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agree that the transmission-event happened before the reception-event. However, in the case of a hypothetical signal moving faster than light, there would always be some frames in which the signal was received before it was sent, so that the signal could be said to have moved backward in time. Because one of the two fundamental
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at the end of every message. The communicator necessarily allows sending of signals backward in time, even when that's not your intention. Eventually, the characters discover that all future messages are compressed into that beep, so the future is known, more or less by accident. Feinberg had set out
787:
showing that moving faster than light implies time travel in the context of special relativity. A spaceship departs from Earth from A to C slower than light. At B, Earth emits a tachyon, which travels faster than light but forward in time in Earth's reference frame. It reaches the spaceship at C. The
876:
However, this principle is not widely accepted as resolving the paradoxes. Instead, what would be required to avoid paradoxes is that, unlike any known particle, tachyons do not interact in any way and can never be detected or observed, because otherwise a tachyon beam could be modulated and used to
819:
If one of the two events represents the sending of a signal from one location and the second event represents the reception of the same signal at another location, then, as long as the signal is moving at the speed of light or slower, the mathematics of simultaneity ensures that all reference frames
824:
says that the laws of physics should work the same way in every inertial frame, if it is possible for signals to move backward in time in any one frame, it must be possible in all frames. This means that if observer A sends a signal to observer B which moves faster than light in A's frame but
1168:
People initially thought of tachyons as particles traveling faster than the speed of light ... But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably, for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in
877:
create an anti-telephone or a "logically pernicious self-inhibitor". All forms of energy are believed to interact at least gravitationally, and many authors state that superluminal propagation in
Lorentz invariant theories always leads to causal paradoxes.
915:, naively it appears that its excitations propagate faster than light. However, it was quickly understood that the superluminal group velocity does not correspond to the speed of propagation of any localized excitation (like a particle). Instead, the
148:. Tachyons would exhibit the unusual property of increasing in speed as their energy decreases, and would require infinite energy to slow to the speed of light. No verifiable experimental evidence for the existence of such particles has been found.
825:
backwards in time in B's frame, and then B sends a reply which moves faster than light in B's frame but backwards in time in A's frame, it could work out that A receives the reply before sending the original signal, challenging causality in
1024:
Tachyons have appeared in many works of fiction. They have been used as a standby mechanism upon which many science fiction authors rely to establish faster-than-light communication, with or without reference to causality issues. The word
1388:
He told me years later that he had begun thinking about tachyons because he was inspired by James Blish's short story, "Beep". In it, a faster-than-light communicator plays a crucial role in a future society but has an annoying final
1005:
By modifying the kinetic energy of the field, it is possible to produce
Lorentz invariant field theories with excitations that propagate superluminally. However, such theories, in general, do not have a well-defined
788:
spaceship then sends another tachyon back to Earth from C to D. This tachyon also travels forward in time in the spaceship's reference frame. This effectively allows Earth to send a signal from B to D, back in time.
516:
993:, the speed of light is not (necessarily) a barrier, and particles can travel faster than the speed of light without infinite energy or causal paradoxes. A class of field theories of that type is the so-called
923:, and all excitations of the field propagate subluminally and are consistent with causality. Despite having no faster-than-light propagation, such fields are referred to simply as "tachyons" in many sources.
521:
This equation shows that the total energy of a particle (bradyon or tachyon) contains a contribution from its rest mass (the "rest mass–energy") and a contribution from its motion, the kinetic energy. When
807:
will disagree on whether two events at different locations happened "at the same time" or not, and they can also disagree on the order of the two events. (Technically, these disagreements occur when the
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has become widely recognized to such an extent that it can impart a science-fictional connotation even if the subject in question has no particular relation to superluminal travel (a form of
417:
2057:
A more powerful argument to show that retrocausal tachyons involve an intolerable conceptual difficulty is illustrated by the 'Case of the
Logically Pernicious Self-Inhibitor' ...
257:
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theory, the same formulas that apply to ordinary slower-than-light particles (sometimes called bradyons in discussions of tachyons) must also apply to tachyons. In particular, the
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As a matter of fact, any mechanism for superluminal travel can be easily turned into a time machine and hence lead to the typical causality paradoxes ...
307:, modern formulations often consider their mass to be real, with redefined formulas for momentum and energy. Additionally, since tachyons are confined to the
2073:
248:, who, in 1904, named them "meta-particles". Bilanuik, Deshpande and Sudarshan discussed this more recently in their 1962 paper on the topic and in 1969.
3399:
2221:; Arkani-Hamed, Nima; Dubovsky, Sergei; Nicolis, Alberto; Rattazzi, Riccardo (2006). "Causality, analyticity and an IR obstruction to UV completion".
2148:
Recami, Erasmo; Fontana, Flavio; Garavaglia, Roberto (2000). "Special
Relativity and Superluminal Motions: A Discussion of Some Recent Experiments".
