5096:
4185:
25:
243:
2368:
However –kʰwa occurs in three distinct environments. First, when the subject is also 3rd person. Second, it is always used when the object is higher in animacy than the subject. This means that the object refers to a human also a mythic animal that is thought of as a human being. The third situation
2307:
Takelma has a complex system of verbal pronominal suffixes and is also accompanied by the loss of case markers on nouns. This represents a complete shift to full head marking. In the 3rd person object marker in
Takelma, the suffix –kʰwa which is realized on the verb. However the distribution of –kʰwa
941:
The rising pitch (2) is clearly a conditioned realization of the high pitch (1) that occurs with syllables containing a long vowel, or syllables which end in a resonant /m n l w y/. High pitch can thus be said to be phonetically realized on the latter part of a long vowel, or on a syllable-final
913:
Takelma has six vowel qualtities, with contrastive length: /a ɛ i o ʉ u/ and /a: ɛ: i: o: ʉ: u:/. The vowel /ɛ/ is open, /o/ is close. Sapir also notes the existence of close /e:/, as in "you became", "and then", which he considers to be an (apparently unconditioned) allophone of /i:/.
351:(Takelma name Kʷìskʷasá:n), who lived on to become the last surviving fluent speaker. In 1934, with her death at the age of 99, the language became extinct. An English-Takelma dictionary is currently being created on the basis of printed sources with the aim of reviving the language.
1059:
There is no pitch in words that are pronounced without stress. As Sapir comments, "it not infrequently happens that the major part of a clause will thus be strung along with-out decided stress-accent until some emphatic noun or verb-form is reached", as in the sentence:
2361:
For the 1st and 2nd person objects overt marking is required with clear difference between singular and plural. For 3rd person there is no difference between singular and plural and there is also alternation between the suffix –kʰwa and zero suffix.
548:. A reexamination of the evidence by Tarpent and Kendall (1998, unpublished) however showed that purported lexical and grammatical similarities between Takelma and other languages were erroneous, and they concluded that Takelma is indeed an isolate.
1126:, which has long since been superseded. Its use in the publications of Sapir and other linguists working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries now impedes accessibility to the modern linguist. Below is a table pairing Sapir's notations with the
1707:
meaning that one can link together many different morphemes to form a word. Therefore one single word can often contain a lot of information that in
English would be portrayed in a full sentence. This is mainly done by adding affixes to verbs.
936:
a falling inflection that starts at, or generally somewhat higher than, the raised pitch of (1) and (2), and gradually slides down to fall either in the same or immediately following syllable, to pitch somewhat lower than the normal
544:, a grouping that at present is not generally considered established. Over the years, several linguists have presented evidence which, in their view, linked Takelma to the other "Penutian" languages, in particular the
540:. Writing in 1909, Sapir stated that "the Takelma language represents one of the distinct linguistic stocks of North America". He later revised his opinion, and assigned Takelma to the hypothetical
8201:
8150:
7176:
2780:
71:
8211:
7167:
1114:"All that precedes the main verb form /pʰɛlɛ̀xaʔ/ 'they went out to war' is relatively un-important, and hence is hurried over without anywhere receiving marked stress ".
3308:
Comparative vocabulary of the languages spoken by the 'Umpqua,' 'Lower Rogue River' [Takelma] and 'Calapooia' tribes of
Indians" (35 pp., original dated May 1859)
4223:
869:
8160:
7032:
8056:
3728:
3347:
1716:
Takelma has 6 different "tenses" listed below with the first (aorist) being the basic tense which is equivalent to the immediate future, present, and past.
8216:
8206:
5134:
8155:
1744:
In
Takelma, possession is marked by a set of affixes. Most of them are suffixes but there is one prefix. Below is a table of the four declensional sets.
8226:
328:
178:
8221:
8196:
7160:
3180:
7180:
4216:
3226:
6657:
933:
a rising inflection that starts at, or a trifle above, the normal pitch, and gradually slides up to the same higher pitch referred to above;
6547:
6128:
797:
857:
8029:
873:
839:
5629:
4250:
3791:
8109:
6814:
7153:
3721:
3205:
6790:
8165:
6029:
5100:
4209:
3340:
876:/ɕ/. In the narration of myths, /ɬ/ is the "grizzly-bear prefix" which can be prefixed to any word in the reported speech of the
7559:
347:(1909) are the main sources of information on the language. Both are based on work carried out in 1906 with language consultant
7528:
5948:
5884:
5127:
3945:
3496:
1127:
255:
6561:
6312:
5803:
5008:
6674:
5809:
7027:
5634:
5420:
5414:
5338:
1123:
561:
Takelma has 22 phonemic consonants which occur in normal speech. In addition, there are two consonants of restricted use:
6721:
6009:
7037:
7022:
6022:
5780:
5741:
4189:
3714:
3216:
805:
7877:
6796:
5654:
880:, symbolizing the animal's coarseness; and /ɕ/ is the "coyote prefix", prefixed to words in the reported speech of the
8191:
7017:
7011:
6069:
5987:
5960:
5664:
5069:
4964:
4142:
4041:
3333:
823:
764:
8114:
6583:
6041:
5699:
5659:
5649:
2799:, p. 8) note 2 he points out the existence of both (ɬ) and similarly used (ɕ), which is added to the table here.
3185:
Occasional papers on
Linguistics: Proceedings of the 1981 Hokan Languages Workshop and Penutian Languages Conference
7495:
6244:
5839:
5669:
5355:
5120:
4808:
4504:
4491:
3965:
3927:
3920:
3682:
3478:
3398:
848:
676:
669:
614:
6802:
6778:
6753:
6726:
6709:
5617:
5188:
6995:
5719:
5674:
5644:
5143:
4744:
3913:
3471:
888:
814:
7975:
7203:
6474:
6306:
5361:
5177:
3126:
8124:
7957:
7620:
7042:
6849:
6486:
5368:
4882:
4813:
4080:
3567:
3269:. Anthropological Publications of the University Museum. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
265:
50:
7145:
6047:
5972:
5375:
5325:
4844:
4232:
3667:
687:
173:
4620:
7951:
7909:
7718:
7684:
7402:
7061:
6909:
6704:
6699:
6480:
6433:
6063:
5980:
5639:
5623:
5431:
5332:
5195:
5171:
5077:
4580:
4524:
4510:
4355:
4150:
3387:
2767:
2758:
779:
757:
750:
733:
728:
719:
714:
693:
67:
5397:
8119:
8065:
7984:
7962:
7603:
7485:
7107:
7005:
6694:
6497:
6287:
6276:
6238:
5845:
5819:
5724:
5714:
5313:
5164:
4769:
4683:
4677:
4665:
4517:
4498:
4072:
4047:
3819:
3659:
923:
635:
628:
399:
8017:
8010:
6808:
6533:
4376:
4369:
3677:
2369:
is when the subject and object are of equal animacy but the object outranks the subject in topicality.
884:; thus /kʷìti/ "where?" (normal speech), /ɬkʷìti/ (grizzly bear speaking), /ɕkʷìti/ (coyote speaking).
