239:Family Portrait
2232:The Blue Marble
2216:
2210:
2184:Apollo missions
2125:
2077:
2066:
2033:
1838:
1832:
1669:Mercury-Atlas 6
1639:
1635:
1625:
1559:
1495:Mariner Mark II
1459:
1440:Commercial Crew
1418:
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1329:
1313:Mission Control
1212:Astronaut Corps
1207:Chief Scientist
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938:Spaceflight Now
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477:Michael Griffin
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290:Apogee altitude
273:Low Earth orbit
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5189:Molniya-1T #98
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2608:United States
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2078:and navigation
2076:Communications
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2064:
2059:
2056:Europa Clipper
2052:
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2014:
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2012:
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1510:New Millennium
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1000:TRMM home page
995:
994:External links
992:
989:
988:
956:
953:. 4 June 2015.
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596:Main article:
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529:its atmosphere
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497:
494:
469:
466:
460:
457:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
427:
412:
409:
405:
393:
390:
349:) was a joint
337:
336:
329:
328:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
217:End of mission
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
92:
91:
77:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5604:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:1997 in Japan
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:Progress M-37
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:Resurs-F1M #1
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5231:Progress M-36
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Iridium MFS-2
5117:
5115:
5114:Iridium MFS-1
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Progress M-35
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Inmarsat-3 F4
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Progress M-34
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4632:
4631:
4630:WNI satellite
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Lunar Cruiser
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3860:
3859:Lunar Gateway
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
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3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
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3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3459:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
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3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2908:
2907:Small-JASMINE
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2855:
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2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
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2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
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2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
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2756:
2755:
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2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2663:
2651:
2649:
2637:
2635:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2429:Nikon NASA F4
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
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2358:
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2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:NASA insignia
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Lunar plaques
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:Pale Blue Dot
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:NASA missions
2172:
2170:
2169:NASA aircraft
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Space Network
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Space Shuttle
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:New Frontiers
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Lunar Orbiter
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1455:Lunar Gateway
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1414:Constellation
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:Space Shuttle
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5516:Early Bird 1
5511:Orbcomm FM12
5506:Orbcomm FM11
5501:Orbcomm FM10
5471:Intelsat 804
5385:
5373:
5310:
5304:
5245:EchoStar III
5193:
5184:Intelsat 803
5041:
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4978:Intelsat 802
4905:
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4792:Intelsat 801
4777:Gonets-D1 #6
4772:Gonets-D1 #5
4767:Gonets-D1 #4
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4137:
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4034:Hayabusa Mk2
4032:
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3882:Space probes
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2003:Perseverance
2002:
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1402:
1386:Apollo–Soyuz
1031:the original
969:. Retrieved
959:
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918:. Retrieved
883:. Retrieved
846:. Retrieved
836:
828:
821:
799:. Retrieved
789:
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714:. Retrieved
693:
686:
639:
628:(Terra) and
619:
601:
563:
556:satellites.
518:
504:
490:
486:
474:
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445:
399:
395:
346:
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340:
324:
314:92.0 minutes
54:Mission type
29:
5496:Orbcomm FM9
5491:Orbcomm FM8
5486:Orbcomm FM7
5481:Orbcomm FM6
5476:Orbcomm FM5
5436:Kosmos 2348
5431:Kosmos 2347
5380:SPARTAN-201
5174:Kosmos 2346
5059:Kosmos 2345
5048:CRISTA-SPAS
5036:Soyuz TM-26
5025:Superbird-C
4933:Kosmos 2344
4901:Kosmos 2343
4889:Kosmos 2342
4884:Chinasat 6A
4839:Kosmos 2341
4824:Kosmos 2340
4797:Mozhayets 2
4762:Kosmos 2339
4757:Kosmos 2338
4752:Kosmos 2337
4734:Soyuz TM-25
4623:Wisseed Sat
4432:Waseda-SAT2
4285:IGS-Optical
3755:G-SATELLITE
2874: [
2862: [
2289:Deep fields
2217:and artwork
2215:NASA images
1787:Opportunity
1256:NASA Social
1082:and history
971:9 September
920:21 December
885:21 December
584:(POES) and
533:water vapor
408:timescales.
