2673:
218:
209:
401:
contain the "grammaticalization of 'know' as a potential auxiliary", similarities between multiple special forms such as "bud", "happy", "fresh", and "dirt", as well as a semantic conflation of "nephew" to mean either "nephew" or "niece". Yaeyaman dialects are differentiated from Dunan by innovations
748:
or were innovated compared to all other
Japonic languages. One explanation for this is that it is possible to travel by sea from mainland Japan to the main island of Okinawa while keeping one island or another in sight at nearly all times; but there is a larger gap between the main island of Okinawa
780:
The
Hateruma dialect is regarded as an innovative variety of Yaeyama Ryukyuan. It is the only dialect of the Yaeyama group to feature the pharyngeal eˤ, sonorant devoicing, noun-final consonant epenthesis and spirantization of voiceless velar stop before the vowel *i. It is also considered to have
776:
There are three accent pitches present in
Hateruma: falling, level, and rising accents. To correlate pitches, there are three classes of words under an "A, B, C" system; class A words correlate with the falling pitch, and class B and C are shown to have "an uneven correspondence with the Level and
663:
Like all
Southern Ryukyuan languages, Yaeyama shows a "b" word initially compared to Japanese "w". This is perhaps believed to be an innovation from earlier "w". This also includes Japanese cognates that once had an initial "w" but was dropped later in the history of the language, such as "wodori"
490:
had eight vowels (some perhaps diphthongs); this has been reduced to five in modern
Japanese, but in Yaeyaman, vowel reduction has progressed further, to three vowels. Generally, when modern Japanese has an "e", the Yaeyama cognate will have an "i" (this is seen in "funi" above); and where modern
405:
Some of the pronunciations that disappeared from
Japanese around the 8th century, during Japan's Nara period, can still be found in the Yaeyama languages. One example is the initial "p" sound, which in Japanese became an "h", while remaining a "p" in Yaeyama, except for "pu", which became "fu" in
1895:
There is estimated to be a remaining 7,000-10,000 Yaeyama speakers, mostly being spoken in the home. There have been many revival societies and movements erected to preserve
Ryukyuan languages and culture. The earliest language revival movement is regarded as being part of the Koza Society of
396:
branch of the
Southern Ryukyuan languages. Innovations in Southern Ryukyuan languages, splitting Macro-Yaeyama and Miyako language families, include an "irregular shift from tone class B to A in 'how many' and a special form for 'garden'". Macro-Yaeyama innovations, grouping together Yaeyama
388:
The
Ryukyuan language split from Proto-Japonic when its speakers migrated to the Ryukyu Islands. The Ryukyuan languages split from Proto-Japonic in the last 2,000 years, though estimates offer different potential time periods ranging from 2 BCE to 800 CE.
1904:. There are also notable submovements in Ryukyuan language survival present in Okinawan radio broadcasts, as well as "presentation circles and plays" and language classes integrated in the Okinawan school curriculum on the local level.
1652:. It is found that when speaking to other native speakers, Ishigaki-speakers use an "intrinsic" and "relative" frame of reference system in which "north" and "south" are expressed in an intrinsic frame of reference as the verbs
305:, reflected in the education system, people below the age of 60 tend to not use the language except in songs and rituals, and the younger generation exclusively uses Japanese as their first language. As compared to the Japanese
749:
and the
Yaeyamas, which would have required several nights on the open sea. For this reason, there was less traffic between mainland Japan and the Yaeyama islands, allowing further linguistic divergence.
486:
While the Yaeyama language was more "conservative" in some aspects, in the sense of preserving certain pronunciations, in other aspects it was more innovative. One example is the vowel system.
762:
The Hateruma dialect contains seven vowels, with no distinction between long-short vowel length, and sixteen consonants. Hateruma is noted for having more vowels than any other dialect. A
1872:
The endangerment of Ryukyuan languages is attributed to historical and governmental factors. Originating in the 1872 annexation of the Okinawan Islands to Japan and the creation of
1109:
The Hatoma dialect contains two "tonal categories", denoted as marked and unmarked. Words of the marked class are analyzed as being "high from the syllable containing the second
2424:
Lau, Tyler; Davis, Christopher (2014). "Phonological reduction and the (re)emergence of attributive forms in Ryukyuan". In Kenstowicz, Michael; Levin, Ted; Masuda, Ryo (eds.).
4117:
3968:
583:
that is not word final, Japanese is no more conservative than Yaeyama in this regard, as both underwent the same vowel raising at different stages, as shown below:
402:
regarding a replacement of the verb "sell" with a causative form of "buy", a special form of "get wet", as well as an irregular shift of "*g>n" in 'beard'.
