1425:
315:
68:
106:
75:
3751:, a close follower of the Buddha. A Buddhist story about Aṅgulimāla (also called Ahiṃsaka, and later a close follower of Buddha), relates how his parents sent him to Taxila to study under a well-known teacher. There he excels in his studies and becomes the teacher's favorite student, enjoying special privileges in his teacher's house. However, the other students grow jealous of Ahiṃsaka's speedy progress and seek to turn his master against him. To that end, they make it seem as though Ahiṃsaka has seduced the master's wife.
1003:
3691:
99:
3711:
924:
3781:(Bihar) in Magadha, was taken by Chanakya for his training and education to Taxila, and had him educated there in "all the sciences and arts" of the period, including military sciences. There he studied for eight years. The Greek and Hindu texts also state that Kautilya (Chanakya) was a native of the northwest Indian subcontinent, and Chandragupta was his resident student for eight years. These accounts match
136:
934:
147:
47:
3565:
According to John
Marshall, Taxila emerged as a centre of learning after the Persian conquests due to its geographical position, "at the North-Western gateway of the subcontinent," and the "cosmopolitan character of her population." It started as a Brahmanical seat of learning. According to Frazier
3590:
or the sciences of the Vedas, which included disciplines such as linguistics, law, astronomy and reasoning. Taxila was particularly renowned for Vedic science, medicine, and the arts, but both religious and secular subjects were taught, and even subject such as archery or astrology in.
4388:"Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Plutarch 62-4
3536:
in the 5th century CE. Taxila was at the crossroad of the main trade roads of Asia, and was probably populated by
Indians, Persians, Greeks, Scythians and many ethnicities coming from the various parts of the Achaemenid Empire. The 4th - 3rd century BCE Buddhist
3729:
may have been influenced by the experiences and knowledge acquired by some of his closest followers in the foreign capital of Taxila. Several contemporaries, and close followers, of the Buddha are said to have studied in Taxila, namely:
4050:
stories about the students and teachers of Takshaśilā, but not a single episode even remotely suggests that the different 'world renowned' teachers living in that city belonged to a particular college or university of the modern
4079:"Taxila, besides being a provincial seat, was also a centre of learning. It was not a university town with lecture halls and residential quarters, such as have been found at Nalanda in the Indian state of Bihar."
3407:
3826:
1424:
4608:
3317:
3377:
3620:
It was not a university in the modern sense, in that the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, in contrast to the later
3441:
3347:
67:
3357:
964:
1400:
851:
3516:
satrapy (colony), the earliest known archaeological remains date to this period. The city surrendered to
Alexander in 326 BCE, was annexed by the
3509:
98:
3601:
Taxila is frequently mentioned as a university centre where students could get instruction in almost any subject, religious or secular, from the
4589:
4483:
4462:
4434:
4002:
174:
219:
3167:
4390:
4033:, p. 109: "It may be observed at the outset that Taxila did not possess any colleges or university in the modern sense of the term."
3469:
3434:
4567:
4543:
4373:
4276:
4249:
4198:
4154:
4127:
3981:
3954:
957:
3605:
to mathematics and medicine, even to astrology and archery." The role of Taxila as a center of knowledge grew stronger under the
1393:
1330:
3427:
1676:
1434:
4518:
3252:
898:
324:
1761:
950:
927:
294:
4064:
3552:
4171:
3362:
3232:
1323:
888:
3532:
around 30 CE, to flourish as a seat of
Buddhist learning, to be conquered, destroyed, and the site abandoned by the
4069:
3722:
3703:
3412:
1386:
982:
3777:, Buddhist literature states that Chandragupta Maurya, the future founder of the Mauryan Empire, though born near
3493:
3382:
3342:
2807:
2401:
1750:
1644:
1633:
1622:
1044:
1037:
785:
696:
602:
365:
3267:
2181:
2021:
883:
573:
547:
3690:
3372:
3337:
3172:
2952:
2501:
2053:
1982:
873:
4473:
1562:
4409:
3287:
3262:
3212:
3152:
2737:
2673:
2471:
1687:
878:
664:
468:
273:
4316:
Modelski, George (1964). "Kautilya: Foreign Policy and
International System in the Ancient Hindu World".
4553:
4359:
4103:
3332:
3322:
3292:
3157:
3112:
2942:
2581:
2571:
2541:
2273:
2253:
2114:
1483:
1445:
1169:
903:
521:
352:
339:
1058:
3257:
3242:
3187:
2828:
893:
845:
314:
3786:
3774:
3754:
3660:
3635:
in the 5th century CE seem to have put an end to the activities of Taxila as a centre of learning.