386:Tanegashima
300:Inclination
230:Deactivated
189:Tanegashima
185:Launch site
166:Launch date
129:Launch mass
5551:Categories
5466:Iridium 49
5461:Iridium 48
5456:Iridium 47
5451:Iridium 46
5446:Iridium 45
5421:Iridium 44
5416:Iridium 42
5364:IndoStar-1
5349:Iridium 43
5344:Iridium 41
5339:Iridium 40
5334:Iridium 39
5329:Iridium 38
5285:FalconGOLD
5235:Sputnik 40
5221:Iridium 37
5216:Iridium 36
5211:Iridium 35
5206:Iridium 34
5201:Iridium 19
5169:Iridium 33
5164:Iridium 32
5159:Iridium 31
5154:Iridium 30
5149:Iridium 29
5144:Iridium 28
5139:Iridium 27
5129:Meteosat 7
5124:Hot Bird 3
5089:Iridium 26
5084:Iridium 25
5079:Iridium 24
5074:Iridium 23
5069:Iridium 22
5015:Iridium 21
5010:Iridium 20
5005:Iridium 18
5000:Iridium 17
4995:Iridium 15
4973:Iridium 16
4968:Iridium 14
4963:Iridium 13
4958:Iridium 12
4953:Iridium 11
4948:Iridium 10
4938:Fengyun 2A
4844:Minisat 01
4606:SpaceTuna1
4477:Hodoyoshi
4253:IGS-Radar
4211:IGS-Radar
3931:OMOTENASHI
3655:SmartSat-1
2871:HiZ-GUNDAM
2377:Moon rocks
2137:Astronauts
2130:NASA lists
1987:OSIRIS-REx
1821:helicopter
1689:Pioneer 11
1682:Pioneer 10
1485:Hitchhiker
1360:suborbital
1197:Space Race
848:5 November
716:4 November
678:References
607:atmosphere
541:atmosphere
459:Spacecraft
392:Background
238:Decay date
199:Contractor
148:1100 watts
5533:underline
5521:AsiaSat 3
5426:Galaxy 8i
5406:Equator-S
5396:Hikoboshi
5306:VLS-1 V01
5265:Apstar 2R
5250:Foton #11
5179:FAISAT-2V
5030:OrbView-2
4943:Iridium 9
4918:Telstar 5
4907:Tselina-2
4879:Iridium 8
4874:Iridium 7
4869:Iridium 6
4864:Iridium 5
4859:Iridium 4
4829:Thaicom 3
4728:Nahuel 1A
4717:GPS IIR-1
4582:OPUSAT-II
4516:PROITERES
4461:1.7+APDII
4302:IGS-Radar
4197:-Optical
4120:Dragonfly
4086:Hayabusa2
3386:EarthCARE
3106:Michibiki
2977:Kakehashi
2859:GREX-PLUS
2662:Roscosmos
2404:Moon tree
2225:Earthrise
2100:Goldstone
1997:Mars 2020
1966:Voyager 2
1959:Voyager 1
1895:Curiosity
1839:operating
1837:Currently
1819:Ingenuity
1756:MESSENGER
1735:Sojourner
1664:Mercury 3
1654:Apollo 11
1601:Discovery
1591:Explorers
1180:Augustine
1144:Augustine
767:CiteSeerX
642:lightning
566:radiation
521:microwave
370:satellite
225:Deorbited
81:1997-074A
75:COSPAR ID
5411:Astra 1G
5401:JCSAT-1B
5359:Sirius 2
5295:Maqsat-H
5290:Maqsat-B
4928:INSAT-2D
4849:Founders
4588:QSAT-EOS
4536:SOCRATES
4526:Raijin-2
4399:Kagayaki
4334:Private
4113:DESTINY+
4076:Akatsuki
4050:Sakigake
4028:Hayabusa
3983:HERACLES
3954:EQUULEUS
3937:SELENE-2
3894:The Moon
3759:SERVIS-3
3634:SERVIS-2
3629:SERVIS-1
3439:GOSAT-GW
3418:Shikisai
3406:original
3396:Himawari
3089:Kirameki
3018:Sakura (
2888:LiteBIRD
2780:Hinotori
2448:Category
2110:Canberra
2022:timeline
2010:timeline
1946:timeline
1902:timeline
1799:observed