4211:
4164:
2911:
2627:
228:
3963:
1900:, whose constitution is dedicated to initiating dialect classes and Okinawan teacher training programs, as well as advancing towards a singular Okinawan
289:. The number of competent native speakers is not known; as a consequence of Japanese language policy which refers to the language as the Yaeyama dialect
1486:
1064:
1886:
movement includes the 1907 implementation of the Ordinance of Dialect Regulation, demoting diverse Ryukyuan languages to the status of "dialects" (
3590:
2551:
2307:
2066:
1113:" and unmarked words begin from a low pitch but end with a low pitch. "Peripheral tone classes" are also noted in certain nouns and adverb.
1517:
1082:
1876:
in 1879, there has since been a movement referred to as the "Japanization of the Luchuan Islands". A national language movement known as
3585:
2231:
2095:
1896:
Culture, instituted in 1955. A large benefactor to preserving and reviving Ryukyuan languages is the Society for Spreading Okinawan (
3069:
2444:
2115:. Historical linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology: 55–64.
3470:
2714:
2001:
Heinrich, Patrick; Barion, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (9 May 2009). "The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan".
4204:
4176:
3895:
1461:
1429:
3849:
3844:
3370:
2904:
2620:
1246:
1017:
850:
4018:
2392:
781:
the strongest aspiration among of the Yaeyama dialects, and is also the only variety to display nasal and liquid devoicing.
3076:
3859:
3575:
1860:
marking is optional for adverbial or adjunct wh-phrases. In questions with multiple wh-words, only one can be marked with
1466:
1225:
829:
3990:
3829:
3388:
1454:
1417:
1410:
1255:
1031:
1023:
864:
195:
4472:
4197:
3723:
3703:
3507:
3460:
2769:
2692:
1438:
1218:
1048:
822:
373:
254:
116:
1621:
ending. Adjectives, nouns and verbs also compound and reduplicate, especially in producing adverbs from adjectives.
4446:
3839:
3713:
2897:
2729:
2613:
1510:
1336:
1323:
1271:
1091:
948:
935:
880:
4124:
4102:
3890:
1422:
1037:
961:
4397:
4159:
4097:
4087:
4051:
3949:
3900:
3824:
3799:
3408:
1598:
1232:
836:
4272:
3465:
2709:
318:
325:. Yaeyama is noted as having a comparatively lower "language vitality" among neighboring Ryukyuan languages.
3543:
2799:
2286:
Davis, Christopher; Lau, Tyler (2015-12-31), Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.),
1351:
1342:
1329:
968:
954:
941:
393:
151:
121:
2024:
4451:
4441:
4402:
3560:
2177:
Pappalardo, Giuseppe (2016). "Conservative and Innovative Features in the Phonology of Hateruma Dialect".
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
854:
785:
361:
4041:
3930:
3403:
2949:
2939:
2878:
2861:
2287:
1500:
1385:
1378:
997:
990:
4335:
4302:
4092:
3915:
3819:
3693:
3495:
3430:
2944:
2873:
2854:
2724:
1629:
1357:
974:
1168:
The Miyara subdialect of Ishigaki has 21 consonants and 6 vowels in its inventory. It is noted that
4408:
4392:
4387:
4297:
4262:
4141:
4023:
3995:
3910:
3490:
3435:
2662:
2558:
1446:
1404:
1011:
341:
4112:
4377:
4267:
4220:
4171:
4033:
3920:
3854:
3744:
3739:
3452:
3194:
2866:
2841:
2683:
2438:
1873:
1649:
1637:
1394:
1295:
1290:
1181:
1177:
1110:
907:
902:
111:
4000:
3440:
3276:
3225:
4340:
4312:
4292:
4282:
4239:
4234:
3935:
3905:
3708:
3527:
3512:
3485:
3480:
3418:
3356:
3331:
3266:
3184:
3140:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2959:
2920:
2812:
2784:
2755:
2750:
2655:
2650:
2636:
2552:"The Role of Focus Particles in Wh-Interrogatives: Evidence from a Southern Ryukyuan Language"
2303:
2237:
2227:
2091:
2062:
1942:
1887:
1877:
1689:
1310:
1300:
922:
912:
855:
763:
745:
398:
377:
369:
349:
322:
314:
310:
286:
106:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4129:
4107:
3885:
3681:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3297:
3245:
3189:
3150:
3086:
3042:
3027:
2404:
2295:
2226:. Heinrich, Patrick, Miyara, Shinshō, 1946-, Shimoji, Michinori. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
2186:
2052:
2044:
1685:
1633:
1625:
1478:
1056:
3650:
2425:
4355:
4287:
4154:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3517:
3290:
3201:
3101:
3062:
3057:
3018:
2998:
2789:
2701:
1614:
1372:
1305:
1117:
984:
917:
365:
364:
between dialects as a result of the Yaeyama Islands' large geographic span. The speech of
333:
329:
266:
258:
98:
81:
3283:
1668:("south"). It is found that most speakers express "east" and "west" as Standard Japanese
2190:
4317:
4277:
4149:
3500:
3475:
3398:
3378:
3351:
3302:
3254:
3218:
3172:
3116:
3111:
3091:
2734:
2719:
2529:
2486:
1971:
1317:
929:
274:
270:
144:
187:
4466:
4425:
4257:
3940:
3686:
3665:
3383:
3235:
3179:
3047:
3037:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2836:
2589:
1602:
1200:
804:
353:
337:
2672:
491:
Japanese has an "o", the Yaeyama cognate will have a "u" (as seen in "patu" above).