7944:
7792:
7358:
7324:
7082:
6967:
6839:
6647:
6620:
6603:
6571:
6469:
6183:
6108:
6035:
5814:
5791:
5763:
5694:
5605:
5386:
4671:
4651:
4341:
4286:
389:
8129:
7968:
7926:
7866:
7845:
7639:
7575:
7518:
7466:
7451:
7424:
7392:
7208:
6859:
6763:
6663:
6652:
6614:
6593:
6491:
6450:
6225:
6207:
6201:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6075:
6058:
5797:
5463:
5450:
5344:
5294:
5151:
5059:
4802:
4658:
4362:
4348:
4331:
3992:
3903:
3831:
3737:
3622:
3462:
3420:
3364:
773:
708:
545:
8040:
7996:
7920:
7820:
7806:
7736:
7626:
7442:
7386:
7379:
7290:
7274:
6773:
6768:
6758:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6715:
6684:
6679:
6632:
6626:
6577:
6522:
6445:
6329:
6293:
6254:
6196:
6003:
5998:
5709:
5468:
5437:
5403:
5391:
5350:
5225:
4996:
4943:
4795:
4751:
4644:
4606:
4592:
4571:
4467:
4405:
4024:
4015:
3848:
3425:
3373:
3356:
3248:
2365:
The zero variant occurs with animates as well as inanimate, covert pronouns, and overt nominals.
743:
574:
541:
360:
7263:
6870:
6833:
4783:
8104:
8046:
7799:
7782:
7757:
7743:
7598:
7461:
7456:
7418:
7301:
6875:
6864:
6844:
6784:
6689:
6669:
6608:
6588:
6299:
6260:
6231:
6219:
6156:
6102:
6080:
6053:
5993:
5966:
5785:
5746:
5736:
5704:
5577:
5503:
5485:
5479:
5381:
5299:
5213:
5182:
5013:
4860:
4831:
4818:
4789:
4777:
4737:
4727:
4690:
4545:
4484:
4478:
4412:
4005:
4000:
3934:
3585:
3546:
3485:
3430:
3222:
3201:
589:
579:
8186:
8134:
8079:
8072:
7990:
7931:
7859:
7852:
7771:
7729:
7694:
7652:
7633:
7608:
7548:
7542:
7505:
7412:
7310:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7221:
7092:
6952:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6891:
6885:
6880:
6854:
6747:
6642:
6566:
6504:
6456:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6363:
6352:
6336:
6271:
6266:
6249:
6190:
6084:
6016:
5927:
5894:
5872:
5862:
5758:
5730:
5679:
5600:
5584:
5570:
5552:
5545:
5531:
5491:
5473:
5457:
5443:
5265:
5248:
5054:
5044:
5028:
5023:
5018:
4991:
4953:
4937:
4901:
4870:
4824:
4713:
4613:
4530:
4426:
4388:
4319:
4305:
4166:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4107:
3974:
3954:
3874:
3800:
3763:
3672:
3646:
3611:
3555:
3535:
3512:
3407:
3296:
3156:
2781:
Classification of indigenous languages of the
Americas#Sapir (1929): Encyclopædia Britannica
569:
537:
287:
196:
160:
7937:
7894:
7887:
7764:
7750:
7700:
7614:
7589:
7512:
7478:
7472:
7369:
7335:
7235:
7197:
7087:
6962:
6947:
6916:
6637:
6598:
6463:
6409:
6281:
6143:
5909:
5904:
5769:
5684:
5565:
5558:
5538:
5520:
5425:
5408:
5207:
5049:
5001:
4876:
4838:
4758:
4707:
4638:
4586:
4540:
4458:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4419:
4398:
4294:
4259:
4117:
4054:
3981:
3813:
3807:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3600:
3561:
3414:
2779:
Sapir's full 1929 classification scheme including the
Penutian proposal can be seen here:
1688:
622:
584:
348:
188:
166:
138:
894:
and , which occur mainly in word-initial position before a vowel, and intervocalically.
8003:
7835:
7813:
7666:
7645:
7537:
7431:
7351:
7344:
7283:
7228:
7097:
6957:
6926:
6897:
6528:
6414:
6397:
6347:
6342:
6213:
6150:
5920:
5914:
5834:
5829:
5775:
5752:
5497:
5319:
5276:
5259:
5253:
5231:
5219:
4948:
4917:
4889:
4702:
4696:
4633:
4599:
4535:
4473:
4312:
4275:
4268:
4112:
3891:
3884:
3841:
3780:
3773:
3697:
3605:
3594:
3574:
3526:
3519:
3505:
1122:
The transcription system used by Sapir (1909, 1912) is the then current version of the
148:
233:
8180:
7707:
7673:
7659:
7317:
7214:
6981:
6921:
6903:
6419:
6403:
6357:
6114:
5934:
5899:
5889:
5867:
5824:
5689:
5270:
5202:
4911:
4626:
4558:
4551:
4299:
3862:
3855:
3380:
1704:
120:
80:
40:
3153:
BLS 29: General
Session and Parasession on Phonetic Sources of Phonological Patterns
5878:
4849:
3288:
3274:
3260:
3236:
3131:
1684:
877:
699:
382:
336:
134:
60:
2859:
2045:
Alternations between –t and –tʰ in set II and set IV is regular and predictable.
359:
The commonly used
English name of the language is derived from Ta:-kɛlm-àʔn, the
3320:
831:
3278:
3264:
5525:
1692:
897:
Semivowels /w/ and /y/ are vocalized in syllable-final position, for example:
335:, USA. The language was extensively described by the German-American linguist
5112:
930:
a simple pitch distinctly higher than the normal pitch of unstressed speech;
891:
788:
658:
242:
226:
210:
4201:
3300:
3161:
3148:
363:
of the
Takelma people, which means "those dwelling along the Rogue River (
217:
3181:"Some notes toward using Takelma data in historical and comparative work"
1955:
Set II is used with bare stems or stems having the formant. For example:
602:
273:
261:
653:
324:
320:
269:
152:
3706:
3252:
7102:
7000:
3325:
881:
395:
Takelma B, known from a vocabulary recorded by W.H. Barnhardt in 1859
332:
130:
3307:
1130:(IPA). Note especially Sapir's idiosyncratic way of marking pitch.
2812:
7149:
7121:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5116:
4205:
3710:
3329:
3239:(1907). "Notes on the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon".
2048:
Set III is used with stems having other formants. For example:
3215:
Mithun, M. (2018). "Language Isolates". In L. Campbell (ed.).
