358:
disk space allocated to the file (including its extents, if any). After the initial access this information is maintained in a File
Control Block, the memory space for which is supplied by the calling application. Further references do not need to read the disk directory (unless the file is written to and more disk space needs to be allocated). For this reason system performance depends greatly on how close a file's allocated disk space(s) is/are to the directory cylinder, and how fragmented (extents located in non-contiguous space(s)) the file is as a whole. The farther away the directory cylinder is, the more the drive's read/write head will need to move, which slows disk access and produces more mechanical wear on the drive. TRSDOS has commands permitting the user to optimize placement of particular files on the disk's physical space, and the
439:
media. Some of these figures (density, sides, granules per track) are written to fields in the
Granule Allocation Table which is part of the disk directory. Others (sectors per track, sectors per granule, in addition to the former quantities) are part of the Drive Control Table fields. When the system attempts to open a file on a disk, it uses the @CKDRV SVC to ascertain the availability of the disk, and then logs the disk once it finds it available. This "logging" function will update the DIRCYL field, then update the DBLBIT and MAXCYL fields based on information stored in the GAT. This procedure frees the user from having to manually log a newly inserted disk; he is at liberty to change differently formatted disks in any drive without concern that the system will incorrectly access it.
452:
between the application requesting disk access and the computer's Floppy Disk
Controller hardware. TRS-80s use controller chips from the Western Digital series: the WD1791 in the Model 4 non-gate array version, and the WD1773 in the Model 4 Gate Array version. When an I/O request is invoked by a higher level SVC, such as a request to READ a file record, the request is translated to that disk primitive (FDC command or status report) needed to satisfy the function request. The linkage protocol is uniform across all disk devices that are connected to the system. This makes the access of files transparent to size or nature of the disk device within the scope of the parameters stored in the DCT for that drive.
350:) required custom driver software supplied by their manufacturers. These drivers permitted any TRSDOS installation to access them with up to eight possible drive partitions, each assigned to drive numbers zero through seven. Actually, a large hard drive could be formatted with more than eight partitions, but TRSDOS can only access eight during any one session. Hard drives could have some partitions formatted under TRSDOS and others under the CP/M OS. Each floppy drive in the system would also take up one drive number assignment. The Model 4, with its ability to set up a
366:
non-system data disk). LDOS and TRSDOS 6 have a SYSRES command which loads selected system files into Z80 RAM, thus freeing space on the system disk for non-system data. All versions have variants of the SYSTEM command which can reassign logical drive numbers to physical drives. It is possible to assign drive numbers such that a physical drive is unassigned a logical drive number; this is sometimes useful to guarantee that the drive cannot be accessed for security or safety (write protection) purposes. Drives may be set to be write protected by the DOS, also.
435:
in the file, and the last byte within the last sector (or End Of File). The record also contains the physical area(s) in use by the file, by pointing to the cylinder, relative starting granule, and number of contiguous granules for each extent comprising the file. When a file has more than four extents, additional directory records are used as required with forward and backward pointers linking each record of each file. Thus the theoretical maximum of 256 files possible on a floppy diskette is realizable only if there is no file fragmentation.
465:(LRL) equal to one. (Physical access to a disk storage device is always in units of 256 byte sectors. This is fixed by the TRS-80 disk controller hardware). However, if GET or PUT are used to implement sequential access, then a file can be considered a character I/O device just like a printer, a serial port, or a video display device. A byte I/O request is therefore independent of the physical device "connected" to the control block which is requesting the I/O. This makes the system "device independent".
431:(HIT) which is the second sector of the directory. Each position in this table corresponds to a specific directory entry record. The hash table, being one sector in length, can index a maximum of 256 directory records or files. The directory itself is sized according to disk capacity by being a maximum of one cylinder (up to 34 sectors). Thus, the larger the disk storage capacity, the larger its directory, and the greater the number of file names that can be stored on the disk.
488:. All file access requests (whether issued by the user at the console or a program being executed) are satisfied by searching the directory of the first drive specified (taken as drive zero if no drive number is given) and, if the requested file is not found, then searching the next (higher numbered) drive in the system. This continues until the file is found or all the drives in the system have been searched (but see below for variations on this rule).
705:, many of the file manipulation commands are similar to those of TRSDOS. Some of the following TRSDOS commands exist on disk as distinct program files (DIR/CMD, FORMAT/CMD, BACKUP/CMD) while all others exist as modules condensed into the library files (technically Partitioned Data Sets or PDSs) SYS6/SYS, SYS7/SYS and SYS8/SYS; these include the TRSDOS commands CAT, COPY, LIST, REMOVE, RENAME etc. Some typical TRSDOS utilities:
2411:
407:
Each track has three granules for 4.5 KB of storage. Each side (surface) of the disk is normally formatted with 40 tracks, yielding 180 KB per side. The Model 4D, with its double-sided drives, yields 360 KB of storage. Whenever additional disk space is needed for a file (such as extending a file while being written to), an additional granule is allocated. The granule thus becomes the minimum size storage unit.
