493:"Something must be said respecting the form in which the Code has come down to us. It exists only in the edition of 833, which contains, besides the text of 701, the official commentaries compiled in 718 and 833. The dates are not noted, and hence it will be an important question how much was the original law of 701. The work is written in three different types which interlace one another in each article, the first being the largest, the second smaller, and the third in the form of double-lined gloss. Of these, the first forms the main text, while the other two are comments on it. Of the latter, again, the second type occupies a far smaller portion of the commentary than the third. We establish that the third type was written after and the other two before 809, for an edict of that year cites passages from the latter two, but does not refer to the corresponding portion of the former which, if it had then existed, could not from its nature have escaped reference. This evidence would seem tantamount to saying that the third type represents the commentary of 833, for no other comment was made between 809 and 833 which has been accepted in the work of the latter year."
22:
477:
considerable section of the nation. Moreover, the
Japanese of the nineteenth century were more prepared, politically, socially, and intellectually, for their new life, than were those of the seventh for theirs. To say nothing of the training of the feudal regime which the former had received, they had been incomparably better trained mentally than their forefathers of 645, for there had been among them an intellectual revival, and some of them had sharpened their appetite for knowledge by studying Dutch books".
476:
was much more abrupt and radical than the similar change of 1868. In the former, the nation at large was morely passive, for a few statesmen accomplished the sweeping transformation. In 1868, although the
Imperial throne was the inspiration of the movement, the actual work was participated by a
361:
422:, and for keeping registers of population and land allotment. Within the districts' further subdivisions, local organization varied greatly, but often resembled the arrangement of a township of fifty or so homes led by a headman.
658:
806:続日本紀 巻第一 文武天皇四年 "甲午。勅淨大參刑部親王。直廣壹藤原朝臣不比等。直大貳粟田朝臣眞人。直廣參下毛野朝臣古麻呂。直廣肆伊岐連博得。直廣肆伊余部連馬養。勤大壹薩弘恪。勤廣參土部宿祢甥。勤大肆坂合部宿祢唐。務大壹白猪史骨。 追大壹黄文連備。田邊史百枝。道君首名。狹井宿祢尺麻呂。追大壹鍜造大角。進大壹額田部連林。進大貳田邊史首名。山口伊美伎大麻呂。直廣肆調伊美伎老人等。撰定律令。賜祿各有差。"
425:
The number of provinces was not fixed, however. As new land was developed, new provinces came into being. At the time of the Code's enactment, there were sixty-six provinces comprising 592 districts.
199:
The Taihō Code contained only two major departures from the Tang model. First, government positions and class status were based on birth, as had always been the
Japanese tradition, not
648:
566:
and the private estates, establishing salaries for the officers, defining the central region and the smaller administrative units, and regulating land-allotment and taxation.
466:
Current understanding of the conditions which preceded the Taihō reforms remains replete with unanswerable questions, but there is much which can be inferred—for example:
299:, the discipline of shrine wardens, and the recording and observation of oracles and divinations. It is important to note that the department, though it governed all the
934:
911:
43:
974:
903:
65:
314:, or Department of State, handled all secular matters and was headed by the Great Council of State, which was presided over by the
1007:
499:
Although essential as a starting point, any list of serial events will reveal only part of the unfolding story - for example:
868:
997:
175:
to accommodate certain
Japanese traditions and practical necessities of administration. The revised edition was named the
418:(郡司). These local officials were primarily responsible for keeping the peace, collecting taxes, recruiting labor for the
156:
and, like many other developments in the country at the time, it was largely an adaptation of the governmental system of
1022:
352:. The eight government Ministries were, in turn, responsible to the Controllers and Ministers of the Left and Right.
36:
30:
947:
895:
618:
652, 4th month: The allotment of land completed, and the census made. Villages organized in units of five houses.