3925:
3754:
3319:
3213:
3157:
3126:
3121:
2934:
2849:
1693:
1597:
Hateruma uses morphology and suffixation in its verbs and adjectives. Derivational
1364:
487:
1601:
expresses causative and passive forms in verbs; potential forms are equal to the
3980:
3208:
1901:
1618:
1610:
1212:
1195:
816:
799:
217:
200:
17:
1956:
4009:
3975:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3655:
2299:
2113:
Historical linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese
2057:
1925:
1920:
1697:
1606:
1263:
1205:
872:
809:
2241:
1892:) and discouraging of speaking these dialects in the Japanese school system.
4345:
3789:
3718:
3698:
3640:
1240:
844:
770:
180:
164:
3660:
3645:
2409:
1864:. Further research is needed to learn more about Wh-questions in Yaeyama.
171:
4069:
3954:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3552:
3393:
357:
60:
666:
585:
493:
408:
208:
4350:
4046:
3985:
3602:
1696:. However, there is evidence that phonological conditioning, namely an
4189:
4064:
3597:
3565:
2600:
2224:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages : history, structure, and use
2222:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015-02-17).
345:
278:
225:
2889:
2605:
1970:
Heinrich, Patrick; Barion, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (9 May 2009).
2108:
1120:
of the Yaeyama dialects. One phonological process is a sequence of
4059:
3607:
3570:
1648:
The Ishigaki dialect is noted for having a peculiar expression of
262:
71:
3617:
769:
is believed to be a result of "the coalescence of Proto-Yaeyama
4193:
2893:
2609:
2510:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2508:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2375:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2373:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2360:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2358:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2345:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2343:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2330:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2328:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2206:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2204:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2161:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2159:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2146:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2144:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
2131:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
2129:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).
1820:
1755:
380:
dialects that later converged with the other Yaeyama dialects.
2485:
Heinrich, Patrick; Bairon, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (2009).
2487:"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan"
1972:"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan"
1116:
Hatoma is noted for having the simplest verb conjugation and
891:
Additionally, Hateruma has the following sixteen consonants:
2671:
744:
Many of these features have been lost in the history of the
1816:
1766:
1140:
in a heavy syllable. There is also a process of a sequence
2530:"Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands"
27:
Southern Ryukyuan language spoken in the Yaeyama islands
1856:
from a wh-phrase is considered incorrect grammar. Yet,
1802:
1632:. There are eleven auxiliary verbs to denote forms of
224:
Yaeyama is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
2844:
4434:
4418:
4328:
4250:
4227:
4140:
4080:
4032:
3874:
3732:
3674:
3616:
3551:
3542:
3451:
3417:
3369:
3342:
3265:
3139:
2967:
2958:
2927:
2829:
2798:
2777:
2768:
2743:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2643:
2109:"The historical position of the Ryukyuan Languages"
194:
178:
162:
157:
141:
95:
87:
77:
67:
55:
32:
2397:Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
1684:Miyaran Yaeyama has been argued to have no marked
265:, with a combined population of about 53,000. The
2172:
2170:
1660:go down, descend"), instead of Standard Japanese
784:The pharyngeal eˤ may be regionally expressed as
571:However, in the cases where Proto-Japonic has an
2288:"11. Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Miyara Yaeyaman"
2032:(PhD thesis). University of Southern California.
2512:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 423–424.
298:
1711:(in order to avoid subsequent vowel sequences)
392:The Yaeyaman languages are classified under a
292:
4205:
2905:
2621:
2217:
2215:
1715:accounts for non-overt attributive markings.
1180:. Long vowels are often shortened before the
788:, especially among those over the age of 90.