3182:
2910:
2757:
2451:
2431:
1843:
1791:
1372:
303:
933:
4448:
4341:
4333:
3695:
3521:
3387:
3247:
3227:
2872:
2481:
2391:
2161:
2151:
2084:
2033:
1739:
1655:
1142:
1051:
608:
567:
474:
383:
3748:
3492:. It was established as a centre of education in religious and secular topics. It started as a
4585:
4563:
4539:
4507:
4503:
4479:
4458:
4430:
4369:
4272:
4245:
4239:
4194:
4188:
4150:
4123:
4117:
3977:
3971:
3950:
3397:
3367:
3277:
3272:
3217:
3162:
2992:
2882:
2861:
2817:
2787:
2491:
2421:
2411:
2381:
1863:
1825:
1705:
1457:
1215:
1126:
1103:
991:
817:
746:
418:
377:
4363:
4266:
4144:
3944:
4497:
4493:
4475:
The
Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities
4325:
3710:
3481:
3402:
3392:
3327:
3297:
3282:
3237:
3222:
3207:
3177:
3072:
2767:
2551:
2461:
2340:
2330:
2283:
2212:
2191:
1781:
1771:
1610:
1545:
1376:
1350:
1256:
1120:
1070:
908:
702:
140:
135:
86:
4533:
3670:
3666:
3613:) in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. In the early centuries CE it was a prominent centre of
3702:
accompanying them to go to school is also part of the complete scene. 2nd-3rd century CE,
2850:
2839:
2797:
2777:
2695:
2662:
2243:
2171:
2131:
2043:
2003:
1965:
1883:
1267:
1263:
1249:
937:
758:
676:
658:
622:
535:
515:
462:
442:
3897:"In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."
3659:, the influential, 4th century BCE, Prime Minister of the founder of the Mauryan Empire,
3674:
3525:
3060:
3012:
2706:
2684:
2652:
2630:
2591:
2521:
2511:
2371:
2104:
1914:
1289:
1282:
1242:
1149:
1062:
799:
779:
734:
720:
682:
670:
652:
646:
634:
541:
480:
456:
3647:
3546:
17:
4602:
4444:
4345:
3803:
3677:
school was also an excellent teacher at Taxila and attracted students from as far as
3606:
3529:
3517:
2982:
2922:
2747:
2141:
2094:
2074:
1948:
1931:
1893:
1873:
1808:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1515:
1358:
1273:
1201:
1176:
1135:
1002:
740:
728:
714:
529:
436:
3820:
3669:, according to the 3rd century CE Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller Yuan Chwang,
3579:
3566:
and Flood, the highly systemized Vedic model of learning helped establish
Buddhist
3538:
3102:
3092:
2972:
2962:
2892:
2727:
2717:
2601:
2531:
2313:
2233:
1853:
1717:
1665:
1533:
1208:
1183:
1084:
1074:
688:
555:
486:
371:
3643:
Influential teachers who are said to have taught at university of Taxila include:
3586:
and the ritual but also the different theoretical disciplines associated with the
3496:
seat of learning; while in the early centuries CE it became a prominent centre of
4577:
4557:
4522:
4452:
4424:
4413:
3610:
3533:
3489:
3122:
3082:
3042:
2441:
2303:
2293:
1303:
1190:
811:
805:
628:
616:
561:
492:
3594:
According to John
Marshall, "In early Buddhist literature, particularly in the
3814:
3714:
3651:
3575:
3567:
3542:
3032:
2932:
2642:
1416:
1235:
752:
640:
407:
209:
162:
52:
4511:
189:
176:
4074:
3758:
3459:
3002:
1194:
708:
596:
424:
395:
4047:
3782:
3768:
3735:
3656:
3632:
3614:
3497:
3485:
3477:
3352:
2263:
1728:
1505:
1495:
1093:
1078:
839:
430:
389:
357:
152:
3767:, the Indian "father of medicine" and one of the leading authorities in
4337:
3808:
3764:
3621:
3587:
3571:
3513:
2561:
1466:
1116:
1097:
448:
401:
344:
46:
3907:
3790:
3739:
3726:
3699:
3596:
3545:
each had received their education, while 4th century BCE grammarian,
3473:
2361:
129:
4329:
3582:(late 8th century CE). These Buddhist institutions not only taught
3528:
around 80 BCE, conquered, destroyed, and a new city founded by the
3778:
3709:
3689:
3678:
3625:
3583:
1112:
1066:
1017:
3022:
1296:
793:
4146:
A Peace
History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi
3771:, is also said to have studied at Taxila, and practiced there.
3890:
3888:
3694:
Students with their oblong palettes used for writing, in the
4014:
4012:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
313:
3827:
Ancient institutions of learning in the Indian subcontinent
3789:
4582:
Refiguring the Body: Embodiment in South Asian Religions
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3550:
3512:, around 540 BCE, Taxila became the capital of their
4059:
4057:
105:
74:
4580:, in Holdrege, Barbara A.; Pechilis, Karen (eds.),
3976:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 255–256.
279:
269:
261:
256:
243:
230:
225:
215:
205:
168:
158:
125:
4324:(3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 549–560.
3650:, the 4th century BCE grammarian, possibly from
4609:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent
4122:. Pearson Education India. p. 439/ HC.23.
3894:
3663:, is also said to have been teaching at Taxila.
4538:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–24.
4244:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 256.
4193:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 255.
4173:On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629-645 A.D
4472:Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016-10-04).
4423:Frazier, Jessica; Flood, Gavin (2011-06-30).