2422:
415:. For a double-sided floppy disk as formatted on a Model 4D, track zero of surface zero and track zero of surface one are grouped together into cylinder zero. Cylinder capacities also have an upper limit of 256 sectors per cylinder or eight granules per cylinder, while the system supports (for hard drives with multiple platters of storage media) a maximum of eight heads per drive.
343:). Model Is retrofitted with double density controllers and Models I/III equipped with 80-track drives or double-sided drives could not use TRSDOS; RadioShack sold Logical System's LDOS operating system which could control these types of drives. The Model 4's TRSDOS 6 is a development of LDOS and has the same capabilities.
693:. TRSDOS 6.x supports both Owner and User passwords (8 characters max) for disk files. LS-DOS 6.3 uses the space for the User password for its extended dating scheme (past December 31, 1987). Both Model 4 OSes can set various file access levels and permit software write protection for disk files and entire disks.
1328:
assembler source code is for a subroutine named HELLO_WORLD. This is an introductory program which will print a message to the video display and then exit. Though simple, it demonstrates how an assembler source code is formatted and interacts with the display hardware through TRSDOS. The example uses
891:
The TRSDOS CATalog command displays one line giving information on the selected drive (disk name, capacity, date) and a listing of the filenames with their extensions present on the disk. This is an abbreviated version of the DIRectory command, which permits more file information to be presented on a
674:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x do not support subdirectories or user areas. However, the DIR and CAT (Catalog) commands for displaying file data support the usual partial filenames, suffixes, and file dates. Under TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x files can be made invisible to the DIR and CAT commands, and can be displayed with
620:
Under TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x, the standard system command interpreter (SYS1/SYS) can be functionally replaced with a custom interpreter by copying the new interpreter to the system file SYS13/SYS (which in an unmodified installation is a dummy file). This can be any machine code /CMD program file. This is
1208:
The MEMORY command shows the names and sizes of memory resident modules. It is also used to modify system flag bytes. For example, flag A is the DOS Allocation byte, which the BACKUP command uses to specify the beginning cylinder of a disk to start copying files. This gives the user control over the
666:
do, the APPEND command is somewhat different in concept than the UNIX or MS-DOS notion of appending via output redirection. TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x do provide I/O redirection for system devices (keyboard *KI, display screen *DO, printer *PR, serial port *CL), as well as for between devices and disk files.
460:
Disk files are supported with two types of access: Record I/O and character I/O. Logical records of from one to 256 bytes in length can be read or written using the @READ or @WRITE SVC requests. Record I/O can be random access (by position SVC requests prior to READ/WRITE) or sequential access using
438:
When TRSDOS formats a disk, all of the parameters associated with the diskette are predetermined. Thus the number of sectors per track, number of sectors per granule and thus the granules per track, number of sides (surfaces), and number of cylinders are all designated, as well as the density of the
386:
that stores the parameters associated with each of the eight logical drives. Disk drive parameters refer to how the total storage space on a drive is divided up into addressable units. The layer(s) of magnetic particles on the surface of the disk media are magnetized (during the format process) into
959:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, the COPY command can be used to transfer information between system devices as well as disk files. For example, COPY *KI *PR will turn the computer (if connected to an active line printer) into a typewriter, as each character typed at the keyboard is sent to the *PR device as well
434:
The directory record contains information such as the date the file was last modified, its update and access password codes, its access level, and other attributes such as whether it is a SYStem or PDS (Partitioned Data Set) file and if a backup has been made, the relative number of the last sector
418:
The disk's directory cylinder is placed during the format process on the middle-numbered cylinder; thus a standard 40 cylinder disk has its directory installed on cylinder 20. This reduces the average distance (and access time) that the drive's read/write head must move to access the directory. The
378:
is to provide the user with a facility for managing and accessing files stored on disk storage devices. Since the user must not be burdened with the physical details of the storage devices themselves, it is the operating system's responsibility to translate file record access requests into specific
940:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, COMM/CMD is a terminal program that establishes communications between the Model 4's RS-232C serial port and that of another computer, a modem or serial printer/plotter. Must first install the driver for the serial port, COM/DVR using the SET command, which establishes the system
909:
CLOCK installs an interrupt task that shows the system time in the upper corner of the display; no exactly corresponding feature exists in MS-DOS or UNIX, though many programs provided similar features for DOS and the common UNIX shells could embed the time into their user-defined "prompt string".
798:
UNIX command are all somewhat different in their semantics. UNIX/Linux is multi-user and each user can control read, write, and execute permissions on his or her own files and directories. MS-DOS is single user and the file attributes for "read-only," "hidden," and "system" are advisory in nature.
451:
pointer, since room in the low memory region is usually insufficient (especially on the Model 4 since software needed to access its external memory banks cannot reside in high Z80 RAM memory because that region exists in the banked RAM swap area). These driver routines establish a linkage protocol
426:
When a file is to be opened for access, the system needs to search the directory for its directory record. Search time is minimized by using a hashing technique to reduce the 11-character string formed from the file name and extension to a one byte value. The hash code for each file is stored in a
406:
which vary in size according to total track capacity of the disk media, though granule size for each disk format is constant. For forty-cylinder disks formatted in double density, standard for the drives installed in the TRS-80 Models III and 4, the granule size is six 256-byte sectors, or 1.5 KB.