261:, the southernmost inhabited island group in
244:
44:
38:
8:
2587:Phonological comparison of Yaeyama dialects
2557:. University of the Ryukyus. Archived from
4212:
4198:
4190:
3548:
3423:
2964:
2912:
2898:
2890:
2774:
2697:
2688:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2377:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 436.
2362:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 433.
2347:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 430.
2332:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 431.
2208:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 426.
1676:right") in a relative frame of reference.
321:have also been referred to as dialects of
216:
207:
29:
2408:
2393:"Language and Gesture on Ishigaki Island"
2163:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 19.
2148:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 18.
2133:. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 20.
2056:
1176:are always long, as in many varieties of
368:, while related, is usually considered a
2049:An Introduction to the Japonic Languages
2045:"The Japonic Languages: an Introduction"
1733:
1281:
1186:
893:
790:
372:. The Taketomi dialect may instead be a
229:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1913:
1723:In Yaeyama, wh-phrases are marked with
2436:
2179:Annali di Ca' Foscari. Serie Orientale
2124:
2122:
59:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2457:
2386:
2384:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
1882:has developed in result of this. The
1624:Hateruma has a case system with nine
7:
2088:Okinawa: History of an Island People
2018:
2016:
2266:. New York: Routledge. p. 384.
1727:, in contrast to Standard Japanese
1617:form, as well as a cohortative and
313:, other Ryukyuan languages such as
2601:Oori Taboori podcast/blog (Miyara)
2292:Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages
25:
2191:10.14277/2385-3042/AnnOr-52-16-12
2043:Shimoji, Michinori (2022-10-19),
1516:
1509:
1485:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1270:
1254:
1245:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1090:
1081:
1063:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1016:
996:
989:
973:
967:
960:
953:
947:
940:
934:
879:
863:
849:
835:
828:
821:
2294:, DE GRUYTER, pp. 253–298,
2264:The Languages of Japan and Korea
1703:marking between present stative
1943:"Yaeyama in Japan | UNESCO WAL"
1868:Endangerment and revitalization
1740:Object wh-question and answer:
1737:Subject wh-question and answer
1544:neutralizes to . After nasals (
2427:Japanese/Korean Linguistics 23
1136:being in a light syllable and
1:
2443:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2023:Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983).
285:) is most closely related to
269:are situated in the Southern
4056:Kanji pronunciation sources
3830:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
2751:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
4165:Speculative fiction writers
3724:Transcription into Japanese
2550:Davis, Christopher (2013).
1898:Uchinaguchi fukyu kyogikai)
299:
4489:
3083:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
2585:Shigehisa Karimata, 2008.
2528:Heinrich, Patrick (2005).
2262:Tranter, Nicholas (2012).
895:Hateruma consonant sounds
255:Southern Ryukyuan language
245:
45:
39:
3426:
2669:
2391:Takekuro, Makiko (2007).
2300:10.1515/9781614511151.253
2058:10.1163/9789004519107_002
2026:Ryūkyūan language history
1707:and present tense marker
1580:, the high central vowel
1148:sequence becoming a long
293:
215:
206:
37:
4329:Non-Indigenous languages
3950:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
3409:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
2534:The Asia-Pacific Journal
2491:The Asia-Pacific Journal
2107:Pellard, Thomas (2011).
2051:, Brill, pp. 1–24,
2003:The Asia-Pacific Journal
1976:The Asia-Pacific Journal
1841:Chris-TOP what-PRT-Q ate
1283:Miyara Consonant Sounds
1156:in a light syllable and
360:, with complications of
3896:Godan and ichidan verbs
3714:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1931:(subscription required)
1609:expresses two types of
2676:
2410:10.3765/bls.v33i1.3544
792:Hateruma vowel sounds
362:mutual intelligibility
4001:Court lady language (
3471:Southern Amami Ōshima
3404:Yilan Creole Japanese
2879:Early Modern Japanese
2862:Early Middle Japanese
2675:
1656:("go up, climb") and
1160:in a heavy syllable.
328:Yaeyama is spoken in
4251:Indigenous languages
3820:Small Kana Extension
3431:Eastern Old Japanese
3070:Northern Izu Islands
2874:Late Middle Japanese
2855:Eastern Old Japanese
1188:Miyara Vowel Sounds
3371:Pidgins and creoles
1844:What did Chris eat?
1650:cardinal directions
1284:
1189:
896:
793:
376:language common to
277:and to the east of
273:, southwest of the
61:[jaimamuni]
4473:Ryukyuan languages
4221:Languages of Japan
4172:Classical Japanese
4019:Gender differences
3855:Extended shinjitai
2867:Classical Japanese
2842:Peninsular Japonic
2677:
1874:Okinawa Prefecture
1787:who-Q soba-PRT ate
1560:) alveolar stops (
1282:
1187:
894:
791:
777:Rising patterns."
