1527:
March 2014 (Jaremko et al., 2014) and has a PDB id: 2MGY. Obtained high-resolution clearly confirms a helical character of a protein and its complex with a diagnostic ligand in solution. The 3D structure of the mTSPO-PK11195 complex comprises five transmembrane α-helices (TM1 to TM5) that tightly pack together in the clockwise order TM1-TM2-TM5-TM4-TM3 (cytosol view). The mammalian TSPO in a complex with diagnostic ligand is nomomeric. The loop located in between TM1 and TM2 helices closes the entrance to the space between helices in which are bound with PK11195 molecule. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of mTSPO revealed that region important for PK11195 binding comprise amino acids from 41 to 51, because the deletion of this region resulted in the decrease in PK11195 binding (Fan et al., 2012).
1523:
be used as a biomarker to detect the presence and severity of inflammation in the heart and atherosclerotic plaques. Inhibiting the over-production of TSPO can lead to a reduced incidence of arrhythmias which are most often caused by ischemia reperfusion injury. TSPO ligands are used as a therapy after ischemia reperfusion injury to preserve the action potentials in cardiac tissue and restore normal electrical activity of the heart. Higher levels of TSPO are present in those with heart disease, a change that is more common in men than women because testosterone worsens the inflammation causing permanent damage to the heart.
1384:
cardiovascular disease, and often occurs because of inflammation caused by ischemia reperfusion injury. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) causes immune cells CD11b+ (present on macrophages) to stimulate inflammatory infiltration. Functionally, CD11b+ regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration to regulate the inflammatory response. Following infection, CD11b+ is up-regulated, activating these immune responses, which then activate an increased expression of TSPO. These immune cells can cause myocarditis which can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
253:
230:
127:
152:
259:
158:
1522:
TSPO as a biomarker is a newly discovered non-invasive procedure, and has also been linked as a biomarker for other cardiovascular related diseases including: myocardial infarction (due to ischemic reperfusion), cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and large vessel vasculitis. TSPO can
1526:
The first high-resolution 3D solution structure of mammalian (mouse) translocator protein (TSPO) in a complex with its diagnostic PK11195 ligand was determined by means of NMR spectroscopy techniques by scientists from the Max-Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Goettingen in Germany in
1347:
TSPO (Translocator protein) acts to regulate heart rate and contractile force by its interaction with voltage-dependent calcium channels in cardiac myocytes. The interaction between TSPO and calcium channels can alter cardiac action potential durations, thus contractility of the heart. In healthy
1383:
Increased expression of TSPO is linked to the inflammatory responses in the heart that may cause myocarditis, which can lead to myocardial necrosis. TSPO is present in mast cells and macrophages, indicating its role in the immune system. Oxidative stress is a strong contributing factor to
1989:
Bogan RL, Davis TL, Niswender GD (April 2007). "Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) aggregation and absence of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)/PBR association in the mitochondrial membrane as determined by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)".
2979:
Da
Settimo F, Simorini F, Taliani S, La Motta C, Marini AM, Salerno S, et al. (September 2008). "Anxiolytic-like effects of N,N-dialkyl-2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides by modulation of translocator protein promoting neurosteroid biosynthesis".
1876:
Papadopoulos V, Baraldi M, Guilarte TR, Knudsen TB, Lacapère JJ, Lindemann P, et al. (August 2006). "Translocator protein (18kDa): new nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor based on its structure and molecular function".
1912:
Chang YJ, McCabe RT, Rennert H, Budarf ML, Sayegh R, Emanuel BS, et al. (1992). "The human "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine receptor: regional mapping of the gene and characterization of the receptor expressed from cDNA".
1330:
synthesis in relevant tissues. However, TSPO deletion in genetically engineered mouse models has yielded mixed results regarding the physiological necessity of TSPO's role in steroidogenesis. Deletion of TSPO in steroidogenic
3643:
Bordet T, Buisson B, Michaud M, Drouot C, Galéa P, Delaage P, et al. (August 2007). "Identification and characterization of cholest-4-en-3-one, oxime (TRO19622), a novel drug candidate for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".
3363:
Mirzaei N, Tang SP, Ashworth S, Coello C, Plisson C, Passchier J, et al. (June 2016). "In vivo imaging of microglial activation by positron emission tomography with PBR28 in the 5XFAD model of
Alzheimer's disease".
1339:. Thus, though biochemical and pharmacological experimentation suggest an important role for TSPO in cellular cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis, TSPO's necessity in this process remains controversial.
2839:
Veenman L, Papadopoulos V, Gavish M (2007). "Channel-like functions of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO): regulation of apoptosis and steroidogenesis as part of the host-defense response".
3569:"The polypeptide diazepam-binding inhibitor and a higher affinity mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor sustain constitutive steroidogenesis in the R2C Leydig tumor cell line"
3050:
Rupprecht R, Rammes G, Eser D, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Nothdurfter C, et al. (July 2009). "Translocator protein (18 kD) as target for anxiolytics without benzodiazepine-like side effects".
4526:
1461:
cells. "Peripheral" benzodiazepine receptors are also found in the brain, although only at around a quarter the expression levels of the "central" benzodiazepine receptors located at the
2585:
Valtier D, Malgouris C, Gilbert JC, Guicheney P, Uzan A, Gueremy C, et al. (June 1987). "Binding sites for a peripheral type benzodiazepine antagonist (PK 11195) in human iris".
2874:
Falchi AM, Battetta B, Sanna F, Piludu M, Sogos V, Serra M, et al. (August 2007). "Intracellular cholesterol changes induced by translocator protein (18 kDa) TSPO/PBR ligands".