3435:
1394:
958:
8:
4213:
4018:
3879:
30:
4391:"Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1"
4001:sfn error: no target: CITEREFScharfe2002a (
3745:Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army
3442:
3428:
1439:
1412:
1401:
1387:
976:
965:
951:
288:
45:
29:
3541:assert Taxila is where Aruni and his son
4426:The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies
4303:
4291:
4043:
3996:
3930:
3854:
4368:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 16–17.
4149:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 29.
4030:
3838:
3510:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
1415:
990:
979:
302:
291:
113:University of ancient Taxila (Pakistan)
4225:
4046:, p. 81: "We come across several
27:Ancient university in Taxila, Pakistan
4562:(4th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass,
4524:Taxila: Structural remains – Volume 1
4457:(4th ed.). New York: Routledge.
7:
220:Ancient higher-learning institutions
3520:around 317 BCE, became part of the
3470:ancient higher-learning institution
3761:and personal doctor of the Buddha.
3717:, excavation of ancient buildings.
25:
4559:Chandragupta Maurya and his times
4365:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
4318:American Political Science Review
4306:, pp. 18–23, 53–54, 140–141.
3524:, around 200 BCE, annexed by the
4584:, SUNY Press, pp. 285–300,
4241:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
4190:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
4176:. Dalcassian Publishing Company.
3973:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
3823:Mahavihara (late 8th century CE)
1423:
1001:
932:
923:
922:
415:Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE
145:
134:
104:
97:
73:
66:
4499:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names
3811:Mahavihara (Mid 5th Century CE)
3742:, a close friend of the Buddha,
4170:Watters, Thomas (1904-01-01).
1677:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1:
4578:"Murderer, Saint and Midwife"
4429:. A&C Black. p. 34.
4418:(6th ed.). Nand Kishore.
3895:Kulke & Rothermund (2004)
2607:
2346:
2319:
2218:
2197:
2120:
2059:
1988:
1971:
1954:
1937:
1920:
1899:
1814:
1797:
1551:
247:
234:
4271:. Penguin UK. p. PT27.
4265:Gupta, Subhadra Sen (2009).
4143:Schlichtmann, Klaus (2016).
4119:The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011
3456:University of Ancient Taxila
1762:Northern Black Polished Ware
31:University of Ancient Taxila
4238:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
4187:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
3970:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
3817:Mahavihara (8th century CE)
3551:
3549:, mentions the city in his
3358:Influence on Southeast Asia
894:Islamabad Capital Territory
4625:
4415:Education in Ancient India
4019:Frazier & Flood (2011)
3880:Lowe & Yasuhara (2016)
3704:Victoria and Albert Museum
1740:Black and Red ware culture
347:, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE
1751:Painted Grey Ware culture
1623:Indus Valley Civilisation
366:Indus Valley Civilisation
60:
44:
35:
4042:F. W. Thomas (1944), in
3949:. Grafikol. p. 50.
3570:at the site, and later
3465:Takṣaśilā Viśvavidyālaya
2402:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
2382:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
1983:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
548:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
483:, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
38:Takṣaśilā Viśvavidyālaya
36:
4532:Marshall, John (2013).
4410:Altekar, Anant Sadashiv
4070:Encyclopædia Britannica
3698:of Gandhara. The young
3504:Early history of Taxila
3488:, near the bank of the
2502:Western Chalukya Empire
1645:Mature Harappan culture
842:, c. 1947 CE – present
814:, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
782:, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE
711:, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE
699:, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE
661:, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
518:, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE
368:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
360:, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE
4502:, vol. 1, Delhi:
4073:. 2007. Archived from
3943:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
3718:
3707:
3578:(8th century CE), and
3574:(mid 5th century CE),
3408:Science and technology
1792:Three Crowned Kingdoms
1634:Early Harappan culture
1449:(2,500,000–250,000 BC)
1045:Mature Harappan period
854:, c. 1956 CE – present
808:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
802:, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE
796:, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
788:, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE
755:, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
749:, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE
743:, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE
737:, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE
731:, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE
723:, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE
705:, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE
691:, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE
685:, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE
679:, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE
673:, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE
667:, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE
489:, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE
471:, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE
469:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
421:, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE
380:, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE
374:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
318:
274:Government of Pakistan
238: 5th century BCE
18:Takshashila University
4554:Mookerji, Radha Kumud
4104:Columbia Encyclopedia
3946:Buddhist Architecture
3713:
3693:
3617:scholarship as well.
3500:scholarship as well.