4460:
4459:
4447:Amami Oshima Sign
4228:National language
4187:
4186:
3891:Verb conjugations
3870:
3869:
3538:
3537:
3419:Japonic languages
3365:
3364:
3357:Okinawan Japanese
2921:Japanese language
2887:
2886:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2764:
2763:
2656:Japanese dialects
2637:Japonic languages
2309:978-1-61451-161-8
2068:978-90-04-51910-7
1929:(18th ed., 2015)
1850:
1849:
1584:does not appear.
1526:
1525:
1280:
1279:
1102:
1101:
889:
888:
746:Okinawan language
742:
741:
661:
660:
569:
568:
484:
483:
374:Northern Ryukyuan
370:separate language
311:national language
237:
236:
117:Southern Ryukyuan
16:(Redirected from
4480:
4419:Creole languages
4214:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4130:Polivanov system
3991:Honorific speech
3886:Japanese grammar
3549:
3424:
2965:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2846:
2775:
2698:
2689:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2584:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1921:Yaeyama language
1918:
1834:kurisu-ja noo-ba
1822:
1818:
1804:
1768:
1757:
1734:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1489:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1285:
1274:
1258:
1249:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1190:
1094:
1085:
1067:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1000:
993:
977:
971:
964:
957:
951:
944:
938:
897:
883:
867:
858:
853:
839:
832:
825:
794:
787:
773:'*ai and *aɨ.'"
675:Modern Japanese
667:
594:Modern Japanese
586:
502:Modern Japanese
494:
417:Modern Japanese
409:
304:
302:
296:
295:
248:
247:
241:Yaeyama language
231:
220:
211:
190:
174:
167:
147:
101:
63:
48:
47:
42:
41:
30:
21:
18:Taketomi dialect
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4430:
4414:
4398:Zainichi Korean
4324:
4246:
4223:
4218:
4188:
4183:
4136:
4081:Transliteration
4076:
4052:Sound symbolism
4028:
4010:Role language (
3969:from Portuguese
3901:Irregular verbs
3879:
3877:
3866:
3815:Kana Supplement
3810:Kana Extended-B
3805:Kana Extended-A
3728:
3704:Historical kana
3670:
3612:
3591:by stroke count
3582:Kanji radicals
3576:by stroke count
3534:
3447:
3413:
3389:Hawaiian Creole
3361:
3338:
3261:
3135:
2954:
2923:
2918:
2888:
2883:
2817:
2794:
2760:
2739:
2678:
2667:
2639:
2634:
2597:
2582:
2579:
2577:Further reading
2567:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2435:
2433:. Vol. 23.
2430:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1870:
1846:
1832:
1824:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1770:
1759:
1721:
1682:
1646:
1595:
1590:
1166:
1132:in the case of
1118:morphophonology
1107:
760:
755:
386:
366:Yonaguni Island
290:
267:Yaeyama Islands
259:Yaeyama Islands
233:
232:
223:
186:
170:
163:
148:
143:
137:
102:
99:Language family
97:
82:Yaeyama Islands
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4435:Sign languages
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3952:
3947:
3941:Native words (
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3544:Writing system
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Pseudo-Chinese
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Bamboo English
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:Amami Japanese
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Southern Amami
2712:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2595:External links
2593:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2544:
2543:
2515:
2500:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2416:
2380:
2365:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2308:
2269:
2247:
2233:978-1614511151
2232:
2211:
2196:
2166:
2151:
2136:
2118:
2099:
2096:978-4805314791
2086:Kerr, George.
2079:
2067:
2035:
2012:
1993:
1962:
1948:
1934:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1869:
1866:
1848:
1847:
1825:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1771:
1760:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1720:
1717:
1681:
1678:
1645:
1642:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1165:
1162:
1144:, followed by
1124:, followed by
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
994:
987:
981:
980:
978:
965:
958:
945:
932:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
887:
886:
884:
877:
875:
869:
868:
861:
859:
847:
841:
840:
833:
826:
819:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
759:
756:
754:
751:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
672:Proto-Japonic
670:
664:> "odori".
