232:
679:
910:
697:
533:
560:
768:
205:
759:
885:
688:
542:
964:
33:
894:
876:
551:
455:
are mounted to the rear of the fuselage. This is the simplest configuration that performs all three aspects of the function of a tail: trim, stability, and control. Around 60% of current aircraft designs — and about 80% ever — incorporate this type of tail. Examples are found on aircraft of every
922:(fins). In this position, the tail surfaces interact constructively with the wingtip vortices and, with careful design, can significantly reduce drag to improve efficiency, without adding unduly to the structural loads on the wing.
500: – The horizontal stabiliser is mounted on top of the fin, creating a "T" shape when viewed from the front. T-tails keep the stabilisers out of the engine wake, and give better pitch control. T-tails have a good
258:
that controls changes in pitch, the up-and-down motion of the aircraft's nose. In some aircraft the horizontal stabilizer and elevator are one unit, and to control pitch the entire unit moves as one. This is known as a
917:
An outboard tail is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include additional boom-mounted
512:
may be fitted lower down where it will be in free air when the aircraft is stalled. A T-tail must be stronger, and therefore heavier than a conventional tail. T-tails also tend to have a larger
1123:
480:
when viewed from the front. Cruciform tails are often used to keep the horizontal stabilisers out of the engine wake, while avoiding many of the disadvantages of a
1410:
348:
into which the stabiliser may be hinged at its spar and adjustably jacked a few degrees in incidence either up or down. Usually controlled by a cockpit crank.
867:
featured an "X" tail, which was reinforced and fitted with a wheel on each surface so that the craft could sit on its tail and take off and land vertically.
791:
designs. Here, the tail surfaces are set at diagonal angles, with each surface contributing to both pitch and yaw. The control surfaces, sometimes called
1987:
1380:
Benjamin
Darrenougue; "Aircraft Configurations With Outboard Horizontal Stabilizers" (Final year project report), Queens University Belfast, 14 May 2004.
377:
on the rudder to reduce the pilot effort required to keep the aircraft straight in situations of asymmetrical thrust, such as single engine operations.
299:
Some aircraft are fitted with a tail assembly that is hinged to pivot in two axes forward of the fin and stabiliser, in an arrangement referred to as a
282:, used to control yaw, which is movement of the fuselage right to left motion of the nose of the aircraft. The rear section of the vertical fin is the
341:
on the rear of the elevators or rudder which act to change the aerodynamic load on the surface. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.
2027:
795:, act differentially to provide yaw control (in place of the rudder) and act together to provide pitch control (in place of the elevator).
633:
A twin boom has two fuselages or booms, with a vertical stabiliser on each, and a horizontal stabiliser between them. Examples include the
168:
In spite of effective control surfaces, many early aircraft that lacked a stabilising empennage were virtually unflyable. Even so-called "
318:(ELT) are often located in the empennage, because the aft of the aircraft provides better protection for these in most aircraft crashes.
1982:
1927:
1792:
1149:
2047:
1403:
1368:
1262:
1242:
1200:
1107:
1078:
807:
362:
used to trim some elevators and stabilators as well as increased control force feel. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.
1331:
1127:
926:
433:
196:
stability. In some aircraft with swept wings, the airfoil section or angle of incidence may change radically towards the tip.
2017:
1633:
1615:
942:
149:
an arrow". Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces which stabilise the
1361:
Chronik Eines
Flugzeugwerkes 1932-1945. B&V – Blohm & Voss Hamburg – HFB Hamburger Flugzeugbau
504:, and are more efficient on low speed aircraft. However, the T-tail has several disadvantages. It is more likely to enter a
330:
devices are provided to eliminate the need for the pilot to maintain constant pressure on the elevator or rudder controls.
837:
315:
131:, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an
2361:
2300:
2141:
1396:
733:
355:
trim system which uses a spring to provide an adjustable preload in the controls. Usually controlled by a cockpit lever.
1328:
Kurt W. Muller; "Analysis of a Semi-Tailless
Aircraft Design" (Master's thesis), Naval Postgraduate School, US, 2002.
369:
used to move the main control surface, as well as act as a trim tab. Usually controlled by a cockpit wheel or crank.