357:
All versions of TRSDOS use overlays to satisfy most system requests and disk directories are not maintained in memory. This has two implications for system performance. First, upon initial file access the DOS always references the disk directory to obtain information giving the physical mapping of
410:
TRSDOS assigns numbers to every sector, every track, and every surface. Surfaces are numbered consecutively starting from zero. Tracks are numbered consecutively starting from zero at the outermost edge of the disk giving the innermost track the highest number. Where multiple headed drives are in
468:
Filenames are limited to eight alphanumeric characters (the first character must be alpha) which are case insensitive (only capital letters are used; any lowercase letters entered are capitalized). File extensions are up to three characters and obey the same rules. File passwords are up to eight
365:
The second implication of the overlay-based architecture is that a disk containing TRSDOS system files (file extension /SYS) must always be present in whichever drive is assigned as logical drive number zero. (On the Model 4 this may be the
Memdisk, thus freeing physical drive zero be used for a
1044:
FILTER is used to attach a /FLT filter program to a system device. Three included with TRSDOS 6.x are FORMS/FLT which is used for formatted printing, KSM/FLT which is a keyboard macro facility, and CLICK/FLT which causes the Model 4 speaker to beep every time a key is pressed.
874:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x include the BACKUP/CMD utility which can mass copy files specified by partial filename matches, file suffixes (e.g. such as /CMD or /BAS), or by file date. BACKUP can be made to first query for permission to copy each file with the
1079:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, sets parameters for data sent to the system *PR device after the FORMS filter has been attached to the *PR device. These include number of characters per printed line, lines per page, margins, added linefeed characters, etc.
799:
TRSDOS was single user. TRSDOS 6.x ATTRIB can modify protection status of all files on a disk volume if the disk's master password is given. All user and owner passwords on visible files can be removed with a single ATTRIB command.
423:). The GAT is bit mapped to each granule of space on the drive. Other fields in the GAT contain the PACK NAME, DATE of creation (when the disk was formatted), pack PASSWORD, and data pertaining to the configuration of the drive.
30:
469:
characters obeying the same rules (TRSDOS 6 versions up to 6.2 support both owner and user passwords). Entire diskettes can also be assigned master passwords, which may limit user access via the BACKUP and PURGE commands.
580:, and drive searches initiated by programs being executed, stop searching at the first drive found to match. If the same filespec exists on multiple drives, then those files on higher-numbered drives will be excluded.
612:) may be appended to filespecs. These examples assume the selected files have not be made invisible in the disk directory. File access requests issued by applications programs running under TRSDOS work the same way.
667:
The DEVICE command displays a map of I/O links and routes. Under DOS and UNIX printing a file can be done with redirection; under UNIX it is normally done by spooling the file to the "line printer" (using the
442:
The SVC disk primitives are funneled through common system routines contained in the driver software installed for each type of disk storage device. The driver for Model III or Model 4 floppy drives is named
1270:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x support the PURGE command which will mass delete files specified by partial filename, file suffixes, or file dates. PURGE will query the user for permission to delete each file unless the
841:
ommands" and special "dot files" in a user's home directory are run for each time that a given user logs into the system. UNIX supports many other "dotfiles" for many of its commands which are akin to the
775:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, the source of the appended data may be a system input device such as *KI. Thus whatever is typed at the keyboard will be appended to the target file. Use RESET *KI to end this function.
259:
professional computer from 1979, also based on the Z80 and equipped with 8-inch disk drives. The later machines in this line, the Models 12, 16 and 6000, used the Z80 as an alternate CPU to its main
671:
command) because UNIX is conventionally a multi-user system. TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x print jobs can be redirected (such as to a disk file) by applying the LINK or ROUTE commands to the system *PR device.
1329:
TRS-80 Model 4 running TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x, produced by Tandy/Radio Shack and
Logical Systems, with most any assembler sold by Radio Shack or Misosys Inc. (Series I/EDTASM, ALDS, EDAS or MRAS with
447:
and is located in the TRSDOS low memory region. Hard disk drives are supplied with their own driver software, and are usually installed in high memory (main 64K Z80 RAM) above the system
402:
Disks are organized as follows: each track is formatted into a specific number of 256-byte sectors with a maximum capacity of 32 sectors per track. Sectors are grouped into blocks called
399:. Although the number of sectors per track may vary from one media type to another, the number of sectors in each track of the same media (and in each granule) must always be a constant.
1341:
3000 3E 69 3002 EF 3003 21 14 30 3006 3E 0A 3008 EF 3009 0E 0D 300B 3E 02 300D EF 300E 21 00 00 3011 3E 16 3013 EF 3014 48 65 6C 6C 3018 6F 2C 20 77 301C 6F 72 6C 64 3020 21 0D 0D 3023
1225:
All versions of TRSDOS include the PATCH/CMD utility. This permits modification of machine code /CMD files using patch data supplied by a /FIX file in hexadecimal ASCII format.