1348:
individuals, TSPO has a cardio-protective role. When TSPO is up-regulated in the presence of infections, it can limit the inflammatory response, which can be cardio-damaging.
1508:
which may have less addiction-based side effects than traditional benzodiazepine-type drugs., though toxicity side-effects remain a significant barrier in drug development.
2389:
Pawlikowski M (1993). "Immunomodulating effects of peripherally acting benzodiazepines". New York: In
Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors. Academic press. pp. 125–135.
1579:
TSPO ligands (endogenous or synthetic) modulate the action of this receptor, activating the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
266:
165:
3721:
4519:
3015:
Taliani S, Da
Settimo F, Da Pozzo E, Chelli B, Martini C (September 2009). "Translocator protein ligands as promising therapeutic tools for anxiety disorders".
2663:
Marangos PJ, Patel J, Boulenger JP, Clark-Rosenberg R (July 1982). "Characterization of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in brain using Ro 5-4864".
1302:
TSPO has many proposed functions depending on the tissue. The most studied of these include roles in the immune response, steroid synthesis and apoptosis.
1310:
Mitochondrial cholesterol transport is a molecular function closely tied to TSPO in the scientific literature. TSPO binds with high affinity to the lipid
4202:
938:
1396:
in human colorectal cancer cells. In lymphatic tissues, TSPO modulates apoptosis of thymocytes via reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
1256:, but subsequent research has found the receptor to be expressed throughout the body and brain. In humans, the translocator protein is encoded by the
919:
88:
4512:
4197:
1596:- original ligand with which TSPO receptor was characterised, now less used due to inter-species differences in binding affinity. Sedative yet also
4288:
3870:
3442:
Gavish M, Bachman I, Shoukrun R, Katz Y, Veenman L, Weisinger G, Weizman A (December 1999). "Enigma of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor".
3956:
1567:
is possible using PET imaging and radioligands binding to 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). Activation can be measured using the PET tracer (
1268:
2792:"Ligands of the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein attenuate apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells exposed to erucylphosphohomocholine"
4688:
1812:
3765:
3714:
1794:
3256:
Fan J, Lindemann P, Feuilloley MG, Papadopoulos V (May 2012). "Structural and functional evolution of the translocator protein (18 kDa)".
2546:"A mitochondrial protein homologous to the mammalian peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor is essential for stress adaptation in plants"
252:
2078:"Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor: structure and function of a cholesterol-binding protein in steroid and bile acid biosynthesis"
4056:
3991:
1170:
1556:
to study neuroinflammation following brain injury. The affinity of PBR28 depends on a single polymorphism (rs6971) in the TSPO gene.
1177:
229:
4001:
3826:
2741:"The potential anticancer agent PK11195 induces apoptosis irrespective of p53 and ATM status in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells"
4327:
4125:
3760:
4494:
4322:
3986:
3707:
1781:
1760:
1512:
1264:
2505:"Benzodiazepine receptor agonists modulate thymocyte apoptosis through reduction of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential"
4317:
4103:
4061:
1733:
1614:
Anthralin - 16kDa polypeptide, binds to both TSPO receptor and dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels with high affinity.
151:
126:
1777:
2739:
Santidrián AF, Cosialls AM, Coll-Mulet L, Iglesias-Serret D, de Frias M, González-Gironès DM, et al. (December 2007).
3293:"An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28"
2917:
Farb DH, Ratner MH (October 2014). "Targeting the modulation of neural circuitry for the treatment of anxiety disorders".
2174:"Binding domain-driven intracellular trafficking of sterols for synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids and oxysterols"
1756:
3907:
3849:
3739:
1288:
1241:
68:
2628:
Woods MJ, Williams DC (December 1996). "Multiple forms and locations for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor".
1617:
Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) - 11kDa neuropeptide, potent agonist for TSPO receptor and stimulates steroidogenesis
3961:
2280:"Sex differences in translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) in the heart: implications for imaging myocardial inflammation"
265:
164:
4589:
4135:
4130:
3934:
3800:
1833:
Mokrov GV, Deeva OA, Gudasheva TA (2021). "The
Ligands of Translocator Protein: Design and Biological Properties".
3860:
1480:
Pharmacological activation of TSPO has been observed to be a potent stimulator of steroid biosynthesis including
258:
157:
2033:
Casellas P, Galiegue S, Basile AS (May 2002). "Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and mitochondrial function".
4051:
3929:
3693:
2220:"Translocator protein (18 kDa): a promising therapeutic target and diagnostic tool for cardiovascular diseases"
983:
76:
1515:
showed that TSPO ligands can prevent and at least partially correct abnormalities present in a mouse model of
4098:
3885:
964:
3608:
Bormann J, Ferrero P, Guidotti A, Costa E (1985). "Neuropeptide modulation of GABA receptor C1- channels".
4093:
3750:
2125:"Translocator protein/peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is not required for steroid hormone biosynthesis"
1516:
4569:
4467:
4207:
4083:
3919:
3897:
1409:
140:
3407:
Pellow S, File SE (July 1984). "Behavioural actions of Ro 5-4864: a peripheral-type benzodiazepine?".
4574:
4308:
4071:
4020:
3966:
3212:
3059:
2343:
1728:
1653:
1132:
1122:
1267:. Regarding intramitochondrial cholesterol transport, TSPO has been proposed to interact with StAR (
55:
4659:
1950:"Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a human peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor"
1481:
1114:
1110:
1061:
1057:
2278:
Fairweather D, Coronado MJ, Garton AE, Dziedzic JL, Bucek A, Cooper LT, et al. (March 2014).