303:. The entire empennage is rotated vertically to actuate the horizontal stabiliser, and sideways to actuate the fin.
2022:
1977:
1668:
930:
937:
tested the proposed control system in 1944 and, following several design proposals, an order was received for the
476: – The horizontal stabilisers are placed midway up the vertical stabiliser, giving the appearance of a
2208:
2052:
2002:
1119:
634:
1992:
1545:
1475:
609:, consists of two small vertical stabilisers on either side of the horizontal stabiliser. Examples include the
288:, a movable aerofoil that is used to turn the aircraft's nose right or left. When used in combination with the
2037:
2320:
2295:
2057:
1962:
1852:
1822:
1797:
1663:
1628:
814:
spacecraft. A V-tail may also have a smaller radar signature. Other aircraft featuring a V-tail include the
235:
193:
2335:
2136:
2032:
1857:
1817:
1673:
1010:
725:
715:
642:
521:
307:
225:
189:
162:
224:
to which these are attached. On an airliner this would be all the flying and control surfaces behind the
2315:
2233:
2223:
1728:
1440:
986:
452:
385:
Aircraft empennage designs may be classified broadly according to the fin and tailplane configurations.
345:
938:
406:
The tailplane comprises the tail-mounted fixed horizontal stabiliser and movable elevator. Besides its
2280:
2083:
1877:
1688:
1643:
990:
934:
823:
802:
A V-tail can be lighter than a conventional tail in some situations and produce less drag, as on the
610:
311:
2259:
2166:
1882:
1590:
1419:
998:
968:
919:
743:
576:
513:
489:
448:
278:
251:
231:
213:
173:
388:
The overall shapes of individual tail surfaces (tailplane planforms, fin profiles) are similar to
1967:
1947:
1942:
1916:
1827:
1768:
1540:
815:
629:
582:
407:
389:
508:, and is more difficult to recover from a spin. For this reason a small secondary stabiliser or
909:
742: – underneath the fuselage. Often used in addition to a conventional fin as on the (
425:
Location of tailplane – mounted high, mid or low on the fuselage, fin or tail booms.
2275:
2012:
1957:
1937:
1867:
1862:
1847:
1535:
1364:
1258:
1238:
1196:
1103:
1074:
958:
855:
678:
664:
415:
169:
1157:
854:: A V-tail with an added lower vertical fin (generally used to protect an aft propeller), as
592:
Location of fins – on the fuselage (over or under), tailplane, tail booms or wings
2330:
2213:
1887:
1782:
1505:
1480:
1423:
1230:
985:) traditionally has all its horizontal control surfaces on its main wing surface. It has no
845:
788:
91:
53:
2340:
2310:
2305:
2156:
2077:
2042:
2007:
1802:
1450:
1335:
517:
485:
419:
327:
150:
136:
250:
and is used to provide pitch stability. The rear section of the tailplane is called the
2325:
2185:
1902:
1460:
1455:
1329:
803:
747:
729:
696:
646:
638:
618:
505:
472:
465:
359:
158:
154:
40:
532:
2355:
2254:
2193:
1997:
1932:
1570:
1550:
1465:
668:
650:
614:
963:
204:
2290:
2218:
2181:
2161:
2151:
2126:
2091:
1872:
1842:
1812:
1778:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1713:
1648:
1515:
1485:
1445:
946:
864:
827:
622:
177:
1388:
2238:
2121:
1837:
1693:
1039:
994:
792:
660:
559:
501:
461:
352:
212:
Structurally, the empennage consists of the entire tail assembly, including the
997:
arrangement). A "tailless" type usually still has a vertical stabilising fin (
767:
2228:
2116:
2111:
2067:
2062:
1897:
1832:
1807:
1763:
1738:
1723:
1658:
1520:
1510:
1381:
1017:
884:
819:
758:
457:
429:
261:
185:
17:
2285:
2203:
2131:
2106:
2096:
1952:
1733:
1718:
1698:
1653:
1638:
1595:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1500:
687:
601:
541:
401:
366:
243:
217:
146:
37:
32:
2198:
2171:
2146:
1912:
1892:
1753:
1683:
1600:
1525:
1495:
1431:
374:
338:
255:
221:
718:. This configuration is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "tailless".