282:
and LDOS. After disputes with Cook over ownership of the source code, Tandy hired
Logical Systems, LDOS's developer, to continue TRSDOS development. TRSDOS 6, shipped with the
278:
microcomputer did not have a disk drive or disk operating system at release. The first version of TRSDOS, by Randy Cook, was so buggy that others wrote alternatives, including
1883:
1804:
892:
single video screen with less need for scrolling to view the contents of the entire disk. CAT uses the same parameters as DIR for viewing INVisible and SYStem files.
314:
Late 1986 – Logical
Systems releases LS-DOS 6.3, the functionally equivalent update to TRSDOS 6.2. From this date, Tandy/Radio Shack ships it with the Model 4D.
252:
computers used TRSDOS Version 6, which was a development of Model III LDOS by
Logical Systems, Inc. This last was updated in 1987 and released as LS-DOS 6.3.
819:
contained a list of such commands. TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x support Job
Control Language in which any text file with the suffix /JCL could batch process (using the
1149:
Under TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x, the LIST command can display or print the contents of non-ASCII files with the HEX parameter. The listing can be paused using
2426:
1196:
under TRSDOS is almost always used to make a machine code Z80 program (/CMD file) available to the system debugger for examination or modification.
879:
parameter. On single drive computers the X parameter will permit copying between two disks by prompting the user when to switch disks in the drive.
461:
repetitive READs or WRITEs. Character (or byte) I/O is accomplished by @GET and @PUT SVC requests and is essentially the same as record I/O with a
244:(input/output) commands that worked with disk files rather than the cassette tapes that were used by non-disk Model I systems. Later disk-equipped
2457:
1063:
Defaults to 40 track, single-sided on Models III and 4, double-sided on Model 4D. Number of tracks per side can be specified using parameter (CYL=
335:. The original TRSDOS for the Model I supported only single-sided disks with 35 tracks formatted in single density (sectors are encoded using the
248:
computers used a completely different version of TRSDOS by Radio Shack which culminated in 1981 with TRSDOS Version 1.3. From 1983 disk-equipped
1032:
LS-DOS 6.3 includes the DISKCOPY/CMD utility which makes an exact copy of a source disk by formatting and copying to a blank destination disk.
495:
followed immediately with the drive number. The colon is optional unless the drive specification is used as a suffix for a filename. Using the
1856:
1876:
1923:
1250:
Under TRSDOS 6.x an interrupt task is provided to dump the current video display to a line printer at any time. This is activated using
689:
Many versions support a simple password security for files and programs, with separate Read/Execute and full access capabilities. ex:
1098:
TRSDOS 6.x displays ASCII map showing disk granules occupied by active files with xxxxxx; the directory cylinder is shown as DDDDDD.
1918:
823:
command) any number of executable program files. Such a file could be the object of an AUTO command. On UNIX a set of one or more
1209:
physical placement of files on disks, which is important to minimize movement of the drive's read/write head during file access.
1845:
1192:
command under TRSDOS would load a binary program into memory, but would not execute it; neither DOS nor UNIX has an equivalent.
2447:
2415:
2036:
1869:
1674:
1313:
laptop as TRSDOS 6.x disk files. This requires use of the Model 4 cassette interface, which the Model 4P transportable lacks.
960:
as the *DO device. This is effectively the same as the TRSDOS command LINK *KI *PR. Use RESET *KI to turn off this function.
1782:
995:
Displays the status of the system drives and system logical devices, as well as the existing ROUTEs and LINKs between them.
340:
2246:
1245:
1067:). All Model 4Ds and most Model 4s can format 42 tracks although drives supplied by Radio Shack are nominally 40 track.
1013:
DIR displays the same files that would be selected by the BACKUP command, and so is useful as a preview tool. Parameter
815:
The AUTO command sets an automatic command to be executed on TRSDOS boot; under MS-DOS the special, reserved file named
2331:
2281:
339:
technique). Model III TRSDOS (culminating in version 1.3) supported 40-track disks formatted in double density (using
88:
411:
use, the track numbers on a surface are duplicated on each surface with all similarly numbered tracks constituting a
2361:
624:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x support wildcard characters in filenames, both the single character ? and multicharacter *.
635:
specification. These made commands more
English-like. For example, the following commands functioned identically:
1951:
1819:
134:
1700:
2276:
2251:
263:
chip and could run this version of TRSDOS for backwards compatibility with older Z80 applications software.
2462:
2061:
1652:
154:
1851:
1892:
375:
1017:
sends the directory listing to the line printer, which in turn can be ROUTEd or LINKed to a disk file.
1928:
1131:
Starting with TRSDOS 6.0 KILL was replaced by REMOVE (per LSI Journal article "Thou Shalt Not Kill")
336:
2221:
2286:
2201:
2196:
2041:
1933:
1645:
1233:
1139:
900:
747:
395:. Each sector is uniquely identified by a pattern of information preceding each sector called an
1370:; the term "pseudo-op" means same as "assembler directive", is not Z80 code
2341:
725:
675:
the INV parameter (unless any files are password protected and the correct p/w is not given).