18:
3149:"Differential Coding, Partial Blocking, and Bidirectional OT"
1901:
Set I is only ever used with terms of kinship. For example:
1107:{and then} tomorrow {it became} again {they went out to war}
2795:, p. 31) lists (ɬ) in his table of consonants, but in
311:
302:
293:
272:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
247:
Takelma (south), with the Kalapuyan languages to the north
16:
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
3921:
Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati))
3863:
Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram)
2204:
Set IV is used in locative constructions. For example:
868:
Two consonants do not occur in normal everyday speech:
3033:
3031:
381:
Lower Takelma, Sapir's Takelma proper, spoken in the
299:
4001:
Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit)
1110:"and then, the next day, they went out to war again"
305:
290:
8202:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
8143:
8097:
8055:
8028:
7908:
7876:
7834:
7781:
7717:
7683:
7588:
7558:
7527:
7494:
7441:
7401:
7368:
7334:
7300:
7273:
7187:
7075:
7052:
6980:
6824:
6546:
6514:
6432:
6321:
6127:
6094:
5947:
5855:
5599:
5513:
5290:
5241:
5150:
5068:
5037:
4984:
4977:
4927:
4899:
4858:
4768:
4725:
4570:
4457:
4386:
4329:
4285:
4258:
4249:
4159:
4141:
4100:
4093:
4071:
4034:
4014:
3991:
3964:
3944:
3901:
3872:
3829:
3790:
3761:
3754:
3658:
3621:
3584:
3545:
3495:
3461:
3441:
3397:
3363:
2379:
904:/ka:y-àʔtʰ/ "he will grow" vs /ka:y-kʰ/ "he grew"
308:
296:
224:
208:
203:
185:
172:
159:
144:
126:
116:
102:
1703:Takelma, like many Native American languages, is
901:/piliw-átʰ/ "you jump" vs /piliw-tʰɛʔ/ "I jump"
388:Upper Takelma or Latgawa, spoken along the upper
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
3321:OLAC resources in and about the Takelma language
406:A few nouns are attested for all four dialects:
3283:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
398:Takelma H, known from a vocabulary recorded by
7161:
5128:
4217:
3722:
3341:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2762:
2753:
2747:
364:
108:
8:
7131:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3928:Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell))
3801:Lower Rogue River (Tututni, Upper Coquille)
3280:The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon
3174:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
377:There were at least four Takelma dialects:
341:The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon
8212:Northwest Coast Sprachbund (North America)
8052:
7873:
7778:
7491:
7270:
7168:
7154:
7146:
6988:
6554:
6438:
6135:
5953:
5610:
5305:
5156:
5135:
5121:
5113:
4981:
4255:
4224:
4210:
4202:
4097:
3758:
3729:
3715:
3707:
3348:
3334:
3326:
343:(1912). Sapir’s grammar together with his
241:
99:
7177:Indigenous language families and isolates
3160:
2864:Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians
2961:, p. 206), with further references.
2310:
2245:
2206:
2152:
2101:
2050:
2008:
1957:
1903:
1746:
1132:
944:
922:Stressed syllable are pronounced with a
563:
408:
2977:, p. 56, note 2), and 118 note 2).
2922:
2913:, p. 78), with further references.
2910:
2851:
2736:
1104:kane:hiʔ tɛwɛnxa la:le: honoʔ pʰɛlɛ̀xaʔ
887:Consonants /s/ and /ts’/ have optional
536:Takelma is accepted as one of the many
319:is the language that was spoken by the
266:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3127:"Pair breathe life into dead language"
3097:
3049:
2958:
2946:
2811:marks the "delayed" high pitch with a
2377:These are listed by Sapir as follows:
3198:The Languages of Native North America
3109:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3037:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2934:
2898:
2882:
2808:
2796:
2792:
2743:
1691:, but not in normal speech; is also
566:
7:
3808:Upper Rogue River (Galice-Applegate)
870:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
4081:Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)
8217:Language isolates of North America
8207:Extinct languages of North America
3975:Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian)
3221:. London and New York: Routledge.
3218:Language isolates of North America
538:language isolates of North America
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
856:
847:
838:
822:
813:
804:
796:
772:
763:
756:
749:
698:
686:
675:
668:
634:
627:
8227:1934 disestablishments in Oregon
5095:
5094:
4184:
4183:
874:voiceless alveopalatal fricative
286:
181:has a small group of L2 speakers
155:, Cow Creek band of Upper Umpqua
74:may also be used - notably
23:
3119:Cited works and further reading
1683:(Phones marked with * occur in
1128:International Phonetic Alphabet
137:along the middle course of the
8222:Languages extinct in the 1930s
8197:Indigenous languages of Oregon
3200:. Cambridge University Press.
329:Cow Creek band of Upper Umpqua
179:Cow Creek band of Umpqua tribe
72:multilingual support templates
1:
3310:, California Language Archive
3295:. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
3291:(1990). Golla, Victor (ed.).
3125:Achen, Paris (Jan 11, 2008).
2720:tɛ́:haltan ìxti:ltán t’ɛimìʔs
1124:Americanist phonetic notation
1117:
3935:Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya)
2818:gwãn, mẽx, bĩk‛ʷ, nõx, hũlk‛
3172:California Indian Languages
2973:, p. 8, note 2), also
2312:full set of object markers
8243:
4244:indicate extinct languages
3914:Central Kalapuya (Santiam)
3749:indicate extinct languages
2761:"Rogue River", 222 suffix
2400:kà:p’iní ~ kà:pʔiní, kà:ʔm
7116:
6991:
6557:
6441:
6138:
5956:
5613:
5308:
5159:
5144:Primary language families
5090:
4239:
4179:
3781:Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona)
3744:
3691:
3293:Takelma Texts and Grammar
2830:dasmayam̃, nañk‛, gwal̃t‛
1843:
1804:
1765:
1749:
952:
950:
947:
926:, as described by Sapir:
830:
787:
652:
621:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
252:
240:
107:
5961:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2770:"person(s) coming from".
542:Penutian language family
339:in his graduate thesis,
165:1934, with the death of
7128:have no living members.
4233:Languages of California
3241:American Anthropologist
3147:Aissen, Judith (2003).
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2708:jap’amìts’atan t’ɛimìʔs
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
365:
109:
8161:Unclassified languages
7108:Unclassified languages
7062:list of sign languages
6030:Northeastern Tasmanian
5078:American Sign Language
4151:American Sign Language
3892:Miluk (Lower Coquille)
3170:Golla, Victor (2011).
2526:ìxtì:l mì:ʔskaʔ katákʰ
1932:‘your younger brother’
392:in southwestern Oregon
385:in southwestern Oregon
254:This article contains
7083:Constructed languages
4684:Southern Sierra Miwok
4678:Northern Sierra Miwok
4048:Plateau Sign Language
3946:Oregon Coast Penutian
3301:10.1515/9783110846324
3162:10.3765/bls.v29i1.981
2612:haʔi:kà:ʔmatan ixtì:l
2600:haʔi:mìts’atan ixtì:l
1947:‘his younger brother’
1895:`-takʷan or `-tʰkʷan
1740:Person and possession
1118:Sapir's transcription
5630:Binanderean–Goilalan
4672:Central Sierra Miwok
3179:Kendall, D. (1982).
2636:haʔi:ko:katàn ixtì:l
2308:is very restricted.
1917:‘my younger brother’
1689:sound-symbolic forms
1100:they went out to war
70:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
34:specify the language
32:This article should
8110:Algonquian–Wakashan
6912:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
6815:Tequiraca–Canichana
6658:Harákmbut–Katukinan
5421:Northwest Caucasian
5415:Northeast Caucasian
5339:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
5009:Californian Spanish
3738:Languages of Oregon
3196:Mithun, M. (1999).