581:
The fin comprises the fixed vertical stabiliser and rudder. Besides its
176:). Heavier-than-air aircraft without any kind of empennage (such as the
1972:
1623:
1605:
1530:
289:
284:
181:
1708:
1678:
1585:
1560:
1490:
1034:
1029:
1002:
941:
just weeks before the war ended. The outboard tail reappeared on the
841:
784:
496:
481:
428:
Fixed stabiliser and movable elevator surfaces, or a single combined
783:
An alternative to the fin-and-tailplane approach is provided by the
2101:
1703:
1555:
962:
908:
893:
875:
550:
477:
230:
203:
132:
31:
1016:
The most successful tailless configuration has been the tailless
1304:
General
Aviation Aircraft Design: Applied Methods and Procedures
1006:
811:
1392:
456:
size and role, from general aviation types like the ubiquitous
273:
80:
925:
The configuration was first developed during World War II by
77:
59:
464:. Examples of this type of tail were in use as early as the
184:
whose trailing edge provide pitch stability, and rearwards
97:
822:. A slight modification to the V-tail can be found on the
115:
112:
106:
68:
1346:
Zdenek Titz and
Jaroslav Zazvonil; "Kauba's Dwarfs",
109:
74:
56:
1237:, p. 12. Gage Educational Publishing Company, 1994.
913:
SpaceShipOne at the US National Air and Space Museum
103:
65:
2268:
2247:
2180:
2076:
1911:
1777:
1614:
1430:
1257:, p. 524. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
1073:, p. 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
100:
94:
71:
62:
1124:"ATA Airline Handbook Chapter 5: How Aircraft Fly"
1013:which has a canard foreplane but no vertical fin.
27:Tail section of an aircraft containing stabilizers
1009:adopted the "tailless" description for the novel
460:to the largest airliners ever flown, such as the
208:The major components of an airplane's empennage.
1291:Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach
1255:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
1071:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
589:Number of fins – usually one or two.
180:) are rare, and generally use specially shaped
440:Some locations have been given special names:
296:, the essential feature of aircraft movement.
1404:
1285:
1283:
993:foreplane (nor does it have a second wing in
8:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
596:Twin fins may be mounted at various points:
140:
1210:
1208:
1411:
1397:
1389:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1226:
1224:
242:The front (usually fixed) section of the
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1363:(in German). Motor Buch Verlag, 1979
1317:Flight Testing of Fixed Wing Aircraft
1218:, p. 26. Thompson Publications, 1980.
1156:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
276:has a fixed front section called the
172:" usually have a tail fin (usually a
7:
707:Unusual fin configurations include:
724: – examples include the
1235:Flight Training Manual 4th Edition
1020:, especially for combat aircraft.
989: – either tailplane or
840:uses an inverted V-tail as do the
373:Multi-engined aircraft often have
292:, the result is a banking turn, a
25:
1191:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited,
1098:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited,
808:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk
892:
883:
874:
766:
757:
695:
686:
677:
558:
549:
540:
531:
90:
52:
1195:, p. 14 (27th revised edition)
1102:, p. 10 (27th revised edition)
870:
753:
673:
527:
434:General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
2321:In-flight entertainment system
2018:Horizontal situation indicator
1306:, Elsevier Science 2013, p.483
943:Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne
663:or on the wing tips as on the
1:
316:emergency locator transmitter
2301:Environmental control system
734:Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
605:A twin tail, also called an
135:. The term derives from the
1348:Flying Review International
816:Beechcraft Model 35 Bonanza
414:Configuration –
2378:
1978:Course deviation indicator
1669:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1334:November 23, 2022, at the
1154:Oxford Dictionaries Online
956:
585:, it is characterised by:
574:
410:, it is characterised by:
399:
2209:Conventional landing gear
1120:Air Transport Association
635:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
192:to provide the necessary
1993:Flight management system
714: – as on the
333:The trim device may be:
2296:Emergency oxygen system
2058:Turn and slip indicator
1853:Leading-edge droop flap
1823:Drag-reducing aerospike
1798:Adaptive compliant wing
1793:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1350:, Nov 1965, pp.169-172.