1794:timeline
1762:Aquarius
1702:timeline
1675:Magellan
1637:missions
1535:Surveyor
1471:programs
1401:Shuttle–
1342:programs
1174:Aldridge
1093:creation
1009:Facebook
649:See also
615:altitude
574:infrared
554:ADEOS II
366:rainfall
363:tropical
353:between
222:Disposal
140:2634 kg
137:Dry mass
111:18 years
64:Operator
5537:italics
5391:Orihime
5324:USA-136
5319:USA-134
5280:USA-135
5270:USA-133
5259:Huygens
5255:Cassini
5064:Agila 2
5020:USA-132
4854:GOES 10
4834:BSAT-1a
4814:USA-131
4802:Tempo-2
4787:USA-130
4782:JCSAT-R
4617:TSUBAME
4600:SOMESAT
4575:KITSUNE
4437:WE WISH
4417:Negai☆″
4412:Maido-1
4394:HIT-SAT
4362:1.7+APD
4055:Shin'en
4045:PROCYON
3995:(LUPEX)
3920:Lunar-A
3696:Tsubasa
3691:Tsubame
3660:Tansei
3649:Shinsei
3619:RAPIS-1
3590:Orizuru
3500:EXPRESS
3423:Shizuku
3370:Daichi
3359:ASNARO
3334:Geotail
3304:Ohozora
3273:Midori
3264:Jikiken
3238:Daichi
3234:Akebono
2940:systems
2883:LAPYUTA
2854:SOLAR-C
2770:Hakucho
2754:Astro-G
2748:ASTRO-E
2674:Brazil
2660:Russia
2646:Canada
2561:former
2514:Italics
2460:Commons
2338:Related
2147:by year
2142:by name
1919:GOES 15
1909:GOES 14
1826:flights
1812:InSight
1768:Cassini
1696:Galileo
1621:SIMPLEx
1596:Voyager
1564:Current
1520:Pioneer
1490:Mariner
1469:Robotic
1450:Artemis
1423:Current
1366:Mercury
1358: (
1251:NASA TV
1190:General
1089:History
1005:Twitter
759:Bibcode
570:visible
424:Tropics
416:El Niño
132:3524 kg
96:SATCAT
5375:STS-87
5312:SCD-2A
5275:STEP-4
5226:IRS-1D
5195:STS-86
5043:STS-85
4984:STS-94
4913:Thor 2
4895:STS-84
4808:STS-83
4747:Haruka
4741:STS-82
4710:STS-81
4697:1998 →
4682:← 1996
4612:SPROUT
4594:RSP-01
4560:Future
4521:Raijin
4511:Kiseki
4502:Horyu
4473:Hitomi
4468:Fuji-3
4446:Active
4422:Niwaka
4389:HIBARI
4384:Hayato
4354:CosMoz
4278:Future
4227:Active
4100:Future
4069:Active
4060:Suisei
4040:Nozomi
4014:Others
3969:Future
3961:(SLIM)
3947:Active
3842:Future
3831:&
3822:Active
3807:HOPE-X
3749:ETS-IX
3736:Future
3722:Reimei
3717:Ajisai
3710:Active
3686:Tasuki
3624:Ryusei
3613:PETSAT
3585:Ohsumi
3509:Jindai
3504:IKAROS
3482:Ayame
3432:Future
3343:Active
3269:Kyokko
3259:Fuyo-1
3163:Future
3137:N-STAR
3082:Active
3002:N-STAR
2992:Kodama
2987:Kizuna
2982:Kirari
2849:ATHENA
2842:Future
2828:Hisaki
2823:Hinode
2816:Active
2807:Yohkoh
2797:Suzaku
2785:Hitomi
2695:India
2693:
2672:
2658:
2644:
2632:Italy
2630:
2606:
2105:Madrid
2038:Future
1953:NuSTAR
1884:THEMIS
1806:RHESSI
1743:Spirit
1540:Viking
1530:Ranger
1381:Skylab
1376:Apollo
1371:Gemini
1229:Budget
1182:(2009)
1176:(2004)
1170:(2004)
1164:(2003)
1158:(2002)
1156:CFUSAI
1152:(1996)
1146:(1990)
1140:(1989)
1134:(1987)
1128:(1986)
1126:Rogers
1122:(1986)
1116:(1958)
1110:(1958)
1104:(1915)
1080:Policy
967:. NASA
801:5 July