1118:
4538:
4238:
4006:
3880:
3689:
3669:
3549:
3500:
3389:
3341:
3083:
2942:
2899:
2610:
2105:
2058:
2015:
1858:
1377:
100:
1153:
1106:
1086:
1065:
1053:
4619:
4614:
2544:
Frank W, Baar KM, Qudeimat E, Woriedh M, Alawady A, Ratnadewi D, et al. (September 2007).
2402:"Potential therapeutic targets for intracerebral hemorrhage-associated inflammation: An update"
4649:
4228:
4031:
3812:
3661:
3625:
3590:
3541:
3492:
3451:
3424:
3381:
3322:
3273:
3238:
3181:
3132:
3075:
3032:
2997:
2934:
2891:
2856:
2821:
2772:
2721:
2672:
2645:
2602:
2567:
2526:
2485:
2431:
2371:
2309:
2251:
2195:
2154:
2097:
2050:
2007:
1971:
1930:
1894:
1850:
1588:
48:
3469:
Papadopoulos V, Amri H, Boujrad N, Cascio C, Culty M, Garnier M, et al. (January 1997).
3150:
Barron AM, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Jayaraman A, Lee JW, Melcangi RC, Pike CJ (May 2013).
4041:
3834:
3653:
3617:
3580:
3531:
3482:
3416:
3373:
3312:
3304:
3265:
3228:
3220:
3171:
3163:
3152:"Ligand for translocator protein reverses pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease"
3122:
3114:
3067:
3024:
2989:
2926:
2883:
2848:
2811:
2803:
2762:
2752:
2711:
2703:
2637:
2594:
2557:
2516:
2475:
2467:
2421:
2413:
2361:
2351:
2299:
2291:
2241:
2231:
2185:
2144:
2136:
2089:
2042:
1999:
1961:
1948:
Riond J, Mattei MG, Kaghad M, Dumont X, Guillemot JC, Le Fur G, et al. (January 1991).
1922:
1886:
1842:
1485:
345:
276:
220:
175:
3946:
3839:
2456:"Regulation of translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) expression in health and disease states"
1553:
1462:
1323:
320:
96:
3201:"Structure of the mitochondrial translocator protein in complex with a diagnostic ligand"
3216:
3063:
2347:
3317:
3292:
3233:
3200:
3176:
3151:
3127:
3102:
2816:
2791:
2716:
2691:
2480:
2455:
2426:
2401:
2366:
2331:
2304:
2279:
2246:
2219:
2149:
2124:
1966:
1949:
1430:
1292:
3585:
3568:
3487:
3470:
2790:
Kugler W, Veenman L, Shandalov Y, Leschiner S, Spanier I, Lakomek M, Gavish M (2008).
2641:
2332:"The TSPO-NOX1 axis controls phagocyte-triggered pathological angiogenesis in the eye"
2093:
2046:
1846:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
4682:
3730:
3621:
3536:
3519:
3420:
2887:
2707:
2598:
2562:
2545:
1862:
1357:
1319:
523:
3673:
3553:
3393:
3291:
Owen DR, Yeo AJ, Gunn RN, Song K, Wadsworth G, Lewis A, et al. (January 2012).
3087:
2946:
2903:
2614:
2109:
2062:
2019:
4363:
4338:
3996:
3875:
3788:
3504:
3167:
2123:
Morohaku K, Pelton SH, Daugherty DJ, Butler WR, Deng W, Selvaraj V (January 2014).
1474:
1434:
1336:
1332:
1296:
1276:
338:
117:
59:, BPBS, BZRP, DBI, IBP, MBR, PBR, PBS, PKBS, PTBR, mDRC, pk18, translocator protein
4504:
1368:, inhibition of the proliferation of lymphoid cells and secretion of cytokines by
80:
3471:"Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis"
3342:"Microglial Activation Correlates with Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis"
2692:"Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): molecular sensor of brain injury and repair"
104:
4644:
4639:
2003:
1817:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1799:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1703:
1546:
1454:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1311:
1272:
3567:
Garnier M, Boujrad N, Ogwuegbu SO, Hudson JR, Papadopoulos V (September 1994).
3269:
3118:
3028:
2852:
2356:
1890:
421:
4115:
3777:
2471:
2295:
1601:
1597:
1505:
1489:
1418:
1405:
1380:, following hemorrhagic brain injury, and in some neurodegenerative diseases.
237:
134:
84:
2417:
4629:
4609:
4579:
4046:
3657:
3224:
3071:
2077:
1926:
1698:
1678:
1673:
1560:
1501:
1458:
1393:
1373:
1327:
883:
481:
359:
304:
291:
203:
190:
92:
3665:
3455:
3385:
3326:
3308:
3277:
3242:
3185:
3136:
3079:
3036:
3001:
2938:
2895:
2860:
2825:
2776:
2757:
2740:
2725:
2571:
2530:
2489:
2435:
2375:
2313:
2255:
2199:
2158:
2101:
2054:
2011:
1898:
1854:
17:
3629:
3594:
3545:
3496:
3428:
2930:
2807:
2676:
2649:
2606:
2400:
Ren H, Han R, Chen X, Liu X, Wan J, Wang L, et al. (September 2020).