3311:Specialised histories
2582:Kalachuris of Kalyani
2572:Kalachuris of Tripuri
2254:Western Ganga Kingdom
2182:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
2132:Western Satrap Empire
2115:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
2105:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
1656:Late Harappan culture
1417:History of South Asia
1170:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1153:c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
1150:Indo-Scythian kingdom
1055:c. 1900 – c. 1500 BCE
1048:c. 2600 – c. 1900 BCE
1041:c. 3300 – c. 2600 BCE
1038:Early Harappan period
818:Independence Movement
522:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
481:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
477:, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE
459:, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE
451:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
445:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
439:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
433:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
427:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
410:, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE
404:, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE
398:, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
392:, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
386:, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE
317:
251: 5th century CE
4576:Wilson, Liz (2016),
4360:Mookerji, Radhakumud
4077:on 22 December 2007:
2829:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
2631:Late medieval period
2542:Eastern Ganga Empire
2274:Vishnukundina Empire
1334:c. 1849 – c. 1947 CE
1327:c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE
1307:c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
1300:c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
1293:c. 1758 – c. 1761 CE
1286:c. 1748 – c. 1818 CE
1279:c. 1627 – c. 1707 CE
1253:c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
1090:c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
1052:Late Harappan period
868:History of provinces
846:Dominion of Pakistan
558:, c. 345 – c. 455 CE
495:, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
465:, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE
116:Show map of Pakistan
55:archaeological site.
4527:. University Press.
4449:Rothermund, Dietmar
4214:Malalasekera (1960)
3999:, pp. 140–141.
3787:Alexander the Great
3775:Chandragupta Maurya
3661:Chandragupta Maurya
3631:The destruction by
2911:Early modern period
2758:Vijayanagara Empire
2738:Chitradurga Kingdom
2432:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
1844:Shaishunaga dynasty
1373:History of Pakistan
1324:State of Bahawalpur
1146:c. 180 – c. 50 BCE
1139:c. 316 – c. 200 BCE
1132:c. 326 – c. 316 BCE
1109:c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
848:, c. 1947 – 1956 CE
761:, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
717:, c. 1320 – 1620 CE
655:, c. 1170 – 1215 CE
649:, c. 1024 – 1351 CE
186: /
32:
4494:Malalasekera, G.P.
4454:A History of India
4101:"Nalanda" (2001).
4088:"Nalanda" (2007).
3785:'s assertion that
3757:, court doctor at
3719:
3708:
3696:Greco-Buddhist art
3522:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3388:Partition of India
3253:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3201:Regional histories
3146:National histories
3033:Travancore Kingdom
3003:Thondaiman Kingdom
2873:Golkonda Sultanate
2482:Somavamshi Kingdom
2452:Rashtrakuta Empire
2392:Rashidun Caliphate
2314:Kabul Shahi Empire
2162:Nagas of Padmavati
2085:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2025:(230 BC – AD 1206)
1718:Vedic Civilisation
1666:Vedic Civilisation
1563:Ahar-Banas culture
1363:c. 1947 CE–present
1355:c. 1947 CE–present
1351:Province of Punjab
1187:c. 345 – c. 455 CE
1143:Indo-Greek Kingdom
899:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
643:, c. 999 – 1186 CE
631:, c. 870 – 1010 CE
625:, c. 841 – 1024 CE
603:Rashidun Caliphate
599:, c. 643 – 860 CE
570:, c. 450 – 560 CE
568:Hephthalite Empire
544:, c. 240 – 410 CE
524:, c. 25 – c. 80 CE
475:Indo-Greek Kingdom
372:Vedic Civilization
319:
280:Public access
210:Centre of learning
4591:978-1-4384-6315-5
4535:A Guide to Taxila
4504:Pali Text Society
4485:978-1-317-54326-8
4464:978-0-415-32919-4
4436:978-0-8264-9966-0
4294:, pp. 15–18.
3723:Stephen Batchelor
3673:, the founder of
3480:, in present-day
3452:
3451:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3051:
3050:
2953:Thanjavur Kingdom
2901:
2900:
2862:Bijapur Sultanate
2818:Deccan sultanates
2696:Tughlaq Sultanate
2643:Ghaznavid Dynasty
2621:
2620:
2492:Chaulukya Kingdom
2422:Mallabhum kingdom
2412:Umayyad Caliphate
2152:Bharshiva Dynasty
2048:(200 BC – AD 300)
2038:(230 BC – AD 220)
2034:Satavahana Empire
2012:
2011:
2008:(247 BC – AD 224)
1864:Macedonian Empire
1838:(450 BC – AD 489)
1826:Achaemenid Empire
1696:
1695:
1601:
1600:
1524:
1523:
1474:
1473:
1458:Madrasian culture
1411:
1410:
1345:Post-independence
1277:
1216:Emirate of Multan
1130:
1127:Macedonian Empire
1107:
1104:Achaemenid Empire
1088:
975:
974:
747:Bombay Presidency
637:, c. 905 – 999 CE
619:, c. 770 – 850 CE
611:, c. 670 – 860 CE
609:Umayyad Caliphate
605:, c. 643 – 661 CE
576:, c. 641 – 725 CE
564:, c. 415 – 644 CE
550:, c. 240 – 410 CE
538:, c. 250 – 655 CE
419:Macedonian Empire
378:Achaemenid Empire
287:
286:
16:(Redirected from
4616:
4594:
4572:
4549:
4528:
4514:
4489:
4468:
4440:
4419:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4114:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4061:
4052:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3858:
3852:
3609:and Greek rule (
3556:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3393:Pakistan studies
3233:Himachal Pradesh
3073:Portuguese India
3069:
3068:
3065:
3023:Sikh Confederacy
2919:
2918:
2915:
2768:Bengal Sultanate
2707:Sayyid Sultanate
2685:Khalji Sultanate
2674:Mamluk Sultanate
2639:
2638:
2635:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2552:Kakatiya Kingdom
2462:Paramara Kingdom
2355:
2351:
2348:
2324:
2321:
2264:Kamarupa Kingdom
2227:
2223:
2220:
2213:Kalabhras Empire
2206:
2202:
2199:
2125:
2122:
2109:(50 BC – AD 400)
2089:(180 BC – AD 10)
2068:
2064:
2061:
2030:
2029:
2026:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1976:
1973:
1959:
1956:
1942:
1939:
1925:
1922:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1819:
1816:
1802:
1799:
1782:Haryanka dynasty
1772:Pradyota dynasty
1714:
1713:
1710:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1556:
1553:
1546:Anarta tradition
1542:
1541:
1538:
1506:Mehrgarh culture
1496:Bhirrana culture
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:(10,800–3300 BC)
1454:
1453:
1450:
1440:
1427:
1413:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1377:History of India
1271:
1268:Subah of Multans
1257:Langah Sultanate
1173:c. 25 – c. 80 CE
1124:
1101:
1082:
1021:c. 1,900,000 BCE
1005:
995:
977:
967:
960:
953:
936:
926:
925:
889:Gilgit-Baltistan
852:Islamic Republic
703:Chagatai Khanate
532:, c. 60 – 345 CE
307:
289:
252:
249:
239:
236:
201:
200:
198:
197:
196:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
151:
149:
148:
139:
138:
117:
108:
107:
101:
89:
87:Punjab, Pakistan
77:
76:
70:
49:
33:
21:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4575:
4570:
4552:
4546:
4531:
4517:
4492:
4486:
4471:
4465:
4443:
4437:
4422:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4330:10.2307/1953131
4315:
4314:
4310:
4304:Mookerji (1988)
4302:
4298:
4292:Mookerji (1988)
4290:
4286:
4279:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4044:Marshall (1951)
4041:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3931:Marshall (2013)
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3861:
3855:Marshall (2013)
3853:
3840:
3835:
3800:
3688:
3641:
3563:
3506:
3448:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3066:
3063:
3061:Colonial states
3053:
3052:
2943:Madurai Kingdom
2916:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2851:Bidar Sultanate
2840:Berar sultanate
2808:Ladakh Kingdom
2798:Gajapati Empire
2778:Garhwal Kingdom
2663:Delhi Sultanate
2636:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2592:Chutiya Kingdom
2562:Zamorin Kingdom
2353:
2349:
2341:Maukhari Empire
2331:Chalukya Empire
2322:
2284:Maitraka Empire
2225:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2192:Vakataka Empire
2172:Sasanian Empire
2123:
2066:
2062:
2044:Kuninda Kingdom
2027:
2024:
2022:Middle Kingdoms
2014:
2013:
2004:Parthian Empire
1995:
1991:
1974:
1957:
1940:
1923:
1906:
1902:
1817:
1800:
1711:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1616:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1554:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1516:Edakkal culture
1489:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1467:Soanian culture
1451:
1448:
1437:
1407:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:State of Punjab
1354:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:Punjab Province
1326:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1260:c. 1445–1540 CE
1259:
1252:
1250:Delhi Sultanate
1246:c. 1170–1215 CE
1245:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1108:
1100:
1089:
1081:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:Soanian culture
1013:
993:
986:
971:
942:
914:
913:
869:
861:
860:
859:
834:
826:
825:
824:
774:
766:
765:
764:
759:Tarkhan dynasty
659:Delhi Sultanate
623:Habbari dynasty
591:
583:
582:
581:
574:Brahman dynasty
536:Sasanian Empire
516:Parthian Empire
510:
502:
501:
500:
463:Seleucid Empire
345:Soanian culture
334:
305:
298:
250:
237:
194:
192:
190:33.74°N 72.78°E
188:
185:
180:
177:
175:
173:
172:
146:
144:
133:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
92:
91:
90:
84:
83:
82:Shown in Punjab
80:
79:
78:
56:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4573:
4568:
4550:
4544:
4529:
4519:Marshall, John
4515:
4490:
4484:
4469:
4463:
4445:Kulke, Hermann
4441:
4435:
4420:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4381:
4374:
4351:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4277:
4257:
4250:
4230:
4228:, p. 286.