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156:
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If tachyons can transmit information faster than light, then, according to relativity, they violate causality, leading to logical paradoxes of the
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it is possible ... to solve also the known causal paradoxes, devised for 'faster than light' motion, although this is not widely recognized yet.
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type. This is often illustrated with thought experiments such as the "tachyon telephone paradox" or "logically pernicious self-inhibitor."
444:
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171:(faster-than-light) particles or signals and that tachyonic fields merely give rise to instabilities, not causality violations. The term
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725:.) Therefore, just as bradyons are forbidden to break the light-speed barrier, so too are tachyons forbidden from slowing down to below
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931:
4127:
3535:
1161:
2191:
Barceló, Carlos; Finazzi, Stefano; Liberati, Stefano (2010). "On the impossibility of superluminal travel: The warp drive lesson".
938:, which is closely related to tachyon condensation, plays an important role in many aspects of theoretical physics, including the
3616:
821:
760:
can have a tachyonic nature. The possibility of standard model particles moving at faster-than-light speeds can be modeled using
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in a 1967 paper titled "Possibility of faster-than-light particles". He had been inspired by the science-fiction story "Beep" by
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4357:
4092:
997:. However, the experimental evidence for Lorentz invariance is extremely good, so such theories are very tightly constrained.
4719:
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Kutasov, David; Mariño, Marcos; Moore, Gregory (2000). "Some exact results on tachyon condensation in string field theory".
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indicate that the faster-than-light readings were due to a faulty element of the experiment's fibre optic timing system.
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132:. If such particles did exist they could be used to send signals faster than light and into the past. According to the
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1010:(for reasons related to the issues of causality discussed above), and are probably inconsistent quantum mechanically.
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939:
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2452:
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241:(now also referred to as tachyons) in an attempt to understand the microphysical origin such particles might have.
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1406:
Sommerfeld, A. (1904). "Simplified
Deduction of the Field and the Forces of an Electron Moving in Any Given Way".
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in time, because observers cannot distinguish between the emission and absorption of tachyons. The attempt to
1135:... would present relativity with serious ... problems of infinite creation energies and causality paradoxes.
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This article is about hypothetical faster-than-light particles. For quantum fields with imaginary mass, see
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In the paper that coined the term "tachyon", Gerald
Feinberg studied Lorentz invariant quantum fields with
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must be imaginary, as a pure imaginary number divided by another pure imaginary number is a real number).
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2055:. The Philosophy of Science Association, 1970 Biennial Meeting. PSA. Vol. 1970. pp. 425–426.
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889:. There are several distinct ways in which tachyonic particles could be embedded into a field theory.
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portion of the energy–momentum graph, they cannot slow down to subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds.
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Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (1969). "Superluminal
Behavior, Causality, and Instability".
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believe that faster-than-light particles cannot exist because they are inconsistent with the known
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or imaginary number) in order to have any practical meaning as a measurement, the numerator must
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234:
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Coleman, Sidney R. & Glashow, Sheldon L. (1999). "High-energy tests of
Lorentz invariance".
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The first hypothesis regarding faster-than-light particles is sometimes attributed to physicist
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Colladay, D.; Kostelecky, V. A. (1998). "Lorentz-Violating
Extension of the Standard Model".
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The tachyon telephone paradox cannot be resolved by means of the reinterpretation principle.
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Tachyonic fields play an important role in modern physics. Perhaps the most famous is the
898:
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and can travel faster than light at high energies. This proposal was strongly criticized.
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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213:(which always move slower than light); both of these particle types are known to exist.
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729:, because infinite energy is required to reach the barrier from either above or below.
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702:
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526:
206:
164:
129:
2502:
Glashow, Sheldon Lee (2004). "Atmospheric Neutrino Constraints on Lorentz Violation".
2417:
2053:
Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association vol. 1970
946:
theories of superconductivity. Another example of a tachyonic field is the tachyon of
934:, which has an imaginary mass in its uncondensed phase. In general, the phenomenon of
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In some modern formulations of the theory, the mass of tachyons is regarded as real.
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had traveled faster than the speed of light; however, later updates from CERN on the
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1995:
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1940:
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1486:
Bilaniuk, O.-M.P.; Sudarshan, E.C.G. (1969). "Particles beyond the Light Barrier".
1449:
Bilaniuk, O.-M.P.; Deshpande, V.K.; Sudarshan, E.C.G. (1962). "'Meta' Relativity".
1032:
958:
270:
168:
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between the events is 'space-like', meaning that neither event lies in the future
438:) should still apply, along with the formula for the total energy of a particle:
251:
The possibility of existence of faster-than-light particles was also proposed by
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2742:
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1954:
Kostelecky, V. A. (2004). "Gravity, Lorentz Violation, and the Standard Model".
927:
579:
230:
167:. However, it was soon realized that Feinberg's model did not in fact allow for
2556:
2445:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2386:
Gibbons, G.W. (13 June 2002). "Cosmological evolution of the rolling tachyon".