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
591:Proto-Japonic
589:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
507:
506:
503:
500:
499:Proto-Japonic
497:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
422:
421:
418:
415:
414:Proto-Japonic
412:
397:languages and
385:
382:
275:Miyako Islands
271:Ryukyu Islands
257:spoken in the
235:
234:
222:
221:
213:
212:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
184:
176:
175:
168:
160:
159:
158:Language codes
155:
154:
149:
145:Writing system
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
68:Native to
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4485:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4453:
4452:Miyakubo Sign
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4426:Bonin English
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:Sakhalin Ainu
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Hokkaido Ainu
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:Cyrillization
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Wāpuro rōmaji
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3943:yamato kotoba
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Counter words
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3666:Kana ligature
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Script reform
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Bonin English
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:Earlier forms
2926:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Proto-Japonic
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:Macro-Yaeyama
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2583:(in Japanese)
2581:
2580:
2576:
2564:on 2014-04-20
2560:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2185:(1): 335–49.
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:Who ate soba?
1788:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:form, unlike
1687:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:markings and
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:form. Verbal
1604:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1540:, underlying
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
950:
946:
943:
937:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:
892:
885:
882:
878:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
862:
860:
857:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:
789:
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
765:
757:
752:
750:
747:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:"Intestines"
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
669:
668:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
621:
620:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
590:
588:
587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
498:
496:
495:
492:
489:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
444:
443:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
413:
411:
410:
407:
403:
400:
395:
394:Macro-Yaeyama
390:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
301:
300:Yaeyama hōgen
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
230:
227:
219:
214:
210:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
166:
161:
156:
153:
150:
146:
140:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:Macro-Yaeyama
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
104:
100:
94:
91:47,600 (2000)
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:Pronunciation
54:
51:
36:
31:
19:
4307:
4273:Amami Ōshima
4118:In Esperanto
4088:Romanization
4042:Pitch accent
4024:Dictionaries
4011:
4003:nyōbō kotoba
4002:
3956:
3955:Loan words (
3942:
3926:Topic marker
3840:ARIB STD B24
3586:by frequency
3522:
3466:Amami Ōshima
3343:
3332:
3291:
3277:
3267:
3255:
3242:East San'in
3226:
3202:
3173:
3151:
3141:
3077:
3028:
2984:
2969:
2950:Early Modern
2940:Early Middle
2850:Old Japanese
2807:
2586:
2566:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2537:
2533:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2472:, p. 2.
2465:
2460:, p. 1.
2453:
2426:
2419:
2400:
2396:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2313:, retrieved
2291:
2263:
2223:
2205:
2199:
2182:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2112:
2102:
2087:
2082:
2072:, retrieved
2048:
2038:
2025:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1975:
1965:
1951:
1937:
1924:
1916:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:Wh-Questions
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:Old Japanese
1683:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:north") and
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1623:
1596:
1527:
1355:
1340:
1182:moraic nasal
1173:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1078:Approximant
972:
952:
939:
890:
783:
779:
775:
766:
761:
743:
736:
731:
726:
716:
711:
706:
696:
691:
686:
662:
655:
650:
645:
635:
630:
625:
615:
610:
605:
580:
576:
572:
570:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
533:
523:
518:
513:
488:Old Japanese
485:
478:
473:
468:
458:
453:
448:
438:
433:
428:
404:
391:
387:
327:
309:or Japanese
306:
282:
250:
240:
238:
179:
126:
49:
4303:Tokunoshima
4098:Nihon-shiki
3981:Wasei-kango
3916:Possessives
3876:Grammar and
3709:Modern kana
3694:Punctuation
3675:Orthography
3496:Tokunoshima
3108:Gifu-Aichi
3078:Tōkai–Tōsan
2945:Late Middle
2725:Tokunoshima
2403:: 417–419.
1902:orthography
1784:suba-ba fai
1686:attributive
1672:left") and
1619:prohibitive
1611:indicatives
1552:), glides (
1501:Approximant
1128:, becoming
281:. Yaeyama (
246:八重山物言/ヤイマムニ
4409:Kuril Ainu
4393:Vietnamese
4388:Indonesian
4336:Portuguese
4298:Okinoerabu
4142:Literature
4012:yakuwarigo
3996:Honorifics
3976:Wasei-eigo
3964:from Dutch
3911:Adjectives
3878:vocabulary
3656:Hentaigana
3651:Man'yōgana
3491:Okinoerabu
3195:Okuyoshino
2730:Okinoerabu
2568:2014-04-19
2470:Davis 2013
2458:Davis 2013
2315:2024-01-21
2074:2024-01-21
1986:9 February
1926:Ethnologue
1908:References
1698:epenthetic
1615:imperative
1607:inflection
1599:morphology
1528:Following
771:diphthongs
764:pharyngeal
406:Yaeyama.