2538:ìxtì:l kà:ʔm katákʰ
2313:
1878:`-tʰkʷa or `-takʷa
1866:singular reflexive
1839:tapaʔn or `-ʔtʰpan
546:Kalapuyan languages
8192:Penutian languages
8098:Proposed groupings
7188:Language families
6534:Tarascan/Purépecha
6023:Northern Tasmanian
5781:South Bougainville
5742:North Bougainville
4997:California English
4928:Language isolates
4621:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
4607:Kings River Yokuts
4593:Buena Vista Yokuts
3683:Southern Tsimshian
3357:Penutian languages
3076:, pp. 132–33.
3013:, pp. 11, 14.
2860:"Takelma Language"
2696:ìxti:ltan t’ɛimìʔs
2624:haʔi:xìntan ixtì:l
2311:
1732:Present Imperative
8174:
8173:
8156:Extinct languages
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
7904:
7903:
7830:
7829:
7584:
7583:
7560:Takelma–Kalapuyan
7143:
7142:
7093:Language isolates
7071:
7070:
6976:
6975:
6542:
6541:
6428:
6427:
6123:
6122:
6070:Western Tasmanian
5988:Eastern Tasmanian
5943:
5942:
5665:East Geelvink Bay
5595:
5594:
5286:
5285:
5110:
5109:
5086:
5085:
4973:
4972:
4505:Southeastern Pomo
4492:Northeastern Pomo
4199:
4198:
4175:
4174:
4089:
4088:
3704:
3703:
3698:extinct languages
3479:Northern Kalapuya
3228:978-1-138-82105-7
2728:
2727:
2684:kamkàman t’ɛimìʔs
2588:tɛ́:haltan ixtì:l
2386:mì:ʔskaʔ, mì(:)ʔs
2359:
2358:
2283:
2282:
2259:‘between my legs’
2244:
2243:
2202:
2201:
2151:
2150:
2100:
2099:
2043:
2042:
2007:
2006:
1953:
1952:
1899:
1898:
1735:Future Imperative
1681:
1680:
1057:
1056:
866:
865:
746:
711:
665:
617:
610:
605:
598:
529:
528:
280:
279:
262:rendering support
258:phonetic symbols.
98:
97:
8234:
8166:Linguistic areas
8053:
7874:
7779:
7492:
7271:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7147:
6989:
6943:Huaorani/Waorani
6827:(extant in 2000)
6791:Esmeralda–Yaruro
6562:Andoque–Urequena
6555:
6439:
6245:Plateau Penutian
6136:
6111:(Northern Daly?)
5954:
5840:Northwest Papuan
5804:Trans–New Guinea
5670:East New Britain
5645:Central Solomons
5611:
5356:Great Andamanese
5306:
5157:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5114:
5098:
5097:
4992:American English
4982:
4965:Plains Sign Talk
4930:and unclassified
4745:New River Shasta
4256:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4203:
4187:
4186:
4108:American English
4098:
4042:Plains Sign Talk
3966:Plateau Penutian
3759:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3708:
3472:Central Kalapuya
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3304:
3284:
3270:
3256:
3232:
3211:
3192:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3113:
3112:, p. 264ff.
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2806:
2800:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2660:kà:ʔman t’ɛimìʔs
2380:
2314:
2246:
2207:
2153:
2102:
2051:
2009:
1958:
1904:
1849:singular/plural
1747:
1133:
945:
860:
851:
842:
826:
817:
808:
800:
781:
776:
767:
760:
753:
742:
735:
730:
721:
716:
707:
702:
695:
690:
679:
672:
663:
638:
631:
613:
608:
601:
596:
564:
513:"(grizzly) bear"
409:
368:
327:peoples and the
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
245:
236:
220:
213:
197:Language isolate
191:
112:
100:
93:
90:
84:
77:
65:
59:
55:
49:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8139:
8085:
8051:
8033:linguistic area
8032:
8024:
7913:linguistic area
7912:
7900:
7872:
7826:
7777:
7722:linguistic area
7721:
7713:
7687:linguistic area
7686:
7679:
7580:
7554:
7523:
7490:
7437:
7397:
7364:
7330:
7296:
7269:
7189:
7183:
7174:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7112:
7098:Mixed languages
7067:
7048:
6983:
6972:
6826:
6820:
6675:Katembri–Taruma
6549:
6538:
6510:
6424:
6317:
6130:
6119:
6090:
5939:
5851:
5810:Turama–Kikorian
5720:Lower Mamberamo
5675:East Strickland
5603:
5591:
5509:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5237:
5146:
5141:
5111:
5106:
5082:
5064:
5033:
5002:Chicano English
4969:
4963:
4929:
4923:
4895:
4883:Southern Patwin
4854:
4814:Northern Paiute
4803:Luiseño-Juaneño
4764:
4721:
4566:
4453:
4382:
4325:
4281:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4200:
4195:
4171:
4155:
4137:
4085:
4067:
4030:
4010:
3987:
3960:
3940:
3897:
3868:
3825:
3786:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3705:
3700:
3687:
3668:Coast Tsimshian
3654:
3617:
3580:
3568:Southern Patwin
3541:
3491:
3457:
3437:
3393:
3359:
3354:
3317:
3287:
3273:
3259:
3235:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3178:
3169:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2807:
2803:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2576:kamkàman ixtì:l
2556:jap’amìts’atan
2476:haʔi:kà:ʔmatán
2462:haʔi:mìts’atán
2375:
2305:
2296:
2289:
2279:
2272:
2261:
2254:
2240:
2233:
2222:
2215:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1845:
1806:
1767:
1742:
1714:
1701:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
920:
911:
657:
559:
554:
534:
375:
357:
349:Frances Johnson
289:
285:
260:Without proper
248:
232:
216:
209:
199:
192:
189:Language family
187:
167:Frances Johnson
94:
88:
85:
79:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8240:
8238:
8230:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8179:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8151:Classification
8147:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8125:Macro-Chibchan
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8061:
8059:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8036:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7972:
7960:
7958:Tequistlatecan
7955:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7916:
7914:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7891:
7883:
7881:
7871:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7849:
7841:
7839:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7788:
7786:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7725:
7723:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7621:Tequistlatecan
7618:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7565:
7563:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7545:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7499:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7448:
7446:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7416:
7408:
7406:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7373:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7340:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7306:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7277:
7268:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7193:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7023:Indo-Pakistani
7020:
7015:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6992:
6986:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6906:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6830:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6722:Piaroa–Saliban
6719:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6489:
6487:Tequistlatecan
6484:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6216:
6211:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6154:
6147:
6139:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6010:Marrku–Wurrugu
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5581:
5574:
5568:
5563:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5369:Hurro-Urartian
5365:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5309:
5303:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5200:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
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3315:External links
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3247:(2): 251–275.
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1023:"he will say"
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532:Classification
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264:, you may see
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204:Language codes
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117:Native to
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105:
104:
96:
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89:September 2024
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29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
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7878:Calusa–Tunica
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6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6797:Hibito–Cholón
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6313:Yuman–Cochimí
6311:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6048:Southern Daly
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:Darwin Region
5970:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Demta–Sentani
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5376:Indo-European
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5326:Austroasiatic
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5070:Sign language
5067:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:Indo-European
4983:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4627:Valley Yokuts
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:Klamath-Modoc
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:Southern Pomo
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4511:Northern Pomo
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4192:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:Indo-European
4099:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:Lower Chinook
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:Siletz Dee-ni
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3388:Upper Chinook
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:Lower Chinook
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:Sapir, Edward
3286:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:Sapir, Edward
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:Takelma Texts
3262:
3261:Sapir, Edward
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:Sapir, Edward
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3207:0-521-29875-X
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3064:, p. 15.