966:
47:
926:
882:
221:
450:
scholar (薩弘恪 Satsu
Koukaku) Chinese scholar Satsu played an important role. He participated in the edit of
992:
369:
1002:
943:
643:
171:
as a significant element in the
Japanese code of ethics and government. The Code was revised during the
291:, or Department of Worship, was responsible for annual festivals and official court ceremonies such as
414:
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916:
730:
864:
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in Japan was adopted by both the kingdoms of the Korean peninsula and Japan at the same time.
381:
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power comes from his imperial descent, not from his righteousness or fairness as a ruler.
149:
892:
Sacred Texts and Buried
Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan.
633:
316:
176:
682:
484:
141:
986:
958:
443:
296:
153:
203:, as was the Chinese way. Second, the Japanese rejected the Chinese concept of the "
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745:
604:
647, 1st month: Intention of establishing a new order of rank and office announced.
601:
646, 8th month: Intention of establishing a new order of rank and office announced.
530:
Appeals of the people from their group-heads to the government and
Emperor granted.
473:
168:
161:
113:
264:
920:
446:, the participation member of Taihō Code was the 18 Japanese aristocrats and one
785:
779:
653:
638:
628:
515:
451:
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292:
232:
The Taihō Code established two branches of government: the
Department of Worship
200:
172:
117:
763:
244:
953:
698:
419:
167:
The establishment of the Taihō Code was one of the first events to include
874:
769:
688:
322:
878:
544:
The revolt and fall of Prince
Furubito; an opposition party eliminated.
328:
596:
Abuses of burial and marriage and some popular evil customs corrected.
300:
829:
The Early Institutional Life of Japan: A Study in the Reform of 645,
376:(国), and the central government appointed administrative governors,
527:
The eastern governors are appointed and instructions given to them.
797:, which was a time period spanning the years from 717 through 724.
716:, which was a time period spanning the years from 701 through 704.
704:
447:
280:
and handled all spiritual, religious, or ritualistic matters. The
157:
109:
483:
Any examinations of the earliest known texts become exercises in
412:, which were administered by locally appointed officials called
659:
Protected appointments system for hereditary privileges in asia
15:
886:
online, multi-formatted, full-text book at openlibrary.org
400:
to each province. The provinces were further divided into
320:(太政大臣, Chancellor). The Ministers of the Left and Right (
536:
The Buddhist church organized, protected and controlled.
108:
was an administrative reorganisation enacted in 703 in
649:
Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo
348:少納言) made up the Council, and were responsible to the
332:右大臣 respectively), Controllers of the Left and Right (
214:
This code is said to be based on the Code of Yonghui (
196:. Major work on the Yōrō Code was completed in 718.
613:
Eight departments and numerous offices established.
276:was the higher branch, taking precedence over the
610:649, 2nd month: Nineteen cap-ranks established.
607:647, 10th month: Thirteen cap-ranks established.
284:handled all secular and administrative matters.
303:shrines in the country, had no connection with
261:
241:
187:
129:
99:
255:
235:
181:
123:
93:
726:
724:
722:
215:
8:
550:The powerful men forbidden to engross land.
533:Status of the free and the unfree defined.
356:Provincial organization and administration
454:, and often received the reward from the
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
359:
29:This article includes a list of general
669:
152:. The work was begun at the request of
944:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon
870:The Early Institutional Life of Japan.
140:. It was compiled at the direction of
815:続日本紀 持統六年 "十二月辛酉朔甲戌。賜音博士續守言。薩弘恪水田人四町"
558:The Decree of the Reform, abolishing
513:The naming of the first year-period,
220:) implemented in China in 651 by the
7:
569:Armories ordered to be built in the
380:(国司), divided into four levels (the
952:Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
344:大納言) and three Minor Councillors (
116:. It was historically one of the
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
364:Map of provinces in 701–702
20:
890:Ferris, William Wayne. (1998).
547:Arms of the country collected.
510:The three ministers appointed.
340:右大弁), four Great Councillors (
216:
1:
368:The country was divided into
949:The Imperial House of Japan.
793:Code was promulgated during
712:Code was promulgated during
433:The Chinese system known as
80:703 CE Japanese legal reform
963:A History of Japan to 1334.