4218:
4206:
4199:
4179:
4162:
4155:
4135:
4128:
4109:
4094:
4081:
4053:
4035:
4031:Altekar (1965)
4023:
4008:
3989:
3982:
3962:
3955:
3935:
3923:
3912:whc.unesco.org
3899:
3884:
3859:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3664:
3654:
3640:
3637:
3624:university in
3562:
3559:
3526:Indo-Scythians
3508:Following the
3505:
3502:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:Maratha Empire
3009:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:Sikkim Kingdom
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:Marava Kingdom
2979:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:Keladi Kingdom
2879:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:Mysore Kingdom
2784:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:Lodi Sultanate
2713:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:Ghurid Dynasty
2649:
2648:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:Hoysala Empire
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:Lohara Kingdom
2508:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:Tibetan Empire
2368:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:Kadamba Empire
2240:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1966:Pallava Empire
1962:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:Seleucid India
1880:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1809:Maha Janapadas
1805:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1744:(1300–1000 BC)
1742:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1681:(2000–1600 BC)
1679:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1660:(1900–1300 BC)
1658:
1651:
1650:
1649:(2600–1900 BC)
1647:
1640:
1639:
1638:(3300–2600 BC)
1636:
1629:
1628:
1627:(3300–1300 BC)
1625:
1617:
1614:(3300–1300 BC)
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1587:(1600–1300 BC)
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1567:(3000–1500 BC)
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1540:
1537:(3500–1500 BC)
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:(5000–3000 BC)
1518:
1512:
1511:
1510:(7000–3300 BC)
1508:
1502:
1501:
1500:(7570–6200 BC)
1498:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1290:Maratha Empire
1287:
1283:Durrani Empire
1280:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1243:Ghurid dynasty
1240:
1239:c. 999–1186 CE
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:c. 855–1010 CE
1213:
1212:c. 870–1010 CE
1206:
1199:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1110:
1091:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
988:
987:
980:
973:
972:
970:
969:
962:
955:
947:
944:
943:
941:
940:
930:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
858:
857:
856:
855:
849:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
821:
820:
809:
803:
800:Maratha Empire
797:
791:
790:
789:
780:Durrani Empire
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
735:Arghun dynasty
732:
726:
725:
724:
721:Katoor dynasty
718:
712:
706:
694:
693:
692:
686:
683:Sayyid dynasty
680:
677:Tugluq dynasty
674:
671:Khalji dynasty
668:
665:Mamluk dynasty
656:
653:Ghurid dynasty
650:
647:Soomra dynasty
644:
638:
635:Samanid Empire
632:
626:
620:
614:
613:
612:
606:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
578:
577:
565:
559:
553:
552:
551:
542:Indo-Sasanians
539:
533:
527:
526:
525:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
497:
496:
490:
478:
472:
466:
460:
457:Mauryan Empire
454:
453:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
416:
413:
412:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
375:
369:
363:
362:
361:
350:
349:
348:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
321:
320:
310:
309:
300:
299:
292:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
127:
123:
122:
112:
103:
102:
96:
95:
94:
93:
81:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4621:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4569:81-208-0433-3
4565:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4545:9781107615441
4541:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:. Routledge.
4477:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4375:9788120804050
4371:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4278:9788184758078
4274:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4251:9781588369840
4247:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:Wilson (2016)
4222:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4200:9781588369840
4196:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4156:9789385563522
4152:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4129:9788131758304
4125:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4021:, p. 34.
4020:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3997:Scharfe 2002a
3993:
3990:
3985:
3983:9781588369840
3979:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3956:9780984404308
3952:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3936:
3933:, p. 10.
3932:
3927:
3924:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:, p. 62.
3881:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3857:, p. 23.
3856:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Sharada Peeth
3802:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:According to
3716:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:Maurya Empire
3604:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3530:Kushan Empire
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:Maurya Empire
3515:
3511:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Uttar Pradesh
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:Mughal Empire
2921:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:Reddy Kingdom
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:Yadava Empire
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:Harsha Empire
2360:
2359:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:Kushan Empire
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:Shunga Empire
2073:
2072:
2057:
2055:
2054:Mitra Dynasty
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996: AD 500
1992: 250 BC
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975: 250 AD
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1958: 300 BC