1987:
1932:
1844:
Colladay, D.; Kostelecky, V.A. (1997). "CPT Violation and the Standard Model".
961:, which are respectively the open bosonic sector and closed bosonic sector, of
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4235:
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2732:
2171:
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Einstein's General Theory of Relativity: With Modern Applications in Cosmology
1607:
Recami, E. (16 October 2007). "Classical tachyons and possible applications".
943:
813:
605:
One curious effect is that, unlike ordinary particles, the speed of a tachyon
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1276:
1237:
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1154:
Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions
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frame and opening the door to severe logical paradoxes. This is known as the
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In modern physics, all fundamental particles are regarded as excitations of
809:
435:
308:
297:
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refers to imaginary mass fields rather than to faster-than-light particles.
125:
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2649:. Mathematics. Physics FAQ / Particle and Nuclear. Riverside, California:
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1970:
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1628:
1575:"Neutrinos Sent from CERN to Gran Sasso Respect the Cosmic Speed Limit"
1307:
1829:
1509:
1472:
3550:
3545:
3174:
3161:
3152:
2974:
2888:
2787:
2051:
Fitzgerald, P. (1970). "Tachyons, backwards causation, and freedom".
1347:
650:
575:
511:{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}.}
2010:
574:, as the value under the square root is negative. Because the total
1661:
Vieira, R. S. (2011). "An introduction to the theory of tachyons".
1541:
1192:
Feinberg, G. (1967). "Possibility of faster-than-light particles".
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2714:
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1675:
779:
1109:(5th ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman & Co. p. 54.
233:. Feinberg studied the kinematics of such particles according to
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3342:
3274:
3234:
2810:
2805:
1578:
320:
266:
3744:
2661:
1760:; Book, D.; Newcomb, W. (1970). "The Tachyonic Antitelephone".
675:
increases with increasing speed, becoming arbitrarily large as
953:
Tachyons are predicted by bosonic string theory and also the
1348:"Faster-Than-Light Group Velocities and Causality Violation"
321:
Mass § Tachyonic particles and imaginary (complex) mass
744:
implies that faster-than-light particles, if they existed,
98:
265:
In September 2011, it was reported, in a major release by
101:
1703:"Einstein's special relativity beyond the speed of light"
1425:
Davidson, Mark P. (2001). "Tachyons, Quanta, and Chaos".
92:
1251:
Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (25 June 1969).
303:. While some theories suggest the mass of tachyons is
705:
682:
660:
635:
615:
551:
529:
447:
346:
155:
proposed that tachyonic particles could be made from
104:
95:
1523:
Chashchina, Olga; Silagadze, Zurab (13 April 2022).
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
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969:. However such tachyons are not possible due to the
89:
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to see if such a gadget was theoretically possible.
1253:"Superluminal behavior, causality, and instability"
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1145:
1143:
86:
66:
58:
48:
865:the future (and violate causality) would actually
711:
688:
666:
641:
621:
557:
535:
510:
411:
1701:Hill, James M.; Cox, Barry J. (8 December 2012).
803:in special relativity, which says that different
1797:Chodos, A. (1985). "The neutrino as a tachyon".
2009:Hughes, Richard J.; Stephenson, G. J. (1990).
1444:
1442:
799:The problem can be understood in terms of the
746:could be used to communicate backwards in time
201:. The complementary particle types are called
3756:
2673:
2046:
2044:
1346:Fox, R.; Kuper, C. G.; Lipson, S. G. (1970).
1105:Tipler, Paul A.; Llewellyn, Ralph A. (2008).
412:{\displaystyle E^{2}=(pc)^{2}+(mc^{2})^{2}\;}
8:
43:
2272:
2270:
2079:. Electrodynamics course, chapter 11.
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768:. In this framework, neutrinos experience
408:
289:, a faster-than-light particle would have
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2150:International Journal of Modern Physics A
1969:
1914:
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977:. This resulted in the necessity for the
704:
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634:
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550:
544:(the particle's velocity) is larger than
528:
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464:
454:
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402:
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351:
345:
1100:
1098:
609:as its energy decreases. In particular,
151:In the 1967 paper that coined the term,
2109:
2107:
2105:
1293:Sen, Ashoke (2002). "Rolling tachyon".
1094:
1051:Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations
27:Hypothetical faster-than-light particle
1001:Fields with non-canonical kinetic term
296:, unlike ordinary particles that have
42:
1696:
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1654:
1602:
1600:
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7:
4161:Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
764:violating terms, for example in the
649:approaches infinity. (For ordinary
237:. In his paper, he also introduced
2074:"The Special Theory of Relativity"
1707:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
932:Standard Model of particle physics
570:in the equation for the energy is
25:
2613:"The faster than light (FTL) FAQ"
590:be imaginary (i.e. the rest mass
3724:
3617:Timeline of particle discoveries
2578:Wagstaff, Keith (15 July 2018).