271:
232:
With the original TRS-80 Model I of 1977, TRSDOS was primarily a way of extending the MBASIC (
226:
140:
45:
379:
drive, track, sector, and head parameters that pinpoint the storage location of each record.
1833:
1310:
1053:
347:
245:
237:
190:
113:
108:
2452:
2091:
968:
858:
256:
2046:
949:
328:
283:
260:
249:
147:
2441:
2336:
2191:
2086:
1287:
1283:
1258:. If the system *PR device is ROUTED or LINKED to a disk file it will be sent there.
1121:
1003:
918:
868:
63:
2211:
2166:
1809:
1220:
1185:
923:
807:
472:
Under TRSDOS and LDOS the system is never "logged in" to any current drive as with
194:
1753:
1646:"The Tandy Story: It all started 10 years ago in a converted used-car showroom..."
1790:
516:
searches logical drive four (for all files, as always when no filename is given).
2356:
2021:
332:
331:) support up to four physical floppy (mini-diskette) drives which (as sold) use
301:
April 26, 1983 – Radio Shack introduces TRSDOS Version 6.0 with the new Model 4s
202:
1861:
1176:
Program invocation under TRSDOS, DOS and UNIX is done by filename; no explicit
506:
displays all files starting with logical drive zero, then drive one, and so on.
304:
1984 – Radio Shack releases Version 6.2, the definitive version for the Model 4
2106:
2096:
1993:
1983:
1963:
1297:
Under TRSDOS 6.x the user may rename individual files or the entire diskette.
1181:
1180:
command is required for normal binary executables nor for text command files (
1144:
761:
621:
referred to in the documentation as an "Extended Command Interpreter" or ECI.
40:
2351:
2306:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
1292:
1126:
1109:
1093:
954:
941:*CL (Comm Line) device. Use SETCOM/CMD to set parameters for communication.
843:
734:
678:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.3 can dump the video screen to the line printer by pressing
279:
218:
198:
123:
419:
first sector of the disk directory contains the Granule Allocation Table (
205:
from 1977 through 1991. Tandy's manuals recommended that it be pronounced
2381:
2346:
2146:
2131:
2126:
2071:
2066:
1956:
1025:
854:
29:
2396:
2366:
2321:
2296:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2081:
2051:
2026:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1913:
702:
351:
2371:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2236:
2186:
2151:
2076:
2031:
1973:
1946:
1829:
1088:
784:
701:
Although MS-DOS owes its heritage most closely to CP/M and thence to
663:
568:) matching the query on all drives. Other commands/utilities such as
481:
477:
324:
275:
214:
127:
1839:
1726:
548:
searches for FILENAME on all logical drives starting from drive two.
362:
command to display a map of a file's physical placement on a drive.
255:
Completely unrelated was a version of TRSDOS by Radio Shack for its
979:
also performs LOAD function on a target /CMD machine code program;
2391:
2326:
2316:
2301:
2266:
2156:
2116:
1978:
1968:
1825:
789:
659:
632:
233:
1597:; DB = Define Byte pseudo-op assembles ASCII string to Z80 memory
2386:
2311:
2291:
2241:
2206:
2056:
1462:; Z80 Restart instruction for system SVC processor, execute @CLS
1240:
1058:
864:
730:
721:
655:
473:
1865:
587:), file extensions, and file dates are supported. For example:
2014:
1579:; (stack integrity maintained, could as well have used a RET!)
1492:; send text string to *DO Display Output device (video screen)
1325:
717:
241:
222:
1385:; EQU pseudo-op sets @CLS text label = TRSDOS Supervisor Code
983:
loads additional debugger commands from system file SYS9/SYS
354:(Memdisk), also required a drive number assignment for this.
1842:
A TRS-80 emulator for UNIX and X11; similar ROM issues apply
1435:; ORG pseudo-op sets standard start address under TRSDOS 6.x
1309:
TAPE100/CMD reads and writes cassette tapes recorded by the
709:
TRSDOS commands and counterparts in other operating systems
1609:; 13d byte is ASCII carriage return char, moves cursor down
1352:; Print "Hello, world!" then exit to TRSDOS Ready
1008:
1822:(with list of TRSDOS alternatives on the TRS-80 Model III)
1501:; execute @DSPLY SVC (13d byte needed to terminate string)
1477:; point to message string with HL (required by @DSPLY SVC)
1422:; set @EXIT text label = SVC for returning to TRSDOS Ready
1397:; set @DSP text label = TRSDOS SVC to send char to display
600:
will select files SAMPLE/BAS, TEST/BAS, EXAMPLE/BAS, etc.
594:
will select files SAMPLE, SAMPLE1, SAMPLE23 and SAMPLEIT.