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3040:, p. 16.
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3025:, p. 13.
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3001:, p. 11.
3000:
2995:
2992:
2989:, p. 35.
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2925:, p. 81.
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:Kendall (1982
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:, p. 5)
2884:
2879:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2765:
2756:
2750:
2746:, p. 7)
2745:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:‘in my house’
2218:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:polysynthetic
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:interjections
1677:for /i:/ (?)
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:for /s/, /ɕ/*
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:"fish (sp.)"
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
956:
946:
943:
935:
932:
929:
928:
927:
925:
917:
915:
908:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
862:
859:
855:
853:
850:
846:
844:
841:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
816:
812:
810:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
790:
786:
783:
778:
775:
771:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
732:
727:
725:
723:
718:
713:
710:
706:
705:
701:
697:
692:
689:
685:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
662:
660:
655:
651:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
595:
594:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
565:
562:
556:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
531:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
411:
410:
407:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:
378:
372:
370:
367:
362:
354:
352:
350:
346:
345:Takelma Texts
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:
284:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
251:
244:
239:
235:
231:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
212:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:United States
119:
115:
111:
106:
101:
92:
82:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
8115:Aztec–Tanoan
8078:
8071:
8066:Guanahatabey
8064:
8057:Pre-Arawakan
8039:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7983:
7974:
7967:
7952:Oto-Manguean
7950:
7943:
7936:
7919:
7910:Mesoamerican
7893:
7886:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7791:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7719:Coahuiltecan
7706:
7699:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7632:
7625:
7613:
7569:
7568:
7547:
7529:Coast Oregon
7511:
7504:
7471:
7430:
7423:
7411:
7403:Macro-Siouan
7385:
7378:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7289:
7282:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7196:
7190:and isolates
7132:
7125:
7124:Families in
7059:
7010:
6908:
6896:
6746:
6714:
6705:Pano-Tacanan
6662:
6625:
6613:
6584:Arutani–Sape
6576:
6521:
6503:
6496:
6481:Oto-Manguean
6479:
6462:
6455:
6402:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6335:
6328:
6305:
6298:
6286:
6259:
6237:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6149:
6142:
6101:
6068:
6064:Western Daly
6042:Pama–Nyungan
6040:
6028:
6021:
6008:
5986:
5981:Eastern Daly
5979:
5971:
5926:
5802:
5790:
5768:
5751:
5729:
5700:Kaure–Kosare
5660:Doso–Turumsa
5650:Chimbu–Wahgi
5640:Bulaka River
5624:Austronesian
5622:
5583:
5576:
5557:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5432:Sino-Tibetan
5430:
5413:
5396:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5343:
5333:Austronesian
5331:
5324:
5312:
5258:
5196:Nilo-Saharan
5194:
5187:
5172:Austronesian
5170:
5163:
5099:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4942:
4936:
4916:
4910:
4900:
4888:
4881:
4869:
4859:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4801:
4794:
4782:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4726:
4712:
4695:
4676:
4666:Plains Miwok
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4579:
4557:
4550:
4523:
4518:Central Pomo
4516:
4509:
4499:Eastern Pomo
4497:
4490:
4483:
4466:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4387:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4330:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4274:
4267:
4241:
4188:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4035:Unclassified
4023:
3980:
3973:
3953:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3902:
3890:
3885:Hanis (Coos)
3883:
3873:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3830:
3820:Upper Umpqua
3818:
3806:
3799:
3779:
3772:
3762:
3746:
3693:
3645:
3610:
3593:
3573:
3566:
3554:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:Coast Oregon
3484:
3477:
3470:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3413:
3406:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3292:
3279:
3265:
3244:
3240:
3217:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3171:
3152:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:Mail Tribune
3130:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2966:
2959:Mithun (2018
2954:
2942:
2937:, p. 5.
2930:
2923:Kendall 1982
2918:
2906:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:
2854:
2809:Sapir (1912)
2804:
2788:
2775:
2749:Dāᵃ-gelmaˊᵋn
2739:
2672:xín t’ɛimìʔs
2490:haʔi:xíntán
2376:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1743:
1715:
1702:
1682:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1043:"he ate it"
1013:"he smiled"
940:
924:pitch-accent
921:
918:Pitch-accent
912:
896:
889:alveopalatal
886:
878:grizzly bear
867:
560:
535:
405:
383:Rogue Valley
376:
358:
344:
340:
337:Edward Sapir
282:
281:
253:
225:
135:Rogue Valley