2236:
1975:
1934:
1545:
of the TSPO are very useful for imaging of inflammation. For example, the
1217:
1212:
4667:
4634:
4604:
4584:
4564:
4559:
4192:
4066:
3699:
2140:
1715:
1688:
1683:
1668:
1648:
1643:
1593:
1549:
1493:
1287:
In animals, TSPO (PBR) is a mitochondrial protein usually located in the
1253:
1201:
1028:
1009:
4599:
4594:
4554:
4546:
4352:
4347:
4267:
3377:
3199:
Jaremko L, Jaremko M, Giller K, Becker S, Zweckstetter M (March 2014).
2767:
2521:
2504:
1718:- potent and selective antagonist for both rat and human forms of TSPO.
1663:
1658:
1638:
1531:
1497:
1446:
1315:
995:
950:
2993:
2190:
2173:
4457:
4452:
4422:
4417:
4297:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
1621:, also negative allosteric modulator of benzodiazepine-sensitive GABA
1542:
1450:
1185:
905:
1473:
TSPO has been shown to be involved in a number of processes such as
4624:
4477:
4472:
4462:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4168:
4155:
1693:
1442:
1438:
868:
864:
1414:
1260:
709:
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
72:
4508:
3703:
3518:
Costa E, Auta J, Guidotti A, Korneyev A, Romeo E (June 1994).
1429:
TSPO is found in many regions of the body including the human
1237:
2960:
Mealy NE, Bayés M, Lupone B (2006). "Psychiatric
Disorders".
3103:"Anxioselective anxiolytics: on a quest for the Holy Grail"
1530:
The mammalian TSPO in a complex with the diagnostic ligand
3646:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3524:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1992:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2503:
Tanimoto Y, Onishi Y, Sato Y, Kizaki H (February 1999).
714:
negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
328:
759:
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
1291:
and characterised by its ability to bind a variety of
729:
establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion
3340:
Airas L, Rissanen E, Tuisku J, Rinne J (April 2015).
1628:
DBI 17-50 fragment - active processing product of DBI
493:
2449:
2447:
2445:
1571:)-PK11195 and others like PBR28 are under research.
1477:, and TSPO ligands may be useful anti-cancer drugs.
1318:
of TSPO facilitate cholesterol transport across the
4658:
4545:
4361:
4336:
4306:
4286:
4236:
4227:
4181:
4144:
4112:
4080:
4028:
4019:
3975:
3943:
3916:
3894:
3857:
3848:
3825:
3797:
3774:
3747:
3738:
2330:Wolf A, Herb M, Schramm M, Langmann T (June 2020).
2213:
2211:
2209:
1146:
1105:
1079:
1046:
734:
positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization
1773:
1771:
1769:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1360:cells including modulation of oxidative bursts by
679:negative regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion
674:negative regulation of mitochondrion organization
275:
174:
2284:Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research
1306:Cholesterol transport and bile acid biosynthesis
1299:intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway.
704:maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
774:positive regulation of glial cell proliferation
639:negative regulation of glial cell proliferation
2076:Lacapère JJ, Papadopoulos V (September 2003).
1828:
1826:
1778:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000041736
4520:
3715:
3297:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
2406:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1504:have been proposed to be useful as potential
699:negative regulation of protein ubiquitination
8:
2325:
2323:
789:positive regulation of calcium ion transport
649:negative regulation of ATP metabolic process
2454:Batarseh A, Papadopoulos V (October 2010).
2172:Midzak A, Papadopoulos V (September 2014).
1757:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100300
854:regulation of cell population proliferation
739:peripheral nervous system axon regeneration
4527:
4513:
4505:
4233:
4203:Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
4185:
4025:
3854:
3744:
3722:
3708:
3700:
3520:"The pharmacology of neurosteroidogenesis"
1392:Ligands of TSPO have been shown to induce
1102:
879:
659:regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
624:positive regulation of necrotic cell death
519:
316:
215:
112:
3692:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3584:
3535:
3486:
3316:
3232:
3175:
3126:
2815:
2766:
2756:
2715:
2561:
2520:
2479:
2425:
2365:
2355:
2303:
2245:
2235:
2224:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
2189:
2148:
1965:
4198:Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
1372:. Expression of TSPO is also linked to
1335:did not impair synthesis of the steroid
1295:-like drugs, as well as to dicarboxylic
839:C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
754:positive regulation of apoptotic process
1744:
1492:properties. Thus, TSPO ligands such as
769:cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
3957:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
1269:steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
29:
1511:A 2013 study led by researchers from
280:
241:
236:
179:
138:
133:
7:
2460:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
3871:Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
3573:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2690:Chen MK, Guilarte TR (April 2008).
2218:Qi X, Xu J, Wang F, Xiao J (2012).
819:regulation of cholesterol transport
4057:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
3992:Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
3107:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1967:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15707.x
1879:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1356:PBRs (TSPOs) have many actions on
1246:peripheral benzodiazepine receptor
1143:
1076:
1043:
1019:
1000:
974:
955:
929:
910:
809:protein targeting to mitochondrion
498:
460:choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
416:
354:
333:
25:
4002:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
1847:10.2174/1381612826666200903122025
1322:intermembrane space to stimulate
537:transmembrane transporter binding
4590:Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI)
4126:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
3766:Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
3761:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
2888:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.05.016
2708:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.004
2563:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03198.x
2509:Japanese Journal of Pharmacology
1954:European Journal of Biochemistry
1265:tryptophan-rich sensory proteins
1252:), a secondary binding site for
547:benzodiazepine receptor activity
264:
257:
251:
228:
163:
156:
150:
125:
3987:Glutamate aspartate transporter
3610:Regulatory Peptides. Supplement
2696:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1513:USC Davis School of Gerontology
4104:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
4062:Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
3168:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1350-13.2013
2982:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1734:Neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor
588:integral component of membrane
482:More reference expression data
1:
3586:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31762-3
3488:10.1016/S0039-128X(96)00154-7
2841:Current Pharmaceutical Design
2642:10.1016/S0006-2952(96)00558-8
2094:10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00101-6
2047:10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00118-8
1835:Current Pharmaceutical Design
829:cell population proliferation
694:cellular response to zinc ion
562:cholesterol transfer activity
249:
148:
4689:Genes on human chromosome 22
3908:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
3622:10.1016/0167-0115(85)90215-0
3537:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90284-4
3421:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90106-1
3101:Skolnick P (November 2012).