283:Yaimamunii
4378:Esperanto
4346:Cantonese
4034:Phonology
3921:Particles
3860:Half/Full
3790:Shift JIS
3719:Yotsugana
3699:Kanazukai
3641:Okurigana
3553:Logograms
3165:Shiramine
3010:Southern
2990:Northern
2439:cite book
2242:907337360
1957:"八重山のデータ"
1852:Omitting
1798:kurisu-ja
1670:hidari ("
1630:particles
1447:Affricate
1405:Fricative
1012:Fricative
753:Phonology
554:*pansimay
350:Aragusuku
342:Kuroshima
251:Yaimamuni
181:Glottolog
165:ISO 639-3
88:Ethnicity
50:Yaimamuni
4467:Category
4442:Nihonshu
4361:Mandarin
4313:Yonaguni
4293:Okinawan
4283:Kunigami
4268:Ryukyuan
4240:Variants
4235:Japanese
3957:gairaigo
3936:Numerals
3906:Pronouns
3845:Enclosed
3825:Katakana
3800:Hiragana
3796:Unicode
3751:ISO/IEC
3733:Encoding
3636:Furigana
3631:Katakana
3626:Hiragana
3528:Yonaguni
3508:Southern
3486:Okinawan
3481:Kunigami
3461:Northern
3453:Ryukyuan
3394:Kyowa-go
3325:Tsushima
3315:Nagasaki
3310:Kumamoto
3298:Chikuzen
3162:Kanazawa
3152:Hokuriku
3087:Shizuoka
3054:Eastern
3043:Kanagawa
3034:Western
2979:Hokkaidō
2960:Dialects
2813:Yonaguni
2785:Miyakoan
2778:Miyakoan
2770:Southern
2756:Okinawan
2744:Okinawan
2693:Northern
2684:Ryukyuan
2651:Japanese
2644:Japanese
2090:. 1957.
2009:(19): 6.
1690:Okinawan
1658:oriru ("
1644:Ishigaki
1593:Hateruma
1296:Alveolar
1291:Bilabial
1178:Ryukyuan
908:Alveolar
903:Bilabial
758:Hateruma
727:*wəntəri
723:"Dance"
703:"Young"
678:Yaeyama
642:"Wheat"
602:"Water"
597:Yaeyama
550:"Start"
510:"Thing"
505:Yaeyama
425:"Belly"
420:Yaeyama
378:Okinawan
358:Hateruma
354:Iriomote
334:Taketomi
330:Ishigaki
323:Japanese
315:Okinawan
188:yaey1239
152:Japanese
112:Ryukyuan
4383:Turkish
4373:Russian
4368:English
4356:Hoochew
4351:Hokkien
4341:Chinese
4308:Yaeyama
4263:Hachijō
4160:Writers
4093:Hepburn
4047:Rendaku
3986:Engrish
3682:Braille
3603:Ryakuji
3523:Yaeyama
3441:grammar
3436:Hachijō
3333:Satsugū
3292:Hichiku
3278:Hōnichi
3232:San'yō
3227:Chūgoku
3203:Shikoku
3142:Western
3102:Nagaoka
3098:Echigo
3063:Tochigi
3058:Ibaraki
3019:Nairiku
2999:Tsugaru
2970:Eastern
2830:History
2808:Yaeyama
2663:Hachijō
1982:(19): 2
1762:suba-ba
1674:migi ("
1662:kita ("
1603:passive
1311:Glottal
1301:Palatal
1201:Central
923:Glottal
913:Palatal
805:Central
717:bagasan
622:"Tree"
530:"Seed"
465:"Dove"
445:"Boat"
384:History
307:kokugo,
253:) is a
201:Yaeyama
127:Yaeyama
107:Japonic
33:Yaeyama
4288:Miyako
4155:Poetry
4103:Kunrei
4065:Kan-on
3836:Other
3745:EUC-JP
3661:Sōgana
3646:Gojūon
3598:Kokuji
3566:Kanbun
3518:Tarama
3513:Miyako
3303:Hakata
3268:Kyūshū
3256:Umpaku
3219:Sanuki
3185:Banshū
3174:Kansai
3117:Mikawa
3112:Nagoya
3092:Narada
2985:Tōhoku
2790:Tarama
2306:
2240:
2230:
2094:
2065:
1884:kokugo
1879:kokugo
1809:noo-ba
1801:Chris-
1680:Miyara
1666:minami
1638:aspect
1588:Syntax
1576:, and
1536:, and
1479:Liquid
1327:
1164:Miyara
1158:uwa(a)
1105:Hatoma
1057:Liquid
1035:
737:budurï
646:*monki
606:*mentu
564:pazïmi
559:hajime
534:*tanay
449:*punay
346:Hatoma