86:
78:for Takelma.
68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
44:}}
38:{{
33:
8120:Macro-Mayan
7985:Uto-Aztecan
7963:Totozoquean
7793:Coahuilteco
7604:Palaihnihan
7486:Tsimshianic
7018:Germanosign
6922:Mura-Pirahã
6803:Lule–Vilela
6779:Bora-Witoto
6754:Uru–Chipaya
6727:Ticuna–Yuri
6710:Peba–Yaguan
6695:Nambikwaran
6498:Uto-Aztecan
6434:Mesoamerica
6288:Uto-Aztecan
6277:Tsimshianic
6239:Palaihnihan
6109:Malak-Malak
5846:Papuan Gulf
5820:West Papuan
5725:Lower Sepik
5715:Lakes Plain
5618:Arai–Samaia
5606:the Pacific
5314:Afroasiatic
5189:Niger–Congo
5165:Afroasiatic
4845:Tübatulabal
4770:Uto Aztecan
4652:Coast Miwok
4143:French Sign
4073:Uto-Aztecan
3660:Tsimshianic
3098:Aissen 2003
3050:Mithun 1999
2975:Sapir (1909
2971:Sapir (1912
2947:Mithun 2018
2887:Gwísgwashãn
2883:Sapir (1909
2797:Sapir (1912
2793:Sapir (1912
2759:/Ta:-kɛlám/
2744:Sapir (1912
2448:tɛ́:haltan
2414:xìpiní, xín
2274:kʷé:lx-tekʰ
2270:kʷé:lx-tekʰ
2256:xa:-kʷel-té
2252:xa:-kʷel-té
2196:‘his liver’
2094:‘his urine’
2076:xa:lám-tʰkʰ
2072:xa:lám-tʰkʰ
1889:-t/tʰakʷan
1833:-t/tʰapaʔn
1729:Inferential
832:Approximant
390:Rogue River
268:instead of
139:Rogue River
8181:Categories
7976:Mixe–Zoque
7945:Misumalpan
7867:Chitimacha
7359:Algonquian
7325:Athabaskan
7204:Yuki–Wappo
7012:Francosign
6860:Chiquitano
6840:Alacalufan
6648:Guaicuruan
6621:Chapacuran
6604:Cahuapanan
6572:Araucanian
6475:Mixe–Zoque
6470:Misumalpan
6184:Comecrudan
6036:Nyulnyulan
5815:Upper Yuat
5792:Torricelli
5764:Senu River
5695:Foja Range
5601:New Guinea
5526:Burushaski
5387:Kartvelian
5362:Hmong–Mien
5178:Khoe–Kwadi
5060:Vietnamese
4659:Lake Miwok
4356:Purisimeño
4287:Athabaskan
4251:Indigenous
3792:Athabaskan
3755:Indigenous
3110:Sapir 1912
3086:Sapir 1990
3074:Golla 2011
3062:Sapir 1912
3038:Sapir 1912
3023:Sapir 1912
3011:Sapir 1912
2999:Sapir 1912
2987:Sapir 1912
2935:Sapir 1909
2899:Achen 2008
2869:2024-09-03
2847:References
2836:gayaũ, gāĩ
2755:Dāᵃ-gela`m
2564:xìn ixti:l
2518:ìxti:ltán
2470:haʔi:kà:ʔm
2456:haʔi:mì:ʔs
2238:‘my house’
2217:ha-wili-té
2213:ha-wili-té
2181:‘my liver’
2178:p’á:n-tʰkʰ
2174:p’á:n-tʰkʰ
2145:‘his rock’
2079:‘my urine’
2037:‘his head’
2019:tàkax-tekʰ
2015:tàkax-tekʰ
2001:‘his song’
1983:hè:l-tʰekʰ
1979:hè:l-tʰekʰ
1886:-(x)akʷan
1872:-t/tʰakʷa
1693:epenthetic
1008:/tasmayám/
998:/kʰʉlʉ́:m/
993:"panther"
942:resonant:
892:allophones
615:labialized
557:Consonants
400:W.B. Hazen
110:Ta:kɛlmàʔn
8130:Tolatecan
8030:Caribbean
8018:Alagüilac
8011:Purépecha
7997:Cuitlatec
7969:Totonacan
7927:Jicaquean
7846:Muskogean
7821:Mamulique
7807:Comecrudo
7737:Karankawa
7640:Jicaquean
7627:Chimariko
7576:Kalapuyan
7519:Sahaptian
7467:Yok-Utian
7452:Chinookan
7425:Iroquoian
7393:Chimakuan
7209:Chumashan
7043:Tanzanian
6984:languages
6881:Hodï/Joti
6825:Isolates
6764:Yanomaman
6700:Otomákoan
6664:Jirajaran
6653:Guajiboan
6615:Catacaoan
6594:Barbacoan
6523:Cuitlatec
6492:Totonacan
6451:Jicaquean
6330:Chimariko
6226:Muskogean
6208:Kalapuyan
6202:Iroquoian
6177:Chumashan
6170:Chinookan
6163:Chimakuan
6081:Yangmanic
6076:Worrorran
6059:Wagaydyic
5949:Australia
5798:Trans-Fly
5464:Yeniseian
5451:Tyrsenian
5345:Dravidian
4944:Chimariko
4796:Kitanemuk
4752:Okwanuchu
4645:Bay Miwok
4614:Palewyami
4468:Chimariko
4413:Ramaytush
4406:Chochenyo
4377:Ventureño
4370:Barbareño
4332:Chumashan
4094:Immigrant
4025:Tillamook
3993:Sahaptian
3904:Kalapuyan
3849:Kathlamet
3832:Chinookan
3696:indicate
3623:Yok-Utian
3463:Kalapuyan
3426:Nez Perce
3421:Sahaptian
3374:Kathlamet
3365:Chinookan
2550:jap’amìʔs
2434:kamkàman
2392:mʉ:ʔxtán
2355:∅/ -kʰwa
2277:‘my legs’
2235:wili-tʰkʰ
2231:wili-tʰkʰ
2130:‘my rock’
2127:taná-tʰkʰ
2123:taná-tʰkʰ
2022:‘my head’
1986:‘my song’
1892:`-tʰkʷan
1869:-(x)akʷa
1836:`-ʔtʰpan
1810:singular
1777:-t/tʰekʰ
1771:singular
1723:Potential
1653:for /V́n/
1633:for /V́m/
1613:for /V́l/
1599:for /a:/
1593:for /V́i/
1573:for /V́u/
1551:for /ts’/
1548:ts·!, tc!
1097:pʰɛlɛ̀xaʔ
1084:it became
789:Fricative
709:aspirated
659:Affricate
552:Phonology
440:tši:hwi:
366:Ta:-kɛlám
361:self-name
227:Glottolog
211:ISO 639-3
145:Ethnicity
8041:Arawakan
7921:Chibchan
7800:Cotoname
7758:Quinigua
7744:Maratino
7443:Penutian
7387:Wakashan
7380:Salishan
7291:Eskimoan
7275:Eskaleut
7076:See also
7053:Isolates
7028:Japanese
6968:Yuracaré
6850:Candoshi
6809:Macro-Jê
6774:Zaparoan
6769:Zamucoan
6759:Witotoan
6742:Tucanoan
6737:Tiniguan
6732:Timotean
6716:Quechuan
6685:Matacoan
6680:Mascoian
6670:Jivaroan
6633:Chibchan
6627:Charruan
6578:Arawakan
6515:Isolates
6446:Chibchan
6322:Isolates
6294:Wakashan
6255:Salishan
6197:Eskaleut
6103:Giimbiyu
6095:Isolates
6004:Jarrakan
5999:Iwaidjan
5856:Isolates
5710:Kutubuan
5578:Sumerian
5514:Isolates
5469:Yukaghir
5438:Tungusic
5404:Mongolic
5392:Koreanic
5351:Eskaleut
5242:Isolates
5226:Ubangian
5101:Category
5014:Armenian
4832:Tataviam
4819:Panamint
4790:Kawaiisu
4778:Cahuilla
4738:Konomihu
4572:Penutian
4546:Kumeyaay
4485:Atsugewi
4479:Achomawi
4342:Obispeño
4190:Category
4016:Salishan
4006:Umatilla
3486:Yoncalla
3431:Sahaptin
3277:(1912).
3263:(1909).
3191:: 78–81.
3138:22 April
2768:/-àʔ(n)/
2648:t’ɛimìʔs
2484:haʔi:xín
2406:kà:ʔman
2373:Numerals
2352:∅/ -kʰwa
2319:Singular
2193:p’á:n-tʰ
2189:p’á:n-tʰ
2034:tàkax-ta
2030:tàkax-ta
1998:hè:l-tʰa
1994:hè:l-tʰa
1875:`-tʰkʷa
1830:-ʔtʰpan
1816:-t/tʰeʔ
1671:for /Vn/
1639:for /a/
1619:for /a/
1332:k‛w, k‛ʷ
1076:tomorrow
1068:and then
1065:kane:hiʔ
1053:"grow!"
1028:/kʷáltʰ/
988:/hú:lkʰ/
973:"skunk"
968:/pí:kʰʷ/
963:"crane"
958:/mɛ́:x /
953:"trail"
872:/ɬ/ and
744:ejective
603:sibilant
575:Alveolar
496:"beaver"
373:Dialects
274:Help:IPA
234:take1257
8187:Takelma
8105:Amerind
8080:Ciguayo
8073:Macorix
8047:Cariban
8021: ?
7880: ?
7860:Atakapa
7853:Natchez
7838: ?
7785: ?