989:In theories that do not respect
822:postulates of special relativity
82:
4358:Eleven-dimensional supergravity
2083:. pp. 7–11. Archived from
1156:. Harper Collins. p. 286.
1083:Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory
2335:Journal of High Energy Physics
2223:Journal of High Energy Physics
1295:Journal of High Energy Physics
1121:... so existence of particles
770:Lorentz-violating oscillations
756:In 1985, Chodos proposed that
399:
382:
370:
360:
1:
3806:Second superstring revolution
2418:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)01881-6
2365:10.1088/1126-6708/2000/10/045
2253:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/10/014
2114:Grøn, Ø.; Hervik, S. (2007).
2011:"Against Tachyonic Neutrinos"
1581:. 8 June 2012. Archived from
1325:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/04/048
936:spontaneous symmetry breaking
919:represents an instability to
869:the same tachyon and send it
4300:Generalized complex manifold
3801:First superstring revolution
3633:History of subatomic physics
2035:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90275-B
1821:10.1016/0370-2693(85)90460-5
845:asserts that a tachyon sent
1452:American Journal of Physics
873:in time (which is causal).
794:"kill your own grandfather"
4977:
3898:Non-critical string theory
2557:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.116008
2453:Cambridge University Press
1988:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.105009
1933:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.116002
1017:
985:Lorentz-violating theories
896:
893:Fields with imaginary mass
843:reinterpretation principle
837:Reinterpretation principle
801:relativity of simultaneity
566:(the speed of light), the
318:
239:fields with imaginary mass
205:(which always move at the
29:
3722:
3407:
2172:10.1142/S0217751X00001403
1609:Rivista del Nuovo Cimento
1222:Feinberg, G. (1978). "".
995:Standard Model extensions
805:inertial reference frames
188:
4434:Introduction to M-theory
4128:Wess–Zumino–Witten model
4070:Hanany–Witten transition
3796:History of string theory
3650:mathematical formulation
3245:Eta and eta prime mesons
2651:University of California
2629:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
2470:10.1073/pnas.95.19.11039
2299:10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400
2081:University of Cincinnati
1878:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.6760
1277:10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400
1238:10.1103/physrevd.17.1651
1216:10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089
776:Superluminal information
766:Standard-Model Extension
578:of the particle must be
335:energy–momentum relation
36:Tachyon (disambiguation)
4113:Vertex operator algebra
3813:String theory landscape
3312:Double-charm tetraquark
2439:Polchinski, J. (1998).
1073:Tachyonic antitelephone
853:as a tachyon traveling
831:tachyonic antitelephone
4951:Hypothetical particles
4411:AdS/CFT correspondence
4166:Exceptional Lie groups
4108:Superconformal algebra
4080:Conformal field theory
3951:Montonen–Olive duality
3903:Non-linear sigma model
1784:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.263
1728:10.1098/rspa.2012.0340
1552:10.3390/physics4020028
1152:Randall, Lisa (2005).
1058:– bradyon, aka tardyon
963:RNS superstring theory
849:in time can always be
789:
713:
690:
668:
643:
623:
559:
537:
512:
413:
253:Lev Yakovlevich Shtrum
187:comes from the Greek:
34:. For other uses, see
4406:Holographic principle
4373:Type IIB supergravity
4368:Type IIA supergravity
4220:-form electrodynamics
3839:Bosonic string theory
3709:Wave–particle duality
3699:Relativistic particle
2836:Electron antineutrino
2617:Iowa State University
2451:(19). Cambridge, UK:
948:bosonic string theory
783:
714:
691:
669:
644:
629:approaches zero when
624:
560:
538:
513:
414:
4325:Hořava–Witten theory
4272:Hyperkähler manifold
3960:Particles and fields
3908:Tachyon condensation
3893:Matrix string theory
2939:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
2689:Particles in physics
2623:on 21 November 2000.
2580:"The Science Behind
2320:The Elegant Universe
2090:on 13 September 2006
1525:"Relativity 4-ever?"
1408:KNKL. Acad. Wetensch
975:tachyon condensation
921:tachyon condensation
911:for such a field is
703:
680:
658:
633:
613:
549:
527:
445:
426:is the relativistic
344:
134:theory of relativity
120:that always travels
4363:Type I supergravity
4267:Calabi–Yau manifold
4262:Ricci-flat manifold
4241:Kaluza–Klein theory
3982:Ramond–Ramond field
3888:String field theory
3714:Particle chauvinism
3657:Subatomic particles
2549:1999PhRvD..59k6008C
2461:1998PNAS...9511039G
2410:2002PhLB..537....1G
2357:2000JHEP...10..045K
2291:1969PhRv..182.1400A
2245:2006JHEP...10..014A
2027:1990PhLB..244...95H
1980:2004PhRvD..69j5009K
1925:1998PhRvD..58k6002C
1870:1997PhRvD..55.6760C
1813:1985PhLB..150..431C
1776:1970PhRvD...2..263B
1719:2012RSPSA.468.4174H
1713:(2148): 4174–4192.