1814:
382:
The system also maintains in Z80 memory within TRSDOS a
391:. Each track is divided into 256-byte sub-areas called
298:
May 1, 1981 – Radio Shack releases Model III TRSDOS 1.3
1409:; set @DSPLY text label = SVC for text string display
627:
TRSDOS (version II) was notable for the inclusion of
1555:; indicate no error condition to Command Interpreter
1516:; now send another carriage return, needed in reg C
564:(catalog) commands display all file specifications (
2139:
2012:
1900:
1621:; to produce transfer record to program entry point
1531:; to set off Hello message from TRSDOS Ready prompt
1453:; CLS = Clear Screen, erase display and home cursor
1330:
311:, the commented assembler source code to TRSDOS 6.2
146:
133:
119:
107:
87:
69:
59:
51:
39:
1701:"1985 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-12 page 28"
536:searches logical drives four, five, six and seven.
556:is used to specify a range of drive numbers. The
323:RadioShack's Z80-based line of TRS-80 computers (
1367:; values below are decimal unless suffixed by H
295:October, 1979 – Radio Shack releases TRSDOS 2.3
1877:
8:
526:searches logical drives four, five, and six.
22:
542:searches for FILENAME on logical drive two.
387:concentric circles of storage areas called
16:Operating system for Tandy TRS-80 computers
2421:
1906:
1884:
1870:
1862:
21:
650:Since TRSDOS does not have the notion of
491:Drive numbers are specified with a colon
1255:
1251:
1154:
1150:
707:
683:
679:
644:
639:
605:
597:
591:
577:
573:
569:
561:
557:
553:
545:
539:
533:
529:
523:
519:
513:
509:
503:
496:
492:
359:
1826:Matthew Reed's TRS-80 Emulator Software
1636:
608:example earlier, drive specifications (
1805:TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x user command summary
1618:; END pseudo-op required by assembler
201:microcomputers that were sold through
346:Hard disk drives (then also known as
209:. TRSDOS should not be confused with
7:
1673:Archer, Rowland Jr. (October 1983).
928:Clear video display and home cursor
286:in 1983, is identical to LDOS 6.00.
1781:Clays, Michael (19 February 2000).
812:~/.profile or ~/.login or /etc/rc*
1852:TRS-80 Virtual Floppy Disk Manager
583:File access by partial filenames (
499:directory command as an example:
14:
906:in some shells: PS1="...\t..." *
307:1984 – Logical Systems publishes
2420:
2410:
2409:
1754:"Programmer's Guide to TRSDOS 6"
28:
1832:; requires the extraction of a
846:"preferences" folder contents.
34:Boot Screen of Model 4 TRSDOS 6
2458:Discontinued operating systems
1787:Mike's Virtual Computer Museum
1675:"Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4"
484:. The system prompt is always
1:
341:modified frequency modulation
1349:; hello_world_TRS-80 Model 4
691:filename/ext.password:drive#
552:As seen, the dash character
374:The primary function of any
1952:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
1848:, TRSDOS utilities for UNIX
631:words, similar to the 1959
95:; 40 years ago
75:; 47 years ago
2479:
2362:Technical Support SuperDOS
1705:radioshackcatalogs dot com
1644:White, Ron (August 1987).
1337:
93:Model 4 Version 6.2 / 1984
2405:
1909:
319:Features and capabilities
27:
1570:; return to TRSDOS Ready
1540:; once we exit to system
1361:; Return registers: none
1346:
1339:
833:are a set of boot time "
1783:"TRS-80 Model I TRSDOS"
1588:'Hello, world!'
1358:; Entry registers: none
2448:Disk operating systems
2062:Datapac System Manager
1893:Disk operating systems
794:ATTRIB, PROT, and the
616:Command-line interface
165:(which stands for the
155:Command-line interface
1810:TRS-80 Error Messages
463:Logical Record Length
376:disk operating system
1793:on 21 February 2006.
1275:parameter is given.
1188:in UNIX/Linux). The
337:frequency modulation
2222:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11
1901:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,
1857:TRSDOS Applications
1820:Model III Home Page
1815:TRS-80 Revived Site
1707:. Tandy/Radio Shack
710:
645:COPY filea TO fileb
384:Drive Control Table
24:
2202:Concurrent DOS V60
2197:Concurrent DOS 68K
2042:Concurrent CP/M-86
1903:compatible systems
1681:. pp. 292–302
708:
654:for disk files as
240:) with additional
227:personal computers
197:line of eight-bit
2435:
2434:
1942:
1941:
1761:timm-mann dot org
1628:
1627:
1317:
1316:
348:winchester drives
333:5¼-inch diskettes
272:Tandy Corporation
160:
159:
2470:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2412:
1907:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1794:
1789:. Archived from
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1641:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1311:TRS-80 Model 100
1173:(no equivalent)
1103:GETDISK/GETTAPE
871:, (many others)
711:
640:COPY filea fileb
487:
450:
446:
429:Hash Index Table
191:operating system
103:
101:
96:
83:
81:
76:
32:
25:
19:Operating system
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2401:
2140:Other platforms
2135:
2092:NetWare PalmDOS
2008:
1938:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1801:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1257:
1253:
1170:(no equivalent)
1156:
1152:
699:
685:
681:
646:
641:
618:
607:
599:
593:
579:
575:
571:
563:
559:
555:
547:
546:DIR FILENAME:2-
541:
535:
531:
525:
521:
515:
511:
505:
498:
494:
485:
458:
456:File management
448:
444:
372:
370:Disk management
361:
321:
292:
269:
257:TRS-80 Model II
213:, a version of
149:
99:
97:
94:
79:
77:
74:
73:Model I in 1977
70:Initial release
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Concurrent DOS
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1799:External links
1797:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1774:
1752:Soltoff, Roy.