7783:Pakawan
7772:Tonkawa
7730:Aranama
7685:Pueblo
7653:Salinan
7634:Esselen
7599:Shastan
7592: ?
7570:Takelma
7562: ?
7549:Siuslaw
7531: ?
7506:Klamath
7498: ?
7496:Plateau
7462:Maiduan
7457:Wintuan
7445: ?
7419:Caddoan
7405: ?
7372: ?
7311:Tlingit
7302:Na-Dene
7257:Waikuri
7250:Timucua
7243:Kutenai
7222:Beothuk
7126:italics
7103:Pidgins
7088:Creoles
7038:Swedish
7006:Chinese
6953:Urarina
6938:Puinave
6892:Itonama
6886:Irantxe
6855:Chimane
6785:Chimuan
6690:Nadahup
6609:Cariban
6589:Aymaran
6550:America
6392:Waikuri
6385:Tonkawa
6378:Timucua
6371:Takelma
6364:Siuslaw
6353:Kutenai
6337:Esselen
6300:Wintuan
6261:Shastan
6232:Na-Dene
6220:Maiduan
6157:Caddoan
6131:America
6085:Wagiman
6083:(incl.
6054:Tangkic
5994:Garawan
5967:Bunuban
5928:Tambora
5895:Maybrat
5863:Abinomn
5786:Teberan
5747:Pauwasi
5737:Mairasi
5705:Kiwaian
5585:Tambora
5571:Shompen
5553:Kusunda
5546:Kenaboi
5532:Elamite
5504:Siangic
5486:Kho-Bwa
5480:Hrusish
5398:Kra–Dai
5382:Japonic
5291:Eurasia
5266:Sandawe
5249:Bangime
5214:Songhay
5055:Tagalog
5045:Chinese
5029:Russian
5024:Punjabi
5019:Persian
4960:Takelma
4954:Salinan
4938:Esselen
4871:Nomlaki
4861:Wintuan
4825:Serrano
4728:Shastan
4714:Nisenan
4691:Maiduan
4531:Kashaya
4427:Awaswas
4363:Ineseño
4349:Cruzeño
4320:Wailaki
4306:Mattole
4242:Italics
4167:Finnish
4133:Swedish
4128:Spanish
4123:Russian
4062:Takelma
3955:Siuslaw
3747:Italics
3694:Italics
3678:Nisga’a
3673:Gitksan
3612:Nisenan
3586:Maiduan
3556:Nomlaki
3547:Wintuan
3536:Siuslaw
3452:Takelma
3443:Takelma
3408:Klamath
3399:Plateau
2764:-aˊᵋ(n)
2498:haʔi:kó
2442:tɛ́:hal
2403:"twice"
2322:Plural
2294:‘to me’
2264:versus
2225:versus
2166:‘liver’
2064:‘urine’
1968:-x:hè:l
1964:-x:hè:l
1929:wà:-ʔtʰ
1925:wà:-ʔtʰ
1883:plural
1858:`-(tʰ)
1846:person
1827:plural
1807:person
1788:plural
1780:´-tʰkʰ
1768:person
1699:Grammar
1687:and in
1073:tɛwɛnxa
1038:/kayáw/
1033:"wind"
983:"rain"
948:/kʷá:n/
654:Plosive
590:Glottal
580:Palatal
482:sini:x-
462:"water"
457:poktiš
454:pa:xtiš
448:pá:xtis
437:tši:ki:
402:in 1857
325:Takelma
321:Latgawa
283:Takelma
270:Unicode
174:Revival
161:Extinct
153:Latgawa
149:Takelma
103:Takelma
81:See why
8135:Waroid
7991:Xincan
7932:Lencan
7895:Calusa
7888:Tunica
7765:Solano
7751:Naolan
7695:Tanoan
7609:Pomoan
7543:Coosan
7538:Alsean
7513:Molala
7473:Yokuts
7413:Siouan
7264:Pericú
7236:Cayuse
7001:BANZSL
6963:Yamana
6948:Trumai
6917:Movima
6871:Fulniô
6834:Aikanã
6748:Tupian
6643:Chonan
6567:Arauan
6505:Xincan
6457:Lencan
6410:Yokuts
6307:Yukian
6272:Tanoan
6267:Siouan
6250:Pomoan
6191:Coosan
6017:Mirndi
5910:Porome
5905:Pawaia
5759:Senagi
5731:Madang
5680:Eleman
5635:Border
5566:Nihali
5559:Minoan
5539:Hattic
5521:Basque
5492:Mijiic
5474:Digaro
5458:Uralic
5444:Turkic
5295:Europe
5152:Africa
5050:Korean
4902:Yukian
4877:Patwin
4839:Tongva
4784:Cupeño
4759:Shasta
4708:Konkow
4587:Yokuts
4541:Mojave
4448:Chalon
4441:Rumsen
4434:Mutsun
4420:Tamyen
4399:Karkin
4389:Ohlone
4295:Tolowa
4160:Uralic
4118:German
4055:Cayuse
3982:Molala
3875:Coosan
3764:Alsean
3647:Ohlone
3631:Yokuts
3601:Konkow
3562:Patwin
3513:Coosan
3506:Alsean
3415:Molala
3253:659586
3251:
3225:
3204:
2824:külü̃m
2815:: 216
2752:, 223
2512:ìxtì:l
2428:kamkàm
2420:xíntʰ
2389:"once"
2344:-ampʰ
2163:p’á:-n
2159:p’á:-n
2115:‘rock’
2091:xa:lám
2087:xa:lám
1971:‘song’
1944:wi:-xa
1940:wi:-xa
1914:wi-wá:
1910:wi-wá:
1855:-t/tʰ
1819:`-ʔtʰ
1813:`-ʔtʰ
1726:Future
1720:Aorist
1543:/ʉ̀:/
1523:/ʉ́:/
1081:la:le:
1048:/ká:y/
1018:/nánk/
978:/nó:x/
909:Vowels
882:coyote
570:Labial
502:tspink
491:šiniš
488:šinik-
479:"nose"
445:"wolf"
434:ts’isi
431:ts’ìxi
333:Oregon
131:Oregon
127:Region
8144:Lists
8004:Huave
7938:Mayan
7814:Garza
7701:Keres
7667:Washo
7646:Karuk
7615:Yuman
7590:Hokan
7479:Utian
7432:Yuchi
7370:Mosan
7352:Yurok
7345:Wiyot
7336:Algic
7284:Aleut
7229:Bidai
7198:Haida
6958:Warao
6927:Nukak
6898:Kunza
6876:Guató
6865:Cofán
6845:Camsá
6638:Choco
6599:Boran
6548:South
6529:Huave
6464:Mayan
6415:Yuchi
6398:Washo
6348:Karuk
6343:Haida
6282:Utian
6214:Keres
6151:Alsea
6144:Algic
6129:North
5921:Taiap