338:Kohama
287:Miyako
279:Taiwan
226:UNESCO
78:Region
4318:Yoron
4278:Kikai
4177:texts
4150:Books
4070:Tō-on
4060:Go-on
3687:Kanji
3608:Ateji
3571:Kanji
3501:Yoron
3476:Kikai
3344:Other
3246:Inshū
3236:Bingo
3190:Kishū
3180:Awaji
3048:Tokyo
3038:Gunma
3029:Kantō
3014:Kesen
3004:Akita
2994:Nanbu
2735:Yoron
2720:Kikai
2710:Amami
2702:Amami
2562:(PDF)
2555:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
1889:hogen
1815:what-
1765:soba-
1654:agaru
1613:, an
1568:) or
1538:/t͡s/
1373:Nasal
1306:Velar
1213:Close
1196:Front
1152:with
1138:ja(a)
985:Nasal
918:Velar
817:Close
800:Front
732:odori
712:wakai
707:*waka
687:*wata
579:, or
514:*mənə
469:*pato
429:*para
399:Dunan
319:Amami
294:八重山方言
263:Japan
72:Japan
46:ヤイマムニ
40:八重山物言
3785:0213
3780:0212
3775:0211
3770:0208
3765:0201
3761:JIS
3755:2022
3618:Kana
3320:Saga
3284:Ōita
3214:Tosa
3158:Kaga
3127:Hida
3122:Mino
2445:link
2304:ISBN
2238:OCLC
2228:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2063:ISBN
1988:2017
1754:who-
1692:and
1636:and
1634:mood
1626:case
1318:Stop
1264:Open
1206:Back
1172:and
1111:mora
930:Stop
873:Open
810:Back
697:bada
692:wata
651:mugi
626:*kəy
616:mizï
611:mizu
544:tani
539:tane
524:munu
519:mono
479:patu
474:hato
459:funi
454:fune
439:paru
434:hara
356:and
317:and
239:The
4108:JSL
3850:EIS
3740:EUC
3209:Iyo
2935:Old
2405:doi
2296:doi
2187:doi
2053:doi
1923:at
1838:fai
1836:-du
1830:ate
1827:fai
1817:PRT
1811:-du
1803:TOP
1782:-du
1780:taa
1776:ate
1773:fai
1767:PRT
1750:-du
1748:taa
1582:/ɨ/
1578:/ʃ/
1574:/ɸ/
1570:/h/
1566:/d/
1562:/t/
1558:/w/
1554:/j/
1550:/n/
1546:/m/
1542:/u/
1534:/z/
1530:/s/
1467:d͡ʒ
1462:t͡ʃ
1455:t͡s
1241:Mid
845:Mid
786:/ɛ/
656:mun
577:*əy
196:ELP
172:rys
4469::
2536:.
2532:.
2518:^
2493:.
2489:.
2477:^
2441:}}
2437:{{
2401:33
2399:.
2395:.
2383:^
2302:,
2290:,
2272:^
2250:^
2236:.
2214:^
2183:52
2181:.
2169:^
2121:^
2111:.
2061:,
2047:,
2015:^
2005:.
1978:.
1974:.
1862:du
1858:du
1854:du
1731:.
1729:ka
1725:du
1709:-u
1705:-i
1701:-r
1640:.
1572:,
1564:,
1556:,
1548:,
1532:,
1184:.
1027:)
856:eˤ
636:kī
631:ki
581:*o
575:,
573:*e
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
297:,
249:,
4411:†
4405:†
4213:e
4206:t
4199:v
4014:)
4005:)
3959:)
3945:)
2913:e
2906:t
2899:v
2845:†
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2571:.
2540:.
2538:3
2497:.
2495:7
2447:)
2413:.
2407::
2298::
2244:.
2193:.
2189::
2055::
2007:7
1990:.
1980:7
1959:.
1945:.
1821:Q
1819:-
1756:Q
1713:,
1518:w
1511:j
1487:ɾ
1439:h
1430:ʃ
1423:z
1418:s
1411:ɸ
1395:ŋ
1386:n
1379:m
1365:ʔ
1358:ɡ
1352:k
1343:d
1337:t
1330:b
1324:p
1272:a
1256:o
1247:e
1233:u
1226:ɨ
1219:i
1174:o
1170:e
1154:u
1150:o
1146:a
1142:u
1134:i
1130:e
1126:e
1122:i
1092:j
1083:w
1065:r
1049:h
1038:z
1032:s
1024:ɸ
1021:(
1018:f
998:n
991:m
975:ɡ
969:k
962:c
955:d
949:t
942:b
936:p
881:a
865:o
851:e
837:u
830:ɨ
823:i
767:e
303:)
291:(
243:(
43:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