1744:
1733:. Matthew Reed
1731:trs-80 dot org
1718:
1692:
1665:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1324:The following
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
991:
989:
985:
984:
973:
971:
966:
962:
961:
957:
952:
947:
943:
942:
938:
936:
934:
930:
929:
926:
921:
916:
912:
911:
907:
904:
898:
894:
893:
889:
887:
885:
881:
880:
872:
861:
852:
848:
847:
813:
810:
805:
801:
800:
792:
787:
782:
778:
777:
773:
759:
745:
741:
740:
737:
728:
715:
698:
695:
648:
647:
642:
617:
614:
602:
601:
595:
550:
549:
543:
540:DIR FILENAME:2
537:
527:
517:
507:
457:
454:
371:
368:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
305:
302:
299:
296:
291:
288:
284:TRS-80 Model 4
268:
265:
261:Motorola 68000
250:TRS-80 Model 4
217:licensed from
189:ystem) is the
158:
157:
152:
150:user interface
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
91:
89:Latest release
85:
84:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
43:
37:
36:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2475:
2464:
2463:1977 software
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Sinclair QDOS
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Commodore DOS
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Multiuser DOS
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1763:. Misosys Inc
1762:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:shell scripts
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
974:
972:
970:
967:
964:
963:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
945:
944:
939:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
914:
913:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
890:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
860:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
822:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
802:
797:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
780:
779:
774:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
716:
713:
712:
706:
704:
696:
694:
692:
687:
676:
672:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
643:
638:
637:
636:
634:
630:
625:
622:
615:
613:
611:
596:
590:
589:
588:
586:
581:
567:
544:
538:
528:
518:
508:
502:
501:
500:
489:
483:
479:
475:
470:
466:
464:
455:
453:
440:
436:
432:
430:
424:
422:
416:
414:
408:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
377:
369:
367:
363:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
264:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
153:
151:
145:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
92:
90:
86:
72:
68:
65:
64:Closed source
62:
58:
54:
52:Working state
50:
47:
44:
42:
38:
31:
26:
2376:
2212:Cromemco DOS
2167:Apple ProDOS
1791:the original
1786:
1765:. Retrieved
1760:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1730:
1727:"The Source"
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1323:
1320:Example code
1272:
1236:
1193:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1064:
1014:
980:
976:
876:
838:
834:
830:
829:files under
825:
824:
820:
817:AUTOEXEC.BAT
816:
808:AUTOEXEC.BAT
795:
770:
767:
764:
756:
753:
750:
739:Description
700:
690:
688:
677:
673:
668:
651:
649:
628:
626:
623:
619:
609:
604:As with the
603:
584:
582:
565:
551:
490:
486:TRSDOS Ready
471:
467:
462:
459:
441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
420:
417:
412:
409:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
373:
364:
356:
345:
325:Models I/III
322:
308:
270:
254:
231:
221:for Tandy's
210:
206:
195:Tandy TRS-80
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:
109:Available in
60:Source model
2357:SpartaDOS X
1828:Runs under
1767:November 4,
1651:. pp.
1184:in DOS and
1182:batch files
652:redirection
203:Radio Shack
2442:Categories
2107:PC-MOS/386
2097:Novell DOS
1994:SISNE plus
1984:Novell DOS
1964:IBM PC DOS
1924:Comparison
1685:31 January
1659:2019-05-18
1631:References
610:drivespecs
592:DIR SAMPLE
309:The Source
207:triss-doss
141:Monolithic
2352:SpartaDOS
2307:NewDos/80
2182:Atari TOS
2177:Atari DOS
2172:Apple SOS
2162:Apple DOS
1333:switch).
1239:>>
1022:DISKCOPY
975:Optional
844:Macintosh
735:Unix-like
585:partspecs
566:filespecs
246:Model III
219:Microsoft
211:Tandy DOS
199:Zilog Z80
185:perating
124:Zilog Z80
120:Platforms
41:Developer
2416:Category
2382:TurboDOS
2347:SmartDOS
2287:MicroDOS
2147:AmigaDOS
2132:TurboDOS
2127:Towns OS
2072:K8918-OS
2067:DOS Plus
1957:MS-DOS 7
1929:Commands
1919:Timeline
1649:80 Micro
1302:TAPE100
1166:filespec
1026:diskcopy
977:filespec
855:diskcopy
768:>>
754:>>
714:Command
697:Commands
598:DIR /BAS
520:DIR :4-6
413:cylinder
404:granules
397:ID FIELD
225:line of
193:for the
55:Historic
2397:Z80-RIO
2367:Top-DOS
2322:RealDOS
2297:MSX-DOS
2232:DOS/360
2227:DIP DOS
2217:CSI-DOS
2122:SCP1700
2112:REAL/32
2102:OpenDOS
2082:MP/M-86
2052:CP/M-86
2027:4690 OS
2022:4680 OS
2004:FreeDOS
1999:PTS-DOS
1989:ROM-DOS
1846:TRSdisk
1737:May 21,
1280:RENAME
1201:MEMORY
1151:⇧ Shift
1050:FORMAT
1037:FILTER
988:DEVICE
851:BACKUP
781:ATTRIB
744:APPEND
726:Windows
703:TOPS-10
530:DIR :4-
524:DIR 4-6
393:SECTORS
352:ramdisk
329:Model 4
267:History
229:(PCs).