1685:2011arXiv1112.4187V
1663:Rev. Bras. Ens. Fis
1621:1986NCimR...9e...1R
1585:on 22 February 2014
1502:1969PhT....22e..43B
1465:1962AmJPh..30..718B
1317:2002JHEP...04..048S
1269:1969PhRv..182.1400A
1208:1967PhRv..159.1089F
1020:Tachyons in fiction
430:of the bradyon and
146:grandfather paradox
136:this would violate
53:Elementary particle
45:
4330:K-theory (physics)
4207:ADE classification
3844:Superstring theory
1629:10.1007/BF02724327
991:Lorentz invariance
881:Fundamental models
810:spacetime interval
790:
762:Lorentz invariance
742:special relativity
709:
686:
664:
639:
619:
555:
533:
508:
409:
287:special relativity
281:Special relativity
235:special relativity
116:is a hypothetical
114:tachyonic particle
4933:
4932:
4715:van Nieuwenhuizen
4251:Why 10 dimensions
4156:Chern–Simons form
4123:Kac–Moody algebra
4103:Conformal algebra
4098:Conformal anomaly
3992:Magnetic monopole
3987:Kalb–Ramond field
3829:Nambu–Goto action
3738:
3737:
3694:Massless particle
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3463:
3462:
3326:
3325:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3086:Magnetic monopole
3034:
3033:
2925:
2924:
2866:
2865:
2846:Muon antineutrino
2831:Electron neutrino
2526:Physical Review D
2388:Physics Letters B
2156:(18): 2793–2812.
2131:978-0-387-69199-2
2015:Physics Letters B
1957:Physical Review D
1902:Physical Review D
1854:(11): 6760–6774.
1847:Physical Review D
1800:Physics Letters B
1763:Physical Review D
1577:(Press release).
1510:10.1063/1.3035574
1473:10.1119/1.1941773
1358:(1527): 515–524.
1225:Physical Review D
1116:978-0-7167-7550-8
1062:Massless particle
785:Spacetime diagram
712:{\displaystyle c}
689:{\displaystyle v}
667:{\displaystyle E}
642:{\displaystyle v}
622:{\displaystyle E}
558:{\displaystyle c}
536:{\displaystyle v}
503:
502:
500:
331:Lorentz invariant
246:Arnold Sommerfeld
142:logical paradoxes
122:faster than light
74:
73:
16:(Redirected from
4968:
4443:String theorists
4383:Lie superalgebra
4335:Twisted K-theory
4293:Spin(7)-manifold
4246:Compactification
4088:Virasoro algebra
3871:Heterotic string
3765:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3728:
3704:Virtual particle
3475:Mesonic molecule
3409:
3405:
3250:Bottom eta meson
3158:
3149:
3121:W′ and Z′ bosons
3111:Sterile neutrino
3096:Majorana fermion
2963:
2954:
2877:
2856:Tau antineutrino
2711:
2702:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2654:
2642:
2624:
2619:. Archived from
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2542:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2350:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2322:. Vintage Books.
2312:
2303:
2302:
2285:(5): 1400–1403.
2274:
2265:
2264:
2238:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1973:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1918:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1863:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:quant-ph/0103143
1422:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:Benford, Gregory
1374:
1368:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1310:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1263:(5): 1400–1403.
1248:
1242:
1241:
1219:
1202:(5): 1089–1105.
1189:
1172:
1171:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1102:
1078:Virtual particle
1056:Massive particle
1038:positronic brain
973:, also known as
718:
716:
715:
710:
695:
693:
692:
687:
673:
671:
670:
665:
648:
646:
645:
640:
628:
626:
625:
620:
564:
562:
561:
556:
542:
540:
539:
534:
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
501:
499:
498:
489:
488:
479:
471:
470:
469:
468:
455:
418:
416:
415:
410:
407:
406:
397:
396:
378:
377:
356:
355:
275:OPERA experiment
261:
192:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
46:
21:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4438:
4415:
4392:
4339:
4287:
4257:Kähler manifold
4224:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4132:
4093:Mirror symmetry
4074:
4060:Brane cosmology
4006:
3955:
3922:
3878:N=2 superstring
3864:Type IIB string
3859:Type IIA string
3834:Polyakov action
3817:
3774:
3769:
3739:
3734:
3718:
3672:Nuclear physics
3621:
3585:
3521:Davydov soliton
3494:
3459:
3433:
3394:
3322:
3294:
3221:
3130:
3030:
2989:
2943:
2921:
2903:
2862:
2782:
2691:
2686:
2645:
2627:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2455:: 11039–11040.
2441:"String Theory"
2438:
2437:
2433:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:Jarrell, Mark.
2071:
2070:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1386:. p. 276.
1380:(6 July 2013).