1001:) and control surface (
516:. Examples include the
484:. Examples include the
274:vertical tail structure
2336:Passenger service unit
2137:Self-sealing fuel tank
2033:Multi-function display
1275:Introduction to Flight
1011:X-36 research aircraft
974:
939:Blohm & Voss P 215
914:
726:Lockheed Constellation
716:McDonnell Douglas X-36
643:de Havilland Sea Vixen
522:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
453:horizontal stabilisers
308:cockpit voice recorder
267:full-flying stabiliser
239:
226:rear pressure bulkhead
209:
141:
43:
2316:Ice protection system
2234:Tricycle landing gear
2224:Landing gear extender
1441:Aft pressure bulkhead
1289:Mohammad H. Sadraey,
1122:(November 10, 2011).
987:horizontal stabiliser
966:
912:
346:adjustable stabiliser
248:horizontal stabiliser
234:
207:
161:, as well as housing
123:), also known as the
35:
2281:Auxiliary power unit
1689:Flight control modes
1315:Ralph D. Kimberlin,
1302:Snorri Gudmundsson,
1130:on November 10, 2011
920:vertical stabilizers
611:Antonov An-225 Mriya
432:or "-flying tail". (
312:flight data recorder
236:Yaw, pitch, and roll
220:and the part of the
36:The empennage of an
2362:Aircraft components
2260:Escape crew capsule
2167:War emergency power
2038:Pitot–static system
1883:Variable-sweep wing
1591:Vertical stabilizer
1359:Pohlmann, Hermann.
1319:, AIAA 2003, p.380.
1293:, Wiley 2013, p.289
1273:Anderson, John D.,
1214:Reichmann, Helmet:
999:vertical stabiliser
929:and George Haag at
744:North American X-15
577:Vertical stabilizer
514:radar cross section
490:Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
449:vertical stabiliser
381:Tail configurations
279:vertical stabiliser
254:, and is a movable
174:vertical stabiliser
1968:Attitude indicator
1948:Airspeed indicator
1943:Aircraft periscope
1193:From the Ground Up
1100:From the Ground Up
975:
915:
683:Tailplane mounted
659:midwing as on the
447: – The
240:
210:
44:
2349:
2348:
2276:Aircraft lavatory
2013:Heading indicator
1958:Annunciator panel
1938:Air data computer
1848:Leading-edge cuff
1216:Flying Sailplanes
979:tailless aircraft
959:Tailless aircraft
953:Tailless aircraft
902:
901:
856:LearAvia Lear Fan
776:
775:
732:(three), and the
705:
704:
665:Handley Page Manx
568:
567:
564:Flying tailplane
537:Fuselage mounted
445:Conventional tail
326:In some aircraft
170:tailless aircraft
16:(Redirected from
2369:
2331:Navigation light
2311:Hydraulic system
2286:Bleed air system
2214:Drogue parachute
1888:Vortex generator
1506:Interplane strut
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1277:, 5th ed, p. 517
1271:
1265:
1251:
1245:
1231:Transport Canada
1228:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1189:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:on July 22, 2012
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1116:
1110:
1096:
1081:
1067:
931:Blohm & Voss
896:
889:Inverted V-tail
887:
878:
871:
834:Inverted V tail:
830:called a Y-tail.
779:V, Y and X tails
770:
761:
754:
699:
690:
681:
674:
562:
553:
544:
535:
528:
294:coordinated turn
163:control surfaces
144:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
21:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:Ram air turbine
2306:Flight recorder
2264:
2243:
2176:
2157:Thrust reversal
2081:
2072:
2043:Radar altimeter
2008:Head-up display
1918:
1907:
1803:Anti-shock body
1785:
1773:
1634:Artificial feel
1616:Flight controls
1610:
1476:Fabric covering
1426:
1422:components and
1417:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:Wayback Machine
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1097:
1084:
1068:
1053:
1048:
1026:
961:
955:
935:Skoda-Kauba SL6
907:
897:
888:
879:
781:
771:
762:
700:
692:Twin tail boom
691:
682:
579:
573:
563:
554:
545:
536:
518:Gloster Javelin
486:Hawker Sea Hawk
404:
398:
383:
324:
306:The aircraft's
238:in an aircraft.