5915:Sulka
5770:Sepik
5685:Engan
5426:Ongan
5409:Nivkh
5277:Shabo
5260:Jalaa
5254:Hadza
5208:Mande
5038:Asian
4949:Karuk
4918:Wappo
4890:Wintu
4703:Maidu
4697:Chico
4639:Miwok
4634:Wintu
4536:Washo
4474:Karuk
4459:Hokan
4313:Cahto
4276:Yurok
4269:Wiyot
4260:Algic
4113:Dutch
3641:Miwok
3636:Utian
3606:Maidu
3595:Chico
3575:Wintu
3527:Miluk
3520:Hanis
3249:JSTOR
2833:, 35
2827:, 17
2821:, 47
2813:tilde
2731:Notes
2291:wa-té
2287:wa-té
1861:`-ta
1852:-(x)
1822:-taʔ
1800:-tam
1797:-tam
1794:-tam
1791:-tam
1783:-té:
1712:Tense
1531:/ts’/
1503:/ʉ:/
1500:üᵘ, ǖ
1494:ī, īⁱ
1483:/ʉ̀/
1474:i´, í
1468:s·, c
1463:/ʉ́/
1415:/k’ʷ/
1407:/ù:/
1401:/ɛ̀:/
1387:/ú:/
1381:/ɛ́:/
1367:/u:/
1364:ū, ūᵘ
1358:eᵉ, è
1344:u´, ú
1338:e´, é
1335:/kʰʷ/
1271:/ò:/
1251:/ó:/
1231:/o:/
1228:ō, ōᵘ
1222:ā, āᵃ
1208:o´, ó
1202:a´, á
1148:Sapir
1142:Sapir
1136:Sapir
1092:again
1089:honoʔ
664:plain
623:Nasal
609:plain
597:plain
585:Velar
525:mena
519:menák
508:spin
499:spí:n
485:tsin-
474:hwi:
428:"dog"
417:Upper
414:Lower
331:, in
7836:Gulf
7708:Zuni
7674:Yana
7660:Seri
7318:Eyak
7215:Adai
7133:bold
7060:See
6996:Arab
6982:Sign
6933:Páez
6910:Maku
6904:Leco
6420:Zuni
6404:Yana
6358:Seri
6115:Tiwi
5935:Wiru
5900:Mpur
5890:Kuot
5873:Anêm
5868:Abun
5835:Yuat
5830:Yawa
5776:Skou
5753:Ramu
5604:and
5498:Miju
5320:Ainu
5300:Asia
5298:and
5271:Laal
5232:Kadu
5220:Ijaw
5183:Kx'a
4912:Yuki
4809:Mono
4559:Yahi
4552:Yana
4300:Hupa
3223:ISBN
3202:ISBN
3140:2012
2717:5000
2705:2000
2693:1000
2553:20 x
2515:10 x
2349:3rd
2338:2nd
2333:-am
2327:1st
2142:taná
2138:taná
2061:xá:n
2057:xá:n
1774:wi-
1758:III
1636:û, ᴀ
1567:/ɬ/*
1564:ł, ʟ
1537:/ì:/
1517:/í:/
1497:/i:/
1443:/ʉ/
1395:/k’/
1375:/t’/
1361:/ɛ:/
1355:/p’/
1347:/ù/
1341:/ɛ̀/
1327:/ú/
1321:/ɛ́/
1315:/kʰ/
1307:/u/
1295:/tʰ/
1279:/pʰ/
1265:/à:/
1259:/kʷ/
1245:/á:/
1225:/a:/
1211:/ò/
1196:b, p
1191:/ó/
1171:/o/
1151:IPA
522:mena
516:mèna
505:špin
471:txi:
451:maym
369:)".
355:Name
323:and
41:lang
7179:of
5885:Kol
5879:Ata
5825:Yam
5690:Fas
5203:Tuu
4850:Ute
3297:doi
3157:doi
2681:400
2669:300
2657:200
2645:100
2501:9 x
2487:8 x
2473:7 x
2459:6 x
2445:5 x
2431:4 x
2417:3 x
2341:-pi
2330:-xi
2112:tán
2108:tán
1844:3rd
1805:2nd
1766:1st
1761:IV
1755:II
1695:.)
1630:Vm̃
1627:/j/
1610:Vl̃
1607:/w/
1587:/l/
1540:ü´ᵘ
1534:ī´ⁱ
1528:ts!
1511:/h/
1491:/x/
1477:/ì/
1457:/í/
1451:/s/
1437:/i/
1431:/ʔ/
1412:k!w
1404:ū´ᵘ
1398:e´ᵉ
1301:/ɛ/
1268:ō´ᵘ
1262:ā´ᵃ
1239:/k/
1219:/t/
1205:/à/
1199:/p/
1185:/á/
1179:/n/
1165:/a/
1159:/m/
1145:IPA
1139:IPA
780:kʼʷ
765:tsʼ
734:kʷʰ
256:IPA
218:tkm
76:tkm
61:IPA
8183::
6087:)?
4957:,
4951:,
4947:,
4941:,
4915:,
3243:.
3189:10
3187:.
3183:.
3155:.
3151:.
3129:.
3030:^
2862:.
2633:90
2621:80
2609:70
2597:60
2585:50
2573:40
2561:30
2547:20
2535:12
2523:11
2509:10
1752:I
1668:Vⁿ
1659:*
1650:Vñ
1644:dj
1590:Vĩ
1579:*
1570:Vũ
1520:ü̃
1480:ü´
1460:ü`
1454:i`
1392:k!
1372:t!
1352:p!
1324:u`
1318:e`
1312:k‛
1292:t‛
1276:p‛
1256:gw
1188:o`
1182:a`
801:)
774:kʼ
758:tʼ
751:pʼ
729:kʰ
720:tʰ
715:pʰ
694:kʷ
468:si
465:xí
423:H
151:,
133:,
46:,
7169:e
7162:t
7155:v
7135:.
7045:?
6929:?
6888:?
6867:?
6836:?
6817:?
6811:?
6805:?
6799:?
6793:?
6787:?
6781:?
6050:?
6013:?
5976:?
5963:?
5930:?
5923:?
5917:?
5881:?
5875:?
5848:?
5842:?
5587:?
5573:?
5561:?
5548:?
5506:?
5500:?
5494:?
5488:?
5482:?
5476:?
5302:)
5293:(
5279:?
5273:?
5234:?
5228:?
5222:?
5216:?
5210:?
5199:?
5136:e
5129:t
5122:v
4225:e
4218:t
4211:v
3730:e
3723:t
3716:v
3349:e
3342:t
3335:v
3303:.
3299::
3255:.
3245:9
3231:.
3210:.
3165:.
3159::
3142:.
3100:.
2901:.
2889:.
2872:.
2839:.
2783:.
2495:9
2481:8
2467:7
2453:6
2439:5
2425:4
2411:3
2397:2
2383:1
1674:ē
1656:ᴇ
1647:*
1624:y
1616:ô
1604:w
1596:â
1584:l
1576:ä
1514:ĩ
1508:h
1488:x
1448:s
1440:ü
1434:i
1428:ᵋ
1384:ũ
1378:ẽ
1304:u
1298:e
1248:õ
1242:ã
1236:g
1216:d
1176:n
1168:o
1162:a
1156:m
937:.
858:w
849:j
840:l
824:h
815:x
806:s
798:ɬ
795:(
700:ʔ
688:k
677:t
670:p
656:/
636:n
629:m
420:B
315:/
312:ə
309:m
306:l
303:ɛ
300:k
297:ˈ
294:ə
291:t
288:/
276:.
91:)
87:(
83:.
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