1376:
1375:
1371:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1257:Physical Review
1250:
1249:
1245:
1221:
1220:
1195:Physical Review
1191:
1190:
1175:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1122:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1047:
1022:
1016:
1003:
987:
940:Ginzburg–Landau
901:
899:Tachyonic field
895:
883:
839:
816:of the other.)
778:
754:
734:Albert Einstein
701:
700:
678:
677:
656:
655:
631:
630:
611:
610:
603:
547:
546:
525:
524:
490:
480:
460:
456:
443:
442:
398:
388:
369:
347:
342:
341:
327:
325:Tachyonic field
319:Main articles:
317:
283:
255:
227:Gerald Feinberg
219:
181:
173:tachyonic field
153:Gerald Feinberg
130:laws of physics
85:
81:
39:
32:Tachyonic field
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4765:Randjbar-Daemi
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4388:Lie supergroup
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:Quiver diagram
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3928:String duality
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3854:Type II string
3851:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3791:Cosmic strings
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3731:Physics portal
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
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3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3645:Standard Model
3642:
3641:
3640:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3612:Quasiparticles
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3508:Quasiparticles
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3304:
3302:
3300:Exotic hadrons
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3126:X and Y bosons
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
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3053:
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3018:
3013:
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2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2899:W and Z bosons
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Strange (quark
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2625:
2607:
2606:External links
2604:
2601:
2600:
2570:
2540:hep-ph/9812418
2533:(11): 116008.
2515:
2509:hep-ph/0407087
2494:
2431:
2401:hep-th/0204008
2378:
2348:hep-th/0009148
2325:
2304:
2266:
2236:hep-th/0602178
2207:
2180:
2140:
2130:
2124:. p. 39.
2101:
2061:
2040:
2001:
1971:hep-th/0312310
1964:(10): 105009.
1946:
1916:hep-ph/9809521
1909:(11): 116002.
1891:
1861:hep-ph/9703464
1836:
1807:(6): 431–435.
1789:
1770:(2): 263–265.
1742:
1690:
1650:
1596:
1566:
1535:(2): 421–439.
1515:
1478:
1438:
1417:
1398:
1369:
1338:
1308:hep-th/0203211
1282:
1243:
1173:
1162:
1139:
1115:
1107:Modern Physics
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Retrocausality
1065:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
1008:Cauchy problem
1002:
999:
986:
983:
979:GSO projection
971:Sen conjecture
967:GSO projection
909:group velocity
907:. Because the
905:imaginary mass
897:Main article:
894:
891:
887:quantum fields
882:
879:
838:
835:
777:
774:
753:
750:
740:, and others,
723:speed of light
708:
685:
663:
638:
618:
602:
599:
554:
532:
519:
518:
507:
497:
493:
487:
483:
477:
474:
467:
463:
459:
453:
450:
420:
419:
405:
401:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
376:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
354:
350:
316:
313:
282:
279:
225:was coined by
218:
215:
207:speed of light
180:
177:
165:imaginary mass
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:Classification
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4973:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:String theory
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Zamolodchikov
4908:
4906:
4905:Zamolodchikov
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
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4578:
4576:
4573:
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4563:
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4538:
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4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
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4493:
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4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Matrix theory
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4345:Supersymmetry
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Dual graviton
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:RNS formalism
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Type I string
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:String theory
3766:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Exotic matter
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:Eightfold way
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Antiparticles
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
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3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Atomic nuclei
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Upsilon meson
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Lambda baryon
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Dual graviton
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Superpartners
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Muon neutrino
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Bottom (quark
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2584:Technobabble"
2583:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2316:Greene, Brian
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:(1): 95–100.
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
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1668:
1664:
1657:
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1651:
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1634:
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1603:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:Physics Today
1482:
1479:
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1379:
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1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:9780060531089
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:prior to the
964:
960:
959:NS-NS sectors
956:
955:Neveu-Schwarz
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
917:negative mass
914:
910:
906:
900:
892:
890:
888:
880:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:reinterpreted
848:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
823:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
795:
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775:
773:
771:
767:
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749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
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719:
706:
696:
683:
674:
661:
652:
636:
616:
608:
600:
598:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
552:
543:
530:
505:
495:
491:
485:
481:
475:
472:
465:
461:
457:
451:
448:
441:
440:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
403:
393:
389:
385:
379:
374:
366:
363:
357:
352:
348:
340:
339:
338:
336:
332:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:four-momentum
299:
295:
294:four-momentum
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
259:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
214:
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208:
204:
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196:
191:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:quantum field
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
140:, leading to
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
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51:
47:
41:
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33:
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4455:Arkani-Hamed
4353:Supergravity
4320:Moduli space
4217:
4212:Dirac string
4138:Gauge theory
4118:Loop algebra
4055:Black string
3976:
3918:GS formalism
3729:
3400:Hypothetical
3348:Exotic atoms
3217:Omega baryon
3207:Sigma baryon
3197:Delta baryon
3115:
2949:Hypothetical
2931:Ghost fields
2917:Higgs boson
2851:Tau neutrino
2743:Charm (quark
2638:ScienceWorld
2636:
2621:the original
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2581:
2573:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2497:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2394:(1–2): 1–4.