202:
151:flight dynamics
137:French language
93:
89:
55:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Landing lights
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2248:Escape systems
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2186:arresting gear
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Splitter plate
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:Cruciform tail
1458:
1456:Crack arrestor
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1352:
1339:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1279:
1266:
1246:
1220:
1204:
1171:
1141:
1111:
1082:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1022:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
906:
903:
900:
899:
890:
881:
869:
868:
858:
849:
831:
804:Fouga Magister
780:
777:
774:
773:
764:
752:
751:
748:Dornier Do 335
737:
730:Bellanca 14-13
719:
703:
702:
693:
684:
672:
671:
654:
647:Sadler Vampire
639:P-38 Lightning
626:
619:Avro Lancaster
594:
593:
590:
575:Main article:
572:
569:
566:
565:
556:
547:
538:
526:
525:
493:
473:Cruciform tail
469:
438:
437:
426:
423:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
390:wing planforms
382:
379:
371:
370:
363:
360:anti-servo tab
356:
349:
342:
323:
320:
246:is called the
201:
198:
41:Boeing 747-200
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:Other systems
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Ejection seat
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Arrestor hook
2197:
2195:
2194:Aircraft tire
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Glass cockpit
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Air data boom
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Rudder pedals
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Trailing edge
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Stressed skin
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:3-87943-624-X
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:1-56027-287-2
1260:
1256:
1253:Crane, Dale:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:0-7715-5115-0
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:0-9690054-9-0
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:0-9690054-9-0
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:1-56027-287-2
1076:
1072:
1069:Crane, Dale:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:). However,
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
972:
965:
960:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
911:
905:Outboard tail
904:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
872:
866:
862:
859:
857:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
836:The unmanned
835:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:
797:
796:
794:
790:
786:
778:
769:
765:
760:
756:
755:
749:
745:
741:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Multiple fins
720:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
701:Wing mounted
698:
694:
689:
685:
680:
676:
675:
670:
669:Rutan Long-EZ
666:
662:
658:
655:
652:
651:Edgley Optica
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
615:B-25 Mitchell
612:
608:
604:
603:
599:
598:
597:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
578:
570:
561:
557:
552:
548:
543:
539:
534:
530:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
443:
442:
441:
435:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
412:
411:
409:
403:
395:
393:
391:
386:
380:
378:
376:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
336:
335:
334:
331:
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
263:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
188:, often with
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:which means "
143:
138:
134:
130:
129:tail assembly
126:
120:
85:
49:
42:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Tail assembly
2291:Deicing boot
2219:Landing gear
2162:Townend ring
2152:Thrust lever
2127:NACA cowling
2092:Autothrottle
2084:fuel systems
2082:devices and
1873:Stall strips
1843:Krueger flap
1813:Channel wing
1759:Wing warping
1749:Stick shaker
1744:Stick pusher
1664:Dual control
1649:Centre stick
1516:Leading edge
1486:Flying wires
1470:
1446:Cabane strut
1376:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1249:
1234:
1215:
1192:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1114:
1099:
1070:
1015:
982:
978:
976:
970:
947:SpaceShipTwo
945:in 2003 and
927:Richard Vogt
924:
916:
865:Lockheed XFV
860:
851:
833:
828:Monnett Moni
799:
793:ruddervators
782:
772:Ventral fin
763:Triple fins
739:
721:
711:
706:
657:Wing mounted
656:
628:
623:ERCO Ercoupe
606:
600:
595:
580:
509:
495:
471:
444:
439:
405:
387:
384:
372:
332:
325:
305:
301:movable tail
300:
298:
293:
283:
277:
271:
266:
260:
247:
241:
211:
178:Northrop B-2
167:
128:
124:
47:
45:
29:
2239:Tundra tire
2122:Intake ramp
2053:Transponder
1838:Gurney flap
1779:Aerodynamic
1694:Fly-by-wire
1576:Triple tail
1150:"Empennage"
1040:Tail-sitter
740:Ventral fin
661:F7U Cutlass
502:glide ratio
466:Blériot VII
462:Airbus A380
186:swept wings
2229:Oleo strut
2117:Inlet cone
2112:Gascolator
2078:Propulsion
2068:Yaw string
2063:Variometer
1919:instrument
1898:Wing fence
1833:Gouge flap
1808:Blown flap
1764:Yaw damper
1739:Stabilator
1724:Side-stick
1659:Dive brake
1546:Stabilizer
1521:Lift strut
1511:Jury strut
1046:References
820:Davis DA-2
546:Cruciform
506:deep stall
458:Cessna 172
430:stabilator
396:Tailplanes
262:stabilator
147:to feather
2204:Autobrake
2132:NACA duct
2107:Fuel tank
2097:Drop tank
2080:controls,
1963:Astrodome
1953:Altimeter
1818:Dog-tooth
1783:high-lift
1734:Spoileron
1719:Servo tab
1699:Gust lock
1654:Deceleron
1639:Autopilot
1596:Wing root
1581:Twin tail
1566:Tailplane
1501:Hardpoint
1471:Empennage
1434:structure
983:tail-less
949:in 2010.