148:Default
128:TRS-80s
126:-based
114:English
98: (
78: (
2453:TRS-80
2425:
2414:
2377:TRSDOS
2372:TR-DOS
2272:iS-DOS
2262:IDEDOS
2257:GEMDOS
2237:DOS XL
2187:BW-DOS
2152:AMSDOS
2077:FlexOS
2032:86-DOS
2013:Other
1974:DR-DOS
1947:MS-DOS
1830:MS-DOS
1711:May 7,
1489:@DSPLY
1400:@DSPLY
1288:rename
1263:PURGE
1230:PRINT
1214:PATCH
1089:chkdsk
1072:FORMS
1054:format
965:DEBUG
901:prompt
897:CLOCK
877:(Q=Y))
785:attrib
664:MS-DOS
570:BACKUP
534:DIR 4-
510:DIR :4
482:MS-DOS
478:PC DOS
449:HIGH$
389:TRACKS
280:NewDOS
276:TRS-80
215:MS-DOS
163:TRSDOS
135:Kernel
23:TRSDOS
2392:Z-DOS
2327:SB-80
2317:PTDOS
2302:MyDOS
2267:IMDOS
2157:ANDOS
2117:SB-86
1979:H-DOS
1969:DOS/V
1934:Games
1895:(DOS)
1836:image
1757:(PDF)
1615:START
1567:@EXIT
1438:START
1432:3000H
1413:@EXIT
1273:(Q=N)
1256::
1221:patch
1164:LOAD
1136:LIST
1118:KILL
1085:FREE
981:(ext)
969:debug
946:COPY
933:COMM
924:clear
903:$ t *
863:tar,
831:/etc/
804:AUTO
796:chmod
790:chmod
771:file2
757:file2
751:file1
684::
660:Linux
633:COBOL
629:noise
578:PURGE
514:DIR 4
290:Dates
234:BASIC
177:hack
173:adio
169:andy
46:Tandy
2427:List
2387:UDOS
2342:RDOS
2312:OS/M
2292:MP/M
2282:MDOS
2277:ISIS
2252:FLEX
2242:Edos
2207:CP/M
2057:CP/K
2037:ADOS
1840:xtrs
1769:2019
1739:2019
1713:2019
1687:2015
1679:BYTE
1528:@DSP
1450:@CLS
1388:@DSP
1376:@CLS
1252:CTRL
1237:file
1234:type
1194:LOAD
1190:LOAD
1178:LOAD
1140:type
1059:mkfs
1000:DIR
950:copy
915:CLS
884:CAT
865:cpio
765:file
748:type
731:Unix
722:OS/2
680:CTRL
662:and
656:UNIX
576:and
574:COPY
560:and
480:and
474:CP/M
445:$ FD
360:FREE
327:and
181:isk
137:type
100:1984
80:1977
2332:SCP
2247:EOS
2015:x86
1914:API
1834:ROM
1655:-64
1612:END
1582:MSG
1573:RST
1534:RST
1495:RST
1474:MSG
1456:RST
1429:ORG
1416:EQU
1403:EQU
1391:EQU
1382:105
1379:EQU
1331:-GC
1326:Z80
1286:or
1284:ren
1246:lpr
1241:prn
1145:cat
1122:del
1015:(p)
1004:dir
919:cls
869:pax
859:tar
837:un
762:cat
718:DOS
669:lpr
606:DIR
562:CAT
558:DIR
532:or
522:or
512:or
504:DIR
497:DIR
421:GAT
274:'s
242:I/O
238:ROM
236:in
223:x86
2444::
1785:.
1759:.
1729:.
1703:.
1677:.
1653:50
1606:13
1603:DB
1600:CR
1594:13
1585:DB
1576:40
1558:LD
1546:HL
1543:LD
1537:40
1519:LD
1513:13
1504:LD
1498:40
1480:LD
1468:HL
1465:LD
1459:40
1441:LD
1419:22
1406:10
1293:mv
1157:.
1127:rm
1110:dd
1094:df
1065:nn
1009:ls
955:cp
867:,
857:,
826:rc
821:DO
733:,
724:,
720:,
686:.
572:,
476:,
1885:e
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1741:.
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1662:.
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1471:,
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554:-
493::
187:S
183:O
179:D
175:S
171:R
167:T
102:)
82:)
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