2391:
2387:
2381:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2319:
2282:
2278:
2226:
2222:
2219:Adams, Allan
2202:
2175:
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2116:
2092:. Retrieved
2085:the original
2056:
2052:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1851:
1845:
1839:
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1798:
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1767:
1761:
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1662:
1615:(6): 1–178.
1612:
1608:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:the original
1569:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1496:(5): 43–51.
1493:
1487:
1481:
1456:
1450:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1390:
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1372:
1355:
1351:
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1298:
1294:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1229:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1167:
1153:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1106:
1036:
1033:technobabble
1026:
1023:
1004:
988:
952:
925:
913:superluminal
902:
884:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
826:
818:
798:
791:
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732:As noted by
731:
726:
699:
698:
676:
654:
606:
604:
596:
591:
587:
545:
523:
520:
431:
423:
421:
328:
284:
271:tau neutrino
264:
250:
243:
222:
220:
198:
194:
184:
182:
169:superluminal
150:
144:such as the
113:
77:
75:
62:Hypothetical
40:
4961:Time travel
4815:Silverstein
4315:Orientifold
4050:Black holes
4045:Black brane
4002:Dual photon
3682:Quark model
3450:Theta meson
3353:Positronium
3265:Omega meson
3260:J/psi meson
3190:Antineutron
3101:Dark photon
3066:Graviphoton
3025:Stop squark
2733:Down (quark
2593:12 February
2341:(10): 045.
2229:(10): 014.
1758:Benford, G.
1459:(10): 718.
1383:Old Legends
1131:... Called
928:Higgs boson
697:approaches
582:(and not a
568:denominator
256: [
231:James Blish
157:excitations
4940:Categories
4835:Strominger
4830:Steinhardt
4825:Staudacher
4740:Polchinski
4690:Nanopoulos
4650:Mandelstam
4630:Kontsevich
4470:Berenstein
4398:Holography
4378:Superspace
4277:K3 surface
4236:Worldsheet
4151:Instantons
3779:Background
3424:Heptaquark
3385:Superatoms
3318:Pentaquark
3308:Tetraquark
3290:Quarkonium
3180:Antiproton
3081:Leptoquark
3016:Neutralino
2778:antiquark)
2768:antiquark)
2763:Top (quark
2758:antiquark)
2748:antiquark)
2738:antiquark)
2728:antiquark)
2697:Elementary
2647:"Tachyons"
2094:27 October
1830:2022/20737
1542:2107.10739
1414:: 345–367.
1301:(4): 048.
1089:References
1035:, akin to
1014:In fiction
861:a tachyon
814:light cone
197:, meaning
126:Physicists
4870:Veneziano
4750:Rajaraman
4645:Maldacena
4535:Gopakumar
4485:Dijkgraaf
4480:Curtright
4146:Anomalies
4025:NS5-brane
3946:U-duality
3941:S-duality
3936:T-duality
3662:Particles
3607:Particles
3566:Polariton
3556:Plasmaron
3526:Dropleton
3419:Hexaquark
3390:Molecules
3378:Protonium
3255:Phi meson
3240:Rho meson
3212:Xi baryon
3144:Composite
2980:Gravitino
2723:Up (quark
2633:"Tachyon"
2582:Star Trek
2426:119487619
2279:Phys. Rev
2198:1001.4960
2163:0709.2453
1737:1364-5021
1676:1112.4187
1645:120041976
1637:1826-9850
1561:2624-8174
1364:0080-4630
957:(NS) and
758:neutrinos
752:Neutrinos
607:increases
572:imaginary
476:−
436:rest mass
309:spacelike
305:imaginary
298:time-like
291:spacelike
269:, that a
262:in 1923.
221:The term
183:The term
179:Etymology
138:causality
67:Theorized
4946:Tachyons
4925:Zwiebach
4880:Verlinde
4875:Verlinde
4850:Townsend
4845:Susskind
4780:Sagnotti
4745:Polyakov
4700:Nekrasov
4665:Minwalla
4660:Martinec
4625:Knizhnik
4620:Klebanov
4615:Kapustin
4580:'t Hooft
4515:Fischler
4450:Aganagić
4421:M-theory
4310:Conifold
4305:Orbifold
4288:manifold
4229:Geometry
4035:M5-brane
4030:M2-brane
3967:Graviton
3883:F-theory
3638:timeline
3490:R-hadron
3445:Glueball
3429:Skyrmion
3363:Tauonium
3076:Inflaton
3071:Graviton
3051:Curvaton
3021:Sfermion
3011:Higgsino
3006:Chargino
2967:Gauginos
2826:Neutrino
2811:Antimuon
2801:Positron
2796:Electron
2706:Fermions
2588:Mashable
2373:15664546
2318:(2000).