806:trainer,
728:(three),
630:Twin boom
602:Twin tail
402:tailplane
375:trim tabs
367:servo tab
244:tailplane
218:tailplane
200:Structure
48:empennage
38:Atlas Air
2356:Category
2172:Wet wing
2147:Throttle
1893:Vortilon
1754:Trim tab
1684:Flaperon
1674:Elevator
1629:Airbrake
1601:Wing tip
1526:Longeron
1496:Fuselage
1432:Airframe
1420:Aircraft
1332:Archived
1164:March 5,
1134:March 5,
1024:See also
846:Mini-IMP
838:Predator
810:RPV and
510:tail-let
468:of 1907.
416:tailless
408:planform
339:trim tab
290:ailerons
256:aerofoil
252:elevator
222:fuselage
190:dihedral
182:airfoils
142:empenner
2182:Landing
1973:Compass
1921:systems
1913:Avionic
1903:Winglet
1786:devices
1729:Spoiler
1624:Aileron
1606:Wingbox
1531:Nacelle
1481:Fairing
1424:systems
981:(often
971:Swallow
898:X-tail
880:V-tail
861:X tail:
800:V tail:
736:(four).
583:profile
555:T-tail
214:tailfin
1917:flight
1878:Strake
1709:Rudder
1679:Elevon
1644:Canard
1586:V-tail
1561:T-tail
1491:Former
1451:Canopy
1367:
1261:
1241:
1199:
1106:
1077:
1035:S-duct
1030:Trijet
1003:rudder
995:tandem
991:canard
969:DH108
933:. The
852:Y tail
842:Lazair
818:, and
789:X-tail
785:V-tail
712:No fin
649:, and
621:, and
607:H-tail
497:T-tail
482:T-tail
420:canard
353:bungee
285:rudder
216:, the
2102:FADEC
1988:EICAS
1863:Slats
1704:HOTAS
1556:Strut
1018:delta
824:Waiex
478:cross
159:pitch
139:verb
133:arrow
2184:and
2048:TCAS
2028:ISIS
1983:EFIS
1928:ACAS
1915:and
1868:Slot
1828:Flap
1781:and
1769:Yoke
1541:Spar
1466:Dope
1365:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1166:2013
1136:2013
1104:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1007:NASA
967:The
863:The
844:and
826:and
812:X-37
787:and
746:and
667:and
571:Fins
520:and
488:and
451:and
328:trim
322:Trim
314:and
272:The
157:and
125:tail
46:The
2023:INS
2003:GPS
1858:LEX
1536:Rib
418:or
358:an
344:an
265:or
194:yaw
155:yaw
153:of
127:or
88:or
2358::
1282:^
1233::
1223:^
1207:^
1174:^
1152:.
1085:^
1054:^
977:A
750:).
645:,
641:,
637:,
617:,
613:,
392:.
365:a
351:a
337:a
310:,
269:.
228:.
165:.
116:dʒ
78:ɑː
60:ɑː
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1371:.
1168:.
1138:.
848:.
653:.
625:.
524:.
492:.
436:)
422:.
119:/
113:ɪ
110:n
107:ɪ
104:p
101:m
98:ɛ
95:ˈ
92:/
84:/
81:ʒ
75:n
72:ˈ
69:ɪ
66:p
63:m
57:ˌ
54:/
50:(
20:)
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