797:. NASA
769:
624:(EOS)
535:, the
310:Period
269:Regime
177:Rocket
5354:Kupon
5239:X-Mir
5109:FORTE
5104:PAS-5
5094:Lewis
5054:PAS-6
4568:DRUMS
4531:SEEDS
4452:CUTE
4427:RAIKO
4407:Kūkai
4368:Fuji
4358:CUTE
4262:Spare
4150:TEREX
4133:MELOS
4000:Yaoki
3914:Hiten
3849:HTV-X
3727:SDS-4
3701:USERS
3639:SDS-1
3595:RAISE
3580:Myojo
3559:LDREX
3513:Kiku
3401:Ibuki
3355:Arase
3309:Taiyo
3288:Momo
3254:Denpa
3132:MTSAT
2997:MBSat
2878:]
2866:]
2833:XRISM
2802:Tenma
2791:SPICA
2775:HALCA
2765:Ginga
2760:CORSA
2738:Akari
2573:NASDA
2050:NISAR
2005:rover
1977:MAVEN
1897:rover
1878:Swift
1789:rover
1750:LADEE
1745:rover
1737:rover
1714:GRAIL
1709:GALEX
1500:MESUR
1445:Orion
1246:NASA+
1222:Chief
1120:Paine
1034:(PDF)
1027:(PDF)
537:cloud
525:Earth
378:Earth
304:35.0°
193:LA-Y1
145:Power
103:25063
5386:TRMM
5134:GE-3
4723:GE 2
4690:1997
4347:Past
4188:Past
4127:Hera
4021:Past
3902:Past
3792:Past
3743:BEAK
3497:DASH
3476:Past
3350:Aqua
3318:Ume
3314:TRMM
3227:Past
3154:JDRS
3046:Yuri
2950:Past
2936:and
2743:ASCA
2731:Past
2697:ISRO
2681:INPE
2610:NASA
2580:NICT
2563:ISAS
2557:JAXA
2029:PACE
1972:WISE
1935:Juno
1775:Dawn
1719:WMAP
1659:COBE
1647:Past
1478:Past
1356:X-15
1349:Past
1162:CAIB
1132:Ride
1102:NACA
1072:NASA
1007:and
973:2014
922:2017
887:2017
850:2020
829:JAXA
803:2015
718:2020
694:JAXA
527:and
508:snow
449:H-II
359:JAXA
357:and
355:NASA
347:TRMM
341:The
180:H-II
68:NASA
18:TRMM
5300:YES
5237:,
5099:ACE
4540:XI
4195:IGS
3644:SFU
3571:LRE
3444:PMM
3391:GPM
3182:QZS
3170:DSN
2956:BS
2676:AEB
2648:CSA
2634:ASI
2620:ESA
2585:JSS
2568:NAL
1982:MMS
1403:Mir
1016:by
777:doi
572:to
384:in
171:UTC
98:no.
5553::
4544:IV
3297:1b
3282:II
3125:1R
3071:3b
3066:3a
3061:2b
3056:2a
3040:3b
3035:3a
3030:2b
3025:2a
2970:3N
2965:3H
2960:2X
2932:,
2876:ja
2864:ja
905:^
868:^
775:.
765:.
755:39
753:.
736:^
701:^
630:PM
626:AM
578:mm
418:,
191:,
5382:)
5378:(
5315:)
5309:(
5261:)
5257:(
5241:)
5233:(
5050:)
5046:(
4673:e
4666:t
4659:v
4549:V
4505:2
4496:4
4491:3
4486:2
4481:1
4456:1
4377:2
4372:1
4311:8
4307:7
4295:8
4290:7
4268:6
4265:5
4259:4
4256:3
4245:6
4242:5
4239:4
4236:3
4217:2
4214:1
4203:2
4200:1
3679:4
3674:3
3669:2
3664:1
3605:3
3600:2
3566:2
3563:1
3552:8
3547:7
3542:6
3537:5
3532:4
3527:3
3522:2
3517:1
3491:2
3486:1
3411:2
3379:4
3374:2
3365:2
3362:1
3327:b
3322:1
3292:1
3277:I
3247:3
3242:1
3192:7
3189:6
3186:5
3175:3
3147:d
3142:c
3121:4
3118:3
3115:2
3111:1
3099:2
3094:1
3051:1
3042:)
3020:1
3012:b
3007:a
2495:e
2488:t
2481:v
2348:"
2344:"
2117:)
2098:(
1410:)
1392:)
1362:)
1095:)
1091:(
1064:e
1057:t
1050:v
986:.
975:.
924:.
900:.
889:.
863:.
852:.
816:.
805:.
783:.
779::
761::
731:.
720:.
426:.
345:(
20:)
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