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941: 300 BC
1935:
1933:
1932:Chera Kingdom
1930:
1929:
1924: 300 BC
1918:
1916:
1915:Pandya Empire
1913:
1912:
1907: 300 AD
1903: 300 BC
1897:
1895:
1894:Sangam period
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:Maurya Empire
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801: 600 BC
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:(1200–600 BC)
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:(1500–600 BC)
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:(1500–500 BC)
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1709:(1500–200 BC)
1707:
1702:
1701:
1692:(1600–500 BC)
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:(2000–500 BC)
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1597:(1400–700 BC)
1596:
1594:
1593:Jorwe culture
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:Malwa culture
1581:
1580:
1577:(1600–750 BC)
1576:
1574:
1573:Pandu culture
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:Mughal Empire
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:c. 560–750 CE
1203:
1202:Taank Kingdom
1200:
1198:c. 450–560 CE
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:Kushan Empire
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:Maurya Empire
1134:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
989:
984:
978:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
948:
946:
945:
939:
935:
931:
929:
921:
920:
918:
917:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:East Pakistan
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
865:
864:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
841:
838:
837:
830:
829:
819:
816:
815:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
784:
783:
781:
778:
777:
770:
769:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:Mughal Empire
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:Samma dynasty
727:
722:
719:
716:
715:Raees dynasty
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
698:
697:Mongol Empire
695:
690:
689:Lodhi dynasty
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
598:
595:
594:
587:
586:
575:
572:
571:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
549:
546:
545:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:Kushan Empire
528:
523:
520:
519:
517:
514:
513:
506:
505:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:Paropamisadae
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
420:
417:
414:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
337:
330:
329:
326:
323:
322:
316:
312:
311:
308:
301:
296:
290:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
246:
242:
233:
229:
224:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
199:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
142:
137:
131:
128:
124:
100:
88:
69:
59:
54:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4581:
4558:
4534:
4523:
4498:
4474:
4453:
4425:
4414:
4384:
4364:
4354:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4267:
4260:
4240:
4233:
4221:
4209:
4189:
4182:
4172:
4165:
4145:
4138:
4118:
4112:
4102:
4097:
4089:
4084:
4075:the original
4068:
4038:
4026:
3992:
3972:
3965:
3945:
3938:
3926:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:
3902:
3821:Vikramashila
3720:
3642:
3630:
3619:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3580:Vikramashila
3564:
3539:Jataka tales
3507:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3333:Demographics
3323:Architecture
3103:French India
3093:Danish India
2973:Bengal Subah
2963:Bhoi dynasty
2893:Koch Kingdom
2728:Ahom Kingdom
2602:Deva Kingdom
2294:Huna Kingdom
2234:Gupta Empire
2136:(AD 35–405 )
2095:Kanva Empire
2067: 50 BC
1949:Chola Empire
1888:(312–303 BC)
1878:(321–184 BC)
1868:(330–323 BC)
1858:(380–321 BC)
1854:Nanda Empire
1848:(424–345 BC)
1830:(550–330 BC)
1786:(684–424 BC)
1776:(799–684 BC)
1766:(700–200 BC)
1688:Swat culture
1534:Chalcolithic
1446:Palaeolithic
1209:Hindu Shahis
1184:Gupta Empire
1180:c. 60–345 CE
1085:Vedic period
874:Azad Kashmir
773:Early modern
753:Suri dynasty
556:Gupta Empire
487:Apracharajas
340:Palaeolithic
216:Part of
195:33.74; 72.78
85:Show map of
37:
3675:Sautrāntika
3611:Indo-Greeks
3584:Vedic texts
3490:Indus River
3318:Agriculture
3288:South India
3263:Maharashtra
3213:Balochistan
3153:Afghanistan
3127:(1858–1947)
3123:British Raj
3117:(1757–1858)
3113:Company Raj
3107:(1759–1954)
3097:(1620–1869)
3087:(1605–1825)
3083:Dutch India
3077:(1510–1961)
3064:(1510–1961)
3047:(1799–1849)
3043:Sikh Empire
3037:(1729–1947)
3027:(1707–1799)
3017:(1674–1818)
3007:(1650–1948)
2997:(1642–1975)
2987:(1600–1750)
2977:(1576–1757)
2967:(1541–1804)
2957:(1532–1673)
2947:(1529–1736)
2937:(1540–1556)
2927:(1526–1858)
2914:(1526–1858)
2897:(1515–1947)
2887:(1499–1763)
2877:(1518–1687)
2866:(1492–1686)
2855:(1492–1619)
2844:(1490–1574)
2833:(1490–1636)
2822:(1490–1596)
2812:(1470–1842)
2802:(1434–1541)
2792:(1399–1947)
2782:(1358–1803)
2772:(1352–1576)
2762:(1336–1646)
2752:(1325–1448)
2742:(1300–1779)
2732:(1228–1826)
2722:(1451–1526)
2711:(1414–1451)
2700:(1320–1414)
2689:(1290–1320)
2678:(1206–1290)
2667:(1206–1526)
2657:(1170–1206)
2634:(1206–1526)
2615: 1300
2611: 1200
2596:(1187–1673)
2586:(1156–1184)
2566:(1102–1766)
2556:(1083–1323)
2546:(1078–1434)
2536:(1070–1230)
2532:Sena Empire
2526:(1040–1347)
2516:(1003–1320)
2442:Pala Empire
2304:Rai Kingdom
2146:(AD 60–240)
2079:(185–73 BC)
1835:Ror Dynasty
1555: 3950
1304:Sikh Empire
1191:Alchon Huns
1012:Prehistoric
992:History of
879:Balochistan
812:British Raj
806:Sikh Empire
629:Hindu Shahi
617:Pala Empire
562:Rai dynasty
493:Paratarajas
304:History of
193: /
169:Coordinates
3917:2024-08-29
3833:References
3815:Odantapuri
3749:Aṅgulimāla
3715:Bhir Mound
3671:Kumāralāta
3667:Kumāralāta
3576:Odantapuri
3568:Mahavihara
3561:University
3553:Aṣṭādhyāyī
3543:Shvetaketu
3398:Philosophy
3378:Metallurgy
3368:Literature
3293:Tamil Nadu
3158:Bangladesh
2933:Sur Empire
2647:(977–1186)
2613: – c.
2576:(675–1210)
2506:(973–1189)
2496:(942–1244)
2486:(882–1110)
2476:(850–1334)
2466:(800–1327)
2446:(750–1174)
2426:(694–1947)
2406:(650–1036)
2386:(624–1075)
2354: 700
2352: – c.
2350: 550
2323: 500
2268:(350–1100)
2258:(350–1000)
2226: 600
2224: – c.
2222: 250
2205: 500
2203: – c.