2122:Springer
1996:55185765
1333:12023565
1232:: 1651.
1133:tachyons
1045:See also
653:matter,
651:baryonic
428:momentum
211:bradyons
118:particle
18:Tachyons
4855:Trivedi
4840:Sundrum
4805:Shenker
4795:Seiberg
4790:Schwarz
4760:Randall
4720:Novikov
4710:Nielsen
4695:Năstase
4605:Kallosh
4590:Gibbons
4530:Gliozzi
4520:Friedan
4510:Ferrara
4495:Douglas
4490:Distler
4040:S-brane
4020:D-brane
3977:Tachyon
3972:Dilaton
3786:Strings
3626:Related
3597:Baryons
3571:Polaron
3561:Plasmon
3536:Fracton
3531:Exciton
3485:Diquark
3480:Pomeron
3455:T meson
3412:Baryons
3373:Pionium
3358:Muonium
3285:D meson
3280:B meson
3185:Neutron
3170:Nucleon
3162:Baryons
3153:Hadrons
3116:Tachyon
3091:Majoron
3056:Dilaton
2985:Photino
2821:Antitau
2788:Leptons
2631:(ed.).
2565:1273409
2545:Bibcode
2489:9736684
2457:Bibcode
2406:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2287:Bibcode
2261:2956810
2241:Bibcode
2023:Bibcode
1976:Bibcode
1941:4013391
1921:Bibcode
1886:7651433
1866:Bibcode
1809:Bibcode
1772:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
1617:Bibcode
1529:Physics
1498:Bibcode
1461:Bibcode
1313:Bibcode
1265:Bibcode
1204:Bibcode
1169:nature.
1064:– luxon
1028:tachyon
930:of the
871:forward
855:forward
584:complex
434:is its
422:(where
223:tachyon
217:History
185:tachyon
78:tachyon
44:Tachyon
4920:Zumino
4915:Zaslow
4900:Yoneya
4890:Witten
4810:Siegel
4785:Scherk
4755:Ramond
4730:Ooguri
4655:Marolf
4610:Kaluza
4595:Kachru
4585:Hořava
4575:Harvey
4570:Hanson
4555:Gubser
4545:Greene
4475:Bousso
4460:Atiyah
4012:Branes
3822:Theory
3602:Mesons
3551:Phonon
3546:Magnon
3468:Others
3438:Mesons
3331:Others
3227:Mesons
3175:Proton
3039:Others
2994:Others
2975:Gluino
2909:Scalar
2889:Photon
2872:Bosons
2715:Quarks
2563:
2487:
2477:
2424:
2371:
2259:
2128:
1994:
1939:
1884:
1735:
1643:
1635:
1589:8 June
1559:
1362:
1331:
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867:create
859:detect
738:Tolman
721:, the
576:energy
323:, and
209:) and
203:luxons
195:tachus
59:Status
4860:Turok
4770:Roček
4735:Ovrut
4725:Olive
4705:Neveu
4685:Myers
4680:Mukhi
4670:Moore
4640:Linde
4635:Klein
4560:Gukov
4550:Gross
4540:Green
4525:Gates
4505:Dvali
4465:Banks
3590:Lists
3581:Trion
3576:Roton
3516:Anyon
3343:Atoms
3106:Preon
3046:Axion
3001:Axino
2894:Gluon
2881:Gauge
2561:S2CID
2535:arXiv
2504:arXiv
2480:33894
2422:S2CID
2396:arXiv
2369:S2CID
2343:arXiv
2257:S2CID
2231:arXiv
2193:arXiv
2158:arXiv
2088:(PDF)
2077:(PDF)
1992:S2CID
1966:arXiv
1937:S2CID
1911:arXiv
1882:S2CID
1856:arXiv
1671:arXiv
1669:(3).
1641:S2CID
1537:arXiv
1427:arXiv
1329:S2CID
1303:arXiv
1126:>
827:every
601:Speed
329:In a
260:]
199:swift
190:ταχύς
163:with
159:of a
112:) or
4885:Wess
4865:Vafa
4775:Rohm
4675:Motl
4600:Kaku
4565:Guth
4500:Duff
3541:Hole
3368:Onia
3275:Kaon
3235:Pion
2806:Muon
2595:2021
2485:PMID
2339:2000
2227:2006
2126:ISBN
2096:2006
1733:ISSN
1633:ISSN
1591:2012
1579:CERN
1557:ISSN
1391:beep
1360:ISSN
1299:2002
1158:ISBN
1111:ISBN
942:and
863:from
847:back
841:The
588:also
580:real
315:Mass
267:CERN
70:1967
4895:Yau
4820:Sơn
4800:Sen
2816:Tau
2553:doi
2475:PMC
2465:doi
2414:doi
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2295:doi
2283:182
2249:doi
2168:doi
2031:doi
2019:244
1984:doi
1929:doi
1874:doi
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1817:doi
1805:150
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1711:468
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