2599:10.1016/0028-3908(87)90146-8
2035:Neurochemistry International
1437:. Other tissues include the
1289:outer mitochondrial membrane
1279:, though evidence is mixed.
1263:. It belongs to a family of
1244:. It was first described as
1242:outer mitochondrial membrane
1240:protein mainly found on the
784:steroid biosynthetic process
578:mitochondrial outer membrane
3962:Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
3156:The Journal of Neuroscience
3017:Current Medicinal Chemistry
2004:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.10.007
1378:ischemia-reperfusion injury
719:behavioral response to pain
669:cellular hypotonic response
468:subcutaneous adipose tissue
4705:
4136:N-Acetylglutamate synthase
4131:Ornithine transcarbamylase
3935:Glycerol phosphate shuttle
3801:monoamine neurotransmitter
3270:10.2174/156652412800163415
3258:Current Molecular Medicine
3119:10.1016/j.tips.2012.08.003
3029:10.2174/092986709789057653
2853:10.2174/138161207781368710
2357:10.1038/s41467-020-16400-8
1891:10.1016/j.tips.2006.06.005
1552:has been used in receptor
1488:in the brain, which exert
448:tunica adventitia of aorta
370:mucosa of transverse colon
4490:
4188:
4164:
3861:oxidative phosphorylation
2472:10.1016/j.mce.2010.06.013
2296:10.1007/s12265-013-9538-0
1813:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1795:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1216:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1184:
1165:
1150:
1129:
1098:
1083:
1050:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1007:
1003:
994:
981:
977:
962:
958:
949:
936:
932:
917:
913:
904:
889:
882:
878:
862:
824:heme biosynthetic process
799:steroid metabolic process
724:response to manganese ion
689:adrenal gland development
522:
518:
506:
501:
492:
479:
428:
419:
366:
357:
327:
319:
315:
298:
285:
248:
227:
218:
214:
197:
184:
147:
124:
115:
111:
66:
63:
53:
46:
41:
37:
32:
4052:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
3930:Malate-aspartate shuttle
3694:Medical Subject Headings
3352:(16 Supplement P4): 167.
2630:Biochemical Pharmacology
2418:10.1177/0271678X20923551
1469:Therapeutic applications
1178:Chr 15: 83.45 – 83.46 Mb
1171:Chr 22: 43.15 – 43.16 Mb
644:response to progesterone
634:response to testosterone
4099:Glutamate dehydrogenase
3886:Succinate dehydrogenase
3658:10.1124/jpet.107.123000
3444:Pharmacological Reviews
3225:10.1126/science.1248725
3072:10.1126/science.1175055
2919:Pharmacological Reviews
1927:10.1089/dna.1992.11.471
1343:Regulation in the heart
749:response to axon injury
598:mitochondrial membranes
4495:mitochondrial diseases
4094:Aspartate transaminase
3751:fatty acid degradation
3309:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.147
2758:10.3324/haematol.11194
2665:Molecular Pharmacology
1374:inflammatory responses
1314:, and pharmacological
629:response to vitamin B1
4580:Dithranol (anthralin)
4208:Mitochondrial carrier
4084:anaplerotic reactions
3920:mitochondrial shuttle
3898:pyrimidine metabolism
2931:10.1124/pr.114.009126
2808:10.3233/clo-2008-0431
2336:Nature Communications
1410:Physcomitrella patens
844:cholesterol transport
608:endoplasmic reticulum
603:extracellular exosome
398:minor salivary glands
282:15 E1|15 39.4 cM
243:Chromosome 15 (mouse)
141:Chromosome 22 (human)
4575:Deuterated etifoxine
4536:Translocator protein
4215:Translocator protein
4072:Malate dehydrogenase
3967:Aldosterone synthase
2141:10.1210/en.2013-1556
1915:DNA and Cell Biology
1729:Steroidogenic enzyme
1699:Olesoxime (TRO19622)
1654:Deuterated etifoxine
1482:neuroactive steroids
1230:Translocator protein
779:glial cell migration
440:brown adipose tissue
436:white adipose tissue
406:left coronary artery
3827:Intermembrane space
3690:TSPO+protein,+human
3579:(35): 22105–22112.
3217:2014Sci...343.1363J
3211:(6177): 1363–1366.
3064:2009Sci...325..490R
2962:Drugs of the Future
2348:2020NatCo..11.2709W
2237:10.1155/2012/162934
1517:Alzheimer's disease
1425:Tissue distribution
1417:, is essential for
794:signal transduction
552:cholesterol binding
374:gingival epithelium
4570:DBI 17-50 fragment
4182:Other/to be sorted
4147:alcohol metabolism
4007:Uncoupling protein
3881:NADH dehydrogenase
3378:10.1002/glia.22978
2522:10.1254/jjp.79.177
1404:TSPO in the basal
984:ENSMUSG00000041736
764:chloride transport
664:contact inhibition
617:Biological process
571:Cellular component
530:Molecular function
4676:
4675:
4502:
4501:
4486:
4485:
4229:Mitochondrial DNA
4223:
4222:
4177:
4176:
4032:citric acid cycle
4015:
4014:
3821:
3820:
3813:Monoamine oxidase
3162:(20): 8891–8897.