2201: 250
2124: 130
2099:(75–26 BC)
2065: – c.
2063: 150
1994: – c.
1960:– AD 1279)
1943:– AD 1102)
1926:– AD 1345)
1905: – c.
1818: 600
1803:– AD 1600)
1611:Bronze Age
1353:(Pakistan)
1236:Ghaznavids
641:Ghaznavids
408:Sattagydia
257:Site notes
163:South Asia
53:Bhir Mound
4556:(1988) ,
4512:793535195
4346:144135587
3759:Rajagriha
3468:) was an
3348:Education
3338:Dynasties
3258:Rajasthan
3243:Karnataka
3188:Sri Lanka
2456:(753–982)
2436:(736–916)
2416:(661–750)
2396:(632–661)
2376:(618–841)
2366:(606–647)
2335:(543–753)
2308:(489–632)
2298:(475–576)
2288:(475–767)
2278:(420–624)
2248:(345–525)
2238:(280–550)
2186:(230–360)
2176:(224–651)
2166:(210–340)
2156:(170–350)
2119:(AD 21 –
1977:– AD 800)
1729:Janapadas
1557:–1900 BC)
1484:Neolithic
1195:Kidarites
1164:Classical
1079:Bahlikass
709:Ilkhanate
597:Caliphate
509:Classical
425:Arachosia
396:Arachosia
353:Neolithic
270:Ownership
262:Condition
244:Abandoned
51:Ruins of
4603:Category
4521:(1951).
4496:(1960),
4451:(2004).
4412:(1965).
4362:(1966).
4065:"Taxila"
3908:"Taxila"
3798:See also
3783:Plutarch
3769:Ayurveda
3736:Pasenadi
3686:Students
3657:Chanakya
3639:Teachers
3633:Toramana
3615:Buddhist
3498:Buddhist
3486:Pakistan
3478:Gandhara
3413:Timeline
3403:Religion
3383:Military
3373:Maritime
3363:Language
3353:Indology
3183:Pakistan
3173:Maldives
2871: –
2860: –
2849: –
2838: –
2827: –
2716: –
2705: –
2694: –
2683: –
2672: –
1820:–300 BC)
1760: –
1749: –
1738: –
1727: –
1706:Iron Age
1686: –
1675: –
1654: –
1643: –
1632: –
1318:Colonial
1230:Medieval
1121:Mallians
1094:Gandhara
1071:Trigarta
1059:Gandhara
983:a series
981:Part of
928:Category
840:Pakistan
786:Las Bela
590:Medieval
431:Gedrosia
390:Gandhara
384:Gedrosia
358:Mehrgarh
325:Timeline
306:Pakistan
295:a series
293:Part of
153:Pakistan
126:Location
4402:Sources
4338:1953131
4090:Encarta
3809:Nalanda
3765:Charaka
3652:Gandāra
3622:Nalanda
3597:Jatakas
3572:Nalanda
3514:Hindush
3343:Economy
3328:Coinage
3248:Kashmir
3228:Gujarat
2325:– 1026)
1435:Outline
1361:(India)
1117:Taxiles
1098:Hindush
1032:Ancient
449:Taxiles
402:Hindush
333:Ancient
231:Founded
226:History
181:72°47′E
178:33°44′N
4588:
4566:
4542:
4510:
4482:
4461:
4433:
4372:
4344:
4336:
4275:
4268:Ashoka
4248:
4197:
4153:
4126:
4051:type."
4048:Jātaka
3980:
3953:
3791:Punjab
3755:Jivaka
3740:Kosala
3727:Buddha
3725:, the
3700:Buddha
3648:Pāṇini
3547:Pāṇini
3482:Punjab
3474:Taxila
3278:Odisha
3273:Punjab
3218:Bengal
3163:Bhutan
1266:&
1264:Lahore
1096:&
994:Punjab
985:on the
938:Portal
904:Punjab
833:Modern
297:on the
159:Region
150:
141:Punjab
130:Taxila
4342:S2CID
4334:JSTOR
3779:Patna
3734:King
3679:China
3626:Bihar
3588:limbs
3534:Hunas
3494:Vedic
3298:Tibet
3283:Sindh
3238:Kabul
3223:Bihar
3208:Assam
3178:Nepal
3168:India
1113:Porus
1067:Madra
1063:Kekya
909:Sindh
443:Porus
265:Ruins
4586:ISBN
4564:ISBN
4540:ISBN
4508:OCLC
4480:ISBN
4459:ISBN
4431:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4273:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4151:ISBN
4124:ISBN
4003:help
3978:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3603:Veda
3454:The
1297:Misl
1193:and
1119:and
1077:and
1075:Sivi
794:Misl
206:Type
4326:doi
3738:of
3628:.
3472:in
3460:ISO
283:Yes
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2608:c.
2347:c.
2320:c.
2219:c.
2198:c.
2121:c.
2060:c.
1989:c.
1972:c.
1955:c.
1938:c.
1921:c.
1900:c.
1815:c.
1798:c.
1552:c.
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1069:,
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248:c.
235:c.
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4393:.
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4281:.
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