295:, as well as the upkeep of
262:
252:and the Department of State
242:
188:
130:
100:
1039:
896:University of Hawaii Press
733:. (2005). "Taihō Code" in
967:Stanford University Press
256:
236:
228:Governmental organization
182:
124:
94:
927:Harvard University Press
919:and Käthe Roth. (2005).
917:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
789:." In other words, the
731:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
708:." In other words, the
222:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
50:more precise citations.
1008:Legal history of Japan
365:
207:," asserting that the
959:Sansom, George Bailey
849:Asakawa, pp. 267–268.
644:Asuka Kiyomihara Code
363:
998:8th century in Japan
112:, at the end of the
922:Japan encyclopedia.
1023:8th century in law
739:Japan Encyclopedia
366:
146:Fujiwara no Fuhito
935:978-0-674-01753-5
912:978-0-8248-2030-5
865:Asakawa, Kan'ichi
825:Asakawa, Kan'ichi
775:Japanese era name
761:Code," the noun "
694:Japanese era name
680:Code," the noun "
474:The Reform of 645
429:Chinese influence
205:Mandate of Heaven
76:
75:
68:
1030:
850:
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840:Asakawa, p. 13.
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767:" refers to the
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686:" refers to the
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582:646, 3rd month:
555:646, 1st month:
541:645, 9th month:
524:645, 8th month:
503:645, 6th month:
456:Japanese emperor
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442:According to
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154:Emperor Monmu
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89:Code of Taihō
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1003:Asuka period
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879:OCLC 4427686
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169:Confucianism
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162:Tang dynasty
132:ritsuryō-sei
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114:Asuka period
101:
88:
84:
82:
77:
62:
53:
34:
1018:Legal codes
954:OCLC 194887
925:Cambridge:
831:p. 324 n.3.
507:enthroned.
452:Nihon Shoki
293:coronations
173:Nara period
48:introducing
993:Taihō Code
987:Categories
965:Stanford:
961:. (1958).
946:. (1959).
894:Honolulu:
867:. (1903).
859:References
827:. (1903).
462:Chronology
85:Taihō Code
31:references
777:) after "
696:) after "
634:Yōrō Code
402:districts
370:provinces
312:Daijō-kan
289:Jingi-kan
282:Daijō-kan
278:Daijō-kan
274:Jingi-kan
265:Daijō-kan
245:Jingi-kan
209:Emperor's
177:Yōrō Code
875:Shueisha
741:, p. 924
639:Ōmi Code
629:Ritsuryō
623:See also
436:ritsuryō
382:Shitōkan
346:Shōnagon
342:Dainagon
336:左大弁 and
334:Sadaiben
326:左大臣 and
323:Sadaijin
305:Buddhism
118:Ritsuryō
56:May 2020
873:Tokyo:
448:Chinese
408:(郡) or
404:called
378:kokushi
372:called
338:Udaiben
329:Udaijin
297:shrines
44:improve
973:
933:
910:
906:&
902:
699:Shuchō
591:miyake
560:miyake
420:corvée
301:Shintō
272:. The
33:, but
786:Jinki
780:Reiki
770:nengō
714:Taihō
710:Taihō
705:Keiun
689:nengō
683:Taihō
678:Taihō
665:Notes
654:Kōkyū
516:Taika
415:gunji
398:sakan
201:merit
158:China
110:Japan
971:ISBN
931:ISBN
908:ISBN
900:ISBN
795:Yōrō
791:Yōrō
764:Yōrō
759:Yōrō
589:and
587:mita
585:The
575:kiri
573:and
571:kuni
564:tomo
410:kōri
396:and
390:suke
386:kami
374:kuni
310:The
287:The
217:永徽律令
183:養老律令
148:and
120:-sei
95:大宝律令
83:The
1013:701
884:see
406:gun
384:),
257:太政官
237:神祇官
160:'s
125:律令制
87:or
989::
969:.
937:;
929:.
898:.
881:;
877:.
721:^
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40:.
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