3058:(5939): 490–493.
3023:(26): 3359–3380.
2994:10.1021/jm8003224
2988:(18): 5798–5806.
2876:Neuropharmacology
2847:(23): 2385–2405.
2796:Cellular Oncology
2751:(12): 1631–1638.
2636:(12): 1805–1814.
2587:Neuropharmacology
2550:The Plant Journal
2191:10.1111/tra.12177
1400:Stress adaptation
1376:that occur after
1324:steroid synthesis
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1196:
1195:
1161:
1160:
1140:
1139:
1094:
1093:
1073:
1072:
1035:
1034:
1016:
1015:
990:
989:
971:
970:
945:
944:
926:
925:
874:
873:
834:apoptotic process
514:
513:
510:
509:
488:
487:
475:
474:
432:lactiferous gland
413:
412:
390:mucosa of pharynx
311:
310:
210:
209:
16:(Redirected from
4696:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4366:
4341:
4311:
4291:
4241:
4234:
4186:
4149:
4119:
4087:
4042:Citrate synthase
4035:
4026:
3980:
3950:
3923:
3901:
3864:
3855:
3835:Adenylate kinase
3806:
3782:
3754:
3745:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3678:
3677:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3530:(4–6): 385–389.
3515:
3509:
3508:
3490:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2925:(4): 1002–1032.
2914:
2908:
2907:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2556:(6): 1004–1018.
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2412:(9): 1752–1768.
2397:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2275:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2088:(7–8): 569–585.
2073:
2067:
2066:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1764:
1754:
1486:allopregnanolone
1421:to salt stress.
1352:Immunomodulation
1209:
1208:
1180:
1173:
1156:
1144:
1135:
1103:
1099:RefSeq (protein)
1089:
1077:
1068:
1044:
1020:
1001:
975:
956:
930:
911:
880:
744:response to pain
542:androgen binding
520:
499:
484:
424:
422:Top expressed in
417:
362:
360:Top expressed in
355:
334:
317:
307:
294:
283:
268:
261:
255:
244:
232:
216:
206:
193:
182:
167:
160:
154:
143:
129:
113:
107:
105:TSPO - orthologs
58:
51:
30:
21:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4654:
4541:
4533:
4503:
4498:
4482:
4362:
4357:
4337:
4332:
4307:
4302:
4287:
4282:
4237:
4219:
4173:
4160:
4145:
4140:
4113:
4108:
4081:
4076:
4029:
4011:
3976:
3971:
3947:steroidogenesis
3944:
3939:
3917:
3912:
3895:
3890:
3858:
3844:
3840:Creatine kinase
3817:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3775:
3770:
3748:
3734:
3728:
3686:
3681:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3372:(6): 993–1006.
3362:
3361:
3357:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3113:(11): 611–620.
3100:
3099:
3095:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2277:
2276:
2263:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1767:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1725:
1712:
1624:
1585:
1577:
1554:autoradiography
1540:
1471:
1463:plasma membrane
1427:
1402:
1390:
1354:
1345:
1308:
1285:
1271:) to transport
1218:View/Edit Mouse
1213:View/Edit Human
1176:
1169:
1166:Location (UCSC)
1152:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1085:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
965:ENSG00000100300
858:
814:anion transport
804:lipid transport
612:
566:
557:protein binding
480:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
420:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:skin of abdomen
384:
380:
376:
372:
358:
302:
289:
281:
271:
270:
269:
262:
242:
219:Gene location (
201:
188:
180:
170:
169:
168:
161:
139:
116:Gene location (
67:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3852:
3850:Inner membrane
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3742:
3740:Outer membrane
3736:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3684:External links
3682:
3680:
3679:
3652:(2): 709–720.
3635:
3600:
3559:
3510:
3461:
3450:(4): 629–650.
3434:
3415:(3): 229–240.
3399:
3355:
3332:
3283:
3264:(4): 369–386.
3248:
3191:
3142:
3093:
3042:
3007:
2971:
2952:
2909:
2882:(2): 318–329.
2866:
2831:
2802:(5): 435–450.
2782:
2731:
2682:
2655:
2620:
2593:(6): 549–552.
2577:
2536:
2515:(2): 177–183.
2495:
2441:
2392:
2381:
2319:
2290:(2): 192–202.
2261:
2205:
2184:(9): 895–914.
2164:
2115:
2068:
2041:(6): 475–486.
2025:
1998:(1–2): 61–67.
1981:
1960:(2): 305–311.
1940:
1921:(6): 471–480.
1904:
1885:(8): 402–409.
1868:
1841:(2): 217–237.
1822:
1804:
1786:
1765:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1539:
1536:
1534:is monomeric.
1470:
1467:
1426:
1423:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1307:
1304:
1293:benzodiazepine
1284:
1281:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:NP_001243460.1
1127:
1126:
1123:NP_001243459.1
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
979:
978:
972:
969:
968:
960:
959:
953:
947:
946:
943:
942:
934:
933:
927:
924:
923:
915:
914:
908:
902:
901:
896:
891:
887:
886:
876:
875:
872:
871:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
618:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
572:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
531:
527:
526:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
496:
490:
489:
486:
485:
477:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
465:
464:pyloric antrum
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
425:
414:
411:
410:
408:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
363:
351:
350:
342:
331:
325:
324:
321:RNA expression
313:
312:
309:
308:
300:
296:
295:
287:
284:
279:
273:
272:
263:
256:
250:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
225:
224:
212:
211:
208:
207:
199:
195:
194:
186:
183:
178:
172:
171:
162:
155:
149:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
122:
121:
109:
108:
65:
61:
60:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4701:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3731:Mitochondrial
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:Life Sciences
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:Haematologica
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:(1–2): 1–12.
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:Endocrinology
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:, as well as
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:mitochondrial
1317:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:RefSeq (mRNA)
1038:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
986:
985:
980:
976:
973:
967:
966:
961:
957:
954:
952:
948:
941:
940:
935:
931:
928:
922:
921:
916:
912:
909:
907:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
870:
866:
861:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:ion transport
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:mitochondrion
581:
579:
576:
575:
573:
570:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:Gene ontology
521:
517:
505:
500:
497:
495:
491:
483:
478:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:adrenal gland
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
356:
353:
352:
349:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
335:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
301:
297:
293:
288:
278:
274:
267:
260:
254:
247:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
213:
205:
200:
196:
192:
187:
177:
173:
166:
159:
153:
146:
142:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
27:Human protein
19:
4535:
4492:
4339:ATP synthase
4214:
4146:
4114:
4082:
4030:
3997:ATP synthase
3977:
3945:
3918:
3896:
3876:Cytochrome c
3859:
3799:
3789:Kynureninase
3776:
3749:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3481:(1): 21–28.
3478:
3474:
3464:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3020:
3016:
3010:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2671:(1): 26–32.
2668:
2664:
2658:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2463:
2459:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2384:
2339:
2335:
2287:
2283:
2227:
2223:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2135:(1): 89–97.
2132:
2128:
2118:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2038:
2034:
2028:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1838:
1834:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1633:Non-peptides
1618:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1479:
1475:inflammation
1472:
1435:ciliary-body
1428:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1382:
1355:
1346:
1337:testosterone
1333:Leydig cells
1309:
1301:
1297:tetrapyrrole
1286:
1277:mitochondria
1257:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1151:
1130:
1115:NP_001243460
1111:NP_001243459
1084:
1062:NM_001256531
1058:NM_001256530
1051:
1027:
1008:
982:
963:
937:
918:
898:
893:
654:human ageing
452:right kidney
344:
337:
64:External IDs
4660:Antagonists
4640:SSR-180,575
4289:Complex III
2768:2445/127632
2702:(1): 1–17.
2342:(1): 2709.
1710:Antagonists
1704:SSR-180,575
1563:activation
1547:radioligand
1506:anxiolytics
1455:hemopoietic
1370:macrophages
1366:macrophages
1362:neutrophils
1312:cholesterol
1273:cholesterol
1236:) is an 18
1119:NP_000705.2
456:granulocyte
394:skin of leg
382:granulocyte
303:83,458,404
290:83,447,793
202:43,163,242
189:43,151,547
42:Identifiers
18:TSPO (gene)
4539:modulators
4309:Complex IV
4116:urea cycle
3804:metabolism
3780:metabolism
3778:tryptophan
3303:(1): 1–5.
2230:: 162934.
1784:, May 2017
1763:, May 2017
1740:References
1625:receptors.
1602:anxiogenic
1598:convulsant
1561:microglial
1559:Measuring
1490:anxiolytic
1419:adaptation
1406:land plant
348:(ortholog)
85:HomoloGene
4630:Olesoxime
4620:FGIN-1-43
4615:FGIN-1-27
4610:Etifoxine
4493:see also
4239:Complex I
4047:Aconitase
3616:: 33–38.
3346:Neurology
2968:(3): 259.
1863:221498255
1679:Gidazepam
1674:Etifoxine
1502:etifoxine
1459:lymphatic
1394:apoptosis
1388:Apoptosis
1328:bile acid
1154:NP_033905
1107:NP_000705
1087:NM_009775
1066:NM_007311
1054:NM_000714
884:Orthologs
849:transport
93:GeneCards
4683:Category
4668:PK-11195
4650:YL-IPA08
4635:Ro5-4864
4605:Emapunil
4585:Diazepam
4565:DAA-1106
4560:DAA-1097
4547:Agonists
4193:Frataxin
4067:Fumarase
3733:proteins
3674:17271734
3666:17496168
3554:33492066
3475:Steroids
3456:10581326
3394:25681298
3386:26959396
3327:22008728
3278:22364126
3243:24653034
3186:23678130
3137:22981367
3088:26125316
3080:19541954
3037:19548867
3002:18729350
2947:14537740
2939:25237115
2904:39793765
2896:17631921
2861:17692008
2826:18791274
2777:18055986
2726:18374421
2615:45035355
2572:17651369
2531:10202853
2490:20600583
2436:32423330
2376:32483169
2314:24402571
2256:23251719
2200:24890942
2159:24174323
2110:26232564
2102:12957662
2082:Steroids
2063:18428847
2055:11850104
2020:24634653
2012:17197174
1899:16822554
1855:32881658
1780:–
1759:–
1723:See also
1716:PK-11195
1689:FGIN-143
1684:FGIN-127
1669:Emapunil
1649:DAA-1106
1644:DAA-1097
1609:Peptides
1604:in mice.
1594:Ro5-4864
1589:YL-IPA08
1583:Agonists
1550:PK-11195
1494:emapunil
1484:such as
1283:Function
1254:diazepam
1202:Wikidata
863:Sources:
593:membrane
378:monocyte
4600:DPA-714
4595:DPA-713
4555:Alpidem
4353:MT-ATP8
4348:MT-ATP6
4268:MT-ND4L
3630:2414820
3595:8071335
3546:8043504
3505:1977513
3497:9029710
3429:6087055
3318:3323305
3234:5650047
3213:Bibcode
3205:Science
3177:3733563
3128:3482271
3060:Bibcode
3052:Science
2817:4618834
2717:2453598
2677:6289073
2650:8951338
2607:3037422
2481:2922062
2427:7446569
2367:7264151
2344:Bibcode
2305:3951973
2247:3516045
2178:Traffic
2150:3868810
1976:1847678
1935:1326278
1782:Ensembl
1761:Ensembl
1664:DPA-714
1659:DPA-713
1639:Alpidem
1619:in vivo
1575:Ligands
1565:in vivo
1543:Ligands
1538:Imaging
1532:PK11195
1498:alpidem
1447:adrenal
1316:ligands
996:UniProt
951:Ensembl
890:Species
869:QuickGO
323:pattern
181:22q13.2
49:Aliases
4458:MT-TS2
4453:MT-TS1
4423:MT-TL2
4418:MT-TL1
4328:MT-CO3
4323:MT-CO2
4318:MT-CO1
4298:MT-CYB
4278:MT-ND6
4273:MT-ND5
4263:MT-ND4
4258:MT-ND3
4253:MT-ND2
4248:MT-ND1
4021:Matrix
3696:(MeSH)
3672:
3664:
3628:
3593:
3552:
3544:
3503:
3495:
3454:
3427:
3392:
3384:
3325:
3315:
3276:
3241:
3231:
3184:
3174:
3135:
3125:
3086:
3078:
3035:
3000:
2945:
2937:
2902:
2894:
2859:
2824:
2814:
2775:
2724:
2714:
2675:
2648:
2613:
2605:
2570:
2529:
2488:
2478:
2434:
2424:
2374:
2364:
2312:
2302:
2254:
2244:
2198:
2157:
2147:
2108:
2100:
2061:
2053:
2018:
2010:
1974:
1933:
1897:
1861:
1853:
1500:, and
1451:testis
1358:immune
1188:search
1186:PubMed
1029:P50637
1010:P30536
906:Entrez
494:BioGPS
402:nipple
73:109610
4625:GML-1
4478:MT-TY
4473:MT-TW
4468:MT-TV
4463:MT-TT
4448:MT-TR
4443:MT-TQ
4438:MT-TP
4433:MT-TN
4428:MT-TM
4413:MT-TK
4408:MT-TI
4403:MT-TH
4398:MT-TG
4393:MT-TF
4388:MT-TE
4383:MT-TD
4378:MT-TC
4373:MT-TA
4169:PMPCB
4156:ALDH2
3978:other
3670:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3501:S2CID
3390:S2CID
3084:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2900:S2CID
2611:S2CID
2106:S2CID
2059:S2CID
2016:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1694:GML-1
1443:liver
1439:heart
1275:into
939:12257
899:Mouse
894:Human
865:Amigo
346:Mouse
339:Human
286:Start
221:Mouse
185:Start
118:Human
81:88222
4645:W-18
4364:tRNA
3662:PMID
3626:PMID
3591:PMID
3542:PMID
3493:PMID
3452:PMID
3425:PMID
3382:PMID
3366:Glia
3323:PMID
3274:PMID
3239:PMID
3182:PMID
3133:PMID
3076:PMID
3033:PMID
2998:PMID
2935:PMID
2892:PMID
2857:PMID
2822:PMID
2773:PMID
2722:PMID
2673:PMID
2646:PMID
2603:PMID
2568:PMID
2527:PMID
2486:PMID
2432:PMID
2372:PMID
2310:PMID
2252:PMID
2228:2012
2196:PMID
2155:PMID
2098:PMID
2051:PMID
2008:PMID
1972:PMID
1931:PMID
1895:PMID
1851:PMID
1600:and
1457:and
1449:and
1431:iris
1415:moss
1413:, a
1364:and
1326:and
1261:gene
1258:TSPO
1234:TSPO
329:Bgee
277:Band
238:Chr.
176:Band
135:Chr.
97:TSPO
69:OMIM
56:TSPO
33:TSPO
3654:doi
3650:322
3618:doi
3581:doi
3577:269
3532:doi
3483:doi
3417:doi
3374:doi
3313:PMC
3305:doi
3266:doi
3229:PMC
3221:doi
3209:343
3172:PMC
3164:doi
3123:PMC
3115:doi
3068:doi
3056:325
3025:doi
2990:doi
2927:doi
2884:doi
2849:doi
2812:PMC
2804:doi
2763:hdl
2753:doi
2712:PMC
2704:doi
2700:118
2638:doi
2595:doi
2558:doi
2517:doi
2476:PMC
2468:doi
2464:327
2422:PMC
2414:doi
2362:PMC
2352:doi
2300:PMC
2292:doi
2242:PMC
2232:doi
2186:doi
2145:PMC
2137:doi
2133:155
2090:doi
2043:doi
2000:doi
1996:104
1962:doi
1958:195
1923:doi
1887:doi
1843:doi
1250:PBR
1238:kDa
920:706
502:n/a
299:End
198:End
101:OMA
89:574
77:MGI
4685::
3668:.
3660:.
3648:.
3624:.
3612:.
3589:.
3575:.
3571:.
3548:.
3540:.
3528:49
3526:.
3522:.
3499:.
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3479:62
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